Guyana Export Treemap

With a per capita gross domestic product of only $4,700 in 2006, Guyana is one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere. This is evident from the contrast between poor slum areas and elite residential areas with imperious mansions, often built within a few miles of one another. The economy made dramatic progress after President Hoyte's 1989 economic recovery program (ERP). As a result of the ERP, Guyana's GDP increased six percent in 1991 following 15 years of decline. Growth was consistently above six percent until 1995, when it dipped to 5.1 percent. The government reported that the economy grew at a rate of 7.9 percent in 1996, 6.2 percent in 1997, and fell 1.3 percent in 1998. The 1999 growth rate was three percent. The unofficial growth rate in 2005 was 0.5 percent.In 2006, in was 3.2%.

Developed in conjunction with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the ERP significantly reduced the government's role in the economy, encouraged foreign investment, enabled the government to clear all its arrears on loan repayments to foreign governments and the multilateral banks, and brought about the sale of 15 of the 41 government-owned (parastatal) businesses. The telephone company and assets in the timber, rice, and fishing industries also were privatised. International corporations were hired to manage the huge state sugar company, GUYSUCO, and the largest state bauxite mine. An American company was allowed to open a bauxite mine, and two Canadian companies were permitted to develop the largest open-pit gold mine in South America. However, efforts to privatise the two state-owned bauxite mining companies, Berbice Mining Company and Linden Mining Company have so far been unsuccessful.

Most price controls were removed, the laws affecting mining and oil exploration were improved, and an investment policy receptive to foreign investment was announced. Tax reforms designed to promote exports and agricultural production in the private sector were enacted.

Agriculture and mining are Guyana's most important economic activities, with sugar, bauxite, rice, and gold accounting for 70–75 percent of export earnings. However, the rice sector experienced a decline in 2000, with export earnings down 27 percent through the third quarter 2000. Ocean shrimp exports, which were heavily impacted by a one-month import ban to the United States in 1999, accounted for only 3.5 percent of total export earnings that year. Shrimp exports rebounded in 2000, representing 11 percent of export earnings through the third quarter 2000. Other exports include timber, diamonds, garments, rum, and pharmaceuticals. The value of these other exports is increasing.

Since 1986, Guyana has received its entire wheat supply from the United States on concessional terms under a PL 480 Food for Peace programme. It is now supplied on a grant basis. The Guyanese currency generated by the sale of the wheat is used for purposes agreed upon by the U.S. and Guyana Governments. As with many developing countries, Guyana is heavily indebted. Reduction of the debt burden has been one of the present administration's top priorities. In 1999, through the Paris Club "Lyons terms" and the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative Guyana managed to negotiate $256 million in debt forgiveness.

In qualifying for HIPC assistance, for the first time, Guyana became eligible for a reduction of its multilateral debt. About half of Guyana's debt is owed to the multilateral development banks and 20% to its neighbour Trinidad and Tobago, which until 1986 was its principal supplier of petroleum products. Almost all debt to the U.S. government has been forgiven. In late 1999, net international reserves were at $123.2 million, down from $254 million in 1994. However, net international reserves had rebounded to $174.1 million by January 2001.

Guyana's extremely high debt burden to foreign creditors has meant limited availability of foreign exchange and reduced capacity to import necessary raw materials, spare parts, and equipment, thereby further reducing production. The increase in global fuel costs also contributed to the country's decline in production and growing trade deficit. The decline of production has increased unemployment. Although no reliable statistics exist, combined unemployment and underemployment are estimated at about 30%.

Emigration, principally to the U.S. and Canada, remains substantial. Net emigration in 1998 was estimated to be about 1.4 percent of the population, and in 1999, this figure totalled 1.2 percent. After years of a state-dominated economy, the mechanisms for private investment, domestic or foreign, are still evolving. The shift from a state-controlled economy to a primarily free market system began under Desmond Hoyte and continued under PPP/CIVIC governments. The current PPP/C administration recognises the need for foreign investment to create jobs, enhance technical capabilities, and generate goods for export.

The foreign exchange market was fully liberalised in 1991, and currency is now freely traded without restriction. The rate is subject to change on a daily basis, but the Guyana dollar has depreciated 17.6% from 1998 to 2000 and may depreciate further pending the stability of the post-election period.

Guyana is a member of the WTO.

See also[link]

• Guyana
• Economy of South America
• South America Life Quality Rankings - Economy and Finance

References[link]

v t e Economy of Guyana Currency: Guyanese dollar Utilities Communications · Transportation Trading and banking History of Trade · Banking · Guyana Stock Exchange Industries Agriculture · Sugar · Rice · Peanut · Tourism Companies Guyana Sugar Corporation

Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75

Co-operative Republic of Guyana[1]
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "One People, One Nation, One Destiny"
Anthem: "Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains"
Capital (and largest city)		Georgetown 6°46′N 58°10′W / 6.767°N 58.167°W / 6.767; -58.167
Official language(s)		English
Recognised regional languages		Portuguese, Hindi, Spanish, Akawaio, Macushi, Wai Wai, Arawak, Patamona, Warrau, Carib, Wapishiana, Arekuna
National language		Guyanese Creole
Ethnic groups (2002)		East Indian 43.5% Black (African) 30.2% Mixed 16.7% Amerindian 9.1% Other 0.5%[2][3]
Demonym		Guyanese
Government		Unitary Semi-presidential republic
-	President	Donald Ramotar
-	Prime Minister	Sam Hinds
Legislature		National Assembly
Independence
-	from the United Kingdom	26 May 1966
-	Republic	23 February 1970
Area
-	Total	214,970 km2 (84th) 83,000 sq mi
-	Water (%)	8.4
Population
-	July 2010 estimate	752,940[2]1 (161st)
-	2002 census	751,223[3]
-	Density	3.502/km2 (225th) 9.071/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$5.783 billion[4]
-	Per capita	$7,465[4]
GDP (nominal)		2011 estimate
-	Total	$2.480 billion[4]
-	Per capita	$3,202[4]
HDI (2010)		0.611[5] (medium) (107th)
Currency		Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Time zone		GYT Guyana Time (UTC-4)
Drives on the		left
ISO 3166 code		GY
Internet TLD		.gy
Calling code		592
1	Around one-third of the population (230,000) live in the capital, Georgetown.

Guyana (ⁱ/ɡaɪˈænə/ gy-AN-ə),^[6] officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana,^[1] previously the colony of British Guiana, is a sovereign state on the northern coast of South America that is culturally part of the Anglophone Caribbean. Guyana was a former colony of the Dutch and (for over 200 years) the British. It is the only state of the Commonwealth of Nations on mainland South America, and the only one on that continent where English is an official language.It is one of the few Caribbean countries that is not an island. It is also a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), which has its secretariat headquarters in Guyana's capital, Georgetown. Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966, and became a republic on 23 February 1970. In 2008 the country joined the Union of South American Nations as a founding member.

Historically, the region known as "Guiana" or "Guyana" comprised the large shield landmass north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River known as the "Land of many waters". Historical Guyana is made up of three Dutch colonies: Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice. Modern Guyana is bordered to the east by Suriname, to the south and southwest by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela, and on the north by the Atlantic Ocean.

At 215,000 km², Guyana is the third-smallest independent state on the mainland of South America (after Uruguay and Suriname). Its population is approximately 770,000.

Etymology[link]

The name "Guyana" is derived from Guiana, the original name for the region that now includes Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and parts of Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name comes from an American Indian word meaning "land of many waters".

History[link]

Guyana was inhabited by the Arawak and Carib tribes of Native Americans. Although Christopher Columbus sighted Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), the Dutch were the first to establish colonies: Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). The British assumed control in the late 18th century, and the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814. In 1831 the three separate colonies became a single British colony known as British Guiana.

A map of Dutch Guiana 1667–1814.

Since Independence in 1824, Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the Essequibo river. Letters from Simon Bolivar warned the British government about the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land the Venezuelans claimed was theirs. In 1899 an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to Great Britain.

Map of British Guiana

Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The US State Department and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), along with the British government, played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana during this time.^[7] The American government supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was a self-declared Marxist. They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progressive Party, mostly supported by Guyanese of Indian descent.

In 1978, Guyana received considerable international attention when 918 members, almost entirely American, (more than 300 of whom were children) of the Jim Jones-led Peoples Temple died in a mass murder/suicide in Jonestown – a settlement created by the Peoples Temple. An attack by Jim Jones' bodyguards at a small remote airstrip close to Jonestown resulted in the murder of five people, including Leo Ryan, the only congressman ever murdered in the line of duty in US history.

In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. Guyana has ratified the treaty.

Geography[link]

The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N, and longitudes 56° and 62°W.

The country can be divided into five natural regions; a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt more inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense rain forests (Forested Highland Region) in the southern part of the country; the desert savannah in the southern west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border.

Some of Guyana's highest mountains are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 metres / 6,699 feet), Monte Caburaí (1,465 metres / 4,806 feet) and Mount Roraima (2,810 metres / 9,219 feet – the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela tripoint border, part of the Pakaraima range. Mount Roraima and Guyana's table-top mountains (tepuis) are said to have been the inspiration for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel The Lost World. There are also many volcanic escarpments and waterfalls, including Kaieteur Falls. North of the Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah, south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains.

Rupununi Savannah

The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 kilometres (628 mi) long, the Courantyne River at 724 kilometres (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 kilometres (370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 kilometres (215 mi). The Corentyne river forms the border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach lies along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly Leatherbacks) and other wildlife.

The local climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January.

Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans. The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. In 2008, the BBC ran a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant otter and harpy eagle.

Regions and Neighbourhood Councils[link]

Guyana is divided into 10 regions:^[8][9]

The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils.^[10]

Boundary disputes[link]

Subdivisions of Venezuela, including the "Reclamation Zone" administered by Guyana but claimed by Venezuela (striped red).

Guyana was in border disputes with both Suriname, which claimed the land east of the Corentyne River in southeastern Guyana, and Venezuela which claims the land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba.^[11][12][13] The maritime^[14][15] component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announced on September 21, 2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party.^[16]

When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 they issued an award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana.

