- published: 04 Apr 2013
- views: 4091291
- author: soulpancake
Youtube results:
- President Of The United States
- President Of The United States Of America
- All Presidents In Us History
- The President Of The United States Of America
- The Real First Black President
- Pusa 2008 Campaign Videos
- President Of The United States
- President Of The United States Of America
- All Presidents In Us History
- The President Of The United States Of America
- The Real First Black President
- Pusa 2008 Campaign Videos
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- Aaron Burr
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- United States - Smashing Pumpkins
Tired eyes
Closed for days
There's no regret
'Cause there's no place
I don't know
What I believe
But if I feel safe
What do I need
A home
A home
A home
Revolution
Revolution
Revolution blues
What will they do
Revolution
Revolution
Revolution blues
What will they do to me
What will they do to me
What will they do to me
What will they do to me
Dulcet tongues
Whisper fast
The future yearns
Right now's the past
Rouse me soon
The end draws nigh
Who's side are you on
Your blood you cannot buy
Revolution
Revolution
Revolution blues
What will they do
Revolution
Revolution
Revolution blues
What will they do to you
Well I
I feel alright
So tonight
I got to ask you why
Why deny it
It's no surprise
I've got to survive
Freedom shines the light ahead
I'll lead the last charge to bed
I said my last rights
I don't have to run scared no more
Fight
I wanna fight
I wanna fight a revolution
Tonight
I wanna fight
I wanna fight a revolution
Tonight
At the light
At the light
Do you wanna watch me die
Let me be something good
Let me prove something real like I should
Let me embrace every single living thing
Send this Playlist by SMS
Kid President meets the President of the United States of America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
After previously only speaking via can and string, Kid President and President Barack Obama finally meet face to face. The two met in the Oval Office to disc...
http://wn.com/Kid_President_meets_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America
After previously only speaking via can and string, Kid President and President Barack Obama finally meet face to face. The two met in the Oval Office to disc...
The Presidents of the USA - Lump
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
The PUSA video for the great song "Lump."
http://wn.com/The_Presidents_of_the_USA_Lump
peaches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
YAY! It's "Peaches"...also directed by Roman. LOOKOUT!
http://wn.com/peaches
YAY! It's "Peaches"...also directed by Roman. LOOKOUT!
- published: 10 Feb 2008
- views: 3660395
- author: presidentsrock
4th of July 2013 - Washington to Obama
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 14 Jun 2013
Presidents of the United States morphed in sequence from George Washington to (President Elect) Barack Obama. Pictures of the Presidents were found by librar...
http://wn.com/4th_of_July_2013_Washington_to_Obama
Presidents of the United States morphed in sequence from George Washington to (President Elect) Barack Obama. Pictures of the Presidents were found by librar...
- published: 18 Nov 2008
- views: 454629
- author: HerBunk
Kitty ~ The presidents of the united states of america
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 10 Jun 2013
LYRICS♥ I DO NOT OWN THIS SONG OR THE LYIRCS.
http://wn.com/Kitty_~_The_presidents_of_the_united_states_of_america
LYRICS♥ I DO NOT OWN THIS SONG OR THE LYIRCS.
- published: 21 Feb 2008
- views: 582560
- author: kathy hamlin
Boll Weevil - The Presidents Of The United States Of America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 16 Jun 2013
boll weevil.
http://wn.com/Boll_Weevil_The_Presidents_Of_The_United_States_Of_America
"We met the President of the United States, Barack Obama."
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Meet two Presidents, deadline is at midnight tonight: http://OFA.BO/njrJk7 Take a look at what these supporters experienced when they got the chance to meet ...
http://wn.com/We_met_the_President_of_the_United_States,_Barack_Obama
Meet two Presidents, deadline is at midnight tonight: http://OFA.BO/njrJk7 Take a look at what these supporters experienced when they got the chance to meet ...
- published: 29 Sep 2012
- views: 30142
- author: BarackObama.com
video killed the radio star
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
FINALLY!!! the last video we did in the 90s...with Doug Pray director of HYPE! and Surfwis among many others...wish we had a version without the movie footag...
http://wn.com/video_killed_the_radio_star
FINALLY!!! the last video we did in the 90s...with Doug Pray director of HYPE! and Surfwis among many others...wish we had a version without the movie footag...
- published: 24 Sep 2008
- views: 901456
- author: presidentsrock
From George Washington To Barack Obama - A Long Way - Original Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
From George Washington To Barack Obama - 44 Presidents of the United States - A Face Morphing Video - THE ORIGINAL FROM THE CREATOR - Music: Maurice Ravel's ...
http://wn.com/From_George_Washington_To_Barack_Obama_A_Long_Way_Original_Video
From George Washington To Barack Obama - 44 Presidents of the United States - A Face Morphing Video - THE ORIGINAL FROM THE CREATOR - Music: Maurice Ravel's ...
- published: 09 Nov 2008
- views: 5033053
- author: poldivideo
Animaniacs - Presidents
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Animaniacs - Presidents.
http://wn.com/Animaniacs_Presidents
Obama Is Not The Legitimate President of the United States
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 11 Jun 2013
Video produced by http://www.westernjournalism.com.
http://wn.com/Obama_Is_Not_The_Legitimate_President_of_the_United_States
Video produced by http://www.westernjournalism.com.
- published: 17 Feb 2013
- views: 22124
- author: WCJournalism
Barack Obama: 44th President Of The United States Of America
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 17:26
- Updated: 09 Jun 2013
Barack Obama Is Elected 44th President Of The United States Of America.
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama_44th_President_Of_The_United_States_Of_America
Barack Obama Is Elected 44th President Of The United States Of America.
- published: 05 Nov 2008
- views: 262249
- author: tpmtv
list of president of the united states
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 13 May 2013
list of president of the united states want to see all my videos go hear http://domenicsvideos.yolasite.com.
http://wn.com/list_of_president_of_the_united_states
list of president of the united states want to see all my videos go hear http://domenicsvideos.yolasite.com.
- published: 13 Mar 2013
- views: 121
- author: Domenic Marchione
The 45'th President Of The United States (CC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Updated: 11 May 2013
This video is exhibit A in why millions and millions of people support Ron Paul in his quest to become the 45'th President of the United States. It was rippe...
http://wn.com/The_45'th_President_Of_The_United_States_CC
This video is exhibit A in why millions and millions of people support Ron Paul in his quest to become the 45'th President of the United States. It was rippe...
- published: 08 Dec 2011
- views: 6050
- author: KramerDSP
Secretary Clinton Delivers Remarks With President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:52
- Updated: 04 May 2013
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks with President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at the U.S. Department of State in Washington...
http://wn.com/Secretary_Clinton_Delivers_Remarks_With_President_of_Somalia_Hassan_Sheikh
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton delivers remarks with President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud at the U.S. Department of State in Washington...
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- views: 33113
- author: statevideo
Ron Paul - The 45th President of the United States
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
http://www.RonPaul.com - Please like, share, subscribe & comment! Video by http://www.youtube.com/user/BOENDTHEWARSNOW Ron Paul is America's leading voice fo...
http://wn.com/Ron_Paul_The_45th_President_of_the_United_States
http://www.RonPaul.com - Please like, share, subscribe & comment! Video by http://www.youtube.com/user/BOENDTHEWARSNOW Ron Paul is America's leading voice fo...
- published: 08 Dec 2011
- views: 189
- author: ThickShadesReport
The President of the United States of America - Lump
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Lump sat alone in a boggy marsh, totally emotionless except for her heart Mud flowed up into lump's pajamas she totally confused all the passing pihranas She...
http://wn.com/The_President_of_the_United_States_of_America_Lump
Lump sat alone in a boggy marsh, totally emotionless except for her heart Mud flowed up into lump's pajamas she totally confused all the passing pihranas She...
- published: 27 Dec 2008
- views: 101637
- author: Mahek Patel
President Obama: It Gets Better
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
As part of the It Gets Better Project, President Obama shares his message of hope and support for LGBT youth who are struggling with being bullied.
http://wn.com/President_Obama_It_Gets_Better
As part of the It Gets Better Project, President Obama shares his message of hope and support for LGBT youth who are struggling with being bullied.
- published: 21 Oct 2010
- views: 1477686
- author: whitehouse
U.S. Armed Forces - We Must Fight - President Reagan (HD) 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
"Now let's set the record straight. There's no argument over the choice between peace and war, but there's only one guaranteed way you can have peace—and you...
http://wn.com/US_Armed_Forces_We_Must_Fight_President_Reagan_HD_2013
"Now let's set the record straight. There's no argument over the choice between peace and war, but there's only one guaranteed way you can have peace—and you...
- published: 19 Feb 2012
- views: 1737382
- author: canadianmatt3
10 Steps How to Become PRESIDENT of the United States! Made EASY For YOU! Funny
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 31 May 2013
Please subscribe to my channel and "like" my video! I make new videos here every Wednesday! Share, Feel Good! Thanks Jake 10 Steps of How to Become PRESIDENT...
http://wn.com/10_Steps_How_to_Become_PRESIDENT_of_the_United_States!_Made_EASY_For_YOU!_Funny
Please subscribe to my channel and "like" my video! I make new videos here every Wednesday! Share, Feel Good! Thanks Jake 10 Steps of How to Become PRESIDENT...
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 1411
- author: JakesShowcase
Mitt Romney introduces Paul Ryan as the "next President of the United States"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
Mitt Romney introduced Paul Ryan as the "next President of the United States" instead of Veep in Norfolk.
http://wn.com/Mitt_Romney_introduces_Paul_Ryan_as_the_next_President_of_the_United_States
Mitt Romney introduced Paul Ryan as the "next President of the United States" instead of Veep in Norfolk.
- published: 11 Aug 2012
- views: 30847
- author: NBC12Richmond
The President of the United States is Really a Tree
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 26 May 2013
by Heathcote Williams narration and montage by Alan Cox.
http://wn.com/The_President_of_the_United_States_is_Really_a_Tree
by Heathcote Williams narration and montage by Alan Cox.
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 298
- author: Babylonroyal
John F. Kennedy, President of the United States (1961-1963) - Full Length Documentary With Footages
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 85:31
- Updated: 16 Jun 2013
My channel: http://www.youtube.com/TheBestFilmArchives Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheBestFilmArchives Twitter: https://twitter.com/BestFilmArch Subsc...
http://wn.com/John_F_Kennedy,_President_of_the_United_States_1961-1963_Full_Length_Documentary_With_Footages
My channel: http://www.youtube.com/TheBestFilmArchives Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheBestFilmArchives Twitter: https://twitter.com/BestFilmArch Subsc...
- published: 12 Apr 2013
- views: 1232
- author: TheBestFilmArchives
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 141934112
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 39214488
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
http://wn.com/Jack_Sparrow_feat_Michael_Bolton
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 108781568
- author: thelonelyisland
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 27383504
- author: PinkVEVO
"Fallen Kingdom" - A Minecraft Parody of Coldplay's Viva la Vida (Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATJrU The people involved: TryHardNinja - Vocals: http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja Bootstrap Buckaroo - Modeling, r...
http://wn.com/Fallen_Kingdom_A_Minecraft_Parody_of_Coldplay's_Viva_la_Vida_Music_Video
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATJrU The people involved: TryHardNinja - Vocals: http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja Bootstrap Buckaroo - Modeling, r...
- published: 01 Apr 2012
- views: 57906435
- author: CaptainSparklez
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 23 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
P!nk - Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 13157401
- author: PinkVEVO
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 31 May 2011
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
http://wn.com/Mr_T_vs_Mr_Rogers_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 47015114
- author: nicepeter
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 19 Aug 2011
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
http://wn.com/Revenge_A_Minecraft_Parody_of_Usher's_DJ_Got_Us_Fallin'_in_Love_Crafted_Using_Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 104607764
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 103069851
PEWDIEPIE Song - Dj Fortify
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!
http://wn.com/PEWDIEPIE_Song_Dj_Fortify
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!
- published: 28 Jan 2012
- views: 10841053
- author: PewDiePie
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
http://wn.com/Shy_Ronnie_2_Ronnie_Clyde_feat_Rihanna
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 37568759
- author: thelonelyisland
P!nk - Please Don't Leave Me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Please Don't Leave Me. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 875123 (C) 2009 LaFace Records, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Please_Don't_Leave_Me
Music video by P!nk performing Please Don't Leave Me. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 875123 (C) 2009 LaFace Records, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 44016345
- author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - So What
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFace Records, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_So_What
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFace Records, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 92236454
- author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Raise Your Glass
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Raise_Your_Glass
Music video by P!nk performing Raise Your Glass. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 02 Nov 2010
- views: 71690335
- author: PinkVEVO
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
http://wn.com/3-Way_The_Golden_Rule_feat_Justin_Timberlake_Lady_Gaga
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 51713724
- author: thelonelyisland
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
http://wn.com/Like_A_Boss_ft_Seth_Rogen_Uncensored_Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 110970160
- author: thelonelyisland
Steve Jobs vs Bill Gates. Epic Rap Battles of History Season 2.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 14 Jun 2012
Download This Song: http://bit.ly/KzLBGB
Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://bit.ly/Nt9lg8
Hi. My name is Nice Peter,
and this is EpicLLOYD,
and this is the Epic Rap Battles of History, Season 2.
Beat by Tristan of Ham Squad: http://www.tristanbeats.com/
You can vote for your winners on our website: http://epicrapbattlesofhistory.com
and follow ERB on Twitter: @erbofhistory
and Instagram: http://Instagram.com/erb
As always, these videos could not be possible without your suggestions, your subscription, and the help of a lot of awesome people.
CAST
Steve Jobs: Nice Peter
http://www.youtube.com/NicePeter
http://Facebook.com/NicePeter
Bill Gates: EpicLLOYD
http://www.youtube.com/EpicLLOYD
http://Facebook.com/epiclloyd
HAL9000: Nice Peter
Model By: http://goldenarmor.com/
Written by: Nice Peter, EpicLLOYD, Lauren Flans and Zach Sherwin aka MC Mr. Napkins
http://www.youtube.com/McMrNapkins
Beat Produced by: Tristan Krauss
Song Produced by Nice Peter
Mixed by: Rafael Serrano and Nice Peter
CREW
Directed by Dave McCary
http://www.youtube.com/David
On Set VFX Coordinator and Compositing by Sean Barrett
http://www.youtube.com/gnarlywich
Edited by Dave McCary and Nice Peter
Assistant Editors:
Andrew Sherman
Marc Chester
http://www.youtube.com/thatssomarc
Director of Photography: Jon Na
Gaffer: Arthur Hong
Music Supervisor and Playback: Dante Cimadamore AKA Dante Motion
http://www.youtube.com/givememotion
Costume Design and Art Direction: Mary Gutfleisch
http://youtube.com/marydoodles
Key Costumer: Natalia Fedner
http://youtube.com/nataliafedner
Makeup and Hair: Ashlyn Melancon
http://www.makeupbyashlyn.com
Script Supervisor and Production Assistant: Marc Chester
Production Assistants: Jose Mendoza http://youtube.com/jays2good,
Atul Singh and Russell Ford
Produced by Michelle Maloney
Executive Producer: Mickey Meyer
Maker Studios, Los Angeles, CA
Okay, I think that's it.
Thanks again and see you soon,
- nice peter & epiclloyd
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_vs_Bill_Gates_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_Season_2
Download This Song: http://bit.ly/KzLBGB
Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://bit.ly/Nt9lg8
Hi. My name is Nice Peter,
and this is EpicLLOYD,
and this is the Epic Rap Battles of History, Season 2.
Beat by Tristan of Ham Squad: http://www.tristanbeats.com/
You can vote for your winners on our website: http://epicrapbattlesofhistory.com
and follow ERB on Twitter: @erbofhistory
and Instagram: http://Instagram.com/erb
As always, these videos could not be possible without your suggestions, your subscription, and the help of a lot of awesome people.
CAST
Steve Jobs: Nice Peter
http://www.youtube.com/NicePeter
http://Facebook.com/NicePeter
Bill Gates: EpicLLOYD
http://www.youtube.com/EpicLLOYD
http://Facebook.com/epiclloyd
HAL9000: Nice Peter
Model By: http://goldenarmor.com/
Written by: Nice Peter, EpicLLOYD, Lauren Flans and Zach Sherwin aka MC Mr. Napkins
http://www.youtube.com/McMrNapkins
Beat Produced by: Tristan Krauss
Song Produced by Nice Peter
Mixed by: Rafael Serrano and Nice Peter
CREW
Directed by Dave McCary
http://www.youtube.com/David
On Set VFX Coordinator and Compositing by Sean Barrett
http://www.youtube.com/gnarlywich
Edited by Dave McCary and Nice Peter
Assistant Editors:
Andrew Sherman
Marc Chester
http://www.youtube.com/thatssomarc
Director of Photography: Jon Na
Gaffer: Arthur Hong
Music Supervisor and Playback: Dante Cimadamore AKA Dante Motion
http://www.youtube.com/givememotion
Costume Design and Art Direction: Mary Gutfleisch
http://youtube.com/marydoodles
Key Costumer: Natalia Fedner
http://youtube.com/nataliafedner
Makeup and Hair: Ashlyn Melancon
http://www.makeupbyashlyn.com
Script Supervisor and Production Assistant: Marc Chester
Production Assistants: Jose Mendoza http://youtube.com/jays2good,
Atul Singh and Russell Ford
Produced by Michelle Maloney
Executive Producer: Mickey Meyer
Maker Studios, Los Angeles, CA
Okay, I think that's it.
Thanks again and see you soon,
- nice peter & epiclloyd
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 57241190
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5632112
- author: machinima
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 141934112
- author: PinkVEVO
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 31 May 2011
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
http://wn.com/Jack_Sparrow_feat_Michael_Bolton
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 108781568
- author: thelonelyisland
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
P!nk - Try
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Try
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music...
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 88320821
- author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 39214488
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
Eminem - Love The Way You Lie ft. Rihanna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 05 Aug 2010
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 13, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Eminem_Love_The_Way_You_Lie_ft_Rihanna
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 13, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Aug 2010
- views: 569311987
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 27383504
- author: PinkVEVO
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
http://wn.com/Shy_Ronnie_2_Ronnie_Clyde_feat_Rihanna
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 37568759
- author: thelonelyisland
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
http://wn.com/Eminem_No_Love_Explicit_Version_ft_Lil_Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 120657455
- author: EminemVEVO
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
http://wn.com/3-Way_The_Golden_Rule_feat_Justin_Timberlake_Lady_Gaga
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 51713724
- author: thelonelyisland
Eminem - Not Afraid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 05 Jun 2010
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Eminem_Not_Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 415324385
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
http://wn.com/Like_A_Boss_ft_Seth_Rogen_Uncensored_Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 110970160
- author: thelonelyisland
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_F**kin'_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 53402532
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 23 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 19 Aug 2011
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
http://wn.com/Revenge_A_Minecraft_Parody_of_Usher's_DJ_Got_Us_Fallin'_in_Love_Crafted_Using_Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 104607764
I Just Had Sex (feat. Akon)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://www.turtleneckandchain.com T-shirts! http://www.thelonelyisland.com/store The first single ...
http://wn.com/I_Just_Had_Sex_feat_Akon
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://www.turtleneckandchain.com T-shirts! http://www.thelonelyisland.com/store The first single ...
- published: 19 Dec 2010
- views: 200804531
- author: thelonelyisland
Motherlover (feat. Justin Timberlake)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Happy Mother's Day! Originally aired May 9, 2009 Footage courtesy of...
http://wn.com/Motherlover_feat_Justin_Timberlake
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Happy Mother's Day! Originally aired May 9, 2009 Footage courtesy of...
- published: 19 Apr 2011
- views: 52786442
- author: thelonelyisland
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 30 May 2013
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
http://wn.com/How_To_Sing_Like_Your_Favorite_Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 30 May 2013
- views: 6912800
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Titanium_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 191041629
- author: davidguettavevo
Eminem - When I'm Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 16 Jun 2009
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
http://wn.com/Eminem_When_I'm_Gone
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 149310751
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 141934112
- author: PinkVEVO
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 31 May 2011
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
http://wn.com/Jack_Sparrow_feat_Michael_Bolton
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 108781568
- author: thelonelyisland
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
P!nk - Try
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Try
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music...
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 88320821
- author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 39214488
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
Eminem - Love The Way You Lie ft. Rihanna
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:28
- Updated: 05 Aug 2010
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 13, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Eminem_Love_The_Way_You_Lie_ft_Rihanna
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 13, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Aug 2010
- views: 569311987
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 27383504
- author: PinkVEVO
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
http://wn.com/Shy_Ronnie_2_Ronnie_Clyde_feat_Rihanna
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 37568759
- author: thelonelyisland
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
http://wn.com/Eminem_No_Love_Explicit_Version_ft_Lil_Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 120657455
- author: EminemVEVO
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
http://wn.com/3-Way_The_Golden_Rule_feat_Justin_Timberlake_Lady_Gaga
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 51713724
- author: thelonelyisland
Eminem - Not Afraid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 05 Jun 2010
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Eminem_Not_Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 415324385
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:59
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
http://wn.com/Like_A_Boss_ft_Seth_Rogen_Uncensored_Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 110970160
- author: thelonelyisland
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_F**kin'_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 53402532
- author: PinkVEVO
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 23 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 19 Aug 2011
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
http://wn.com/Revenge_A_Minecraft_Parody_of_Usher's_DJ_Got_Us_Fallin'_in_Love_Crafted_Using_Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 104607764
I Just Had Sex (feat. Akon)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://www.turtleneckandchain.com T-shirts! http://www.thelonelyisland.com/store The first single ...
http://wn.com/I_Just_Had_Sex_feat_Akon
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://www.turtleneckandchain.com T-shirts! http://www.thelonelyisland.com/store The first single ...
- published: 19 Dec 2010
- views: 200804531
- author: thelonelyisland
Motherlover (feat. Justin Timberlake)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Happy Mother's Day! Originally aired May 9, 2009 Footage courtesy of...
http://wn.com/Motherlover_feat_Justin_Timberlake
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Happy Mother's Day! Originally aired May 9, 2009 Footage courtesy of...
- published: 19 Apr 2011
- views: 52786442
- author: thelonelyisland
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 30 May 2013
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
http://wn.com/How_To_Sing_Like_Your_Favorite_Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 30 May 2013
- views: 6912800
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Titanium_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 191041629
- author: davidguettavevo
Eminem - When I'm Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 16 Jun 2009
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
http://wn.com/Eminem_When_I'm_Gone
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 149310751
Send this Playlist by SMS
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 31 May 2011
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
Adele - Someone Like You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 29 Sep 2011
Music video by Adele performing Someone Like You. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd
http://wn.com/Adele_Someone_Like_You
Music video by Adele performing Someone Like You. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 278676231
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 30 Nov 2010
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Adele_Rolling_In_The_Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 30 Nov 2010
- views: 410893870
The Athlete Machine - Red Bull Kluge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:58
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Get the behind the scenes footage here:
http://youtu.be/OvvX34q0QMk
Watch the Spiral Drift: http://youtu.be/_u76kWWo6GM
http://www.redbullusa.com/kluge
Song: Soul Wars by AWOLNATION: http://goo.gl/BwPcp
Derived from the German adjective Klug (meaning "clever"), Red Bull Kluge combines complex machinery patched together with the energy and prowess of world-class athletes, to see what happens when physics gets physical.
__________________________________________________
Experience the world of Red Bull like you have never seen it before. With the best action sports clips on the web and YouTube exclusive series, prepare for your "stoke factor" to be at an all time high.
Red Bull on Facebook: http://win.gs/redbullfb
Red Bull on Twitter: http://win.gs/redbulltwitter
Subscribe to Red Bull on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=redbull
Sean MacCormac (Skydiver), Joey Brezinski (Skateboarder), Rickie Fowler (Golfer), Danny MacAskill (Trials Biker), Ryan Sheckler (Skateboarder), Drew Bezanson (BMX Rider), Bryce Menzies (Off-Road Truck Racer), Rhys Millen (Drifter), Robbie Maddison (Freestyle Motocross Rider), Lolo Jones (Hurdler), Pat Moore (Snowboarder)
http://wn.com/The_Athlete_Machine_Red_Bull_Kluge
Get the behind the scenes footage here:
http://youtu.be/OvvX34q0QMk
Watch the Spiral Drift: http://youtu.be/_u76kWWo6GM
http://www.redbullusa.com/kluge
Song: Soul Wars by AWOLNATION: http://goo.gl/BwPcp
Derived from the German adjective Klug (meaning "clever"), Red Bull Kluge combines complex machinery patched together with the energy and prowess of world-class athletes, to see what happens when physics gets physical.
__________________________________________________
Experience the world of Red Bull like you have never seen it before. With the best action sports clips on the web and YouTube exclusive series, prepare for your "stoke factor" to be at an all time high.
Red Bull on Facebook: http://win.gs/redbullfb
Red Bull on Twitter: http://win.gs/redbulltwitter
Subscribe to Red Bull on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=redbull
Sean MacCormac (Skydiver), Joey Brezinski (Skateboarder), Rickie Fowler (Golfer), Danny MacAskill (Trials Biker), Ryan Sheckler (Skateboarder), Drew Bezanson (BMX Rider), Bryce Menzies (Off-Road Truck Racer), Rhys Millen (Drifter), Robbie Maddison (Freestyle Motocross Rider), Lolo Jones (Hurdler), Pat Moore (Snowboarder)
- published: 11 Nov 2012
- views: 14995915
Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (Live at The Royal Albert Hall)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
http://wn.com/Adele_Set_Fire_To_The_Rain_Live_at_The_Royal_Albert_Hall
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
- published: 16 Nov 2011
- views: 75684676
- author: AdeleVEVO
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 23 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 30 May 2013
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
http://wn.com/How_To_Sing_Like_Your_Favorite_Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 30 May 2013
- views: 6912800
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
http://wn.com/Mr_T_vs_Mr_Rogers_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 47015114
- author: nicepeter
Adele - Skyfall (Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Skyfall is the official theme song to the James Bond film of the same name.
Video by Nick Chappell.
http://adele.tv
http://wn.com/Adele_Skyfall_Lyric_Video
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Skyfall is the official theme song to the James Bond film of the same name.
Video by Nick Chappell.
http://adele.tv
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 64256922
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 103069851
![Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130619132715im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/T6DJcgm3wNY/default.jpg "Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]")
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 26165466
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 11 Apr 2013
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... Get teehee merch here if ya want!:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
http://wn.com/Draw_My_Life_Ryan_Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... Get teehee merch here if ya want!:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 9287278
Daily Life of Rustin Hieber
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Updated: 23 Feb 2011
Spoof of Justin Bieber Movie, Never Say Never.
Meet Rustin Hieber and see his incredible life. Douche.
PS. This wasn't made out of hate. Why hate on someone just because hes successful? Not his fault!
Special Thank You to:
JR Aquino
http://www.youtube.com/jraquinomusic
Catherine Zoe
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Catherine-Zoe/184115601628317
Timmy Doe and PrestigiousModels.com
http://www.prestigiousmodels.com
FIND ME ON:
http://www.higatv.com
http://wn.com/Daily_Life_of_Rustin_Hieber
Spoof of Justin Bieber Movie, Never Say Never.
Meet Rustin Hieber and see his incredible life. Douche.
PS. This wasn't made out of hate. Why hate on someone just because hes successful? Not his fault!
Special Thank You to:
JR Aquino
http://www.youtube.com/jraquinomusic
Catherine Zoe
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Catherine-Zoe/184115601628317
Timmy Doe and PrestigiousModels.com
http://www.prestigiousmodels.com
FIND ME ON:
http://www.higatv.com
- published: 23 Feb 2011
- views: 26645746
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
http://wn.com/Einstein_vs_Stephen_Hawking_-Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 69987812
- author: nicepeter
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx
Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Stay_ft_Mikky_Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx
Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 147055675
Blue Foundation - Eyes On Fire (Zeds Dead Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Zeds Dead are back with another dubstep remix, this time of Eyes On Fire by Blue Foundation Available to buy now: http://www.beatport.com/track/eyes-on-fire-...
http://wn.com/Blue_Foundation_Eyes_On_Fire_Zeds_Dead_Remix
Zeds Dead are back with another dubstep remix, this time of Eyes On Fire by Blue Foundation Available to buy now: http://www.beatport.com/track/eyes-on-fire-...
- published: 22 Oct 2009
- views: 44258014
- author: UKFDubstep
Freestylers - Cracks (Ft. Belle Humble) (Flux Pavilion Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Available to buy on UKF Dubstep 2010 (iTunes): http://ukf.me/ukfdubstep2010 AVAILABLE TO BUY NOW: http://ukf.me/CracksBeatport Flux Pavilion's remix of Crack...
http://wn.com/Freestylers_Cracks_Ft_Belle_Humble_Flux_Pavilion_Remix
Available to buy on UKF Dubstep 2010 (iTunes): http://ukf.me/ukfdubstep2010 AVAILABLE TO BUY NOW: http://ukf.me/CracksBeatport Flux Pavilion's remix of Crack...
- published: 27 Apr 2010
- views: 21956039
- author: UKFDubstep
Most Annoying People On The Internet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Don't be these people. Mapoti
See Bloopers and Behind-The-Scenes Here!: http://youtu.be/dfpo7uXwJnM
Huge thank you and shout out to
Dtrix: http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Derek: http://www.youtube.com/dereleekmedia
Greg: http://www.twitter.com/slopsmcgee
Will: http://www.twitter.com/willshayhan
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on twitter for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my facebook page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is my site... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
http://wn.com/Most_Annoying_People_On_The_Internet
Don't be these people. Mapoti
See Bloopers and Behind-The-Scenes Here!: http://youtu.be/dfpo7uXwJnM
Huge thank you and shout out to
Dtrix: http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Derek: http://www.youtube.com/dereleekmedia
Greg: http://www.twitter.com/slopsmcgee
Will: http://www.twitter.com/willshayhan
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on twitter for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my facebook page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is my site... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 6957019
Man of Steel - "Fate of Your Planet" Official Trailer [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:47
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel Get tickets now: http://bit.ly/MOStickets In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pic...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Fate_of_Your_Planet_Official_Trailer_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel Get tickets now: http://bit.ly/MOStickets In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pic...
- published: 22 May 2013
- views: 9950432
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
Epic Rap Battles of History - The Final Battle. Nice Peter vs EpicLLOYD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:51
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB15song NEW ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to tweet this vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/d0UB1 Hi. My name is N...
http://wn.com/Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_The_Final_Battle_Nice_Peter_vs_EpicLLOYD
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB15song NEW ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to tweet this vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/d0UB1 Hi. My name is N...
- published: 18 Nov 2011
- views: 23248130
- author: nicepeter
Abe Lincoln VS Chuck Norris Epic Rap Battles of History #3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:08
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap3 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this vi-dee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/fLN86 Hi, my name is Nice Peter,...
http://wn.com/Abe_Lincoln_VS_Chuck_Norris_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_3
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap3 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this vi-dee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/fLN86 Hi, my name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 08 Dec 2010
- views: 53315742
- author: nicepeter
Send this Playlist by SMS
Nice Guys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 31 May 2011
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
http://wn.com/Nice_Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
Adele - Someone Like You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 29 Sep 2011
Music video by Adele performing Someone Like You. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd
http://wn.com/Adele_Someone_Like_You
Music video by Adele performing Someone Like You. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd
- published: 29 Sep 2011
- views: 278676231
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 30 Nov 2010
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Adele_Rolling_In_The_Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 30 Nov 2010
- views: 410893870
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 14 Dec 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (Live at The Royal Albert Hall)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
http://wn.com/Adele_Set_Fire_To_The_Rain_Live_at_The_Royal_Albert_Hall
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
- published: 16 Nov 2011
- views: 75684676
- author: AdeleVEVO
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
http://wn.com/Eminem_No_Love_Explicit_Version_ft_Lil_Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 120657455
- author: EminemVEVO
Eminem - Not Afraid
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 05 Jun 2010
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Eminem_Not_Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 415324385
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 30 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 23 Nov 2009
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 30 May 2013
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
http://wn.com/How_To_Sing_Like_Your_Favorite_Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 30 May 2013
- views: 6912800
Eminem - When I'm Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 16 Jun 2009
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
http://wn.com/Eminem_When_I'm_Gone
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 149310751
Adele - Skyfall (Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 18 Oct 2012
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Skyfall is the official theme song to the James Bond film of the same name.
Video by Nick Chappell.
http://adele.tv
http://wn.com/Adele_Skyfall_Lyric_Video
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Skyfall is the official theme song to the James Bond film of the same name.
Video by Nick Chappell.
http://adele.tv
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 64256922
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
http://wn.com/Mr_T_vs_Mr_Rogers_Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 47015114
- author: nicepeter
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 26165466
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
One Direction - One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:23
- Updated: 20 Feb 2013
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved at www.rednoseday.com/1D
Music video by One Direction performing One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks). (C) 2013 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
http://wn.com/One_Direction_One_Way_Or_Another_Teenage_Kicks
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved at www.rednoseday.com/1D
Music video by One Direction performing One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks). (C) 2013 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
- published: 20 Feb 2013
- views: 111761961
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:35
- Updated: 11 Apr 2013
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... Get teehee merch here if ya want!:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
http://wn.com/Draw_My_Life_Ryan_Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... Get teehee merch here if ya want!:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 9287278
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5632112
- author: machinima
Daily Life of Rustin Hieber
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:57
- Updated: 23 Feb 2011
Spoof of Justin Bieber Movie, Never Say Never.
Meet Rustin Hieber and see his incredible life. Douche.
PS. This wasn't made out of hate. Why hate on someone just because hes successful? Not his fault!
Special Thank You to:
JR Aquino
http://www.youtube.com/jraquinomusic
Catherine Zoe
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Catherine-Zoe/184115601628317
Timmy Doe and PrestigiousModels.com
http://www.prestigiousmodels.com
FIND ME ON:
http://www.higatv.com
http://wn.com/Daily_Life_of_Rustin_Hieber
Spoof of Justin Bieber Movie, Never Say Never.
Meet Rustin Hieber and see his incredible life. Douche.
PS. This wasn't made out of hate. Why hate on someone just because hes successful? Not his fault!
Special Thank You to:
JR Aquino
http://www.youtube.com/jraquinomusic
Catherine Zoe
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Catherine-Zoe/184115601628317
Timmy Doe and PrestigiousModels.com
http://www.prestigiousmodels.com
FIND ME ON:
http://www.higatv.com
- published: 23 Feb 2011
- views: 26645746
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 19 Jun 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
http://wn.com/Einstein_vs_Stephen_Hawking_-Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 69987812
- author: nicepeter
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx
Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Music Group
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Stay_ft_Mikky_Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx
Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 147055675
Blue Foundation - Eyes On Fire (Zeds Dead Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Zeds Dead are back with another dubstep remix, this time of Eyes On Fire by Blue Foundation Available to buy now: http://www.beatport.com/track/eyes-on-fire-...
http://wn.com/Blue_Foundation_Eyes_On_Fire_Zeds_Dead_Remix
Zeds Dead are back with another dubstep remix, this time of Eyes On Fire by Blue Foundation Available to buy now: http://www.beatport.com/track/eyes-on-fire-...
- published: 22 Oct 2009
- views: 44258014
- author: UKFDubstep
Freestylers - Cracks (Ft. Belle Humble) (Flux Pavilion Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 18 Jun 2013
Available to buy on UKF Dubstep 2010 (iTunes): http://ukf.me/ukfdubstep2010 AVAILABLE TO BUY NOW: http://ukf.me/CracksBeatport Flux Pavilion's remix of Crack...
http://wn.com/Freestylers_Cracks_Ft_Belle_Humble_Flux_Pavilion_Remix
Available to buy on UKF Dubstep 2010 (iTunes): http://ukf.me/ukfdubstep2010 AVAILABLE TO BUY NOW: http://ukf.me/CracksBeatport Flux Pavilion's remix of Crack...
- published: 27 Apr 2010
- views: 21956039
- author: UKFDubstep
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 141934112
- author: PinkVEVO
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 200...
published: 14 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
3:17
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com....
published: 08 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 108781568
- author: thelonelyisland
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 27383504
- author: PinkVEVO
4:48
"Fallen Kingdom" - A Minecraft Parody of Coldplay's Viva la Vida (Music Video)
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATJrU The people involved: TryHardNinja - Vocals: http:/...
published: 01 Apr 2012
author: CaptainSparklez
"Fallen Kingdom" - A Minecraft Parody of Coldplay's Viva la Vida (Music Video)
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATJrU The people involved: TryHardNinja - Vocals: http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja Bootstrap Buckaroo - Modeling, r...
- published: 01 Apr 2012
- views: 57906435
- author: CaptainSparklez
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,2...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
4:00
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 20 Jan 2011
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 13157401
- author: PinkVEVO
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girl...
published: 31 May 2011
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
2:11
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to...
published: 15 Sep 2011
author: nicepeter
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 47015114
- author: nicepeter
4:25
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocal...
published: 19 Aug 2011
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 104607764
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 103069851
Youtube results:
4:55
PEWDIEPIE Song - Dj Fortify
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!...
published: 28 Jan 2012
author: PewDiePie
PEWDIEPIE Song - Dj Fortify
Due to so many request I decided to upload this epic track as well. Enjoy it bros!
- published: 28 Jan 2012
- views: 10841053
- author: PewDiePie
2:55
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com O...
published: 12 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 37568759
- author: thelonelyisland
3:53
P!nk - Please Don't Leave Me
Music video by P!nk performing Please Don't Leave Me. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 875123...
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Please Don't Leave Me
Music video by P!nk performing Please Don't Leave Me. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 875123 (C) 2009 LaFace Records, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 44016345
- author: PinkVEVO
3:46
P!nk - So What
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFa...
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - So What
Music video by P!nk performing So What. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 952031 (C) 2008 LaFace Records, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 92236454
- author: PinkVEVO
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 141934112
- author: PinkVEVO
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girl...
published: 31 May 2011
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
3:17
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com....
published: 08 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 108781568
- author: thelonelyisland
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
4:10
P!nk - Try
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by ...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Try
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music...
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 88320821
- author: PinkVEVO
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 200...
published: 14 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
4:28
Eminem - Love The Way You Lie ft. Rihanna
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCerti...
published: 05 Aug 2010
Eminem - Love The Way You Lie ft. Rihanna
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 13, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Aug 2010
- views: 569311987
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 27383504
- author: PinkVEVO
2:55
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com O...
published: 12 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 37568759
- author: thelonelyisland
5:15
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on Jul...
published: 29 Sep 2010
author: EminemVEVO
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 120657455
- author: EminemVEVO
3:08
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WAC...
published: 27 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 51713724
- author: thelonelyisland
4:19
Eminem - Not Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on ...
published: 05 Jun 2010
Eminem - Not Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 415324385
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,2...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Youtube results:
1:59
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album ...
published: 05 Apr 2009
author: thelonelyisland
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 110970160
- author: thelonelyisland
4:08
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 19 Jan 2011
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 53402532
- author: PinkVEVO
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
4:25
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocal...
published: 19 Aug 2011
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 104607764
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 141934112
- author: PinkVEVO
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girl...
published: 31 May 2011
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
3:17
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com....
published: 08 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Jack Sparrow (feat. Michael Bolton)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com.
- published: 08 May 2011
- views: 108781568
- author: thelonelyisland
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
4:10
P!nk - Try
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by ...
published: 10 Oct 2012
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Try
The new album, The Truth About Love, Available Now: http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music...
- published: 10 Oct 2012
- views: 88320821
- author: PinkVEVO
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 200...
published: 14 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
4:28
Eminem - Love The Way You Lie ft. Rihanna
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCerti...
published: 05 Aug 2010
Eminem - Love The Way You Lie ft. Rihanna
Music video by Eminem performing Love The Way You Lie. © 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 13, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Aug 2010
- views: 569311987
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 27383504
- author: PinkVEVO
2:55
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com O...
published: 12 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
Shy Ronnie 2: Ronnie & Clyde (feat. Rihanna)
Buy at iTunes: http://goo.gl/zv4o9. New album on sale now! http://turtleneckandchain.com Originally aired October 30, 2010 Footage courtesy of NBC for promot...
- published: 12 May 2011
- views: 37568759
- author: thelonelyisland
5:15
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on Jul...
published: 29 Sep 2010
author: EminemVEVO
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 120657455
- author: EminemVEVO
3:08
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WAC...
published: 27 May 2011
author: thelonelyisland
3-Way (The Golden Rule) (feat. Justin Timberlake & Lady Gaga)
Buy "3-WAY (THE GOLDEN RULE)" on iTunes: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX THE LONELY ISLAND - THE WACK ALBUM iTunes [deluxe version]: http://bit.ly/13w2sxX iTunes: http...
- published: 27 May 2011
- views: 51713724
- author: thelonelyisland
4:19
Eminem - Not Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on ...
published: 05 Jun 2010
Eminem - Not Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 415324385
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,2...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
Youtube results:
1:59
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album ...
published: 05 Apr 2009
author: thelonelyisland
Like A Boss (ft. Seth Rogen) - Uncensored Version
http://www.itunes.com/thelonelyisland The new single from The Lonely Island's debut album "INCREDIBAD" In stores now! Featuring Seth Rogen. The Lonely Island...
- published: 05 Apr 2009
- views: 110970160
- author: thelonelyisland
4:08
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 19 Jan 2011
author: PinkVEVO
P!nk - F**kin' Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 19 Jan 2011
- views: 53402532
- author: PinkVEVO
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
4:25
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocal...
published: 19 Aug 2011
"Revenge" - A Minecraft Parody of Usher's DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love - Crafted Using Noteblocks
Download the song! http://bit.ly/TATnl0
The people involved:
TryHardNinja - Usher's vocals:
http://www.youtube.com/user/TryHardNinja
Doc Exx - audio production:
http://www.youtube.com/user/DocExxMusic
Captain Sparklez - animation, set design, post production, lyrics, Pitbull's vocals :
http://www.youtube.com/user/CaptainSparklez
Bootstrap Buckaroo - modeling, rigging, and being the most helpful person ever:
http://www.youtube.com/user/BootstrapBuckaroo
Yves Lenaerts - noteblock instrumental:
http://www.youtube.com/user/LenaertsYves
Programs used:
Maya
After Effects
Vegas
Photoshop
Pro Tools
Ableton
Lyrics:
TryHardNinja:
So we back in the mine, got our pick axe swinging from side to side,
This task a grueling one, hope to find some diamonds tonight,
Heads up, you hear a sound, turn around and look up, total shock fills your body,
Oh no it's you again,
I could never forget those eyes
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Just when you think you're safe, overhear some hissing from right behind,
That's a nice life you have, shame it's gotta end at this time,
Blows up, then your health bar drops, you could use a 1-up, get inside don't be tardy,
So now you're stuck in there, half a heart is left but don't die
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all your stuff again,
Captain Sparklez:
Creepers, you're mine
Dig up diamonds, and craft those diamonds and make some armor,
Get it baby, go and forge that like you so, MLG pro,
The sword's made of diamonds, so come at me bro
Training in your room under the torch light,
Hone that form to get you ready for the big fight,
Every single day and the whole night,
Creeper's out prowlin' - alright
Look at me, look at you,
Take my revenge that's what I'm gonna do,
I'm a warrior baby, what else is new,
And my blade's gonna tear through you
Bring it
TryHardNinja:
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
Yeah baby tonight, grab your sword, armor and go, take your revenge,
So fight, fight like it's the last, last night of your life, life, show them your bite,
'Cause baby tonight, the creeper's trying to steal all our stuff again,
'Cause baby tonight, you grab your pick, shovel and bolt again,
And run, run until it's done, done, until the sun comes up in the morn'
'Cause baby tonight, the creepers tried to steal all our stuff again
- published: 19 Aug 2011
- views: 104607764
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girl...
published: 31 May 2011
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
3:55
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCer...
published: 30 Nov 2010
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 30 Nov 2010
- views: 410893870
5:58
The Athlete Machine - Red Bull Kluge
Get the behind the scenes footage here:
http://youtu.be/OvvX34q0QMk
Watch the Spiral Drif...
published: 11 Nov 2012
The Athlete Machine - Red Bull Kluge
Get the behind the scenes footage here:
http://youtu.be/OvvX34q0QMk
Watch the Spiral Drift: http://youtu.be/_u76kWWo6GM
http://www.redbullusa.com/kluge
Song: Soul Wars by AWOLNATION: http://goo.gl/BwPcp
Derived from the German adjective Klug (meaning "clever"), Red Bull Kluge combines complex machinery patched together with the energy and prowess of world-class athletes, to see what happens when physics gets physical.
__________________________________________________
Experience the world of Red Bull like you have never seen it before. With the best action sports clips on the web and YouTube exclusive series, prepare for your "stoke factor" to be at an all time high.
Red Bull on Facebook: http://win.gs/redbullfb
Red Bull on Twitter: http://win.gs/redbulltwitter
Subscribe to Red Bull on Youtube: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=redbull
Sean MacCormac (Skydiver), Joey Brezinski (Skateboarder), Rickie Fowler (Golfer), Danny MacAskill (Trials Biker), Ryan Sheckler (Skateboarder), Drew Bezanson (BMX Rider), Bryce Menzies (Off-Road Truck Racer), Rhys Millen (Drifter), Robbie Maddison (Freestyle Motocross Rider), Lolo Jones (Hurdler), Pat Moore (Snowboarder)
- published: 11 Nov 2012
- views: 14995915
3:59
Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (Live at The Royal Albert Hall)
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd....
published: 16 Nov 2011
author: AdeleVEVO
Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (Live at The Royal Albert Hall)
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
- published: 16 Nov 2011
- views: 75684676
- author: AdeleVEVO
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,2...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
5:43
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2...
published: 30 May 2013
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 30 May 2013
- views: 6912800
2:11
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to...
published: 15 Sep 2011
author: nicepeter
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 47015114
- author: nicepeter
4:50
Adele - Skyfall (Lyric Video)
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Sky...
published: 18 Oct 2012
Adele - Skyfall (Lyric Video)
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Skyfall is the official theme song to the James Bond film of the same name.
Video by Nick Chappell.
http://adele.tv
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 64256922
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 103069851
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: WarnerBrosPictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 26165466
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
7:35
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my D...
published: 11 Apr 2013
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... Get teehee merch here if ya want!:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 9287278
Youtube results:
4:57
Daily Life of Rustin Hieber
Spoof of Justin Bieber Movie, Never Say Never.
Meet Rustin Hieber and see his incredible l...
published: 23 Feb 2011
Daily Life of Rustin Hieber
Spoof of Justin Bieber Movie, Never Say Never.
Meet Rustin Hieber and see his incredible life. Douche.
PS. This wasn't made out of hate. Why hate on someone just because hes successful? Not his fault!
Special Thank You to:
JR Aquino
http://www.youtube.com/jraquinomusic
Catherine Zoe
http://www.facebook.com/pages/Catherine-Zoe/184115601628317
Timmy Doe and PrestigiousModels.com
http://www.prestigiousmodels.com
FIND ME ON:
http://www.higatv.com
- published: 23 Feb 2011
- views: 26645746
2:36
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this ...
published: 30 Mar 2011
author: nicepeter
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 69987812
- author: nicepeter
4:08
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx
Music video by R...
published: 12 Feb 2013
Rihanna - Stay ft. Mikky Ekko
Download "Stay" from Unapologetic now: http://smarturl.it/UnapologeticDlx
Music video by Rihanna performing Stay ft. Mikky Ekko. © 2013 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 147055675
5:12
Blue Foundation - Eyes On Fire (Zeds Dead Remix)
Zeds Dead are back with another dubstep remix, this time of Eyes On Fire by Blue Foundatio...
published: 22 Oct 2009
author: UKFDubstep
Blue Foundation - Eyes On Fire (Zeds Dead Remix)
Zeds Dead are back with another dubstep remix, this time of Eyes On Fire by Blue Foundation Available to buy now: http://www.beatport.com/track/eyes-on-fire-...
- published: 22 Oct 2009
- views: 44258014
- author: UKFDubstep
2:50
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girl...
published: 31 May 2011
Nice Guys
Behind the Scenes at
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Two losers take a "how to pick up girls" class and realize that Nice Guys finish last which results in the ultimate douches.
Get "Nice Guys" on iTunes!
http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/nice-guys-single/id441177425
Subscribe to these lovely people:
Chester See (Check out Chester's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/chestersee
Kevjumba (Check out Kev's Version)
http://www.youtube.com/kevjumba
Dtrix
http://www.youtube.com/thedominicshow
Cathy Nguyen
http://www.youtube.com/lilcdawg
Kina Grannis
http://www.youtube.com/kinagrannis
Andy Lange recorded and produced the music. See how he did it in his "Making the Music" video here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oifnuRe8LFI
Be sure to subscribe to Andy's channel! http://www.youtube.com/andylangemusic
Subscribe to Justin! Filmed and Edited by Justin Safaei
http://www.youtube.com/jsafaei
- published: 31 May 2011
- views: 47139557
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66,288,884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 96748061
3:55
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCer...
published: 30 Nov 2010
Adele - Rolling In The Deep
Music video by Adele performing Rolling In The Deep. (C) 2010 XL Recordings Ltd.
#VEVOCertified on July 25, 2011. http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 30 Nov 2010
- views: 410893870
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 200...
published: 14 Dec 2009
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19,591,123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 54900211
3:59
Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (Live at The Royal Albert Hall)
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd....
published: 16 Nov 2011
author: AdeleVEVO
Adele - Set Fire To The Rain (Live at The Royal Albert Hall)
Music video by Adele performing Set Fire To The Rain. (C) 2011 XL Recordings Ltd.