Venezuela and Great Britain accepted the award by treaty in 1905, but Venezuela raised the issue again at the time of Guyana's independence and continues to claim Guayana Esequiba.^[17] Venezuela calls this region "Zona en Reclamación" (Reclamation Zone), and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines.^[18]

Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are Ankoko Island with Venezuela; Corentyne River^[19] with Suriname; and New River Triangle^[20] with Suriname.

Environment and biodiversity[link]

Scarlet Macaws

Satellite image of Guyana from 2004.

The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999). About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System.

More than 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain forests. These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees. Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively pristine ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism. Approximately eight thousand species of plants occur in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else. A newly found aquatic plant called Myriophyllum sp Guyana has now become popular in the fresh water planted tank aquarium hobby - thanks to the diversity of flora along the rivers of Guyana.

Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Guyana, with 1,168 vertebrate species, 1,600 bird species, boasts one of the richest mammalian fauna assemblages of any comparably sized area in the world. The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine.

The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell.

In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 1 million acres (4,000 km²) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District declaring this land as the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area (COCA), to be managed by the Wai Wai. In doing so Guyana created the world's largest Community-Owned Conservation Area.^[21]

This important event followed a request made by the Wai Wai community to the government of Guyana and Conservation International Guyana (CIG) for assistance in developing a sustainable plan for their lands in Konashen. The three parties signed a Memorandum of Cooperation which outlines a plan for sustainable use of the Konashen COCA’s biological resources, identifies threats to the area’s biodiversity, and helps develop projects to increase awareness of the COCA as well as generate the income necessary to maintain its protected status.

A Golden Frog (Kaieteur), that lives only in the Guianas

The Hoatzin, the national bird of Guyana.

The Konashen Indigenous District of Southern Guyana houses the headwaters of the Essequibo River, Guyana’s principal water source, and drains the Kassikaityu, Kamoa, Sipu and Chodikar rivers. Southern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most of the forests found here are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact. The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded.

Such incredible diversity of plants supports even more impressive diversity of animal life, recently documented by a biological survey organised by Conservation International. The clean, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo watershed support a remarkable diversity of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and are home to giant river otters, capybaras, and several species of caimans.

On land, large mammals, such as jaguars, tapirs, bush dogs, giant anteaters, and saki monkeys are still common. Over 400 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich. The Konashen COCA forests are also home to countless species of insects, arachnids, and other invertebrates, many of which are still undiscovered and unnamed.

The Konashen COCA is relatively unique in that it contains a high level of biological diversity and richness that remains in nearly pristine condition; such places have become rare on earth. This fact has given rise to various non-exploitative, environmentally sustainable industries such as ecotourism, successfully capitalizing on the biological wealth of the Konashen COCA with comparatively little enduring impact.

World Heritage Site status[link]

Many countries interested in the conservation and protection of natural and cultural heritage sites of the world accede to the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage that was adopted by UNESCO in 1972. Guyana signed the treaty in 1977, the first Caribbean State Party to do so. In the mid-1990s, Guyana seriously began the process of selecting sites for World Heritage nomination, and three sites were considered: Kaieteur National Park, Shell Beach and Historic Georgetown. By 1997, work on Kaieteur National Park was started, and in 1998 work on Historic Georgetown was begun. To date, however, Guyana has not made a successful nomination.

Guyana submitted the Kaieteur National Park, including the Kaieteur Falls, to UNESCO as its first World Heritage Site nomination. The proposed area and surrounds have some of Guyana's most diversified life zones with one of the highest levels of endemic species found anywhere in South America. The Kaieteur Falls is the most spectacular feature of the park, falling a distance of 226 metres. The nomination of Kaieteur Park as a World Heritage Site was not successful, primarily because the area was seen by the evaluators as being too small, especially when compared with the Central Suriname Nature Reserve that had just been nominated as a World Heritage Site (2000). The dossier was thus returned to Guyana for revision.

Guyana continues in its bid for a World Heritage Site. Work continues, after a period of hiatus, on the nomination dossier for Historic Georgetown. A Tentative List indicating an intention to nominate Historic Georgetown was submitted to UNESCO in December 2004. There is now a small committee put together by the Guyana National Commission for UNESCO to complete the nomination dossier and the management plan for the site. In April 2005, two Dutch experts in conservation spent two weeks in Georgetown supervising architecture staff and students of the University of Guyana in a historic building survey of the selected area. This is part of the data collection for the nomination dossier.

Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single drop waterfall by volume

Meanwhile, as a result of the Kaieteur National Park being considered too small, there is a proposal to prepare a nomination for a Cluster Site that will include the Kaieteur National Park, the Iwokrama Forest and the Kanuku Mountains. The Iwokrama Rain Forest, an area rich in biological diversity, has been described by Major General (Retired) Joseph Singh as “a flagship project for conservation.” The Kanuku Mountains area is in a pristine state and is home to more than four hundred species of birds and other animals.