- published: 16 Nov 2011
- views: 75684676
- author: AdeleVEVO
5:15
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on Jul...
published: 29 Sep 2010
author: EminemVEVO
Eminem - No Love (Explicit Version) ft. Lil Wayne
Music video by Eminem performing No Love. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records #VEVOCertified on July 30, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified.
- published: 29 Sep 2010
- views: 120657455
- author: EminemVEVO
4:19
Eminem - Not Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on ...
published: 05 Jun 2010
Eminem - Not Afraid
Music video by Eminem performing Not Afraid. (C) 2010 Aftermath Records
#VEVOCertified on September 11, 2010.http://www.vevo.com/certified http://www.youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 05 Jun 2010
- views: 415324385
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,2...
published: 30 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57,208,048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 90574471
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group
#VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtube.com/vevocertified
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 150983304
5:43
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2...
published: 30 May 2013
How To Sing Like Your Favorite Artists
Whether you think you can't sing, or if you know you can... you cant. YET!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... theres not much on it.. but here:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 30 May 2013
- views: 6912800
6:09
Eminem - When I'm Gone
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscop...
published: 16 Jun 2009
Eminem - When I'm Gone
Music video by Eminem performing When I'm Gone. (C) 2005 Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 149310751
4:50
Adele - Skyfall (Lyric Video)
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Sky...
published: 18 Oct 2012
Adele - Skyfall (Lyric Video)
Buy Skyfall now: http://smarturl.it/AdeleSkyfall
Written by ADELE and Paul Epworth.
Skyfall is the official theme song to the James Bond film of the same name.
Video by Nick Chappell.
http://adele.tv
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 64256922
2:11
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to...
published: 15 Sep 2011
author: nicepeter
Mr T vs Mr Rogers. Epic Rap Battles of History #13
Download this song: http://bit.ly/ERB13iTunes New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Click to Tweet this Vid-ee-oh! http://clicktotweet.com/XMzKq Download this ...
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 47015114
- author: nicepeter
Youtube results:
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: WarnerBrosPictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 26165466
- author: WarnerBrosPictures
3:23
One Direction - One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks)
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing somet...
published: 20 Feb 2013
One Direction - One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks)
As well as releasing the Red Nose Day single, One Direction are fundraising by doing something funny for money...and they want you to join them! Get involved at www.rednoseday.com/1D
Music video by One Direction performing One Way Or Another (Teenage Kicks). (C) 2013 Simco Limited under exclusive license to Sony Music Entertainment UK Limited
- published: 20 Feb 2013
- views: 111761961
7:35
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my D...
published: 11 Apr 2013
Draw My Life - Ryan Higa
So i was pretty hesitant to make this video... but after all of your request, here is my Draw My Life video!
Check out my 2nd Channel for more vlogs:
http://www.youtube.com/higatv
Follow me on TWITTER for more useless stuff about me
http://www.twitter.com/therealryanhiga
Like my FACEBOOK page if you're into that sorta stuff
http://www.facebook.com/higatv
Oh and here is MY SITE... Get teehee merch here if ya want!:
http://www.higatv.com
OR see some boring pics of me on INSTAGRAM!
http://www.instagram.com/notryanhiga
- published: 11 Apr 2013
- views: 9287278
2:15
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I ...
published: 18 Feb 2013
author: machinima
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5632112
- author: machinima
photo: Public Domain / Good kitty
18 Jun 2013
Tuesday, Emong has maximum sustained winds of 65 kph near the center and gustiness of up to 80 kph....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / MTI, Bea Kallos, File
18 Jun 2013
A court in Hungary has charged one of the most-wanted, alleged Nazi war criminals at the age of 98. After spending much of his post-war life on the run in Canada, Laszlo Csatary had spent his recent years in Hungary ... They say he helped deport thousands of Jews to the Auschwitz concentration camp ... Few survivors are still alive as Europe commemorates the liberation of Nazi concentration camps on January 27....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Anthony Devlin
17 Jun 2013
The Russian President, Vladimir Putin, rounded on Britain on Sunday, accusing David Cameron of betraying humanitarian values by supporting Syrian rebels with “blood on their hands” ... In a press conference after the talks, Mr Cameron admitted that “President Putin and I have our disagreements on some of the issues”, but insisted the G8 could bring “new momentum and leadership” to start negotiations in Syria....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP
17 Jun 2013
"Cry, the beloved country, for the unborn child that is the inheritor of our fear." ... Instead of "Cry, the Beloved Country," perhaps Alan Paton should have written a novel entitled, Cry, the Beloved Continent." ... Nigeria is still reeling from President Goodluck Johathan's "state of emergency" and its civil war ... And just like the democratic states of their bygone colonial rulers, democracy is still in a "transitional" state....(size: 6.6Kb)
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noodls
19 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... Office of the Press Secretary ... this time, in the form of a nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimate ... This noodl was issued by President of the United States and was initially posted at www.whitehouse.gov ... The issuer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the information contained therein....(size: 1.7Kb)
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noodls
19 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... WASHINGTON - A new online application from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) enables disability compensation claims to be processed faster in a more end-to-end electronic environment, and VA is urging Veterans and their Veterans Service Organization (VSO) representatives to make full use of its capabilities to receive speedier decisions and reduce the backlog of claims. ....(size: 7.2Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... We, the Presidents of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chair countries - France, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America - remain committed to helping the parties to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict reach a ... This noodl was issued by President of the United States and was initially posted at www.whitehouse.gov....(size: 2.6Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... James Costos, of California, to be Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to Spain ... the United States of America to Denmark ... This noodl was issued by President of the United States and was initially posted at www.whitehouse.gov....(size: 1.5Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... In response to the G-8 commitment for members to publish national action plans on transparency of company ownership and control, the United States commits to the following actions. Risk Assessment. The United ... This noodl was issued by President of the United States and was initially posted at www.whitehouse.gov....(size: 3.5Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... future, and it was made possible by heavy sacrifices on the part of the United States, coalition partners, and the Afghan forces. I appreciate the leadership of President Karzai in helping oversee this transition and commend NATO Secretary General Rasmussen and Gen....(size: 1.5Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States). The Department of Defense announced today the death of a Marine who was supporting Operation Enduring Freedom. ... The issuer ......(size: 1.2Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... Fair taxes, increased transparency and open trade are vital drivers of this. We will make a real difference by doing the following.. Tax authorities across the world should automatically share information to fight the scourge of tax evasion ... This noodl was issued by President of the United States and was initially posted at www.whitehouse.gov....(size: 2.0Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... PRESIDENT PUTIN. (As interpreted.) I've had detailed talks with the President of the United States on almost all the matters. We began with economy and we had detailed discussions. We've agreed to launch new mechanisms of cooperation in this domain, including at the levels of the Chairman of Government of the Russian Federation and the Vice President of the U.S....(size: 5.0Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... "Secretary Hagel hosted Canadian Minister of National Defense Peter MacKay today at the Pentagon for their second meeting here since Secretary Hagel took office earlier this spring. ... The issuer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the information contained therein....(size: 2.6Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... Their success is because of the high-quality product Vanport Outfitters produces, but also because of the help the U.S ... Small business that would like to tap into the 95% of consumers who live outside of the United States, should start with the Begin Exporting Questionnaire to assess their readiness for exporting ... The issuer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the information contained therein....(size: 2.7Kb)
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noodls
18 Jun 2013
President of the United States) ... In 2012, the United States leveraged its presidency of the G-8 to deepen the global commitment to food security through the establishment of the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition. At the G-8 Summit ... This noodl was issued by President of the United States and was initially posted at www.whitehouse.gov....(size: 3.5Kb)
"POTUS" redirects here. For the political talk radio channel, see P.O.T.U.S. (Sirius XM).
For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation). For a list, see List of Presidents of the United States.
| President of the United States of America |
|
|---|---|
 Presidential Seal |
|
 Presidential Standard |
|
| Style | Mr. President (Informal)[1][2] The Honorable (Formal)[3] His Excellency[4][5] (diplomatic, outside the U.S.) |
| Residence | White House Washington, D.C. |
| Term length | Four years renewable once |
| Inaugural holder | George Washington April 30, 1789 |
| Formation | United States Constitution March 4, 1789 |
| Salary | $400,000 annually |
| Website | The White House |
The President of the United States of America (acronym: POTUS)[6] is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.
Article II of the U.S. Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president and charges him with the execution of federal law, alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive, diplomatic, regulatory, and judicial officers, and concluding treaties with foreign powers, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves, and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances.[7] Since the founding of the United States, the power of the president and the federal government have grown substantially[8] and each modern president, despite possessing no formal legislative powers beyond signing or vetoing congressionally passed bills, is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of his party and the foreign and domestic policy of the United States.[9] The president is frequently described as the most powerful person in the world.[10][11][12][13][14][15]
The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four-year term, and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers, the other being the Vice President of the United States.[16] The Twenty-second Amendment, adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from ever being elected to the presidency for a third full term. It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president, or acting president, for more than two years of another person's term as president. In all, 43 individuals have served 55 four-year terms.[17] On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the 44th and current president.
Contents |
Origin[link]
| United States |
|---|
|
|
Legislature
Executive
|
|
Other countries · Atlas |
In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though also independent of each other,[18] recognized the necessity of coordinating their efforts against the British.[19] Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states.[18] As a central authority, Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power; it could make its own resolutions, determinations, and regulations, but not any laws, nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens.[19] This institutional design reflected the conception of how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion: a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire.[19] Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives (e.g., making war, receiving ambassadors, etc.) to Congress, while keeping the rest for themselves. The Articles took effect on March 1, 1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them.
In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for the former colonies. With peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs.[18] By 1786, Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak, their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another, witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports, their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates, and their foreign-financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest.[18] Civil and political unrest loomed. Aiming toward a first step of resolving interstate commercial antagonisms, Virginia called for a trade conference in Annapolis, Maryland, set for September 1786. When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states, the Annapolis delegates called for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles, to be held the next spring in Philadelphia. Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington's attendance as a delegate to Philadelphia.[18][20]
When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787, the 12 state delegations in attendance (Rhode Island was absent) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments. Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers, elected annually by the legislature to a single term only, sharing power with an executive council, and countered by a strong legislature.[18] New York offered the greatest exception, having a strong, unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three-year term, and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter.[18] It was through the closed-door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged.
Powers and duties[link]
Article I legislative role[link]
The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto. The Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options:
- Sign the legislation; the bill then becomes law.
- Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections; the bill does not become law, unless each house of Congress votes to override the veto by a two-thirds vote.
- Take no action. In this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation. After 10 days, not counting Sundays, two possible outcomes emerge:
- If Congress is still convened, the bill becomes law.
- If Congress has adjourned, thus preventing the return of the legislation, the bill does not become law. This latter outcome is known as the pocket veto.
In 1996, Congress attempted to enhance the president's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act. The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill, particularly any new spending, any amount of discretionary spending, or any new limited tax benefit. Once a president had stricken the item, Congress could pass that particular item again. If the president then vetoed the new legislation, Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means, a two-thirds vote in both houses. In Clinton v. City of New York, 524 U.S. 417 (1998), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional.
Article II executive powers[link]
War and foreign affairs powers[link]
Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is command of the United States Armed Forces as commander-in-chief. While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress, the president commands and directs the military and is responsible for planning military strategy. The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president's powers regarding the military; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69:
The President is to be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States. ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that [the power] of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies, all [of] which ... would appertain to the legislature.[21] [Emphasis in the original.]
Congress, pursuant to the War Powers Resolution, must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days, although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed, rendering it ineffectual.[22] Additionally, Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation. While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war,[23][24] critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations, including Theodore Roosevelt's military move into Panama in 1903,[23] the Korean War,[23] the Vietnam War,[23] the invasions of Grenada in 1983[25] and Panama in 1990.[26]
Along with the armed forces, the president also directs U.S. foreign policy. Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense, the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States. The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments, and negotiates treaties with other nations, which become binding on the United States when approved by two-thirds vote of the Senate.
Although not constitutionally provided, presidents also sometimes employ "executive agreements" in foreign relations. These agreements frequently regard administrative policy choices germane to executive power; for example, the extent to which either country presents an armed presence in a given area, how each country will enforce copyright treaties, or how each country will process foreign mail. However, the 20th century witnessed a vast expansion of the use of executive agreements, and critics have challenged the extent of that use as supplanting the treaty process and removing constitutionally prescribed checks and balances over the executive in foreign relations. Supporters counter that the agreements offer a pragmatic solution when the need for swift, secret, and/or concerted action arises.
Administrative powers[link]
The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.[27]
Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments: an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before he takes office and 8,000 more during his term. Ambassadors, members of the Cabinet, and other federal officers, are all appointed by a president with the "advice and consent" of a majority of the Senate. Appointments made while the Senate is in recess are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate.
The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue. Generally, a president may remove purely executive officials at his discretion.[28] However, Congress can curtail and constrain a president's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute.[29]
The president possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through executive orders that are grounded in federal law or constitutionally granted executive power. Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be repealed by federal legislation.
To manage the growing federal bureaucracy, Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff, who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Within the Executive Office, the President's innermost layer of aides (and their assistants) are located in the White House Office.
Juridical powers[link]
The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, these nominations do require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to U.S. district courts, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of Senatorial courtesy. Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves, as is often done just before the end of a presidential term, not without controversy.[30][31][32]
Historically, two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy. The first is executive privilege, which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties. George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain. While not enshrined in the Constitution, or any other law, Washington's action created the precedent for the privilege. When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974), that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution. When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal, the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones, 520 U.S. 681 (1997), that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits. These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid, although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined. Additionally, federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees, but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president.[33]
The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security. Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in 1876 in Totten v. United States, when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy.[34] However, the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds (1953) where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege.[35] Before the September 11 attacks, use of the privilege had been rare, but increasing in frequency.[36] Since 2001, the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation, thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims, as in the Ninth Circuit's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan.[35][37][38] Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions.[39][40]
Legislative facilitator[link]
Representing the executive branch of government, the president cannot simultaneously hold a seat in Congress. Therefore, the president cannot directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress. However, the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation, especially if the president's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress. For example, the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress. The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated, periodic reports to Congress. These reports may be either written or oral, but today are given as the State of the Union address, which often outlines the president's legislative proposals for the coming year.
In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress. As the head of the executive branch, presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress. One critic charged that presidents could appoint a "virtual army of 'czars' – each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House."[41] Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it.[42] This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional.[43] Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an "increasingly swollen executive branch" and "the eclipse of Congress."[44]
According to Article II, Section 3, Clause 2 of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn.
Ceremonial roles[link]
As head of state, the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents. William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., on the Washington Senators' Opening Day. Every president since Taft, except for Jimmy Carter, threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day, the All-Star Game, or the World Series, usually with much fanfare.[45]
Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays. Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children.[46] Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration, every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual national thanksgiving turkey presentation held at the White House. Since 1989, when the custom of "pardoning" the turkey was formalized by George H. W. Bush, the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life.[47]
Presidential traditions also involve the president's role as head of government. Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition.[48] Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president.[49]
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During a state visit by a foreign head of state, the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn, a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961.[50] This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening.[51]
The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation's premier celebrities. Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves. One critic described the presidency as "propagandized leadership" which has a "mesmerizing power surrounding the office."[52] Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo-ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras.[53] One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed "in rich detail" which "drew on the power of myth" regarding the incident of PT 109[54] and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions.[55] As a result, some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents: voters expect a president to "drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."[56]
Critics of presidency's evolution[link]
Most of the nation's Founding Fathers expected the Congress, which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution, to be the dominant branch of government; they did not expect a strong executive.[57] However, presidential power has shifted over time, which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful,[58][59] unchecked, unbalanced,[60] and "monarchist" in nature.[61] Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards "undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies."[62] She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding "the many existing uncheckable executive powers – such as executive orders, decrees, memorandums, proclamations, national security directives and legislative signing statements – that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid, interference or consent from Congress."[62] Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was "the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule."[63]
Selection process[link]
Eligibility[link]
Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the principal qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of president. A president must:
- be a natural-born citizen of the United States;[note 1]
- be at least thirty-five years old;
- have been a permanent resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.
A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:
- Under the Twenty-second Amendment, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person who serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once. Scholars disagree whether anyone no longer eligible to be elected president could be elected vice president, pursuant to the qualifications set out under the Twelfth Amendment.[64]
- Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding other federal offices, including the presidency.[65]
- Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.
Campaigns and nomination[link]
Main articles: United States presidential primary, United States presidential nominating convention, United States presidential election debates, and United States presidential election
The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections, which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions, where the most successful candidate is made the party's nominee for president. Typically, the party's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.
Nominees participate in nationally televised debates, and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees, third party candidates may be invited, such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates. Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views, convince voters and solicit contributions. Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives.
Election and oath[link]
Main articles: Electoral College (United States) and Oath of office of the President of the United States
Presidents are elected indirectly in the United States. A number of electors, collectively known as the Electoral College, officially select the president. On Election Day, voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.
The winning slate of electors meet at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president.
Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the vice president. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath:
Although not required, presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while swearing the oath and have added, "So help me God!" to the end of the oath. Further, though no law requires that the oath of office be administered by any specific person, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States.
Tenure and term limits[link]
The term of office for president and vice president is four years. George Washington, the first president, set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms, which subsequent presidents followed until 1940. Before Franklin D. Roosevelt, attempts at a third term were encouraged by supporters of Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt; neither of these attempts succeeded. In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt declined to seek a third term, but allowed his political party to "draft" him as its presidential candidate and was subsequently elected to a third term. In 1941, the United States entered World War II, leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944.
After the war, and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than half of another president's term. Harry S. Truman, who was president when the amendment was adopted, and so by the amendment's provisions exempt from its limitation, also briefly sought a third (a second full) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election.
Since the amendment's adoption, four presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush. Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total, having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy's assassination. However, Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary, surprising many Americans. Gerald Ford sought a full term, after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, but was not elected.
Vacancy or disability[link]
See also: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, United States presidential line of succession, Presidential Succession Act, and Impeachment in the United States
Vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation and removal from office.
Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows the House of Representatives to impeach high federal officials, including the president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. The House has thus far impeached two presidents: Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998. Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate; however, Johnson was acquitted by just one vote.
Under Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president, who then becomes acting president, by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties when he transmits, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate; in 2002 and again in 2007, President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney. In both cases, this was done to accommodate a medical procedure which required Bush to be sedated; both times, Bush returned to duty later the same day.[67]
Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.
The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president but does not regulate the form of such a resignation or the conditions for its validity. Pursuant to federal law, the only valid evidence of the president's resignation is a written instrument to that effect, signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State.[68] This has only occurred once, when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect.
The Constitution states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death or resignation of the preceding president. If the offices of president and vice president both are either vacant or have a disabled holder of that office, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet in a set order.
Compensation[link]
| Date established | Salary | Salary in 2009
dollars |
|---|---|---|
| September 24, 1789 | $25,000 | $566,000 |
| March 3, 1873 | $50,000 | $865,000 |
| March 4, 1909 | $75,000 | $1,714,000 |
| January 19, 1949 | $100,000 | $906,000 |
| January 20, 1969 | $200,000 | $1,175,000 |
| January 20, 2001 | $400,000 | $487,000 |
| Sources:[69][70][71] | ||
The president earns a $400,000 annual salary, along with a $50,000 annual expense account, a $100,000 nontaxable travel account and $19,000 for entertainment.[72][73] The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001.
The White House in Washington, D.C. serves as the official place of residence for the president; he is entitled to use its staff and facilities, including medical care, recreation, housekeeping, and security services. Naval Support Facility Thurmont, popularly known as Camp David, is a mountain-based military camp in Frederick County, Maryland used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and his guests. Blair House, located next to the Old Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park, is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet (6,500 m2) of floor space which serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed.[74]
For ground travel, the president uses the presidential state car, which is an armored limousine built on a heavily modified Cadillac-based chassis.[75] One of two identical Boeing VC-25 aircraft, which are extensively modified versions of Boeing 747-200B airliners, serve as long distance travel for the president, and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board.[76][77] The president also uses a United States Marine Corps helicopter, designated Marine One when the president is aboard.
The United States Secret Service is charged with protecting the sitting president and the first family. As part of their protection, presidents, first ladies, their children and other immediate family members, and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames.[78] The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted; today, the names simply serve for purposes of brevity, clarity and tradition.[79]
- Presidential Amenities
-
The White House
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Post-presidency[link]
Beginning in 1959, all living former presidents were granted a pension, an office and a staff. The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval. Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration's cabinet secretaries, which is $191,300 each year as of 2008.[80] Some former presidents have also collected congressional pensions.[81][dead link] The Former Presidents Act, as amended, also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges.
Until 1997, all former presidents, and their families, were protected by the Secret Service until the president's death. The last president to have lifetime Secret Service protection was Bill Clinton; all subsequent presidents are protected by the Secret Service for a maximum of ten years after leaving office.[82]
Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office. Prominent examples include William Howard Taft's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover's work on government reorganization after World War II. Grover Cleveland, whose bid for reelection failed in 1888, was elected president again four years later in 1892. Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House: John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives, serving there for seventeen years, and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875. John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives.
Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations,[83] or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events.[84] Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia, and was lauded as an elder statesman.[85] Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner, international arbiter and election monitor, and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador, most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists, Laura Ling and Euna Lee from North Korea. Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended, working with his wife Hillary on her presidential bid.
Currently there are four living former presidents:
- Living former presidents
-
Jimmy Carter (D),
served 1977–1981 -
George H. W. Bush (R),
served 1989–1993 -
Bill Clinton (D),
served 1993–2001 -
George W. Bush (R),
served 2001–2009
.jpg)
Presidential libraries[link]
Main article: Presidential library
Each president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources.[citation needed] There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also a number of presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations, such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, which is run by the State of Illinois.
As many presidents live for many years after leaving office, several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries, some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site. Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document, such as the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley, California. The graves are viewable by the general public visiting these libraries.
See also[link]
Lists relating to the United States presidency[link]
<categorytree mode="pages" hideroot="on">Lists relating to the United States presidency</categorytree>
Categories[link]
Articles[link]
- Curse of Tippecanoe
- Fiction regarding United States presidential succession
- Imperial Presidency
- The Imperial Presidency
- Imperiled presidency
- Presidential $1 Coin Program
- Vice President of the United States
- President of the Continental Congress
Notes[link]
- ^ Foreign-born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency. However, this allowance has since become obsolete.
References[link]
- ^ "How To Address The President; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor, But Mr. President". The New York Times. 1891-08-02. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D06E3D9143AE533A25751C0A96E9C94609ED7CF.
- ^ http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/431-2-h/chap4.html
- ^ "Models of Address and Salutation". Ita.doc.gov. http://www.ita.doc.gov/ita_sec/Address%20and%20Salutation.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary (September 1, 2010). "Remarks by President Obama, President Mubarak, His Majesty King Abdullah, Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner". WhiteHouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/01/remarks-president-obama-president-mubarak-his-majesty-king-abdullah-prim. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ "Exchange of Letters". Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations. September 1978. http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12020. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
- ^ Safire, William, "On language: POTUS and FLOTUS," New York Times, October 12, 1997, retrieved January 8, 2012.
- ^ "Transcript of the Constitution of the United States – Official". Archives.gov. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power,' Henry Jones Ford, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 5, Fifth Annual Meeting (1908) Retrieved on 17 March 2010
- ^ Pfiffner, J. P. (1988). "The President's Legislative Agenda". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 499: 22–35. DOI:10.1177/0002716288499001002. edit
- ^ Noer, Michael; Perlroth, Nicole (2009-11-11). "The World's Most Powerful People". Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/2009/11/09/world-most-powerful-leadership-power-09-intro.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "The Most Powerful Man in the World is a Black Man – The Los Angeles Sentinel". Lasentinel.net. http://www.lasentinel.net/The-Most-Powerful-Man-in-the-World-is-a-Black-Man.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Michael Kailis (2010-01-20). "Vladimir Putin". AskMen.com. http://www.askmen.com/top_10/entertainment_60/70c_top_10_list.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ "Who should be the world's most powerful person?". The Guardian (London). 2008-01-03. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jan/03/uselections2008.world.
- ^ by Jon Meacham (2008-12-20). "Meacham: The History of Power". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/the-story-of-power.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Fareed Zakaria (2008-12-20). "The NEWSWEEK 50: Barack Obama". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2008/12/19/1-barack-obama.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
- ^ Our Government • The Executive Branch, The White House
- ^ "The Executive Branch". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/our_government/executive_branch/. Retrieved 2009-01-27. . Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice; as the 22nd and 24th presidents.
- ^ a b c d e f g Milkis, Sidney M.; Nelson, Michael (2008). The American Presidency: Origins and Development (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-87289-336-8|0-87289-336-8]].
- ^ a b c Kelly, Alfred H.; Harbison, Winfred A.; Belz, Herman (1991). The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development. I (7th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co.. pp. 76–81. ISBN 0-393-96056-0.