There is much work to be done for the successful nomination of these sites to the World Heritage List. The state, the private sector and the ordinary Guyanese citizens each have a role to play in this process and in the later protection of the sites. Inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage will open Guyana to more serious tourists thereby assisting in its economic development.

Guyana exhibits two of the World Wildlife Fund's Global 200 eco-regions most crucial to the conservation of global biodiversity, Guianan moist forests and Guiana Highlands moist forests and is home to several endemic species including the tropical hardwood Greenheart.

Landmarks[link]

St. George's Anglican Cathedral

St. George's Anglican Cathedral 

One of the tallest wooden church structures in the world and the second tallest wooden house of worship after the Todaiji Temple in Japan.

Demerara Harbour Bridge 

The world's fourth-longest floating bridge.

Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building

Houses the Headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean.

Providence Stadium 

Situated sat on Providence on the north bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country. It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana.

Guyana International Conference Centre

Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana. It is the only one of its kind in the country.

Stabroek Market

A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River.

City Hall

A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era.

Queen's College

The top secondary school in the country.

Economy[link]

Tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain.

The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice and Demerara sugar), bauxite mining, gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour and a deficient infrastructure. In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis and is expected to grow further in 2009.

Until recently, the government was juggling a sizable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. Low prices for key mining and agricultural commodities combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries had threatened the government's tenuous fiscal position and dimmed prospects for the future. However, the Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, thanks to an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organizations.

The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings, is largely run by the company Guysuco, which employs more people than any other industry. Many industries have a large foreign investment. For example, the mineral industry is heavily invested in by the American company Reynolds Metals and the British-Australian Rio Tinto's Rio Tinto Alcan subsidiary; the Korean/Malaysian Barama Company has a large stake in the logging industry.

Graphical depiction ofGuyana's product exports in 28 color coded categories.

The production of balatá (natural latex) was once big business in Guyana. Most of the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, the temporary filling of troublesome tooth cavities, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people of the Kanuku mountains).

Major private sector organizations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC)^[22] and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI);^[23]

The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. The Value Added Tax (VAT) was brought into effect, replacing six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses were very opposed to VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. By replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement. While the adjustment to VAT has been difficult, it may improve day-to-day life because of the significant additional funds the government will have available for public spending.

President Bharrat Jagdeo has made debt relief a foremost priority of his administration. He has been quite successful, getting US$800 million of debt written off by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), in addition to millions more from other industrial nations. Jagdeo was lauded by IDB President Moreno for his strong leadership and negotiating skills in pursuing debt relief for Guyana and several other regional countries.

Summary[link]

Demographics[link]

Guyana 2005 population density (people per km²)

The population of Guyana is approximately 750,000,^[2] of which 90% reside on the narrow coastal strip (approximately 10% of the total land area of Guyana). Guyana's coastal strip ranges from between 10 to 40 miles (16 to 64 km) in width.^[24]

The present population of Guyana is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, composed chiefly of the descendants of immigrants who came to the country as either enslaved or indentured labourers respectively, from Africa and India. The population therefore is made up of groups with ethnic backgrounds from India, Africa, Europe, China, with Aboriginal. These groups of diverse nationality backgrounds have been fused together by a common language, i.e., English and Creole. There has been racial tension between the majority Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese .^[25][26][27]

The largest ethnic group is that of the descendants of immigrants from India also known as East Indians (Indo-Guyanese), comprising 43.5% of the population in 2002. They are followed by people of African heritage (Afro-Guyanese) (30.2%). The third in number are those of mixed heritage (16.7%), while Aboriginals (Arawak, Wai Wai, Carib, Akawaio, Arecuna, Patamona, Wapixana, Macushi and Warao) are fourth making up close to 10% of the population. The smallest groups are the Europeans (including Portuguese), who number at 1,600 individuals, and the Chinese, who number at 1,400 persons. A small group (fewer than 1%) were unable to be classified.^{[citation needed]}

A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen.

The population distribution in 2002 was determined by ethnic background. The distribution pattern has been similar to those of the 1980 and 1991 censuses, but the share of the two main groups has declined. Indo-Guyanese made up 51.9% of the total population in 1980, but by 1991 this had fallen to 48.6%, and then to 43.5% in the 2002 census. Those of African descent increased slightly from 30.8% to 32.3% during the first period (1980 and 1991) before falling to 30.2% in the 2002 census. With small growth in the population, the decline in the shares of the two larger groups has resulted in the relative increase of shares of the multiracial and Amerindian groups.