- ^ Beeman, Richard (2009). Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution. New York: Random House. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-8129-7684-7|0-8129-7684-7]].
- ^ Hamilton, Alexander. The Federalist #69 (reposting). Retrieved June 15, 2007.
- ^ Christopher, James A.; Baker, III (July 8, 2008). "The National War Powers Commission Report" (PDF). The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/policy/commissions/warpowers/report. Retrieved 15 December 2010. "No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult. The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements. Instead, it relies on reporting requirements that, if triggered, begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict. By the terms of the 1973 Resolution, however, Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act. Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional, and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report “pursuant” to these triggering provisions."
- ^ a b c d "The Law: The President's War Powers". Time Magazine. June 1, 1970. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878290,00.html. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). "The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times; Congress has declared war only five times: the War of 1812, the Mexican War, the Spanish-American War, World War I and World War II."
- ^ Alison Mitchell (May 2, 1999). "The World; Only Congress Can Declare War. Really. It's True". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/02/weekinreview/the-world-only-congress-can-declare-war-really-it-s-true.html. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing. He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way."
- ^ Michael R. Gordon (1990-12-20). "U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega; gunfire is heard in capital". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1220.html#article. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action, or notified them in advance. Thomas S. Foley, the Speaker of the House, said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration."
- ^ "The Executive Branch". The White House website. http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/executive-branch. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
- ^ Shurtleff v. United States, 189 U.S. 311 (1903); Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926).
- ^ Humphrey's Executor v. United States, 295 U.S. 602 (1935) and Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988), respectively.
- ^ David Johnston (1992-12-24). "Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes."
- ^ David Johnston (1992-12-24). "Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Aborting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1224.html. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger's efforts to hide his notes may have 'forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan' and formed part of a pattern of 'deception and obstruction.'... In light of President Bush's own misconduct, we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations."
- ^ Peter Eisler (2008-03-07). "Clinton-papers release blocked". USA TODAY. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-03-06-clinton-library-foia_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office, including several to controversial figures, such as commodities trader Rich, then a fugitive on tax evasion charges. Rich's ex-wife, Denise, contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton's Senate campaign; $5,000 to a related political action committee; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library."
- ^ Millhiser, Ian (2010-06-01). "Executive Privilege 101". Center for American Progress. http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/06/executive_privilege.html. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ "Part III of the opinion in ''Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan''". Caselaw.findlaw.com. http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1537579.html. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
- ^ a b Frost, Amanda; Florence, Justin (2009). "Reforming the State Secrets Privilege". American Constitution Society. http://www.acslaw.org/Advance%20Spring%2009/Reforming%20the%20State%20Secrets%20Privilege.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ Weaver, William G.; Pallitto, Robert M. (2005). "State Secrets and Executive Power". Political Science Quarterly (The Academy of Political Science) 120 (1): 85–112. "Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty-five years. In the twenty-three years between the decision in Reynolds [1953] and the election of Jimmy Carter, in 1976, there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege. Between 1977 and 2001, there were a total of fifty-one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege. Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated, it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown. But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past."
- ^ Savage, Charlie (2010-09-08). "Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/09/us/09secrets.html. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ Finn, Peter (2010-09-09). "Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/08/AR2010090807334.html. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ Greenwald, Glenn (2009-02-10). "The 180-degree reversal of Obama's State Secrets position". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/news/opinion/glenn_greenwald/2009/02/10/obama. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ American Civil Liberties Union (2007-01-31). "Background on the State Secrets Privilege". ACLU. http://www.aclu.org/national-security/background-state-secrets-privilege. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
- ^ Eric Cantor (July 30, 2009). "Obama's 32 Czars". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/29/AR2009072902624.html. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). "The 'unitary executive' question". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
- ^ Transcript – Ray Suarez and others (July 24, 2006). "President's Use of 'Signing Statements' Raises Constitutional Concerns". PBS Online NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/white_house/july-dec06/signing_07-24.html. Retrieved 2009-11-11. "The American Bar Association said President Bush's use of "signing statements," which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions, disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers. Legal experts discuss the implications."
- ^ George F. Will – op-ed columnist (December 21, 2008). "Making Congress Moot". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/19/AR2008121902929.html. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ Duggan, Paul (April 2, 2007). "Balking at the First Pitch". Washington Post: p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/01/AR2007040101262.html.
- ^ Grier, Peter (April 25, 2011). "The (not so) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/DC-Decoder/2011/0425/The-not-so-secret-history-of-the-White-House-Easter-Egg-Roll. Retrieved May 6, 2011.
- ^ Hesse, Monica (November 21, 2007). "Turkey Pardons, The Stuffing of Historic Legend". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/20/AR2007112002331_4.html?sub=AR&sid=ST2007112002354. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ Gibbs, Nancy (13-11-2008). "How Presidents Pass The Torch". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1858896,00.html. Retrieved 06-05-2011.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (22-01-2009). "A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office". Chicago Tribune. http://www.cleveland.com/news/plaindealer/index.ssf?/base/news/1232616798110550.xml&coll=2. Retrieved 06-05-2011.
- ^ James A. Abbott and Elaine M. Rice (1998). Designing Camelot: The Kennedy White House Restoration. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-442-02532-7.
- ^ "The White House State Dinner". The White House Historical Association. http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_press/press_archives/whha_info-statedinner.pdf. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ Rachel Dykoski (November 1, 2008). "Book note: Presidential idolatry is "Bad for Democracy"". Twin Cities Daily Planet. http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/article/2008/10/29/book-note-presidential-idolatry-quotbad-democracyquot.html?mini=eventcalendar/2009/02/all. Retrieved 2009-11-11. "Dana D. Nelson's book makes the case that we've had 200+ years of propagandized leadership..."
- ^ John Neffinger (April 2, 2007). "Democrats vs. Science: Why We're So Damn Good at Losing Elections". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-neffinger/democrats-vs-science-why-_b_44733.html. Retrieved 2009-11-11. "...back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique, the video footage was all drawn from carefully-staged photo-ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl...for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best."
- ^ Dana D. Nelson (2008). "Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people". U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5677-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&pg=PA57&lpg=PA57&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&source=bl&ots=BQX6dXpTNw&sig=qbo2XZA-Exl28hYrX2vuwm532BI&hl=en&ei=ZMr6Spr3K8_anAfxk8X9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-11. "in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II, when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese..."
- ^ Dana D. Nelson (2008). "Bad for democracy: how the Presidency undermines the power of the people". ISBN 978-0-8166-5677-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=qgAWphms5oMC&dq=kennedy+image+nelson+%22bad+for+democracy%22&q=kennedy#v=snippet&q=kennedy&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-11. "Even before Kennedy ran for Congress, he had become fascinated, through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits, with the idea of image... (p.54)"
- ^ Lexington (2009-07-21). "The Cult of the Presidency". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2009/07/the_cult_of_the_presidency.cfm. Retrieved 2009-11-09. "Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises, voters swiftly become disillusioned. Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy, vanquish enemies, lead the free world, comfort tornado victims, heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit-card fees."
- ^ Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). "Unchecked and Unbalanced". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html. Retrieved 2009-11-09. "the founding fathers had 'scant affection for strong executives' like England’s king, and ... Bush White House’s claims are rooted in ideas “about the ‘divine’ right of kings” ... and that certainly did not find their 'way into our founding documents, the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787.'"
- ^ . The Huffington Post. August 22, 2008. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-sirota/the-conquest-of-president_b_120582.html. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
- ^ interview by David Schimke (September–October 2008). "Presidential Power to the People – Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch". Utne Reader. http://www.utne.com/2008-09-01/Politics/Presidential-Power-to-the-People.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
- ^ Ross Linker (2007-09-27). "Critical of Presidency, Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite". The Johns-Hopkins Newsletter. http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2007/09/27/NewsFeatures/Critical.Of.Presidency.Prof.Ginsberg.And.Crenson.Unite-2997235.shtml. Retrieved 2009-11-09. "presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it."
- ^ Michiko Kakutani (book reviewer) (July 6, 2007). "Unchecked and Unbalanced". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/06/books/06book.html. Retrieved 2009-11-09. "UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z. Huq (authors)"
- ^ a b By Dana D. Nelson (October 11, 2008). "Opinion–The 'unitary executive' question – What do McCain and Obama think of the concept?". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-nelson11-2008oct11,0,224216.story. Retrieved 2009-09-21.
- ^ Scott Shane (September 25, 2009). "A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/26/us/politics/26activist.html. Retrieved 2009-11-08. "There is the small, minority-owned firm with deep ties to President Obama’s Chicago backers, made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals. 'I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them,' Mr. Wilson, the group’s president, tells his eager researchers."
- ^ See: Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (1999). "The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment". Minnesota Law Review (Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota Law Review) 83 (565). ; alternatively, see: Albert, Richard (2005). "The Evolving Vice Presidency". Temple Law Review (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education) 78 (811, at 856–9).
- ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution, 2002 Ed., at 611 & nn.772–73.
- ^ U.S. Const. art. II, § 1, cl. 8.
- ^ Guardian, "Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge", July 20, 2007
- ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20
- ^ "Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries, 1789+". University of Michigan. http://www.lib.umich.edu/node/11736/. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
- ^ Relative Value in US Dollars. Measuring Worth. Retrieved May 30, 2006.
- ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator. Inflation Calculator. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
- ^ "How much does the U.S. president get paid?". Howstuffworks. Retrieved July 24, 2007.
- ^ Salaries of Federal Officials: A Fact Sheet. United States Senate website. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ "President's Guest House (includes Lee House and Blair House), Washington, DC". http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/buildingView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=/ep/channel/gsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-25241&bid=724. Retrieved 2009-09-30.
- ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet US Secret Service Press Release (January 14, 2009) Retrieved on 2009-01-20
- ^ Air Force One. White House Military Office. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
- ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign "Air Force One." Similarly, "Navy One", "Army One", and "Coast Guard One" are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services. "Executive One" becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards.
- ^ "Junior Secret Service Program: Assignment 7. Code Names". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/archive/eise/secret16.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
- ^ "Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used On The Campaign Trail". CBS. 2008-09-16. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/09/16/earlyshow/main4452073.shtml?source=RSSattr=Politics_4452073. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "Former Presidents Act (FPA)". U.S. Senate. 1958. http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/98-249.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
- ^ "Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks". Toledo Blade. 2007-01-07. http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070107/NEWS09/70107004. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056
- ^ "Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States". Associated Press. 1981-03-31. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TE4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bM4FAAAAIBAJ&dq=reagan%20assassination%201981&pg=1392%2C4423618. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ "FOUR PRESIDENTS". Reagan Presidential Library, National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/four.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
- ^ Biography of Richard M. Nixon, The White House
Further reading[link]
- Bumiller, Elisabeth (January 2009). "Inside the Presidency". National Geographic 215 (1): 130–149. http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/01/president/bumiller-text.
- Couch, Ernie. Presidential Trivia. Rutledge Hill Press. March 1, 1996. ISBN 1-55853-412-1
- Lang, J. Stephen. The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia. Pelican Publishing. September 2001. ISBN 1-56554-877-9
- Leonard Leo, James Taranto, and William J. Bennett. Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House. Simon and Schuster, June, 2004, hardcover, 304 pages, ISBN 0-7432-5433-3
- Presidential Studies Quarterly, published by Blackwell Synergy, is a quarterly academic journal on the President.
- Waldman, Michael, and George Stephanopoulos. My Fellow Americans: The Most Important Speeches of America's Presidents, from George Washington to George W. Bush. Sourcebooks Trade. September 2003. ISBN 1-4022-0027-7
- Winder, Michael K. Presidents and Prophets: The Story of America's Presidents and the LDS Church. Covenant Communications. September 2007. ISBN 1-59811-452-2
External links[link]
|
- Official
- "Executive Office of the President". http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
- "White House". http://www.whitehouse.gov/president/. Retrieved 2005-10-07.
- Presidential histories
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns
- "Life Portraits of the American Presidents". C-SPAN. http://www.americanpresidents.org/. Retrieved 2005-10-07. Companion website for the C-SPAN television series: American Presidents: Life Portraits
- "Presidential Documents from the National Archives". http://www.footnote.com/us-presidents.php. Retrieved 2007-03-21. Collection of letters, portraits, photos, and other documents from the National Archives
- "The American Presidency Project". UC Santa Barbara. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/. Retrieved 2005-10-07. Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents
- The History Channel: US Presidents
- Miscellaneous
- "All the President's Roles". Ask Gleaves. http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=600041AC-93E7-4378-305E5A2BF6EC3C57. Retrieved 2006-10-20. Article analyzing a president's many hats
- "Allpresidents.org". Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies. http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/. Retrieved 2006-10-18. Educational site on the American presidency
- "Presidents' Occupations". http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0768854.html. Retrieved 2007-08-20. Listing of every President's occupation(s) before and after becoming the Commander in Chief
- "The Masonic Presidents Tour". The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania. http://www.pagrandlodge.org/mlam/presidents/index.html. Retrieved 2005-10-07. Brief histories of the Masonic careers of Presidents who were members of the Freemasons
- "The Presidents". American Experience. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/. Retrieved 2007-03-04. PBS site on the American presidency
- Presidents of the United States: Resource Guides from the Library of Congress
- Shapell Manuscript Foundation Images of documents written by U.S. presidents
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the United States of America. For other uses of terms redirecting here, see US (disambiguation), USA (disambiguation), and United States (disambiguation).
| United States of America | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Motto: In God We Trust (official) E Pluribus Unum (traditional) (Latin: Out of Many, One) |
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Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner" |
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| Capital | Washington, D.C. 38°53′N 77°01′W / 38.883°N 77.017°W / 38.883; -77.017 |
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| Largest city | New York City | |||||
| Official language(s) | None at federal level[a] | |||||
| National language | English (de facto)[b] | |||||
| Demonym | American | |||||
| Government | Federal presidential constitutional republic | |||||
| - | President | Barack Obama (D) | ||||
| - | Vice President | Joe Biden (D) | ||||
| - | Speaker of the House | John Boehner (R) | ||||
| - | Chief Justice | John Roberts | ||||
| Legislature | Congress | |||||
| - | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| - | Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
| Independence | from the Kingdom of Great Britain | |||||
| - | Declared | July 4, 1776 | ||||
| - | Recognized | September 3, 1783 | ||||
| - | Current constitution | June 21, 1788 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 9,826,675 km2 [1][c](3rd/4th) 3,794,101 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 6.76 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2012 estimate | 313,802,000[2] (3rd) | ||||
| - | Density | 33.7/km2 87.4/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $15.094 trillion[3] (1st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $48,386[3] (6th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $15.094 trillion[3] (1st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $48,386[3] (15th) | ||||
| Gini (2007) | 45.0[1] (39th) | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.910[4] (very high) (4th) |
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| Currency | United States dollar ($) (USD) |
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| Time zone | (UTC−5 to −10) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | (UTC−4 to −10) | ||||
| Date formats | m/d/yy (AD) | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| Internet TLD | .us .gov .mil .edu | |||||
| Calling code | +1 | |||||
| ^ a. English is the official language of at least 28 states—some sources give a higher figure, based on differing definitions of "official".[5] English and Hawaiian are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.
^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language. ^ c. Whether the United States or China is larger is disputed. The figure given is from the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency's World Factbook. Other sources give smaller figures. All authoritative calculations of the country's size include only the 50 states and the District of Columbia, not the territories. ^ d. The population estimate includes people whose usual residence is in the fifty states and the District of Columbia, including noncitizens. It does not include either those living in the territories, amounting to more than 4 million U.S. citizens (mostly in Puerto Rico), or U.S. citizens living outside the United States. |
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.svg)
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries.[6] The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity).[3][7] Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.[3]
Indigenous peoples descended from forebears who migrated from Asia have inhabited what is now the mainland United States for many thousands of years. This Native American population was greatly reduced by disease and warfare after European contact. The United States was founded by thirteen British colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-determination and their establishment of a cooperative union. The rebellious states defeated the British Empire in the American Revolution, the first successful colonial war of independence.[8] The current United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787; its ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a stronger central government. The Bill of Rights, comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms, was ratified in 1791.
Through the 19th century, the United States displaced native tribes, acquired the Louisiana territory from France, Florida from Spain, part of the Oregon Country from the United Kingdom, Alta California and New Mexico from Mexico, and Alaska from Russia, and annexed the Republic of Texas and the Republic of Hawaii. Disputes between the agrarian South and industrial North over the expansion of the institution of slavery and states' rights provoked the Civil War of the 1860s. The North's victory prevented a permanent split of the country and led to the end of legal slavery in the United States. By the 1870s, its national economy was the world's largest.[9] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a military power. It emerged from World War II as the first country with nuclear weapons and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for 41% of global military spending,[10] and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.[11]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
See also: Names for United States citizens
In 1507, German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere "America" after Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci.[12] The former British colonies first used the country's modern name in the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the "unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America".[13] On November 15, 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which states, "The Stile of this Confederacy shall be 'The United States of America'." The Franco-American treaties of 1778 used "United States of North America", but from July 11, 1778, "United States of America" was used on the country's bills of exchange, and it has been the official name ever since.[14]
The short form "United States" is also standard. Other common forms include the "U.S.", the "USA", and "America". Colloquial names include the "U.S. of A." and, internationally, the "States". "Columbia", a once popular name for the United States, derives from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name "District of Columbia".
The standard way to refer to a citizen of the United States is as an "American". Although "United States" is the official appositional term, "American" and "U.S." are more commonly used to refer to the country adjectivally ("American values", "U.S. forces"). "American" is rarely used in English to refer to people not connected to the United States.[15]
The phrase "United States" was originally treated as plural—e.g., "the United States are"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865. It became common to treat it as singular—e.g., "the United States is"—after the end of the Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom "these United States".[16]
Geography and environment[link]
Main articles: Geography of the United States, Climate of the United States, and Environment of the United States
The land area of the contiguous United States is approximately 1,900 million acres (7,700,000 km2). Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state at 365 million acres (1,480,000 km2). Hawaii, occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific, southwest of North America, has just over 4 million acres (16,000 km2).[17] The United States is the world's third or fourth largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles (9,522,055 km2)[18] to 3,717,813 square miles (9,629,091 km2)[19] to 3,794,101 square miles (9,826,676 km2).[1] Including only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, just ahead of Canada.[20]
The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont. The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest. The Mississippi–Missouri River, the world's fourth longest river system, runs mainly north–south through the heart of the country. The flat, fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west, interrupted by a highland region in the southeast. The Rocky Mountains, at the western edge of the Great Plains, extend north to south across the country, reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in Colorado. Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave. The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast. At 20,320 feet (6,194 m), Alaska's Mount McKinley is the tallest peak in the country and in North America. Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[21]
The United States, with its large size and geographic variety, includes most climate types. To the east of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The southern tip of Florida is tropical, as is Hawaii. The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid. Much of the Western mountains are alpine. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar. Extreme weather is not uncommon—the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes occur within the country, mainly in the Midwest's Tornado Alley.[22]
The U.S. ecology is considered "megadiverse": about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the mainland.[23] The United States is home to more than 400 mammal, 750 bird, and 500 reptile and amphibian species.[24] About 91,000 insect species have been described.[25] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 protects threatened and endangered species and their habitats, which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. There are fifty-eight national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas.[26] Altogether, the government owns 28.8% of the country's land area.[27] Most of this is protected, though some is leased for oil and gas drilling, mining, logging, or cattle ranching; 2.4% is used for military purposes.[27]
Political divisions[link]
Main article: U.S. state
Further information: Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions
The United States is a federal union of fifty states. The original thirteen states were the successors of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule. Early in the country's history, three new states were organized on territory separated from the claims of the existing states: Kentucky from Virginia; Tennessee from North Carolina; and Maine from Massachusetts. Most of the other states have been carved from territories obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. One set of exceptions comprises Vermont, Texas, and Hawaii: each was an independent republic before joining the union. During the American Civil War, West Virginia broke away from Virginia. The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959.[28] The states do not have the right to secede from the union.
The states compose the vast bulk of the U.S. land mass; the two other areas considered integral parts of the country are the District of Columbia, the federal district where the capital, Washington, is located; and Palmyra Atoll, an uninhabited but incorporated territory in the Pacific Ocean. The United States also possesses five major overseas territories: Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; and American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific.[29] Those born in the major territories (except for American Samoa) possess U.S. citizenship.[30] American citizens residing in the territories have many of the same rights and responsibilities as citizens residing in the states; however, they are generally exempt from federal income tax, may not vote for president, and have only nonvoting representation in the U.S. Congress.[31]
History[link]
Main article: History of the United States
Native American and European settlement[link]
The indigenous peoples of the U.S. mainland, including Alaska Natives, are believed to have migrated from Asia, beginning between 40,000 and 12,000 years ago.[32] Some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture, developed advanced agriculture, grand architecture, and state-level societies. After Europeans began settling the Americas, many millions of indigenous Americans died from epidemics of imported diseases such as smallpox.[33]
In 1492, Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus, under contract to the Spanish crown, reached several Caribbean islands, making first contact with the indigenous people. On April 2, 1513, Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed on what he called "La Florida"—the first documented European arrival on what would become the U.S. mainland. Spanish settlements in the region were followed by ones in the present-day southwestern United States that drew thousands through Mexico. French fur traders established outposts of New France around the Great Lakes; France eventually claimed much of the North American interior, down to the Gulf of Mexico. The first successful English settlements were the Virginia Colony in Jamestown in 1607 and the Pilgrims' Plymouth Colony in 1620. The 1628 chartering of the Massachusetts Bay Colony resulted in a wave of migration; by 1634, New England had been settled by some 10,000 Puritans. Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, about 50,000 convicts were shipped to Britain's American colonies.[34] Beginning in 1614, the Dutch settled along the lower Hudson River, including New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.
In 1674, the Dutch ceded their American territory to England; the province of New Netherland was renamed New York. Many new immigrants, especially to the South, were indentured servants—some two-thirds of all Virginia immigrants between 1630 and 1680.[35] By the turn of the 18th century, African slaves were becoming the primary source of bonded labor. With the 1729 division of the Carolinas and the 1732 colonization of Georgia, the thirteen British colonies that would become the United States of America were established. All had local governments with elections open to most free men, with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self-government stimulating support for republicanism. All legalized the African slave trade. With high birth rates, low death rates, and steady immigration, the colonial population grew rapidly. The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty. In the French and Indian War, British forces seized Canada from the French, but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies. Excluding the Native Americans (popularly known as "American Indians"), who were being displaced, those thirteen colonies had a population of 2.6 million in 1770, about one-third that of Britain; nearly one in five Americans were black slaves.[36] Though subject to British taxation, the American colonials had no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain.
Independence and expansion[link]
Tensions between American colonials and the British during the revolutionary period of the 1760s and early 1770s led to the American Revolutionary War, fought from 1775 to 1781. On June 14, 1775, the Continental Congress, convening in Philadelphia, established a Continental Army under the command of George Washington. Proclaiming that "all men are created equal" and endowed with "certain unalienable Rights", the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson, on July 4, 1776. That date is now celebrated annually as America's Independence Day. In 1777, the Articles of Confederation established a weak confederal government that operated until 1789.
After the British defeat by American forces assisted by the French and Spanish, Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States and the states' sovereignty over American territory west to the Mississippi River. Those wishing to establish a strong federal government with powers of taxation organized a constitutional convention in 1787. The United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, and the new republic's first Senate, House of Representatives, and president—George Washington—took office in 1789. The Bill of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791.
Attitudes toward slavery were shifting; a clause in the Constitution protected the Atlantic slave trade only until 1808. The Northern states abolished slavery between 1780 and 1804, leaving the slave states of the South as defenders of the "peculiar institution". The Second Great Awakening, beginning about 1800, made evangelicalism a force behind various social reform movements, including abolitionism.
Americans' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of Indian Wars. The Louisiana Purchase of French-claimed territory under President Thomas Jefferson in 1803 almost doubled the nation's size.[37] The War of 1812, declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw, strengthened U.S. nationalism. A series of U.S. military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819. The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that stripped the native peoples of their land. The United States annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845, amid a period when the concept of Manifest Destiny was becoming popular.[38] The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day American Northwest. The U.S. victory in the Mexican-American War resulted in the 1848 cession of California and much of the present-day American Southwest. The California Gold Rush of 1848–49 further spurred western migration. New railways made relocation easier for settlers and increased conflicts with Native Americans. Over a half-century, up to 40 million American bison, or buffalo, were slaughtered for skins and meat and to ease the railways' spread. The loss of the buffalo, a primary resource for the plains Indians, was an existential blow to many native cultures.
Civil War and industrialization[link]
Tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments about the relationship between the state and federal governments, as well as violent conflicts over the spread of slavery into new states. Abraham Lincoln, candidate of the largely antislavery Republican Party, was elected president in 1860. Before he took office, seven slave states declared their secession—which the federal government maintained was illegal—and formed the Confederate States of America. With the Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, the Civil War began and four more slave states joined the Confederacy. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 declared slaves in the Confederacy to be free. Following the Union victory in 1865, three amendments to the U.S. Constitution ensured freedom for the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves,[39] made them citizens, and gave them voting rights. The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power.[40] The war remains the deadliest conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 soldiers.[41]
After the war, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln radicalized Republican Reconstruction policies aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves. The resolution of the disputed 1876 presidential election by the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction; Jim Crow laws soon disenfranchised many African Americans. In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe hastened the country's industrialization. The wave of immigration, lasting until 1929, provided labor and transformed American culture. National infrastructure development spurred economic growth. The 1867 Alaska Purchase from Russia completed the country's mainland expansion. The Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890 was the last major armed conflict of the Indian Wars. In 1893, the indigenous monarchy of the Pacific Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown in a coup led by American residents; the United States annexed the archipelago in 1898. Victory in the Spanish–American War the same year demonstrated that the United States was a world power and led to the annexation of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.[42] The Philippines gained independence a half-century later; Puerto Rico and Guam remain U.S. territories.
World War I, Great Depression, and World War II[link]
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the United States remained neutral. Most Americans sympathized with the British and French, although many opposed intervention.[43] In 1917, the United States joined the Allies, and the American Expeditionary Forces helped to turn the tide against the Central Powers. After the war, the Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles, which established the League of Nations. The country pursued a policy of unilateralism, verging on isolationism.[44] In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women's suffrage. The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 that triggered the Great Depression. After his election as president in 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal, a range of policies increasing government intervention in the economy, including the establishment of the Social Security system.[45] The Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.
The United States, effectively neutral during World War II's early stages after Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland in September 1939, began supplying materiel to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend-Lease program. On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers as well as the internment of Japanese Americans by the thousands.[46] Participation in the war spurred capital investment and industrial capacity. Among the major combatants, the United States was the only nation to become richer—indeed, far richer—instead of poorer because of the war.[47] Allied conferences at Bretton Woods and Yalta outlined a new system of international organizations that placed the United States and Soviet Union at the center of world affairs. As victory was won in Europe, a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter, which became active after the war.[48] The United States, having developed the first nuclear weapons, used them on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August. Japan surrendered on September 2, ending the war.[49]
Cold War and protest politics[link]
The United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power after World War II during the Cold War, dominating the military affairs of Europe through NATO and the Warsaw Pact, respectively. While they engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict. Resisting leftist land and income redistribution projects around the world, the United States often supported authoritarian governments. American troops fought Communist Chinese forces in the Korean War of 1950–53. The House Un-American Activities Committee pursued a series of investigations into suspected leftist subversion, while Senator Joseph McCarthy became the figurehead of anticommunist sentiment.
The 1961 Soviet launch of the first manned spaceflight prompted President John F. Kennedy's call for the United States to be first to land "a man on the moon", achieved in 1969. Kennedy also faced a tense nuclear showdown with Soviet forces in Cuba. Meanwhile, the United States experienced sustained economic expansion. A growing civil rights movement, symbolized and led by African Americans such as Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination. Following Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were passed under President Lyndon B. Johnson.[50][51] He also signed into law the Medicare and Medicaid programs.[52] Johnson and his successor, Richard Nixon, expanded a proxy war in Southeast Asia into the unsuccessful Vietnam War. A widespread countercultural movement grew, fueled by opposition to the war, black nationalism, and the sexual revolution. Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, and others led a new wave of feminism that sought political, social, and economic equality for women.
As a result of the Watergate scandal, in 1974 Nixon became the first U.S. president to resign, to avoid being impeached on charges including obstruction of justice and abuse of power. The Jimmy Carter administration of the late 1970s was marked by stagflation and the Iran hostage crisis. The election of Ronald Reagan as president in 1980 heralded a rightward shift in American politics, reflected in major changes in taxation and spending priorities. His second term in office brought both the Iran-Contra scandal and significant diplomatic progress with the Soviet Union. The subsequent Soviet collapse ended the Cold War.
Contemporary era[link]
Under President George H. W. Bush, the United States took a lead role in the UN–sanctioned Gulf War. The longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history—from March 1991 to March 2001—encompassed the Bill Clinton administration and the dot-com bubble.[53] A civil lawsuit and sex scandal led to Clinton's impeachment in 1998, but he remained in office. The 2000 presidential election, one of the closest in American history, was resolved by a U.S. Supreme Court decision—George W. Bush, son of George H. W. Bush, became president.
On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and The Pentagon near Washington, D.C., killing nearly three thousand people. In response, the Bush administration launched the global War on Terror, invading Afghanistan and removing the Taliban government and al-Qaeda training camps. Taliban insurgents continue to fight a guerrilla war. In 2002, the Bush administration began to press for regime change in Iraq on controversial grounds.[54] Forces led by the U.S. invaded Iraq in 2003, ousting Saddam Hussein. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused severe destruction along much of the Gulf Coast, devastating New Orleans. In 2008, amid a global economic recession, the first African American president, Barack Obama, was elected. Major health care and financial system reforms were enacted two years later. In 2011, a raid by Navy SEALs in Pakistan killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden. The Iraq War ended with the pullout of the remaining U.S. troops from the country.
Government and politics[link]
Main articles: Federal government of the United States, state governments of the United States, and elections in the United States
The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law".[55] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.[56] In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local; the local government's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district. There is no proportional representation at the federal level, and it is very rare at lower levels.
The federal government is composed of three branches:
- Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.
- Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.
- Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.
The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district for a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year. As of the 2000 census, seven states have the minimum of one representative, while California, the most populous state, has fifty-three. The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The president serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The president is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life.
The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature. The governor (chief executive) of each state is directly elected. Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular vote.
The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states. Article One protects the right to the "great writ" of habeas corpus, and Article Three guarantees the right to a jury trial in all criminal cases. Amendments to the Constitution require the approval of three-fourths of the states. The Constitution has been amended twenty-seven times; the first ten amendments, which make up the Bill of Rights, and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans' individual rights. All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled in violation of the Constitution is voided. The principle of judicial review, not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, was declared by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison (1803).
Parties and ideology[link]
Main articles: Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States
The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history.[57] For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.
Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or conservative and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or liberal. The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.
The winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president. The 2010 midterm elections saw the Republican Party take control of the House and make gains in the Senate, where the Democrats retain the majority. In the 112th United States Congress, the Senate comprises 51 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 47 Republicans; the House comprises 242 Republicans and 192 Democrats—one seat is vacant. There are 29 Republican and 20 Democratic state governors, as well as one independent.
Foreign relations and military[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the United States and United States Armed Forces
The United States exercises global economic, political, and military influence. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and New York City hosts the United Nations Headquarters. It is a member of the G8,[58] G20, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Almost all countries have embassies in Washington, D.C., and many have consulates around the country. Likewise, nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions. However, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Bhutan, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States.
The United States has a "special relationship" with the United Kingdom[59] and strong ties with Canada,[60] Australia,[61] New Zealand,[62] the Philippines,[63] Japan,[64] South Korea,[65] Israel,[66] and several European countries. It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico. In 2008, the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance, the most in the world. As a share of America's large gross national income (GNI), however, the U.S. contribution of 0.18% ranked last among twenty-two donor states. By contrast, private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous.[67]
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The president holds the title of commander-in-chief of the nation's armed forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces, including the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force. The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and the Department of the Navy in time of war. In 2008, the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty. The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million. The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians, not including contractors.[68]
Military service is voluntary, though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System.[69] American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force's large fleet of transport aircraft, the Navy's eleven active aircraft carriers, and Marine Expeditionary Units at sea with the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific fleets. The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad,[70] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[71] The extent of this global military presence has prompted some scholars to describe the United States as maintaining an "empire of bases".[72]
Total U.S. military spending in 2010, almost $700 billion, was 43% of global military spending and greater than the next fourteen largest national military expenditures combined. At 4.8% of GDP, the rate was the second-highest among the top fifteen military spenders, after Saudi Arabia.[73] The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012, $553 billion, is a 4.2% increase over 2011; an additional $118 billion is proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.[74] The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011;[75] 4,484 servicemen were killed during the Iraq War.[76] Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan as of April 2012;[77] as of April 4, 1,924 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan.[78]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of the United States
| Economic indicators | ||
|---|---|---|
| Unemployment | 8.2% (May 2012) | [79] |
| GDP growth | 2.2% (1Q 2012), 1.7% (2011) | [80] |
| CPI inflation | 2.3% (April 2011 – April 2012) | [81] |
| Poverty | 15.1% (2010) | [82] |
| Public debt | $15.62 trillion (April 13, 2012) | [83] |
| Household net worth | $58.5 trillion (4Q 2011) | [84] |
The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.[85] According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $15.1 trillion constitutes 22% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).[3] Though larger than any other nation's, its national GDP is about 5% smaller than the GDP of the European Union at PPP in 2008. The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[3] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[86]
The United States is the largest importer of goods and third largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion.[87] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[88] In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export.[87] China is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.[89]
In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.[91] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8% of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power.[92] The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.[93] Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field.[94] The United States is the third largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its largest importer.[95] It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. While agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP,[92] the United States is the world's top producer of corn[96] and soybeans.[97] Coca-Cola and McDonald's are the two most recognized brands in the world.[98]
In August 2010, the American labor force comprised 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of workers are unionized, compared to 30% in Western Europe.[99] The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers.[100] In 2009, the United States had the third highest labor productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands.[101] Compared to Europe, U.S. property and corporate income tax rates are generally higher, while labor and, particularly, consumption tax rates are lower.[102]
Income and human development[link]
Main article: Income in the United States
See also: Income inequality in the United States, Poverty in the United States, and Affluence in the United States
According to the United States Census Bureau, the pretax median household income in 2010 was $49,445. The median ranged from $64,308 among Asian American households to $32,068 among African American households.[82] Using purchasing power parity exchange rates, the overall median is similar to the most affluent cluster of developed nations. After declining sharply during the middle of the 20th century, poverty rates have plateaued since the early 1970s, with 11–15% of Americans below the poverty line every year, and 58.5% spending at least one year in poverty between the ages of 25 and 75.[103][104] In 2010, 46.2 million Americans lived in poverty, a figure that rose for the fourth year in a row.[82]
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The U.S. welfare state is one of the least extensive in the developed world, reducing both relative poverty and absolute poverty by considerably less than the mean for rich nations,[105][106] though combined private and public social expenditures per capita are relatively high.[107] While the American welfare state effectively reduces poverty among the elderly,[108] it provides relatively little assistance to the young.[109] A 2007 UNICEF study of children's well-being in twenty-one industrialized nations ranked the United States next to last.[110]
Between 1947 and 1979, real median income rose by over 80% for all classes, with the incomes of poor Americans rising faster than those of the rich.[111] However, income gains since then have been slower, less widely shared, and accompanied by increased economic insecurity.[111][112] Median household income has increased for all classes since 1980,[113] largely owing to more dual-earner households, the closing of the gender pay gap, and longer work hours, but the growth has been strongly tilted toward the very top.[105][111][114] Consequently, the share of income of the top 1%—21.8% of total reported income in 2005—has more than doubled since 1980,[115] leaving the United States with the greatest income inequality among developed nations.[105][116] The United States has a progressive tax system which equates to higher income earners paying a larger percentage of their income in taxes.[117] The top 1% pays 27.6% of all federal taxes, while the top 10% pays 54.7%.[118] Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated: The richest 10% of the adult population possesses 69.8% of the country's household wealth, the second-highest share among developed nations.[119] The top 1% possesses 33.4% of net wealth.[120] In 2011 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 23rd among 139 countries on its inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI), nineteen places lower than in the standard HDI.[121]
Infrastructure[link]
Science and technology[link]
Main article: Science and technology in the United States
The United States has been a leader in scientific research and technological innovation since the late 19th century. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's laboratory developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera. Nikola Tesla pioneered alternating current, the AC motor, and radio. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[122]
The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States. During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age. The Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and computers. IBM, Apple Computer, and Microsoft refined and popularized the personal computer. The United States largely developed the ARPANET and its successor, the Internet. Today, 64% of research and development funding comes from the private sector.[123] The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.[124] As of April 2010, 68% of American households had broadband Internet service.[125] The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food, representing half of the world's biotech crops.[126]
Transportation[link]
Main article: Transportation in the United States
Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of 13 million roads,[128] including one of the world's longest highway systems.[129] The world's second largest automobile market,[130] the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans.[131] About 40% of personal vehicles are vans, SUVs, or light trucks.[132] The average American adult (accounting for all drivers and nondrivers) spends 55 minutes driving every day, traveling 29 miles (47 km).[133]
Mass transit accounts for 9% of total U.S. work trips,[134] ranking last in a survey of 17 countries.[135] While transport of goods by rail is extensive, relatively few people use rail to travel,[136] though ridership on Amtrak, the national intercity passenger rail system, grew by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010.[137] Light rail development has increased in recent years but, like high speed rail, is below European levels.[138] Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal.[139]
The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned. The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; Delta Air Lines is number one.[140] Of the world's thirty busiest passenger airports, sixteen are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[141]
Energy[link]
See also: Energy policy of the United States
The United States energy market is 29,000 terawatt hours per year. Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons of oil equivalent per year, the 10th highest rate in the world. In 2005, 40% of this energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal, and 22% from natural gas. The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.[142] The United States is the world's largest consumer of petroleum.[143] For decades, nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries, in part due to public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident. In 2007, several applications for new nuclear plants were filed.[144] The United States has 27% of global coal reserves.[145]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in the United States
American public education is operated by state and local governments, regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants. Children are required in most states to attend school from the age of six or seven (generally, kindergarten or first grade) until they turn eighteen (generally bringing them through twelfth grade, the end of high school); some states allow students to leave school at sixteen or seventeen.[147] About 12% of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools. Just over 2% of children are homeschooled.[148]
The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education. According to prominent international rankings, 13 or 15 American colleges and universities are ranked among the top 20 in the world.[149][150] There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition. Of Americans twenty-five and older, 84.6% graduated from high school, 52.6% attended some college, 27.2% earned a bachelor's degree, and 9.6% earned graduate degrees.[151] The basic literacy rate is approximately 99%.[1][152] The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97, tying it for 12th in the world.[153]
Health[link]
See also: Health care in the United States, Health care reform in the United States, and Health insurance in the United States
The United States life expectancy of 78.4 years at birth ranks it 50th among 221 nations.[155] Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere have contributed to lowering the country's rank in life expectancy from 1987, when it was 11th in the world.[156] Approximately one-third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight;[157] the obesity rate, the highest in the industrialized world, has more than doubled in the last quarter-century.[158] Obesity-related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals.[159] The infant mortality rate of 6.06 per thousand places the United States 176th out of 222 countries, higher than all of Western Europe.[160]
The U.S. health care system far outspends any other nation's, measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP.[161] The World Health Organization ranked the U.S. health care system in 2000 as first in responsiveness, but 37th in overall performance.
Health care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts, and is not universal as in all other developed countries. In 2004, private insurance paid for 36% of personal health expenditures, private out-of-pocket payments covered 15%, and federal, state, and local governments paid for 44%.[162] In 2005, 46.6 million Americans, 15.9% of the population, were uninsured, 5.4 million more than in 2001. The main cause of this rise is the drop in the number of Americans with employer-sponsored health insurance.[163] The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue.[164] A 2009 study estimated that lack of insurance is associated with nearly 45,000 deaths a year.[165] In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance.[166] Federal legislation passed in early 2010 will create a near-universal health insurance system around the country by 2014.
Crime and law enforcement[link]
Main articles: Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States
See also: Law of the United States, Incarceration in the United States, and Capital punishment in the United States
Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff's departments, with state police providing broader services. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties. At the federal level and in almost every state, jurisprudence operates on a common law system. State courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state systems. Federal law prohibits a variety of drugs, although states sometimes pass laws in conflict with federal regulations. The smoking age is generally 18, and the drinking age is generally 21.
Among developed nations, the United States has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide.[168] There were 5.0 murders per 100,000 persons in 2009, 10.4% fewer than in 2000.[169] Gun ownership rights are the subject of contentious political debate.
The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate[170] and total prison population[171] in the world. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.[172] The current rate is about seven times the 1980 figure,[173] and over three times the figure in Poland, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) country with the next highest rate.[174] African American males are jailed at about six times the rate of white males and three times the rate of Hispanic males.[170] The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to sentencing and drug policies.[170][175]
Though it has been abolished in most Western nations, capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and in thirty-four states. Since 1976, when the U.S. Supreme Court reinstated the death penalty after a four-year moratorium, there have been more than 1,000 executions.[176] In 2010, the country had the fifth highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, North Korea, and Yemen.[177] In 2007, New Jersey became the first state to legislatively abolish the death penalty since the 1976 Supreme Court decision, followed by New Mexico in 2009 and Illinois in 2011.[178]
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of the United States and Americans
| Race/Ethnicity (2010)[179] | |
|---|---|
| White | 72.4% |
| Black/African American | 12.6% |
| Asian | 4.8% |
| American Indian and Alaska Native | 0.9% |
| Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander | 0.2% |
| Other | 6.2% |
| Two or more races | 2.9% |
| Hispanic/Latino (of any race) | 16.3% |
The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the country's population now to be 313,802,000,[2] including an estimated 11.2 million illegal immigrants.[180] The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century, from about 76 million in 1900.[181] The third most populous nation in the world, after China and India, the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected.[182] Even with a birth rate of 13.82 per 1,000, 30% below the world average, its population growth rate is positive at 1%, significantly higher than those of many developed nations.[183] In fiscal year 2011, over 1 million immigrants (most of whom entered through family reunification) were granted legal residence.[184] Mexico has been the leading source of new residents for over two decades; since 1998, China, India, and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year.[185]
The United States has a very diverse population—thirty-one ancestry groups have more than one million members.[186] White Americans are the largest racial group; German Americans, Irish Americans, and English Americans constitute three of the country's four largest ancestry groups.[186] African Americans are the nation's largest racial minority and third largest ancestry group.[186] Asian Americans are the country's second largest racial minority; the two largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans.[186] In 2010, the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry (2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry (0.5 million exclusively).[187] The census counted more than 19 million people of "Some Other Race" who were "unable to identify with any" of its five official race categories in 2010.[187]
The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans (the terms are officially interchangeable) is a major demographic trend. The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent[187] are identified as sharing a distinct "ethnicity" by the Census Bureau; 64% of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent.[188] Between 2000 and 2010, the country's Hispanic population increased 43% while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9%.[179] Much of this growth is from immigration; as of 2007, 12.6% of the U.S. population was foreign-born, with 54% of that figure born in Latin America.[189] Fertility is also a factor; as of 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.4 children in her lifetime, compared to 2.0 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.8 for non-Hispanic white women (below the replacement rate of 2.1).[190] Minorities (as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic, non-multiracial whites) constituted 36.3% of the population in 2010,[191] and nearly 50% of children under age 1,[192] and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042.[193]
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas (including suburbs);[1] about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[194] In 2008, 273 incorporated places had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than 1 million residents, and four global cities had over 2 million (New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston).[195] There are fifty-two metropolitan areas with populations greater than 1 million.[196] Of the fifty fastest-growing metro areas, forty-seven are in the West or South.[197] The metro areas of Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008.[196]
| Leading population centers | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Core city | Metro area pop.[198] | Metropolitan Statistical Area | Region[199] |  New York City  Los Angeles |
||
| 1 | New York City | 19,015,900 | New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA | Northeast | |||
| 2 | Los Angeles | 12,944,801 | Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana, CA MSA | West | |||
| 3 | Chicago | 9,504,753 | Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI MSA | Midwest | |||
| 4 | Dallas | 6,526,548 | Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA | South | |||
| 5 | Houston | 6,086,538 | Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, TX MSA | South | |||
| 6 | Philadelphia | 5,992,414 | Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD MSA | Northeast | |||
| 7 | Washington, D.C. | 5,703,948 | Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA | South | |||
| 8 | Miami | 5,670,125 | Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA | South | |||
| 9 | Atlanta | 5,359,205 | Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA MSA | South | |||
| 10 | Boston | 4,591,112 | Boston-Cambridge-Quincy, MA-NH MSA | Northeast | |||
| based on the 2011 U.S. Population Estimate | |||||||
Language[link]
Main article: Languages of the United States
| Languages (2010)[200] | |
|---|---|
| English (only) | 229.7 million |
| Spanish, incl. Creole | 37.0 million |
| Chinese | 2.8 million |
| French, incl. Creole | 2.1 million |
| Tagalog | 1.6 million |
| Vietnamese | 1.4 million |
| Korean | 1.1 million |
| German | 1.1 million |
English is the de facto national language. Although there is no official language at the federal level, some laws—such as U.S. naturalization requirements—standardize English. In 2010, about 230 million, or 80% of the population aged five years and older, spoke only English at home. Spanish, spoken by 12% of the population at home, is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language.[200][201] Some Americans advocate making English the country's official language, as it is in at least twenty-eight states.[5] Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii by state law.[202]
While neither has an official language, New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish, as Louisiana does for English and French.[203] Other states, such as California, mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms.[204] Many jurisdictions with large numbers of non-English speakers produce government materials, especially voting information, in the most commonly spoken languages in those jurisdictions. Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages, along with English: Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam, respectively; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico.
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in the United States
See also: History of religion in the United States, Freedom of religion in the United States, Separation of church and state in the United States, and List of religious movements that began in the United States
The United States is officially a secular nation; the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids the establishment of any religious governance. In a 2002 study, 59% of Americans said that religion played a "very important role in their lives", a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation.[205] According to a 2007 survey, 78.4% of adults identified themselves as Christian,[206] down from 86.4% in 1990.[207] Protestant denominations accounted for 51.3%, while Roman Catholicism, at 23.9%, was the largest individual denomination. The study categorizes white evangelicals, 26.3% of the population, as the country's largest religious cohort;[206] another study estimates evangelicals of all races at 30–35%.[208] The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2007 was 4.7%, up from 3.3% in 1990.[207] The leading non-Christian faiths were Judaism (1.7%), Buddhism (0.7%), Islam (0.6%), Hinduism (0.4%), and Unitarian Universalism (0.3%).[206] The survey also reported that 16.1% of Americans described themselves as agnostic, atheist, or simply having no religion, up from 8.2% in 1990.[206][207]
Family structure[link]
In 2007, 58% of Americans age 18 and over were married, 6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 25% had never been married.[209] Women now mostly work outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor's degrees.[210]
Same-sex marriage is a contentious issue. Some states permit civil unions or domestic partnerships in lieu of marriage. Since 2003, several states have legalized gay marriage as the result of judicial or legislative action. Meanwhile, the federal government and a majority of states define marriage as between a man and a woman and/or explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage. Public opinion on the issue has shifted from general opposition in the 1990s to a statistical deadlock, to a majority in support.[211]
The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate, 79.8 per 1,000 women, is the highest among OECD nations.[212] Abortion policy was left to the states until the Supreme Court legalized the practice in 1973. The issue remains highly controversial, with public opinion closely divided for many years. Many states ban public funding of the procedure and restrict late-term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate a waiting period. While the abortion rate is falling, the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 remain higher than those of most Western nations.[213]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of the United States
See also: Social class in the United States
The United States is a multicultural nation, home to a wide variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[6][215] Aside from the now small Native American and Native Hawaiian populations, nearly all Americans or their ancestors immigrated within the past five centuries.[216] Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[6][217] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot, and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics.[6]
American culture is considered the most individualistic in the world.[218] The American Dream, or the incorrect perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays a key role in attracting immigrants.[219] While the mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[220] scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization, language, and values.[221] The American middle and professional class has initiated many contemporary social trends such as modern feminism, environmentalism, and multiculturalism.[222] Americans' self-images, social viewpoints, and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree.[223] While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement, being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute.[224]
Popular media[link]
Main articles: Cinema of the United States, Television in the United States, and Music of the United States
The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope. The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of sound film's development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, California. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar and Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time.[225] American screen actors like John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe have become iconic figures, while producer/entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising. The major film studios of Hollywood have produced the most commercially successful movies in history, such as Star Wars (1977) and Titanic (1997), and the products of Hollywood today dominate the global film industry.[226]
Americans are the heaviest television viewers in the world,[227] and the average viewing time continues to rise, reaching five hours a day in 2006.[228] The four major broadcast networks are all commercial entities. Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercialized, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day.[229] Aside from web portals and search engines, the most popular websites are Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Blogger, eBay, and Craigslist.[230]
The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have deeply influenced American music at large, distinguishing it from European traditions. Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old-time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences. Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century. Country music developed in the 1920s, and rhythm and blues in the 1940s. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll. In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk. More recent American creations include hip hop and house music. American pop stars such as Presley, Michael Jackson, and Madonna have become global celebrities.[231]
Literature, philosophy, and the arts[link]
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[232] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925)—may be dubbed the "Great American Novel".[233]
Eleven U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Toni Morrison in 1993. William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.[234] Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.