The Amerindian population rose by 22,097 people between 1991 and 2002. This represents an increase of 47.3% or annual growth of 3.5%. Similarly, the multiracial population increased by 37,788 persons, representing a 43.0% increase or annual growth rate of 3.2% from the base period of 1991 census. The European and Chinese populations which declined between 1980 and 1991 regained in numbers by the 2002 census by 54.4% (168 persons) and 8.1% (105 persons) respectively. However, because of their relatively small sizes, the increase has little effect on the overall change. The number of Portuguese (4.3% of the population in 1891) has been declining constantly over the decades.^[28]

Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from Bhojpuri-speaking Bihari and Uttar Pradesh migrants.^[29] Many Indo-guyanese are also Tamil speaking Tamils from Tamil Nadu, and Telugus of Andhra Pradesh of South India. ^[30]

After the end of Guyana's colonization, holes in the government had to be filled by members of the local population. At the time, many such spots were filled by the African descendants. Many of these new politicians attempted, and some are still attempting to, enact race-based laws that would allow for legal discrimination against other ethnicities. While many of these laws did not pass, one did which declared a national race of guyana to be black. Several councils have been setup in an attempt to reduce the ethnic divisions in the country. Several such councils include:

1. A Race Relations Committee established in the 1990s.
2. Prevention of Discrimination Act 1997 – focuses on prevention of discrimination on grounds of race, sex, and gender particularly relating to employment.
3. Ethnic Relations Commission now established.^[31]

Largest cities[link]

v t e Largest cities or towns of Guyana http://www.geonames.org/GY/largest-cities-in-guyana.html
	Rank	City name	Region	Pop.
Georgetown [[File:|border|120px|Linden, Guyana|Linden]] Linden	1	Georgetown	Demerara-Mahaica	235 017
	2	Linden	Upper Demerara-Berbice	44 690
	3	New Amsterdam	East Berbice-Corentyne	35 039
	4	Anna Regina	Pomeroon-Supenaam	12 448
	5	Bartica	Cuyuni-Mazaruni	11 157
	6	Skeldon	East Berbice-Corentyne	5 859
	7	Rosignol	Mahaica-Berbice	5 782
	8	Mahaica Village	Demerara-Mahaica	4 867
	9	Parika	Essequibo Islands-West Demerara	4 081
	10	Vreed en Hoop	Demerara-Mahaica	3 073

Language[link]

English is the official language of Guyana and used in its schools. In addition, Cariban languages (Akawaio, Wai-Wai, Arawak and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority, while Guyanese Creole (an English-based creole with African and/or East Indian syntax whose grammar is not standardised.^[32]) is widely spoken. Spanish and Portuguese are also widely used by population as second languages.

Religion[link]

Data from a 2002 census on religious affiliation indicates that approximately 57% of the population is Christian, 28% is Hindu, and 7% is Muslim. An estimated 4% of the population does not profess any religion.^[33]

Most Guyanese Christians are either Protestants or Roman Catholics and include a mix of all races. Hinduism is dominated by the Indians who came to the country in the early 19th century; adherents of Islam are found among the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese.

Government and politics[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008)

The supreme court of Guyana.

The Parliament building of Guyana since 1834.

Politics of Guyana takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Guyana is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly of Guyana.

Historically, politics are a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections. During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress.

In 1992, the first "free and fair" elections were overseen by former United States President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party has led the country since. The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources.

General Elections were held on November 28, 2011, which resulted in a re-election of the People's Progressive Party (PPP).

Military[link]

Soldiers of the Guyana Defence Forces

The military of Guyana consists of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF), which includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Corps.

Infrastructure, communications[link]

Transport[link]

Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem.

There are a total of 116 miles (187 km) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport. There are 4,952 miles (7,970 km) of highway, of which 367 miles (590 km) are paved. Navigable waterways extend to 669 miles (1,077 km), including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers. There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and New Amsterdam. There is 1 international airport (Cheddi Jagan International Airport, Timehri); 1 regional airport (Ogle Airport); and about 90 airstrips, 9 of which have paved runways. Guyana, Suriname and the Falkland Islands are the only three regions in South America which drive on the left.

Electricity[link]

The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by Guyana Power and Light (GPL), the state-owned vertically integrated utility. Although the country has a large potential for hydroelectric and bagasse-fueled power generation, most of its 226 MW of installed capacity correspond to inefficient thermoelectric diesel-engine driven generators^{[citation needed]}.

Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland. Please visit the article Hinterland energy in Guyana

Water supply and sanitation[link]

Key issues in the water and sanitation sector in Guyana are poor service quality, a low level of cost recovery and low levels of access. A high-profile management contract with the British company Severn Trent was cancelled by the government in February 2007. In 2008 the public utility Guyana Water Inc implemented a Turnaround Plan (TAP) to reduce non-revenue water and to financially consolidate the utility. NRW reduction is expected to be 5% per annum for the three-year period of the plan, A mid term review is now due to examine the success of the TAP.

Communications[link]

It was as follows- ^[34]

Telephone system[link]

• Telephones : 110,120 main telephone lines (2005)
• Telephones – mobile cellular: 281,400 (2005)
• Domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines; fixed-line teledensity is about 15 per 100 persons; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services; mobile-cellular teledensity reached 37 per 100 persons in 2005
• International: country code – 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Guyana Telephone & Telegraph (GT&T) is the main mobile phone provider^[35][36][37]

Radio broadcast stations[link]

• AM 3, FM 3, shortwave 1 (1998)

Television broadcast stations[link]

Television broadcast was officially introduced to Guyana in 1991.^[38]

• 15 (1 public station (channel 11); 14 private stations which relay on US satellite services) (1997)

Of which are; L.R.T.V.S-Little Rock Television Station channel 10 (New Amsterdam, Berbice) H.G.P-Halagala General Productions television (Beterverwagting Village, Demerara) RCA Television charity,Esssequibo coast

Satellite television[link]

• Satellite television services are offered by DirecTV Caribbean and E Networks.