The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, established the first major American philosophical movement. After the Civil War, Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism. In the 20th century, the work of W. V. O. Quine and Richard Rorty, and later Noam Chomsky, brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia. John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy.
In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[235] Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.
One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P. T. Barnum, who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841. The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on Broadway; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards. Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, and August Wilson.
Though little known at the time, Charles Ives's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition, while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition. Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music. Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance, while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th-century ballet. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography, with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Ansel Adams. The newspaper comic strip and the comic book are both U.S. innovations. Superman, the quintessential comic book superhero, has become an American icon.[236]
Food[link]
Main article: American cuisine
Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries. Wheat is the primary cereal grain. Traditional American cuisine uses indigenous ingredients, such as turkey, venison, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup, which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers. Slow-cooked pork and beef barbecue, crab cakes, potato chips, and chocolate chip cookies are distinctively American foods. Soul food, developed by African slaves, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana creole, Cajun, and Tex-Mex are regionally important.
Characteristic dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants. French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed.[237] Americans generally prefer coffee to tea. Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[238]
The American fast food industry, the world's largest, pioneered the drive-through format in the 1930s. Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns. During the 1980s and 1990s, Americans' caloric intake rose 24%;[237] frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American "obesity epidemic".[239] Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular, and sugared beverages account for 9% of American caloric intake.[240]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in the United States
Baseball has been regarded as the national sport since the late 19th century, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport.[241] Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports. College football and basketball attract large audiences. Boxing and horse racing were once the most watched individual sports,[242] but they have been eclipsed by golf and auto racing, particularly NASCAR. Soccer is played widely at the youth and amateur levels. Tennis and many outdoor sports are popular as well.
While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices, volleyball, skateboarding, snowboarding, and cheerleading are American inventions. Basketball was invented in Massachusetts by Canadian-born James Naismith. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact. Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The United States has won 2,301 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, more than any other country,[243] and 253 in the Winter Olympic Games, the second most.[244]
Measurement systems[link]
Main article: United States customary units
The nation retains United States customary units, comprising mainly former British imperial units such as miles, yards, and degrees Fahrenheit. Distinct units include the U.S. gallon and U.S. pint volume measurements. The United States is one of only three countries that do not rely primarily on the International System of Units. However, metric units are increasingly used in science, medicine, and many industrial fields.[245]
See also[link]
 |
See more Wikipedia articles related to United States. |
- Index of United States-related articles
- Lists of U.S. states
- Outline of the United States
- Wikipedia books: United States
References[link]
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- United States entry at The World Factbook
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Geographic data related to United States at OpenStreetMap- United States travel guide from Wikitravel
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- State Fact Sheets Population, employment, income, and farm data from the U.S. Economic Research Service
- State Energy Profiles Economic, environmental, and energy data for each state from the U.S. Energy Information Administration
- Category:USA in the Creative Commons. Websites and projects for free usage under a Creative Commons license.
- Key Development Forecasts for the United States from International Futures
- Government
- Official U.S. Government Web Portal Gateway to government sites
- House Official site of the United States House of Representatives
- Senate Official site of the United States Senate
- White House Official site of the President of the United States
- Supreme Court Official site of the Supreme Court of the United States
- History
- Historical Documents Collected by the National Center for Public Policy Research
- U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality Analysis by the Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
- USA Collected links to historical data
- Maps
- National Atlas of the United States Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
- United States Satellite view at WikiMapia (not affiliated with Wikipedia/Wikimedia Foundation)
- Wikimedia Atlas of the United States
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Barack" and "Obama" redirect here. For other uses, see Barak (disambiguation) and Obama (disambiguation). For President Obama's father, the Kenyan economist, see Barack Obama, Sr.
| Barack Obama | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 44th President of the United States | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 20, 2009 |
|
| Vice President | Joe Biden |
| Preceded by | George W. Bush |
| United States Senator from Illinois |
|
| In office January 3, 2005 – November 16, 2008 |
|
| Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald |
| Succeeded by | Roland Burris |
| Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th District |
|
| In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 |
|
| Preceded by | Alice Palmer |
| Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Barack Hussein Obama II (1961-08-04) August 4, 1961 (age 50)[1] Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.[2] |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Michelle Robinson (1992–present) |
| Children | Malia (born 1998) Sasha (born 2001) |
| Residence | White House (Official) Chicago, Illinois (Private) |
| Alma mater | Occidental College Columbia University (B.A.) Harvard Law School (J.D.) |
| Profession | Community organizer Lawyer Constitutional law professor Author |
| Religion | Christianity[3] |
| Awards | Nobel Peace Prize |
| Signature |  |
| Website | barackobama.com |
 |
This article is part of a series on Barack Obama |
|---|---|
Barack Hussein Obama II (
i/bəˈrɑːk huːˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election.
Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004.
Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United States House of Representatives in 2000, Obama ran for the United States Senate in 2004. Several events brought him to national attention during the campaign, including his victory in the March 2004 Illinois Democratic primary for the Senate election and his keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in Illinois in November 2004. His presidential campaign began in February 2007, and after a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Rodham Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 presidential election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain, and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate. In April 2011, he announced that he would be running for re-election in 2012.
As president, Obama signed economic stimulus legislation in the form of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. Other domestic policy initiatives include the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, and the Budget Control Act of 2011. In May 2012, he became the first sitting U.S. president to openly support legalizing same-sex marriage. In foreign policy, he ended the war in Iraq, increased troop levels in Afghanistan, signed the New START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. involvement in the 2011 Libya military intervention, and ordered the military operation that resulted in the death of Osama bin Laden.
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Obama was born on August 4, 1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiʻolani Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii,[2][4][5] and is the first President to have been born in Hawaii.[6] His mother, Stanley Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English ancestry,[7] along with Scottish, Irish, German, and Swiss.[8][9][10][11][12] His father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama's parents met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[13][14] The couple married on February 2, 1961,[15] separated when Obama Sr. went to Harvard University on scholarship, and divorced in 1964.[13] Obama Sr. remarried and returned to Kenya, visiting Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971. He died in an automobile accident in 1982.[16]
After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Suharto, a military leader in Soetoro's home country, came to power in 1967, all Indonesian students studying abroad were recalled, and the family moved to the Menteng neighborhood of Jakarta.[4][17] From ages six to ten, Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, including Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School.[18]
File:Ann Dunham with father and children.jpg
Barack Obama with his half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii
In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, and with the aid of a scholarship attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school, from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in 1979.[19] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972, remaining there until 1977 when she went back to Indonesia to work as an anthropological field worker. She finally returned to Hawaii in 1994 and lived there for one year before dying of ovarian cancer.[15][20]
Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked nothing like the people around me—that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk—barely registered in my mind."[14] He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[21] Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The opportunity that Hawaii offered—to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect—became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear."[22] Obama has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine during his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my mind."[23] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama described his high-school drug use as a great moral failure.[24]
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to attend Occidental College. In February 1981, he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to divest from South Africa in response to its policy of apartheid.[25] In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother and sister Maya, and visited the families of college friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.[25] Later in 1981, he transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialty in international relations[26] and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation,[27] then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[28][29]
Chicago community organizer and Harvard Law School[link]
Two years after graduating, Obama was hired in Chicago as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale on Chicago's South Side. He worked there as a community organizer from June 1985 to May 1988.[29][30] He helped set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[31] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[32] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time in Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[33] He returned to Kenya in August 2006 for a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya.[34]
In late 1988, Obama entered Harvard Law School. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[35] and president of the journal in his second year.[31][36] During his summers, he returned to Chicago, where he worked as an associate at the law firms of Sidley Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[37] After graduating with a J.D. magna cum laude[38] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[35] Obama's election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[31][36] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations,[39] which evolved into a personal memoir. The manuscript was published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[39]
University of Chicago Law School and civil rights attorney[link]
In 1991, Obama accepted a two-year position as Visiting Law and Government Fellow at the University of Chicago Law School to work on his first book.[39][40] He then taught at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years—as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004—teaching constitutional law.[41]
From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote, a voter registration campaign with ten staffers and seven hundred volunteer registrars; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, leading Crain's Chicago Business to name Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[42] In 1993, he joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 13-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004. His law license became inactive in 2002.[43]
From 1994 to 2002, Obama served on the boards of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project; and of the Joyce Foundation.[29] He served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[29]
Legislative career: 1997–2008[link]
State Senator: 1997–2004[link]
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois's 13th District, which at that time spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park – Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[44] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation that reformed ethics and health care laws.[45] He sponsored a law that increased tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[46] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[47]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the general election, and was reelected again in 2002.[48] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[49]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[50] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained, and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[46][51] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[52] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[53]
U.S. Senate campaign[link]
In May 2002, Obama commissioned a poll to assess his prospects in a 2004 U.S. Senate race; he created a campaign committee, began raising funds, and lined up political media consultant David Axelrod by August 2002. Obama formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[54]
Obama was an early opponent of the George W. Bush administration's 2003 invasion of Iraq.[55] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[56] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally,[57] and spoke out against the war.[58] He addressed another anti-war rally in March 2003 and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[59]
Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun to not participate in the election resulted in wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[60] In the March 2004 primary election, Obama won in an unexpected landslide—which overnight made him a rising star within the national Democratic Party, started speculation about a presidential future, and led to the reissue of his memoir, Dreams from My Father.[61] In July 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention,[62] seen by 9.1 million viewers. His speech was well received and elevated his status within the Democratic Party.[63]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[64] Six weeks later, Alan Keyes accepted the Republican nomination to replace Ryan.[65] In the November 2004 general election, Obama won with 70 percent of the vote.[66]
U.S. Senator: 2005–2008[link]
Main article: United States Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 3, 2005,[67] becoming the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[68] CQ Weekly characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. Obama announced on November 13, 2008, that he would resign his Senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[69]
Legislation[link]
Obama cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[70] He introduced two initiatives that bore his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons;[71] and the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[72] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama—along with Senators Tom Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain—introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[73]
Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[74] Regarding tort reform, Obama voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008, which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[75]
In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[77] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[78] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections,[79] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[80] neither of which was signed into law.
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act to add safeguards for personality-disorder military discharges.[81] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[82] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[83] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program, providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[84]
Committees[link]
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works, and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[85] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[86] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[87] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before Abbas became President of the Palestinian National Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi in which he condemned corruption within the Kenyan government.[88]
Presidential campaigns[link]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2008, Barack Obama presidential primary campaign, 2008, and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2008
On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[89][90] The choice of the announcement site was viewed as symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic "House Divided" speech in 1858.[89][91] Obama emphasized issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care,[92] in a campaign that projected themes of "hope" and "change".[93]
A large number of candidates entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. The field narrowed to a duel between Obama and Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton after early contests, with the race remaining close throughout the primary process but with Obama gaining a steady lead in pledged delegates due to better long-range planning, superior fundraising, dominant organizing in caucus states, and better exploitation of delegate allocation rules.[94] On June 7, 2008, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama.[95]
On August 23, Obama announced his selection of Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[96] Biden was selected from a field speculated to include former Indiana Governor and Senator Evan Bayh and Virginia Governor Tim Kaine.[97] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Hillary Clinton called for her supporters to endorse Obama, and she and Bill Clinton gave convention speeches in his support.[98] Obama delivered his acceptance speech, not at the center where the Democratic National Convention was held, but at Invesco Field at Mile High to a crowd of over 75,000; the speech was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide.[99][100]
During both the primary process and the general election, Obama's campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[101] On June 19, 2008, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[102]
McCain was nominated as the Republican candidate and the two engaged in three presidential debates in September and October 2008.[103] On November 4, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain.[104] Obama won 52.9 percent of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7 percent.[105] He became the first African American to be elected president.[106] Obama delivered his victory speech before hundreds of thousands of supporters in Chicago's Grant Park.[107]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main articles: United States presidential election, 2012 and Barack Obama presidential campaign, 2012
On April 4, 2011, Obama announced his re-election campaign for 2012 in a video titled "It Begins with Us" that he posted on his website and filed election papers with the Federal Election Commission.[108][109][110] As the incumbent president he ran almost unopposed in the Democratic Party presidential primaries,[111] and on April 3, 2012, Obama had secured the 2778 convention delegates needed to win the Democratic nomination.[112]
Presidency[link]
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
See also: Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet and List of presidential trips made by Barack Obama
First days[link]
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders and presidential memoranda directing the U.S. military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq.[113] He ordered the closing of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[114] but Congress prevented the closure by refusing to appropriate the required funds.[115][116][117] Obama reduced the secrecy given to presidential records,[118] and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.[119] He also reversed George W. Bush's ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions.[120]
Domestic policy[link]
The first bill signed into law by Obama was the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, relaxing the statute of limitations for equal-pay lawsuits.[121] Five days later, he signed the reauthorization of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) to cover an additional 4 million uninsured children.[122] In March 2009, Obama reversed a Bush-era policy which had limited funding of embryonic stem cell research and pledged to develop "strict guidelines" on the research.[123]
Obama appointed two women to serve on the Supreme Court in the first two years of his Presidency. Sonia Sotomayor, nominated by Obama on May 26, 2009, to replace retiring Associate Justice David Souter, was confirmed on August 6, 2009,[124] becoming the first Hispanic to be a Supreme Court Justice.[125] Elena Kagan, nominated by Obama on May 10, 2010, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens, was confirmed on August 5, 2010, bringing the number of women sitting simultaneously on the Court to three, for the first time in American history.[126]
On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.[127][128]
On October 8, 2009, Obama signed the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, a measure that expands the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability.[129][130]
On March 30, 2010, Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, a reconciliation bill which ends the process of the federal government giving subsidies to private banks to give out federally insured loans, increases the Pell Grant scholarship award, and makes changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.[131][132]
In a major space policy speech in April 2010, Obama announced a planned change in direction at NASA, the U.S. space agency. He ended plans for a return of human spaceflight to the moon and development of the Ares I rocket, Ares V rocket and Constellation program, in favor of funding Earth science projects, a new rocket type, and research and development for an eventual manned mission to Mars, and ongoing missions to the International Space Station.[133]
On December 22, 2010, Obama signed the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010, fulfilling a key promise made in the 2008 presidential campaign[134][135] to end the Don't ask, don't tell policy of 1993 that had prevented gay and lesbian people from serving openly in the United States Armed Forces.[136]
President Obama's 2011 State of the Union Address focused on themes of education and innovation, stressing the importance of innovation economics to make the United States more competitive globally. He spoke of a five-year freeze in domestic spending, eliminating tax breaks for oil companies and reversing tax cuts for wealthy Americans, banning congressional earmarks, and reducing healthcare costs. He promised that the United States would have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2015 and would be 80% reliant on "clean" electricity.[137][138]
As a candidate for the Illinois state senate Obama had said in 1996 that he favored legalizing same-sex marriage;[139] but by the time of his run for the U.S. senate in 2004, he said that while he supported civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex partners, for strategic reasons he opposed same-sex marriages.[140] On May 9, 2012, shortly after the official launch of his campaign for re-election as president, Obama said his views had evolved, and he publicly affirmed his personal support for the legalization of same-sex marriage, becoming the first sitting U.S. president to do so.[141][142]
Economic policy[link]
Main article: Economic policy of Barack Obama
On February 17, 2009, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a $787 billion economic stimulus package aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening worldwide recession.[143] The act includes increased federal spending for health care, infrastructure, education, various tax breaks and incentives, and direct assistance to individuals,[144] which is being distributed over the course of several years.
In March, Obama's Treasury Secretary, Timothy Geithner, took further steps to manage the financial crisis, including introducing the Public-Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets, which contains provisions for buying up to $2 trillion in depreciated real estate assets.[145] Obama intervened in the troubled automotive industry[146] in March 2009, renewing loans for General Motors and Chrysler to continue operations while reorganizing. Over the following months the White House set terms for both firms' bankruptcies, including the sale of Chrysler to Italian automaker Fiat[147] and a reorganization of GM giving the U.S. government a temporary 60 percent equity stake in the company, with the Canadian government shouldering a 12 percent stake.[148] In June 2009, dissatisfied with the pace of economic stimulus, Obama called on his cabinet to accelerate the investment.[149] He signed into law the Car Allowance Rebate System, known colloquially as "Cash for Clunkers", that temporarily boosted the economy.[150][151][152]
Although spending and loan guarantees from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department authorized by the Bush and Obama administrations totaled about $11.5 trillion, only $3 trillion had been spent by the end of November 2009.[153] However, Obama and the Congressional Budget Office predicted that the 2010 budget deficit will be $1.5 trillion or 10.6 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) compared to the 2009 deficit of $1.4 trillion or 9.9 percent of GDP.[154][155] For 2011, the administration predicted the deficit will slightly shrink to $1.34 trillion, while the 10-year deficit will increase to $8.53 trillion or 90 percent of GDP.[156] The most recent increase in the U.S. debt ceiling to $16.4 trillion was signed into law on January 26, 2012.[157] On August 2, 2011, after a lengthy congressional debate over whether to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed the bipartisan Budget Control Act of 2011. The legislation enforces limits on discretionary spending until 2021, establishes a procedure to increase the debt limit, creates a Congressional Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to propose further deficit reduction with a stated goal of achieving at least $1.5 trillion in budgetary savings over 10 years, and establishes automatic procedures for reducing spending by as much as $1.2 trillion if legislation originating with the new joint select committee does not achieve such savings.[158] By passing the legislation, Congress was able to prevent an unprecedented U.S. government default on its obligations.[159]
The unemployment rate rose in 2009, reaching a peak in October at 10.1 percent and averaging 10.0 percent in the fourth quarter. Following a decrease to 9.7 percent in the first quarter of 2010, the unemployment rate fell to 9.6 percent in the second quarter, where it remained for the rest of the year.[162] Between February and December 2010, employment rose by 0.8 percent, which was less than the average of 1.9 percent experienced during comparable periods in the past four employment recoveries.[163] GDP growth returned in the third quarter of 2009, expanding at a rate of 1.6 percent, followed by a 5.0 percent increase in the fourth quarter.[164] Growth continued in 2010, posting an increase of 3.7 percent in the first quarter, with lesser gains throughout the rest of the year.[164] In July 2010, the Federal Reserve expressed that although economic activity continued to increase, its pace had slowed, and Chairman Ben Bernanke stated that the economic outlook was "unusually uncertain."[165] Overall, the economy expanded at a rate of 2.9 percent in 2010.[166]
The Congressional Budget Office and a broad range of economists credit Obama's stimulus plan for economic growth.[167][168] The CBO released a report stating that the stimulus bill increased employment by 1–2.1 million,[168][169][170][171] while conceding that "It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package."[167] Although an April 2010 survey of members of the National Association for Business Economics showed an increase in job creation (over a similar January survey) for the first time in two years, 73 percent of 68 respondents believed that the stimulus bill has had no impact on employment.[172]
Within a month of the 2010 midterm elections, Obama announced a compromise deal with the Congressional Republican leadership that included a temporary, two-year extension of the 2001 and 2003 income tax rates, a one-year payroll tax reduction, continuation of unemployment benefits, and a new rate and exemption amount for estate taxes.[173] The compromise overcame opposition from some in both parties, and the resulting $858 billion Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 passed with bipartisan majorities in both houses of Congress before Obama signed it on December 17, 2010.[174]
Health care reform[link]
Main article: Health care reform in the United States
Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promise and a top legislative goal.[175] He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American carry health coverage. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans.[176][177]
On July 14, 2009, House Democratic leaders introduced a 1,017-page plan for overhauling the U.S. health care system, which Obama wanted Congress to approve by the end of 2009.[175] After much public debate during the Congressional summer recess of 2009, Obama delivered a speech to a joint session of Congress on September 9 where he addressed concerns over the proposals.[178] In March 2009, Obama lifted a ban on stem cell research.[179]
File:PPACA Premium Chart.jpg
Maximum Out-of-Pocket Premium as Percentage of Family Income and federal poverty level, under Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, starting in 2014. (Source: CRS)
On November 7, 2009, a health care bill featuring the public option was passed in the House.[180][181] On December 24, 2009, the Senate passed its own bill—without a public option—on a party-line vote of 60–39.[182] On March 21, 2010, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed by the Senate in December was passed in the House by a vote of 219 to 212.[183] Obama signed the bill into law on March 23, 2010.[184]
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes health-related provisions to take effect over four years, including expanding Medicaid eligibility for people making up to 133 percent of the federal poverty level (FPL) starting in 2014,[185] subsidizing insurance premiums for people making up to 400 percent of the FPL ($88,000 for family of four in 2010) so their maximum "out-of-pocket" payment for annual premiums will be from 2 to 9.5 percent of income,[186][187] providing incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibiting denial of coverage and denial of claims based on pre-existing conditions, establishing health insurance exchanges, prohibiting annual coverage caps, and support for medical research. According to White House and Congressional Budget Office figures, the maximum share of income that enrollees would have to pay would vary depending on their income relative to the federal poverty level.[186][188]
The costs of these provisions are offset by taxes, fees, and cost-saving measures, such as new Medicare taxes for those in high-income brackets, taxes on indoor tanning, cuts to the Medicare Advantage program in favor of traditional Medicare, and fees on medical devices and pharmaceutical companies;[189] there is also a tax penalty for those who do not obtain health insurance, unless they are exempt due to low income or other reasons.[190] In March, 2010, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the net effect of both laws will be a reduction in the federal deficit by $143 billion over the first decade.[191]
In March 2012, the Supreme Court heard arguments by a coalition of 26 states maintaining that it is unconstitutional to force individuals to buy health insurance.[192]
Gulf of Mexico oil spill[link]
On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak. The well's operator, BP, initiated a containment and cleanup plan, and began drilling two relief wells intended to stop the flow. Obama visited the Gulf on May 2 among visits by members of his cabinet, and again on May 28 and June 4. On May 22, he announced a federal investigation and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings. On May 27, he announced a 6-month moratorium on new deepwater drilling permits and leases, pending regulatory review.[193] As multiple efforts by BP failed, some in the media and public expressed confusion and criticism over various aspects of the incident, and stated a desire for more involvement by Obama and the federal government.[194]
Foreign policy[link]
Main articles: Foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration and Barack Obama foreign policy
In February and March, Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton made separate overseas trips to announce a "new era" in U.S. foreign relations with Russia and Europe, using the terms "break" and "reset" to signal major changes from the policies of the preceding administration.[195] Obama attempted to reach out to Arab leaders by granting his first interview to an Arab cable TV network, Al Arabiya.[196]
On March 19, Obama continued his outreach to the Muslim world, releasing a New Year's video message to the people and government of Iran.[197] This attempt at outreach was rebuffed by the Iranian leadership.[198] In April, Obama gave a speech in Ankara, Turkey, which was well received by many Arab governments.[199] On June 4, 2009, Obama delivered a speech at Cairo University in Egypt calling for "a new beginning" in relations between the Islamic world and the United States and promoting Middle East peace.[200]
On June 26, 2009, in response to the Iranian government's actions towards protesters following Iran's 2009 presidential election, Obama said: "The violence perpetrated against them is outrageous. We see it and we condemn it."[201] On July 7, while in Moscow, he responded to a Vice President Biden comment on a possible Israeli military strike on Iran by saying: "We have said directly to the Israelis that it is important to try and resolve this in an international setting in a way that does not create major conflict in the Middle East."[202]
On September 24, 2009, Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to preside over a meeting of the United Nations Security Council.[203]
In March 2010, Obama took a public stance against plans by the government of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to continue building Jewish housing projects in predominantly Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem.[204][205] During the same month, an agreement was reached with the administration of Russian President Dmitry Medvedev to replace the 1991 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty with a new pact reducing the number of long-range nuclear weapons in the arsenals of both countries by about one-third.[206] The New START treaty was signed by Obama and Medvedev in April 2010, and was ratified by the U.S. Senate in December 2010.[207]
On December 6, 2011, he instructed agencies to consider LGBT rights when issuing financial aid to foreign countries.[208]
Iraq War[link]
On February 27, 2009, Obama declared that combat operations in Iraq would end within 18 months. His remarks were made to a group of Marines preparing for deployment to Afghanistan. Obama said, "Let me say this as plainly as I can: By August 31, 2010, our combat mission in Iraq will end."[209] The Obama administration scheduled the withdrawal of combat troops to be completed by August 2010, decreasing troops levels from 142,000 while leaving a transitional force of 35,000 to 50,000 in Iraq until the end of 2011. On August 19, 2010, the last United States combat brigade exited Iraq. The plan is to transition the mission of the remaining troops from combat operations to counter-terrorism and the training, equipping, and advising of Iraqi security forces.[210][211] On August 31, 2010, Obama announced that the United States combat mission in Iraq was over.[212] On October 21, 2011 President Obama announced that all U.S. troops would leave Iraq in time to be, "home for the holidays".[213]
War in Afghanistan[link]
Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001–present)
Early in his presidency, Obama moved to bolster U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan.[214] He announced an increase to U.S. troop levels of 17,000 in February 2009 to "stabilize a deteriorating situation in Afghanistan", an area he said had not received the "strategic attention, direction and resources it urgently requires".[215] He replaced the military commander in Afghanistan, General David D. McKiernan, with former Special Forces commander Lt. Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal in May 2009, indicating that McChrystal's Special Forces experience would facilitate the use of counterinsurgency tactics in the war.[216] On December 1, 2009, Obama announced the deployment of an additional 30,000 military personnel to Afghanistan.[217] He also proposed to begin troop withdrawals 18 months from that date.[218][219] McChrystal was replaced by David Petraeus in June 2010, after McChrystal's staff criticized White House personnel in a magazine article.[220]
Israel[link]
During the initial years of the Obama administration, the U.S. increased military cooperation with Israel, including a record number of U.S. troops participating in military exercises in the country, increased military aid, the re-establishment of the U.S.-Israeli Joint Political Military Group and the Defense Policy Advisory Group, and an increase in visits among high-level military officials of both countries, including Ehud Barak and Admiral Mike Mullen.[221]
In 2011, the United States vetoed a Security Council resolution condemning Israeli settlements, with the United States being the only nation to do so.[222] Obama supports the two-state solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict based on the 1967 borders with land swaps.[223]
War in Libya[link]
Main article: 2011 military intervention in Libya
In March 2011, as forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi advanced on rebels across Libya, calls for a no-fly zone came from around the world, including Europe, the Arab League, and a resolution[224] passed unanimously by the U.S. Senate.[225] In response to the unanimous passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on March 17, Gaddafi who had previously vowed to "show no mercy" to the citizens of Benghazi[226]—announced an immediate cessation of military activities,[227] yet reports came in that his forces continued shelling Misrata. The next day, on Obama's orders, the U.S. military took a lead role in air strikes to destroy the Libyan government's air defense capabilities in order to protect civilians and enforce a no-fly-zone,[228] including the use of Tomahawk missiles, B-2 Spirits, and fighter jets.[229][230][231] Six days later, on March 25, by unanimous vote of all of its 28 members, NATO took over leadership of the effort, dubbed Operation Unified Protector.[232] Some Representatives[233] questioned whether Obama had the constitutional authority to order military action in addition to questioning its cost, structure and aftermath.[234][235]
Osama bin Laden[link]
Main article: Death of Osama bin Laden
See also: The Situation Room (photograph)
Starting with information received in July 2010, intelligence developed by the CIA over the next several months determined what they believed to be the location of Osama bin Laden in a large compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburban area 35 miles from Islamabad.[236] CIA head Leon Panetta reported this intelligence to President Obama in March 2011.[236] Meeting with his national security advisers over the course of the next six weeks, Obama rejected a plan to bomb the compound, and authorized a "surgical raid" to be conducted by United States Navy SEALs.[236] The operation took place on May 1, 2011, resulting in the death of bin Laden and the seizure of papers and computer drives and disks from the compound.[237][238] Bin Laden's body was identified through DNA testing,[239] and buried at sea several hours later.[240] Within minutes of the President's announcement from Washington, DC, late in the evening on May 1, there were spontaneous celebrations around the country as crowds gathered outside the White House, and at New York City's Ground Zero and Times Square.[237][241] Reaction to the announcement was positive across party lines, including from former Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush,[242] and from many countries around the world.[243]
2010 midterm election[link]
Obama called the November 2, 2010 election, where the Democratic Party lost 63 seats in, and control of, the House of Representatives,[244] "humbling" and a "shellacking".[245] He said that the results came because not enough Americans had felt the effects of the economic recovery.[246]
Cultural and political image[link]
Main article: Public image of Barack Obama
Obama's family history, upbringing, and Ivy League education differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[248] Obama is also not a descendant of American slaves.[249] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough", Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong".[250] Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[251]
Obama is frequently referred to as an exceptional orator.[252] During his pre-inauguration transition period and continuing into his presidency, Obama has delivered a series of weekly Internet video addresses.[253]
According to the Gallup Organization, Obama began his presidency with a 68 percent approval rating[254] before gradually declining for the rest of the year, and eventually bottoming out at 41 percent in August 2010,[255] a trend similar to Ronald Reagan's and Bill Clinton's first years in office.[256] He experienced a small poll bounce shortly after the death of Osama bin Laden, which lasted until around June 2011, when his approval numbers dropped back to where they were prior to the operation.[257][258][259] Polls show strong support for Obama in other countries,[260] and before being elected President he has met with prominent foreign figures including then-British Prime Minister Tony Blair,[261] Italy's Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni,[262] and French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[263]
In a February 2009 poll conducted by Harris Interactive for France 24 and the International Herald Tribune, Obama was rated as the most respected world leader, as well as the most powerful.[264] In a similar poll conducted by Harris in May 2009, Obama was rated as the most popular world leader, as well as the one figure most people would pin their hopes on for pulling the world out of the economic downturn.[265][266]
Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[267] His concession speech after the New Hampshire primary was set to music by independent artists as the music video "Yes We Can", which was viewed 10 million times on YouTube in its first month[268] and received a Daytime Emmy Award.[269] In December 2008, Time magazine named Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as "the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments".[270]
On October 9, 2009, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced that Obama had won the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples".[271] Obama accepted this award in Oslo, Norway on December 10, 2009, with "deep gratitude and great humility."[272] The award drew a mixture of praise and criticism from world leaders and media figures.[273][274] Obama is the fourth U.S. president to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and the third to become a Nobel laureate while in office.
Family and personal life[link]
Main article: Family of Barack Obama
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family: "It's like a little mini-United Nations", he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[275] Obama has a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband and seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family – six of them living.[276] Obama's mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham,[277] until her death on November 2, 2008,[278] two days before his election to the Presidency. Obama also has roots in Ireland; he met with his Irish cousins in Moneygall in May 2011.[279] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.[280]
Obama was known as "Barry" in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[281] Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian at the conversational level, having learned the language during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[282] He plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[283]
Obama is a well known supporter of the Chicago White Sox, and threw out the first pitch at the 2005 ALCS when he was still a senator.[284] In 2009, he threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the all star game while wearing a White Sox jacket.[285] He is also primarily a Chicago Bears fan in the NFL, but in his childhood and adolescence was a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, and recently rooted for them ahead of their victory in Super Bowl XLIII 12 days after Obama took office as President.[286] In 2011, Obama invited the 1985 Bears to the White House; in 1986, the team did not attend due to the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.[287]
In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[288] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[289] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[290] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born on July 4, 1998,[291] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), on June 10, 2001.[292] The Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[293] The Obamas have a Portuguese Water Dog named Bo, a gift from Senator Ted Kennedy.[294]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal, the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to a $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood, Chicago.[295] The purchase of an adjacent lot—and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer, campaign donor and friend Tony Rezko—attracted media attention because of Rezko's subsequent indictment and conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[296]
In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[297] Their 2009 tax return showed a household income of $5.5 million—up from about $4.2 million in 2007 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[298][299] On his 2010 income of $1.7 million, he gave 14 percent to non-profit organizations, including $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation, a charity assisting wounded veterans' families, allowing them to reside near where the veteran is receiving medical treatments.[300][301]
As per the latest financial disclosure, Obama may be worth as much as $10 million.[302]
Obama tried to quit smoking several times, sometimes using nicotine replacement therapy, and, in early 2010, Michelle Obama said that he had successfully quit smoking.[303][304]
Religious views[link]
Obama is a Christian whose religious views developed in his adult life. He wrote in The Audacity of Hope that he "was not raised in a religious household". He described his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists"), to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known". He described his father as "raised a Muslim", but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful". Obama explained how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change".[305]
In an interview with the evangelical periodical Christianity Today, Obama stated: "I am a Christian, and I am a devout Christian. I believe in the redemptive death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. I believe that that faith gives me a path to be cleansed of sin and have eternal life."[306]
On September 27, 2010, Obama released a statement commenting on his religious views saying "I'm a Christian by choice. My family didn't—frankly, they weren't folks who went to church every week. And my mother was one of the most spiritual people I knew, but she didn't raise me in the church. So I came to my Christian faith later in life, and it was because the precepts of Jesus Christ spoke to me in terms of the kind of life that I would want to lead—being my brothers' and sisters' keeper, treating others as they would treat me."[307][308]
Obama was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ, a black liberation church, in 1988, and was an active member there for two decades.[309] Obama resigned from Trinity during the Presidential campaign after controversial statements made by Rev. Jeremiah Wright became public.[310] After a prolonged effort to find a church to attend regularly in Washington, Obama announced in June 2009 that his primary place of worship would be the Evergreen Chapel at Camp David.[311]
Notes[link]
- ^ "President Barack Obama". Washington, D.C.: The White House. 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president-obama. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b "Certificate of Live Birth: Barack Hussein Obama II, August 4, 1961, 7:24 pm, Honolulu". Department of Health, State of Hawaii. The White House. April 27, 2011. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-certificate-long-form.pdf. Retrieved April 27, 2011.
- ^ "American President: Barack Obama". Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. 2009. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama. Retrieved January 23, 2009. "Religion: Christian"
- "The Truth about Barack's Faith". Obama for America. http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
- Miller, Lisa (July 18, 2008). "Finding his faith". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971. Retrieved February 4, 2010. "He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago."
- Barakat, Matthew (November 17, 2008). "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27775757. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church." .
- "Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President". News. United Church of Christ. January 20, 2009. http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html. Retrieved January 21, 2009. "Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States."
- Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009). "The Obama's find a church home—away from home". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David." .
- Kornblut, Anne E. (February 4, 2010). "Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say". The Washington Post: p. A6. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010. "Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there."
- ^ a b Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible". The Washington Post: p. A22. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/23/AR2008082301620.html. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Nakaso, Dan (December 22, 2008). "Twin sisters, Obama on parallel paths for years". The Honolulu Advertiser: p. B1. http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/22/ln/hawaii812220320.html. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Rudin, Ken (December 23, 2009). "Today's Junkie segment On TOTN: a political review Of 2009". Talk of the Nation (Political Junkie blog). NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2009/12/todays_junkie_segment_on_totn_5.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010. "We began with the historic inauguration on January 20—yes, the first president ever born in Hawaii"
- ^ for Stanley Ann's first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19.
- ^ Ewen MacAskill in Washington and Nicholas Watt (May 20, 2011). "Obama looks forward to rediscovering his Irish roots on European tour". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/20/obama-irish-roots-european-tour. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ Mason, Jeff (May 23, 2011). "Obama visits family roots in Ireland". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/us-obama-ireland-idUSTRE74M09F20110523. Retrieved August 3, 2011.
- ^ "Obama urged to create own tartan". BBC News. January 20, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7838208.stm. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ "Researchers: Obama has German roots". USA Today. June 4, 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2009-06-04-obama-roots_N.htm. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ "Honorary citizenship papers sent to Obama". Swissinfo.ch. July 14, 2010. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss_news/Honorary_citizenship_papers_sent_to_Obama.html?cid=17963746. Retrieved April 9, 2012.
- ^ a b Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator". Chicago Tribune: p. 1 (Tempo). Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi-0703270151mar27-archive,0,5853572,full.story. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ a b Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1729524,00.html. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
- ^ Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From home squared to the US Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.nationmedia.com/EastAfrican/01112004/Features/PA2-11.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The ghost of a father". The Washington Post: p. A12. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2007/12/13/ST2007121301893.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ Karana, Kinanti Pinta (December 9, 2009). "Statue of a young Obama to watch over Indonesian capital". Jakarta Globe. http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/statue-of-us-president-barack-obama-to-be-unveiled-in-jakarta-park/346178. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 44–45.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 24, 2007). "Obama debunks claim about Islamic school". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/24/AR2007012400371_pf.html. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
- "Statue of boy Obama erected in Jakarta". Xinhua News Agency. December 10, 2009. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-12/10/content_12624443.htm. Retrieved December 31, 2009.
- ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2004/03/21/news/story4.html. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
- Scott, Janny (March 14, 2008). "A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/14/us/politics/14obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 3 and 4.
- ^ Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/11/29/obama-president-indonesia.html. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
- ^ Serrano, Richard A. (March 11, 2007). "Obama's peers didn't see his angst". Los Angeles Times: p. A20. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-obamahawaii11-2007mar11,0,199085,full.story. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- Obama (1995, 2004), Chapters 4 and 5.
- ^ Reyes, B.J. (February 8, 2007). "Punahou left lasting impression on Obama". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/02/08/news/story02.html. Retrieved February 10, 2007. "As a teenager, Obama went to parties and sometimes sought out gatherings on military bases or at the University of Hawaii that were mostly attended by blacks."
- ^ Elliott, Philip (November 21, 2007). "Obama gets blunt with N.H. students". The Boston Globe. Associated Press: p. 8A. http://articles.boston.com/2007-11-21/news/29233371_1_barack-obama-education-plan-campaign-trail. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 93–94.
- for analysis of the political impact of the quote and Obama's more recent admission that he smoked marijuana as a teenager ("When I was a kid, I inhaled"), see:
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (October 24, 2006). "Obama offers more variations from the norm". The New York Times: p. A21. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E2DB173FF937A15753C1A9609C8B63. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- Romano, Lois (January 3, 2007). "Effect of Obama's candor remains to be seen". The Washington Post: p. A1. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/02/AR2007010201359.html. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- ^ Hornick, Ed (August 17, 2008). "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/08/16/warren.forum/. Retrieved May 18, 2012.
- ^ a b Gordon, Larry (January 29, 2007). "Occidental recalls 'Barry' Obama". Los Angeles Times: p. B1. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/29/local/me-oxy29. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Possley, Maurice (March 30, 2007). "Activism blossomed in college". Chicago Tribune: p. 20. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703291042mar30-archive,0,1533921.story. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 2008). "Old friends say drugs played bit part in Obama's young life". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/09/us/politics/09obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Rohter, Larry (April 10, 2008). "Obama says real-life experience trumps rivals' foreign policy credits". The New York Times: p. A18. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/us/politics/10obama.html. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Goldman, Adam; Tanner, Robert (May 15, 2008). "Old friends recall Obama's years in LA, NYC". USA Today. Associated Press. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/2008-05-15-3144401415_x.htm. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Helman, Scott (August 25, 2008). "Small college awakened future senator to service". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/08/25/small_college_awakened_future_senator_to_service/?page=full. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Jackson, Brooks (June 5, 2009). "More 'birther' nonsense: Obama's 1981 Pakistan trip". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/2009/06/more-birther-nonsense-obamas-1981-pakistan-trip. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- Remnick, David (2010). The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 98–112. ISBN 978-1-4000-4360-6.
- Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 92–112.
- Mendell (2007), pp. 55–62.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. ISSN 0572-7820. http://www.college.columbia.edu/cct_archive/jan05/cover.php. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- ^ Obama, Barack (1998). "Curriculum vitae". The University of Chicago Law School. Archived from the original on May 9, 2001. http://web.archive.org/web/20010509024017/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/obama/cv.html. Retrieved October 1, 2006.
- Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance; Tied markets to social aid". The Boston Globe: p. 1A. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2008/08/06/obama_shows_hints_of_his_year_in_global_finance/?page=1. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
- ^ Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "Obama's account of New York often differs from what others say". The New York Times: p. B1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/30/us/politics/30obama.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
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- ^ Jon Terbush (December 9, 2010). "Approval By Numbers: How Obama Compares To Past Presidents". Tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com. http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2010/12/approval-by-numbers-how-obama-compares-to-past-presidents.php. Retrieved June 19, 2011.
- ^ Oliphant, James (May 11, 2011). "Bin Laden bounce? New poll shows jump in Obama approval", Los Angeles Times. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ Balz, Dan; Cohen, John (June 6, 2011). "Obama loses bin Laden bounce; Romney on the move among GOP contenders", The Washington Post. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ Henningsen, Patrick (May 23, 2011). "Washington Still Working Hard to Plug Gaps in The Bin Laden Story", 21st Century Wire. Accessed June 7, 2011
- ^ "World wants Obama as president: poll". Reuters. ABC News. September 9, 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/09/09/2360240.htm.
- ^ "Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union" (Press release). Obama.senate.gov. August 24, 2005. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081218122125/http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ Scherer, Steve (September 12, 2007). "Rome Mayor's Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=aea6jJJwShpQ&refer=europe. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). "Sarkozy, Obama and McCain". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/blogs/certainideasofeurope/2008/02/sarkozy_obama_and_mccain.cfm. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
- ^ Freed, John C. (February 6, 20009). "Poll shows Obama atop list of most respected". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/world/americas/06iht-poll.4.19983290.html. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ "Obama Most Popular Leader, Poll Finds". The New York Times. May 29, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/world/europe/29iht-poll.html. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ "Obama remains a popular symbol of hope". France 24. June 2, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110513050036/http://www.france24.com/en/20090529-obama-remains-popular-symbol-hope-harris-interactive-poll-world-leaders. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
- ^ Goodman, Dean (February 10, 2008). "Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSN0852813420080210. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
- ^ Strange, Hannah (March 5, 2008). "Celebrities join YouTube revolution". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article3491460.ece. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Wappler, Margaret (June 20, 2008). "Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. http://web.archive.org/web/20110516090327/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/soundboard/2008/06/emmys-give-knuc.html. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
- ^ Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). "Why History Can't Wait". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/2008/personoftheyear/article/0,31682,1861543_1865068,00.html. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 2009". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2009/. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
- ^ "Obama: 'Peace requires responsibility'". CNN. December 10, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/12/10/obama.transcript/index.html. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
- ^ Philp, Catherine (October 10, 2009). "Barack Obama's peace prize starts a fight". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6868905.ece. Retrieved October 10, 2009.
- ^ Samuelsohn, Darren (October 9, 2009). "Obama Wins Nobel Prize in Part for Confronting 'Great Climatic Challenges'". The New York Times. Greenwire. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2009/10/09/09greenwire-obama-wins-nobel-prize-in-part-for-confronting-55250.html. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
- ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. http://www.oprah.com/slideshow/oprahshow/oprahshow1_ss_20061018/10. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZ6sKn. Retrieved June 24, 2008. See also:"Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080703042659/http://www.suntimes.com/images/cds/special/family_tree.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on May 14, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7oJqn9. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "Obama's grandmother dies after battle with cancer". CNN. November 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/11/03/obama.grandma/index.html. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (May 9, 2011). "Tracing Barack Obama's Roots to Moneygall". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/megan-smolenyak-smolenyak/tracing-barack-obamas-roo_b_859151.html.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see:Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930033339/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/politics/bal-te.obama02mar02,0,3453027.story. Retrieved June 24, 2008. Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/12/AR2007051201551.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". CBS 2 (Chicago). Associated Press. September 8, 2007. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080602215833/http://cbs2chicago.com/topstories/Barack.Obama.family.2.339709.html. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ "When Barry Became Barack". Newsweek. March 31, 2008. http://www.newsweek.com/id/128633. Retrieved November 6, 2008.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2009). "Obama's Indonesian Redux". Language Log. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1025. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/01/us/politics/01hoops.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel (HBO). April 15, 2008. http://www.hbo.com/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes#/real-sports-with-bryant-gumbel/episodes/0/133-april-15-2008/index.html. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
- ^ "Barack Obama: White Sox 'serious' ball". The Swamp. August 25, 2008. http://www.swamppolitics.com/news/politics/blog/2008/08/barack_obama_white_sox_serious.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ "Barack Obama Explains White Sox Jacket, Talks Nats in All-Star Booth Visit". MLB Fanhouse. July 14, 2009. http://mlb.fanhouse.com/2009/07/14/barack-obama-explains-white-sox-jacket-talks-nats-in-all-star-b/. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
- ^ Branigin, William (January 30, 2009). "Steelers Win Obama's Approval". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/29/AR2009012903196.html. "But other than the Bears, the Steelers are probably the team that's closest to my heart."
- ^ "1985 Bears honored by President Obama". Chicagobears.com. 2011-10-07. http://www.chicagobears.com/news/NewsStory.asp?story_id=8232. Retrieved 2012-05-29.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also:Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 masters balancing act". The Daily Princetonian. http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2005/12/07/14049. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 18, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5msGZDbMO. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (July 4, 2008). "Born on the 4th of July". Politico. http://www.politico.com/blogs/jonathanmartin/0708/Born_on_the_4th_of_July.html. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- ^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also:"Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. http://www.gannettnewsservice.com/?cat=153. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ "Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School", International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
- ^ Cooper, Helene (April 13, 2009). "One Obama Search Ends With a Puppy Named Bo". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/13/us/politics/13obama.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The first time around: Sen. Obama's freshman year". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-051224obama,0,1779783,full.story. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama says he regrets land deal with fundraiser". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/16/AR2006121600729.html. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- Robinson, Mike (June 4, 2008). "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". Associated Press. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24973282/. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- ^ Harris, Marlys (December 7, 2007). "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/moneymag/0712/gallery.candidates.moneymag/5.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
See also:Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/24/AR2007032400305.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008. - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/17/us/politics/17obama.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Hilzenrath, David S. (April 16, 2010). "Obamas report $5.5 million in income on 2009 tax return". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041504485.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ Solman, Paul (April 18, 2011). "How Much Did President Obama Make in 2010?". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/businessdesk/2011/04/how-much-did-president-obama-m.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Solman, Paul (April 27, 2011). "The Obamas Gave $131,000 to Fisher House Foundation in 2010; What Is It?". PBS NewsHour. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2011/04/the-obamas-gave-131000-to-the-fisher-house-foundation-last-year-what-is-it.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Jackson, David (May 15, 2012). "Obama worth as much as $10 million". USA Today. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ Elsner, Alan (December 7, 2008). Obama says he won't be smoking in White House". Reuters. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia (February 8, 2011). "Yes, he did: first lady says Obama quit smoking". Reuters. Retrieved May 9, 2011.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in:Obama, Barack (October 16, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
- Obama, Barack (June 28, 2006). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090104231501/http://obama.senate.gov/speech/060628-call_to_renewal/. Retrieved June 16, 2008.
- ^ Christianity Today: "Q&A: Barack Obama" Interview by Sarah Pulliam and Ted Olsen, January 23, 2008
- ^ Obama 'Christian By Choice': President Responds To Questioner by Charles Babington and Darlene Superville, Associated Press, September 28, 2010
- ^ Video – President Obama: "I am a Christian By Choice" by ABC News, September 29, 2010.
- ^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). "Barack Obama's search for faith". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/30/world/americas/30iht-30obama.5501905.html. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
- ^ "Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized". Associated Press. MSNBC. November 17, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
- ^ Sullivan, Amy (June 29, 2009.) "The Obamas Find a Church Home—Away from Home". Time. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
References[link]
- Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
- Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
- Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading[link]
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- Koltun, Dave (2005) "The 2004 Illinois Senate Race: Obama Wins Open Seat and Becomes National Political "Star"" in "The Road to Congress 2004" Editors: Sunil Ahuja (Youngstown State University) and Robert Dewhirst (Truman State University), Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, New York, 2005, ISBN 1-59454-360-7
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved October 27, 2010.
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
- McClelland, Edward, Young Mr. Obama: Chicago and the Making of a Black President, Bloomsbury Press, 2010.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved January 14, 2008.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Obama, Barack |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician, 44th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | August 4, 1961 |
| Place of birth | Honolulu, Hawaii, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Barack_Obama
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the first President of the United States. For other uses, see George Washington (disambiguation).
| George Washington | |
|---|---|
.jpg) |
|
| 1st President of the United States | |
| In office April 30, 1789[nb] – March 4, 1797 |
|
| Vice President | John Adams |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | John Adams |
| Senior Officer of the Army | |
| In office July 13, 1798 – December 14, 1799 |
|
| Appointed by | John Adams |
| Preceded by | James Wilkinson |
| Succeeded by | Alexander Hamilton |
| Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army |
|
| In office June 15, 1775 – December 23, 1783 |
|
| Appointed by | Continental Congress |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Henry Knox (United States Army) |
| Delegate to the Second Continental Congress from Virginia |
|
| In office May 10, 1775 – June 15, 1775 |
|
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Thomas Jefferson |
| Delegate to the First Continental Congress from Virginia |
|
| In office September 5, 1774 – October 26, 1774 |
|
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Position abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1732-02-22)February 22, 1732 Westmoreland County Virginia Colony British America |
| Died | December 14, 1799(1799-12-14) (aged 67) Mount Vernon Plantation Commonwealth of Virginia United States |
| Political party | Independent |
| Spouse(s) | Martha Dandridge Custis |
| Profession | Planter Officer |
| Religion | Deism[1] Episcopal[2] |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Great Britain United States |
| Service/branch | Virginia provincial militia Continental Army United States Army |
| Years of service | Militia: 1752–1758 Continental Army: 1775–1783 Army: 1798–1799 |
| Rank |  Lieutenant general General of the Armies (posthumous: 1976) |
| Commands | Virginia Colony's regiment Continental Army United States Army |
| Battles/wars | French and Indian War • Battle of Jumonville Glen • Battle of Fort Necessity • Braddock Expedition • Battle of the Monongahela • Forbes Expedition American Revolutionary War • Boston campaign • New York and New Jersey campaign • Philadelphia campaign • Yorktown campaign |
| Awards | Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress |
| ^ March 4 is the official start of the first presidential term. April 6 is when Congress counted the votes of the Electoral College and certified a president. April 30 is when Washington was sworn in. | |
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] – December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States of America, serving from 1789 to 1797, and the dominant military and political leader of the United States from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. Washington became the first president, by unanimous choice, and oversaw the creation of a strong, well-financed national government that maintained neutrality in the wars raging in Europe, suppressed rebellion, and won acceptance among Americans of all types. His leadership style established many forms and rituals of government that have been used since, such as using a cabinet system and delivering an inaugural address. Washington is universally regarded as the "Father of his country."[3][4][5]
Washington was born into the provincial gentry of the Colonial Virginia slave society;[6] his wealthy planter family owned tobacco plantations and slaves. After both his father and older brother died when he was young, Washington became personally and professionally attached to the powerful William Fairfax, who promoted his career as a surveyor and soldier. Washington quickly became a senior officer in the colonial forces during the first stages of the French and Indian War. Chosen by the Second Continental Congress in 1775 to be commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, Washington managed to force the British out of Boston in 1776, but was defeated and almost captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the dead of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey and restored momentum to the Patriot cause. Because of his strategy, Revolutionary forces captured two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. Historians laud Washington for his selection and supervision of his generals, encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army, coordination with the state governors and state militia units, relations with Congress and attention to supplies, logistics, and training. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies. After victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. He retired from the presidency in 1797 and returned to his home, Mount Vernon, and his domestic life where he managed a variety of enterprises. He freed all his slaves by his final 1799 will.