Internet system[link]

• Internet country code: .gy
• Internet hosts: 6,218 (2008)^{[citation needed]}
• Internet users: 225,129 (2010)^[39]

Health[link]

One of the most unfortunate consequences of Guyana's economic decline in the 1970s and 1980s was that it led to very poor health conditions for a large part of the population. Basic health services in the interior are primitive to non-existent, and some procedures are not available at all. Compared with other neighbouring countries, Guyana ranks poorly in regard to basic health indicators. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 67.39 years for both males and females in 2012.^[40] Malaria is a leading cause of death in Guyana, with a mortality rate of 5 per 100,000 of the population.^[41] According to 2011 estimates from the WHO, HIV prevalence is 1.2% of the adult population (ages 15-49).^[42] Although Guyana's health profile falls short in comparison with many of its Caribbean neighbours, there has been remarkable progress since 1988, and the Ministry of Health is working to upgrade conditions, procedures, and facilities.

Education[link]

Guyana's educational system is considered to be among the best in the Caribbean, but it significantly deteriorated in the 1980s because of the emigration of highly educated citizens and the lack of appropriate funding. Although the education system has recovered somewhat in the 1990s, it still does not produce the quality of educated students necessary for Guyana to modernise its workforce.^{[citation needed]} The country lacks a critical mass of expertise in many of the disciplines and activities on which it depends.

The educational system does not sufficiently focus on the training of Guyanese in science and technology, technical and vocational subjects, business management, nor computer sciences.^{[citation needed]} The Guyanese education system is modeled after the former British education system. Students are expected to write NGSA[National Grade Six Assessment] for entrance into high school in grade 7. They write CXC at the end of high school. Recently they have introduced the CAPE exams which all other Caribbean countries have introduced. The A-level system left over from the British era has all but disappeared and is offered only in a few schools.

Further adding to the problems of the educational system, many of the better-educated professional teachers have emigrated to other countries over the past two decades, mainly because of low pay, lack of opportunities and crime.^{[citation needed]} As a result, there is a lack of trained teachers at every level of Guyana's educational system.^{[citation needed]} There are however several very good private schools that have sprung up over the last fifteen years.^{[citation needed]} Those schools offer a varied and balanced curriculum.^{[citation needed]} However, the top government schools have nonetheless continued their dominance in academic performance outshining these private schools over the years.^{[citation needed]}

Culture[link]

Guyana, along with Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazil, is one of the four non-Hispanic nations in South America. Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century. Guyana is a founding member of the Caricom (Caribbean Community) economic bloc and also the home of the Bloc's Headquarters, the CARICOM Secretariat.

Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries. Its blend of Indo-Guyanese (East Indian) and Afro-Guyanese (African) cultures gives it similarities to Trinidad and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc.

Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team, and the Guyana team plays first-class cricket against other nations of the Caribbean. In March and April 2007 Guyana co-hosted the Cricket World Cup 2007. In addition to its CARICOM membership, Guyana is a member of CONCACAF, the international football federation for North and Central America and the Caribbean.

Events include Mashramani (Mash), Phagwah (Holi), and Deepavali (Diwali).

Sports[link]

Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway

The major sports in Guyana are cricket (Guyana is part of the West Indies as defined for international cricket purposes), softball cricket (beach cricket) and football (soccer). Minor sports include netball, rounders, lawn tennis, basketball, table tennis, boxing, squash, rugby, horse racing and a few others.

Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World Cup. The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on March 28. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries.

For international football (soccer) purposes, Guyana are part of CONCACAF.

Guyana also has 5 Race Courses for horse racing.

Notable people[link]

See also[link]

	Geography portal
	South America portal
	Commonwealth realms portal
	Guyana portal

• Outline of Guyana
• Index of Guyana-related articles
• Commonwealth of Nations
• LGBT rights in Guyana
• List of international rankings

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

• Brock, Stanley E. (1999). All the Cowboys Were Indians (Commemorative, illustrated (reprint of Jungle Cowboy) ed.). Lenoir City, TN: Synergy South, Inc. ISBN 978-1-892329-00-4. OCLC 51089880. http://books.google.com/books?id=dtUcPQAACAAJ&dq=isbn:9781892329004. Retrieved 2010-01-07. 
• Brock, Stanley E. (1972). Jungle Cowboy (illustrated ed.). London: Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7091-2972-1. OCLC 650259. http://books.google.com/books?id=awK7PAAACAAJ&dq=isbn:9780709129721. Retrieved 2010-01-07. 
• Donald Haack, Bush Pilot In Diamond Country
• Hamish McInnes, Climb To The Lost World (1974)
• Andrew Salkey, Georgetown Journal (1970)
• Marion Morrison, Guyana (Enchantment of the World Series)
• Bob Temple, Guyana
• Noel C. Bacchus, Guyana Farewell: A Recollection of Childhood in a Faraway Place
• Marcus Colchester, Guyana: Fragile Frontier
• Matthew French Young, Guyana: My Fifty Years in the Guyanese Wilds
• Margaret Bacon, Journey to Guyana
• Father Andrew Morrison SJ, Justice: The Struggle For Democracy in Guyana 1952–1992
• Daly, Vere T. (1974). The Making of Guyana. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-14482-4. OCLC 1257829. http://books.google.com/books?id=UOFrAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2010-01-07. 
• D. Graham Burnett, Masters of All They Surveyed: Exploration, Geography and a British El Dorado
• Ovid Abrams, Metegee: The History and Culture of Guyana
• Waugh, Evelyn (1934). Ninety-two days : The account of a tropical journey through British Guiana and part of Brazil. New York: Farrar & Rinehart. OCLC 3000330. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ed4YAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 2010-01-07. 
• Gerald Durrell, Three Singles To Adventure
• Cheddi Jagan – The West on Trial, My Fight for Guyana’s Freedom
• Cheddi Jagan – My Fight For Guyana’s Freedom- with reflections on my father by Nadira Jagan-Brancier
• Colin Henfrey, Through Indian Eyes: A Journey Among the Indian Tribes of Guiana
• Stephen G. Rabe, US Intervention in British Guiana: A Cold War Story
• Charles Waterton, Wanderings in South America
• David Attenborough, Zoo Quest to Guiana (Lutterworth Press, London: 1956)
• John Gimlette, Wild Coast: Travels on South America's Untamed Edge, 2011

External links[link]

Find more about Guyana on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Office of the President, Republic of Guyana – official website
• Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana – official website
• Wikimedia Atlas of Guyana
• Guyana travel guide from Wikitravel
• Geographic data related to Guyana at OpenStreetMap
• Guyana entry at The World Factbook
• Guyana Tourism and Travel Network
• Country Profile from the BBC News
• Guyana from the Encyclopaedia Britannica
• Guyana at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• (Spanish) Derechos Venezolanos de Soberania en el Esequiboo, Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores
• (English) Venezuelan rights of sovereignty in the Essequibo, Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Affairs (Translated by Google)
• Guyana at the Open Directory Project
• The State of the World's Midwifery – Guyana Country Profile
• A picture of Myriophyllum sp Guyana - [2]
• Key Development Forecasts for Guyana from International Futures

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v t e Guyana topics History Dutch Guiana (Essequibo, Demerara, Berbice) Berbice Slave Uprising (1763-1764) British Guiana (1831 - 1966) Venezuela Crisis of 1895 Politics Elections Political parties Constitution Foreign relations Military National Assembly Presidents Prime Ministers Supreme Court International rankings Geography Environmental issues Fauna Flora National parks Subdivisions Administrative regions Cities Neighbourhood Councils World Heritage Sites Economy Agriculture Communications Companies (Guyana Sugar Corporation) Currency Energy Science and technology Stock exchange Transport Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages Religion Notable Guyanese Indigenous peoples Culture Cuisine Cinema Heritage Holidays Internet domain Literature Media Music Sport Symbols National flag Coat of arms National anthem National symbols WikiProject Portal

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Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham, O.E.
2nd President of Guyana
In office 6 October 1980 – 6 August 1985
Prime Minister	Ptolemy Reid
Preceded by	Arthur Chung
Succeeded by	Desmond Hoyte
1st Prime Minister of Guyana
In office 26 May 1966 – 6 October 1980
Monarch	Elizabeth II
President	Edward Luckhoo (Acting) Arthur Chung
Governor General	Richard Luyt David Rose Edward Luckhoo
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Ptolemy Reid
Personal details
Born	(1923-02-20)20 February 1923 Georgetown, Guyana
Died	6 August 1985(1985-08-06) (aged 62) Georgetown, Guyana
Political party	People's National Congress
Spouse(s)	Bernice Lataste Viola Burnham
Children	Roxane Annabelle Francesca Melanie Ulele Kamana (Adopted)

Linden Forbes Sampson Burnham (20 February 1923–6 August 1985) was the leader of Guyana from 1964 until his death, first as Premier from 1964 to 1966, then as the Prime Minister from 1966 to 1980 and finally as President from 1980 to 1985. He was awarded Guyana's highest national award, the Order of Excellence (O.E.).

Personal life and education[link]

Burnham, an Afro-Guyanese, was born in Kitty, a suburb of Georgetown, East Demerara, Guyana as one of three children. He attended Central High School and the country's prestigious and elite Queen's College exclusively for boys at that time. In 1942, he won the Guyana Scholarship as the country's top student. The country was, at that the time a colony of Britain. Burnham went on to study law, and received a law degree from the LSE, University of London in 1948. He graduated with honours making Guyana proud of his work.

He was married to Viola Burnham, who was also involved in politics. He had three children, Roxane, Annabelle, and Francesca from his first marriage to Bernice Lataste. His second marriage to Viola produced two daughters, Melanie and Ulele. The Burnhams also adopted their son Kamana.

Early years: The People's Progressive Party (PPP)[link]

Burnham was one of the principal founders of the People's Progressive Party (PPP), which was launched on January 1, 1950; the Indo-Guyanese labor leader Cheddi Jagan became PPP Leader, while Burnham became its Chairman.^[1] In 1952, Burnham became the president of the party's affiliated trade union, the British Guiana Labour Union, in 1952. In 1953, the PPP won 18 of 24 seats in the first election permitted by the British colonial government. In the short-lived PPP government that followed, Burnham served as Minister of Education.^[2]

In 1955, there was a split in the PPP between Burnham and Jagan. As a result, Burnham went on to form the People's National Congress in 1958, and this party entered its first election under that name in 1961.

Leader of Guyana: The People's National Congress (PNC)[link]

In the 1964 elections, while Jagan's PPP won the highest percentage of the vote (46% to the PNC's 41%), it did not win a majority. Burnham was able to form a coalition with the United Force (TUF) which won the remaining 12% of the votes and became premier of British Guiana on 14 December. On May 26, 1966, British Guiana became an independent country and was renamed GUYANA.

Burnham's Guyana: A Police State[link]

Burnham at first, pursued moderate policies. However, one of his first acts upon independence was a sweeping "National Security Act" giving the police the power to search, seize and arrest anyone virtually at will. He put a fraud machinery into action and grabbed full dictatorial powers in 1968 during a rigged election (allowing overseas ballots, padding voter lists, and one person to cast proxy ballots for up to three others) becoming a brutal strongman and promoting a police state in which opposition members were murdered.^[3] In 1970, he established strong relations with Cuba, the Soviet Union, North Korea and other countries to implement a Socialist form of government. On February 23 of that year, he declared Guyana a Socialist "Co-Operative Republic" referring to himself as "the Comrade Leader". Several cycles of "free and fair" general elections were rigged through ballot box tampering ^[4][5] despite foreign observers who were systematically harassed and abused.^[6]

Socialist Nationalization[link]

In the 1970s, Burnham embarked upon a policy of austerity which bankrupted the local economy costing jobs and a subsequent "brain drain" of the educated class to the US, Canada, and Great Britain. He began by nationalizing two foreign-owned bauxite companies, American owned Reynolds Guyana Mines Ltd and Canadian owned Demerara Bauxite Company (DEMBA)^[7] This move caused the United States to reduce its financial aid to the country from $10.5 Million to just over $350,000 and catapulting the regime into default of international debts to the International Monetary Fund.^[8]

Failed Feed Clothe and House Policy[link]

In order to fight growing balance of payments issues, he promoted yet another failed policy in 1973 - the "feed, clothe and house" the nation policy by 1976.^[9] As a result of this policy, he subsequently banned importation of basic food items like flour, split peas, cooking oil, butter, cheese, salted fish, pickled meats, preserved fruits, most canned items, and any food item perceived as "luxury", without a program of producing them domestically.

Guyana Under Siege[link]

The general elections due in 1978 was postponed by Burnham, citing the need for a new constitution. A rigged referendum was carried out authorizing Burnham to change the constitution which was promulgated in October 1980 making Burnham Executive President. Burnham now had despotic and supreme powers over all constitutional agencies.^[10] Under his reign of terror, there were nightly power outages known as "blackouts", and it was during this time that Burnham's thugs robbed and pillage. Among these thugs were The House of Israel, a black group led by "Rabbi Washington", the American fugitive David Hill. Burnham critic Martin Carter, who was beaten by thugs, wrote in the Working People’s Alliance (WPA) paper, Dayclean, 1979; Under Burnham, corruption had become “a way of life, in which people were made to accept that stealing, cheating, lying, bearing false witness…was a positive sign of loyalty to the regime…”^[11]

Political Repression[link]

Repression of political activity advanced to include murder of political opponents as exhibited by the attempted murder of UG lecturer, Dr. Joshua Ramsammy (PPP) in 1971, the murders of Edward Dublin and Ohene Koamaand, and assassination of Dr. Walter Rodney in 1980.^[12][13]

Mysterious Death[link]

From December 1964 until his death on August 6, 1985, Burnham ruled Guyana in an increasingly autocratic manner.^[14] He died while receiving an anesthetic for routine throat surgery.^[15] His unexpected death opened up new doors for political reforms.^[16]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Buck-Morss, Susan (2002). Dreamworld and Catastrophe: The Passing of Mass Utopia in East and West. The MIT Press, 386. ISBN 0-262-52331-0

v t e Presidents of Guyana Edward Luckhoo (acting) • Arthur Chung • Forbes Burnham • Desmond Hoyte • Cheddi Jagan • Sam Hinds • Janet Jagan • Bharrat Jagdeo • Donald Ramotar

v t e Heads of government of Guyana (Chief Minister, 1953) Cheddi Jagan • (Premiers, 1961-1966) Cheddi Jagan • Forbes Burnham • (Prime Ministers, 1966–) Forbes Burnham • Ptolemy Reid • Desmond Hoyte • Hamilton Green • Sam Hinds • Janet Jagan • Sam Hinds • Bharrat Jagdeo • Sam Hinds