Dissatisfied with the weaknesses of Articles of Confederation, in 1787 Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution. Elected as the first President of the United States in 1789, he attempted to bring rival factions together to unify the nation. He supported Alexander Hamilton's programs to pay off all state and national debt, to implement an effective tax system and to create a national bank (despite opposition from Thomas Jefferson). Washington proclaimed the United States neutral in the wars raging in Europe after 1793. He avoided war with Great Britain and guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795, despite intense opposition from the Jeffersonians. Although never officially joining the Federalist Party, he supported its programs. Washington's "Farewell Address" was an influential primer on republican virtue and a warning against partisanship, sectionalism, and involvement in foreign wars.
Washington had a vision of a great and powerful nation that would be built on republican lines using federal power. He sought to use the national government to preserve liberty, improve infrastructure, open the western lands, promote commerce, found a permanent capital, reduce regional tensions and promote a spirit of American nationalism.[7] At his death, Washington was hailed as "first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".[8] The Federalists made him the symbol of their party but for many years, the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence and delayed building the Washington Monument. As the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire in world history, Washington became an international icon for liberation and nationalism, especially in France and Latin America.[9] He is consistently ranked among the top three presidents of the United States, according to polls of both scholars and the general public.
Contents
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Early life (1732–1753)[link]
Further information: Ancestry of George Washington
The first child of Augustine Washington (1694–1743) and his second wife, Mary Ball Washington (1708–1789), George Washington was born on their Pope's Creek Estate near present-day Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia. According to the Julian calendar and Annunciation Style of enumerating years, then in use in the British Empire, Washington was born on February 11, 1731; according to the Gregorian calendar, implemented in the British Empire in 1752, according to the provisions of the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, the date was February 22, 1732.[10][11][Note 1] Washington's ancestors were from Sulgrave, England; his great-grandfather, John Washington, had immigrated to Virginia in 1657.[12] George's father Augustine was a slave-owning tobacco planter who later tried his hand in iron-mining ventures.[13] In George's youth, the Washingtons were moderately prosperous members of the Virginia gentry, of "middling rank" rather than one of the leading planter families.[14] At this time, Virginia and other southern colonies had become a slave society, in which slaveholders formed the ruling class and the economy was based on slave labor.[6]
Six of George's siblings reached maturity, including two older half-brothers, Lawrence and Augustine, from his father's first marriage to Jane Butler Washington, and four full siblings, Samuel, Elizabeth (Betty), John Augustine and Charles. Three siblings died before becoming adults: his full sister Mildred died when she was about one,[15] his half-brother Butler died while an infant,[16] and his half-sister Jane died at the age of 12, when George was about 2.[15] George's father died when George was 11 years old, after which George's half-brother Lawrence became a surrogate father and role model. William Fairfax, Lawrence's father-in-law and cousin of Virginia's largest landowner, Thomas, Lord Fairfax, was also a formative influence.
Washington spent much of his boyhood at Ferry Farm in Stafford County near Fredericksburg. Lawrence Washington inherited another family property from his father, a plantation on the Potomac River which he later named Mount Vernon. George inherited Ferry Farm upon his father's death, and eventually acquired Mount Vernon after Lawrence's death.[17]
The death of his father prevented Washington from crossing the Atlantic to receive the rest of his education at England's Appleby School, as his older brothers had done. He received the equivalent of an elementary school education from a variety of tutors,[18] and also a school run by an Anglican clergyman in or near Fredericksburg.[19] Talk of securing an appointment in the Royal Navy for him when he was 15 was dropped when his mother learned how hard that would be on him.[20] Thanks to Lawrence's connection to the powerful Fairfax family, at age 17 in 1749, Washington was appointed official surveyor for Culpeper County, a well-paid position which enabled him to purchase land in the Shenandoah Valley, the first of his many land acquisitions in western Virginia. Thanks also to Lawrence's involvement in the Ohio Company, a land investment company funded by Virginia investors, and Lawrence's position as commander of the Virginia militia, Washington came to the notice of the new lieutenant governor of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie. Washington was hard to miss: At exactly six feet, he towered over most of his contemporaries.[21]
In 1751, Washington travelled to Barbados with Lawrence, who was suffering from tuberculosis, with the hope that the climate would be beneficial to Lawrence's health. Washington contracted smallpox during the trip, which left his face slightly scarred, but immunized him against future exposures to the dreaded disease.[22] Lawrence's health did not improve; he returned to Mount Vernon, where he died in 1752.[23] Lawrence's position as Adjutant General (militia leader) of Virginia was divided into four offices after his death. Washington was appointed by Governor Dinwiddie as one of the four district adjutants in February 1753, with the rank of major in the Virginia militia.[24] Washington also joined the Freemasons fraternal association in Fredericksburg at this time.[25]
French and Indian War (or 'Seven Years War', 1754–1758)[link]
Main article: George Washington in the French and Indian War
See also: Military career of George Washington, Battle of Jumonville Glen, Battle of Fort Necessity, and Forbes Expedition
In 1753, the French began expanding their military control into the "Ohio Country", a territory also claimed by the British colonies of Virginia and Pennsylvania. These competing claims led to a war in the colonies called the French and Indian War (1754–62), and contributed to the start of the global Seven Years' War (1756–63). Washington was at the center of its beginning. The Ohio Company was one vehicle through which British investors planned to expand into the territory, opening new settlements and building trading posts for the Indian trade. Governor Dinwiddie received orders from the British government to warn the French of British claims, and sent Major Washington in late 1753 to deliver a letter informing the French of those claims and asking them to leave.[26] Washington also met with Tanacharison (also called "Half-King") and other Iroquois leaders allied to Virginia at Logstown to secure their support in case of conflict with the French; Washington and Tanacharison became friends and allies. Washington delivered the letter to the local French commander, who politely refused to leave.[27]
Governor Dinwiddie sent Washington back to the Ohio Country to protect an Ohio Company group building a fort at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania but before he reached the area, a French force drove out the company's crew and began construction of Fort Duquesne. A small detachment of French troops led by Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, was discovered by Tanacharison and a few warriors east of present-day Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Along with their Mingo allies, Washington and some of his militia unit then ambushed the French. What exactly happened during and after the battle is a matter of some controversy, but the immediate outcome was that Jumonville was injured in the initial attack and then was killed - whether tomahawked by Tanacharison in cold blood or somehow shot by another onlooker with a musket as the injured man sat with Washington is not completely clear.[28][29] The French responded by attacking and capturing Washington at Fort Necessity in July 1754.[30] However, he was allowed to return with his troops to Virginia. Historian Joseph Ellis concludes that the episode demonstrated Washington's bravery, initiative, inexperience and impetuosity.[31] These events had international consequences; the French accused Washington of assassinating Jumonville, who they claimed was on a diplomatic mission.[31] Both France and Great Britain were ready to fight for control of the region and both sent troops to North America in 1755; war was formally declared in 1756.[32]
Braddock disaster 1755[link]
Main article: Braddock Expedition
In 1755, Washington was the senior American aide to British General Edward Braddock on the ill-fated Braddock expedition. This was the largest British expedition to the colonies, and was intended to expel the French from the Ohio Country. The French and their Indian allies ambushed Braddock, who was mortally wounded in the Battle of the Monongahela. After suffering devastating casualties, the British retreated in disarray; however, Washington rode back and forth across the battlefield, rallying the remnants of the British and Virginian forces to an organized retreat.[33]
Commander of Virginia Regiment[link]
Governor Dinwiddie rewarded Washington in 1755 with a commission as "Colonel of the Virginia Regiment and Commander in Chief of all forces now raised in the defense of His Majesty's Colony" and gave him the task of defending Virginia's frontier. The Virginia Regiment was the first full-time American military unit in the colonies (as opposed to part-time militias and the British regular units). Washington was ordered to "act defensively or offensively" as he thought best.[34] In command of a thousand soldiers, Washington was a disciplinarian who emphasized training. He led his men in brutal campaigns against the Indians in the west; in 10 months units of his regiment fought 20 battles, and lost a third of its men. Washington's strenuous efforts meant that Virginia's frontier population suffered less than that of other colonies; Ellis concludes "it was his only unqualified success" in the war.[35][36]
In 1758, Washington participated in the Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. He was embarrassed by a friendly fire episode in which his unit and another British unit thought the other was the French enemy and opened fire, with 14 dead and 26 wounded in the mishap. Washington was not involved in any other major fighting on the expedition, and the British scored a major strategic victory, gaining control of the Ohio Valley, when the French abandoned the fort. Following the expedition, Washington retired from his Virginia Regiment commission in December 1758. He did not return to military life until the outbreak of the revolution in 1775.[37]
Lessons learned[link]
Although Washington never gained the commission in the British army he yearned for, in these years the young man gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills.[38][39] He closely observed British military tactics, gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution. He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations, including disasters and retreats. He developed a command presence—given his size, strength, stamina, and bravery in battle, he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question.[40][41] Washington learned to organize, train, drill, and discipline his companies and regiments. From his observations, readings and conversations with professional officers, he learned the basics of battlefield tactics, as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics.[42] He gained an understanding of overall strategy, especially in locating strategic geographical points.[43] Historian Ron Chernow is of the opinion that his frustrations in dealing with government officials during this conflict led him to advocate the advantages of a strong national government and a vigorous executive agency that could get results;[38] other historians tend to ascribe Washington's position on government to his later American Revolutionary War service.[Note 2] He developed a very negative idea of the value of militia, who seemed too unreliable, too undisciplined, and too short-term compared to regulars.[44] On the other hand, his experience was limited to command of at most 1000 men, and came only in remote frontier conditions that were far removed from the urban situations he faced during the Revolution at Boston, New York, Trenton and Philadelphia.[45]
Between the wars: Mount Vernon (1759–1774)[link]
On January 6, 1759, Washington married the wealthy widow Martha Dandridge Custis, then 28 years old. Surviving letters suggest that he may have been in love at the time with Sally Fairfax, the wife of a friend.[46] Nevertheless, George and Martha made a compatible marriage, because Martha was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate.[47] Together the two raised her two children from her previous marriage, John Parke Custis and Martha Parke Custis, affectionately called "Jackie" and "Patsy" by the family. Later the Washingtons raised two of Mrs. Washington's grandchildren, Eleanor Parke Custis and George Washington Parke Custis. George and Martha never had any children together – his earlier bout with smallpox in 1751 may have made him sterile.[48] Washington may not have been able to admit to his own sterility while privately he grieved over not having his own children.[49][50] The newlywed couple moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up the life of a planter and political figure.
Washington's marriage to Martha greatly increased his property holdings and social standing, and made him one of Virginia's wealthiest men. He acquired one-third of the 18,000-acre (73 km2) Custis estate upon his marriage, worth approximately $100,000, and managed the remainder on behalf of Martha's children, for whom he sincerely cared.[51]
In 1754, Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie had promised land bounties to the soldiers and officers who volunteered to serve during the French and Indian War.[52] Governor Norborne Berkeley finally fulfilled Dinwiddie's promise in 1769–1770,[52][53] with Washington subsequently receiving title to 23,200 acres (94 km2) near where the Kanawha River flows into the Ohio River, in what is now western West Virginia.[54] He also frequently bought additional land in his own name. By 1775, Washington had doubled the size of Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (26 km2), and had increased its slave population to over 100. As a respected military hero and large landowner, he held local office and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, the House of Burgesses, beginning in 1758.[55]
Washington lived an aristocratic lifestyle—fox hunting was a favorite leisure activity.[56] He also enjoyed going to dances and parties, in addition to the theater, races, and cockfights. Washington also was known to play cards, backgammon, and billiards.[57] Like most Virginia planters, he imported luxuries and other goods from England and paid for them by exporting his tobacco crop.[58]
Washington began to pull himself out of debt in the mid 1760s by diversifying his previously tobacco-centric business interests into other ventures[58] and paying more attention to his affairs.[59] In 1766, he started switching Mount Vernon's primary cash crop away from tobacco to wheat, a crop that could be processed and then sold in various forms in the colonies, and further diversified operations to include flour milling, fishing, horse breeding, spinning, weaving and (in the 1790s) whiskey production.[58] Patsy Custis's death in 1773 from epilepsy enabled Washington to pay off his British creditors, since half of her inheritance passed to him.[60]
A successful planter, he was a leader in the social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those he considered "people of rank". As for people not of high social status, his advice was to "treat them civilly" but "keep them at a proper distance, for they will grow upon familiarity, in proportion as you sink in authority".[61] In 1769, he became more politically active, presenting the Virginia Assembly with legislation to ban the importation of goods from Great Britain.[62]
American Revolution (1775–1787)[link]
Main article: George Washington in the American Revolution
See also: Military career of George Washington
Although he expressed opposition to the 1765 Stamp Act, the first direct tax on the colonies, he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance until protests of the Townshend Acts (enacted in 1767) became widespread. In May 1769, Washington introduced a proposal, drafted by his friend George Mason, calling for Virginia to boycott English goods until the Acts were repealed.[63] Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770. However, Washington regarded the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 as "an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges".[64] In July 1774, he chaired the meeting at which the "Fairfax Resolves" were adopted, which called for the convening of a Continental Congress, among other things. In August, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress.[65]
Commander in chief[link]
After the Battles of Lexington and Concord near Boston in April 1775, the colonies went to war. Washington appeared at the Second Continental Congress in a military uniform, signaling that he was prepared for war.[66] Washington had the prestige, military experience, charisma and military bearing of a military leader and was known as a strong patriot. Virginia, the largest colony, deserved recognition, and New England—where the fighting began—realized it needed Southern support. Washington did not explicitly seek the office of commander and said that he was not equal to it, but there was no serious competition.[67] Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775. Nominated by John Adams of Massachusetts, Washington was then appointed Major General and Commander-in-chief.[68]
Washington had three roles during the war. In 1775–77, and again in 1781 he led his men against the main British forces. Although he lost many of his battles, he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. He plotted the overall strategy of the war, in cooperation with Congress.[69]
Second, he was charged with organizing and training the army. He recruited regulars and assigned Baron and General Friedrich von Steuben, a veteran of the Prussian general staff, to train them. The war effort and getting supplies to the troops were under the purview of Congress,[70] but Washington pressured the Congress to provide the essentials.[71] In June 1776, Congress' first attempt at running the war effort was established with the committee known as "Board of War and Ordnance", succeeded by the Board of War in July 1777, a committee which eventually included members of the military.[70] The command structure of the Americans' armed forces was a hodgepodge of Congressional appointees (and Congress sometimes made those appointments without Washington's input) with state-appointments filling the lower ranks and of all of the militia-officers.[72] The results of his general staff were mixed, as some of his favorites (like John Sullivan) never mastered the art of command. Eventually he found capable officers, like General Nathaniel Greene, and his chief-of-staff Alexander Hamilton. The American officers never equalled their opponents in tactics and maneuver, and consequently they lost most of the pitched battles. The great successes, at Boston (1776), Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781), came from trapping the British far from base with much larger numbers of troops.[69]
Third, and most important, Washington was the embodiment of armed resistance to the Crown—the representative man of the Revolution. His enormous stature and political skills kept Congress, the army, the French, the militias, and the states all pointed toward a common goal. By voluntarily stepping down and disbanding his army when the war was won, he permanently established the principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs. And yet his constant reiteration of the point that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as erratic amateurs helped overcome the ideological distrust of a standing army.[73]
Victory at Boston[link]
Washington assumed command of the Continental Army in the field at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in July 1775, during the ongoing siege of Boston. Realizing his army's desperate shortage of gunpowder, Washington asked for new sources. American troops raided British arsenals, including some in the Caribbean, and some manufacturing was attempted. They obtained a barely adequate supply (about 2.5 million pounds) by the end of 1776, mostly from France.[74] Washington reorganized the army during the long standoff, and forced the British to withdraw by putting artillery on Dorchester Heights overlooking the city. The British evacuated Boston in March 1776 and Washington moved his army to New York City.[75]
Although highly disparaging toward most of the Patriots, British newspapers routinely praised Washington's personal character and qualities as a military commander. These articles were bold, as Washington was an enemy general who commanded an army in a cause that many Britons believed would ruin the empire.[76]
Defeat at New York City and Fabian tactics[link]
In August 1776, British General William Howe launched a massive naval and land campaign designed to seize New York. The Continental Army under Washington engaged the enemy for the first time as an army of the newly independent United States at the Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the entire war. The Americans were heavily outnumbered, many men deserted, and Washington was badly beaten. Subsequently, Washington was forced to retreat across the East River at night. He did so without loss of life or materiel.[77] Washington retreated north from the city to avoid encirclement, enabling Howe to take the offensive and capture Fort Washington on November 16 with high Continental casualties. Washington then retreated across New Jersey; the future of the Continental Army was in doubt due to expiring enlistments and the string of losses.[78] On the night of December 25, 1776, Washington staged a comeback with a surprise attack on a Hessian outpost in western New Jersey. He led his army across the Delaware River to capture nearly 1,000 Hessians in Trenton, New Jersey. Washington followed up his victory at Trenton with another over British regulars at Princeton in early January. The British retreated back to New York City and its environs, which they held until the peace treaty of 1783. Washington's victories wrecked the British carrot-and-stick strategy of showing overwhelming force then offering generous terms. The Americans would not negotiate for anything short of independence.[79] These victories alone were not enough to ensure ultimate Patriot victory, however, since many soldiers did not reenlist or deserted during the harsh winter. Washington and Congress reorganized the army with increased rewards for staying and punishment for desertion, which raised troop numbers effectively for subsequent battles.[80]
Historians debate whether or not Washington preferred a Fabian strategy[Note 3] to harass the British with quick, sharp attacks followed by a retreat so the larger British army could not catch him, or whether he preferred to fight major battles.[Note 4] While his southern commander Greene in 1780–81 did use Fabian tactics, Washington did so only in fall 1776 to spring 1777, after losing New York City and seeing much of his army melt away. Trenton and Princeton were Fabian examples. By summer 1777, however, Washington had rebuilt his strength and his confidence; he stopped using raids and went for large-scale confrontations, as at Brandywine, Germantown, Monmouth and Yorktown.[81]
1777 campaigns[link]
In the late summer of 1777, the British under John Burgoyne sent a major invasion army south from Quebec, with the intention of splitting off rebellious New England. General Howe in New York took his army south to Philadelphia instead of going up the Hudson River to join with Burgoyne near Albany. It was a major strategic mistake for the British, and Washington rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe, while closely following the action in upstate New York. In pitched battles that were too complex for his relatively inexperienced men, Washington was defeated. At the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, Howe outmaneuvered Washington, and marched into the American capital at Philadelphia unopposed on September 26. Washington's army unsuccessfully attacked the British garrison at Germantown in early October. Meanwhile, Burgoyne, out of reach from help from Howe, was trapped and forced to surrender his entire army at Saratoga, New York.[82] It was a major turning point militarily and diplomatically. France responded to Burgoyne's defeat by entering the war, openly allying with America and turning the Revolutionary War into a major worldwide war. Washington's loss of Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to discuss removing Washington from command. This attempt failed after Washington's supporters rallied behind him.[83]
Valley Forge[link]
Main article: Valley Forge
Washington's army of 11,000[84] went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777. Over the next six months, the deaths in camp numbered in the thousands (the majority being from disease),[85] with historians' death toll estimates ranging from 2000[85] to 2500,[86][87] to over 3000 men.[88] The next spring, however, the army emerged from Valley Forge in good order, thanks in part to a full-scale training program supervised by General von Steuben.[89] The British evacuated Philadelphia to New York in 1778,[90] shadowed by Washington. Washington attacked them at Monmouth, fighting to an effective draw in one of the war's largest battles.[91] Afterwards, the British continued to head towards New York, and Washington moved his army outside of New York.[90]
Victory at Yorktown[link]
In the summer of 1779 at Washington's direction, General John Sullivan carried out a scorched earth campaign that destroyed at least 40 Iroquois villages in central and upstate New York; the Indians were British allies who had been raiding American settlements on the frontier.[92] In July 1780, 5,000 veteran French troops led by General Comte Donatien de Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island to aid in the war effort.[93] The Continental Army having been funded by $20,000 in French gold, Washington delivered the final blow to the British in 1781, after a French naval victory allowed American and French forces to trap a British army in Virginia. The surrender at Yorktown on October 17, 1781, marked the end of major fighting in continental North America.[94]
Demobilization[link]
Washington could not know that after Yorktown, the British would not reopen hostilities. They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City, Charleston and Savannah, together with a powerful fleet. The French army and navy departed, so the Americans were on their own in 1782–83. The treasury was empty, and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive, almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état. Washington dispelled unrest among officers by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783, and Congress came up with the promise of a five-year bonus.[95]
By the Treaty of Paris (signed that September), Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States. Washington disbanded his army and, on November 2, gave an eloquent farewell address to his soldiers.[96]
On November 25, the British evacuated New York City, and Washington and the governor took possession. At Fraunces Tavern on December 4, Washington formally bade his officers farewell and on December 23, 1783, he resigned his commission as commander-in-chief. Historian Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies—an act that stunned aristocratic Europe.[97] King George III called Washington "the greatest character of the age" because of this.[98]
Constitutional Convention (1787)[link]
Washington's retirement to Mount Vernon was short-lived. He made an exploratory trip to the western frontier in 1784,[68] was persuaded to attend the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787, and was unanimously elected president of the Convention. He participated little in the debates (though he did vote for or against the various articles), but his high prestige maintained collegiality and kept the delegates at their labors. The delegates designed the presidency with Washington in mind, and allowed him to define the office once elected.[99] After the Convention, his support convinced many to vote for ratification; the new Constitution was ratified by all thirteen states.[100]
Presidency (1789–1797)[link]
Main article: Presidency of George Washington
The Electoral College elected Washington unanimously as the first president in 1789,[Note 5] and again in the 1792 election; he remains the only president to have received 100 percent of the electoral votes.[Note 6] John Adams, who received the next highest vote total, was elected Vice President. At his inauguration, Washington took the oath of office as the first President of the United States of America on April 30, 1789, on the balcony of Federal Hall in New York City.[102]
The 1st United States Congress voted to pay Washington a salary of $25,000 a year—a large sum in 1789. Washington, already wealthy, declined the salary, since he valued his image as a selfless public servant. At the urging of Congress, however, he ultimately accepted the payment, to avoid setting a precedent whereby the presidency would be perceived as limited only to independently wealthy individuals who could serve without any salary.[103] The president, aware that everything he did set a precedent, attended carefully to the pomp and ceremony of office, making sure that the titles and trappings were suitably republican and never emulated European royal courts. To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" to the more majestic names suggested.[104]
Washington proved an able administrator. An excellent delegator and judge of talent and character, he talked regularly with department heads and listened to their advice before making a final decision.[105] In handling routine tasks, he was "systematic, orderly, energetic, solicitous of the opinion of others ... but decisive, intent upon general goals and the consistency of particular actions with them."[106]
Washington reluctantly served a second term. He refused to run for a third, establishing the customary policy of a maximum of two terms for a president.[107]
Domestic issues[link]
See also: Whiskey Rebellion
Washington was not a member of any political party and hoped that they would not be formed, fearing conflict that would undermine republicanism.[108] His closest advisors formed two factions, setting the framework for the future First Party System. Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton had bold plans to establish the national credit and build a financially powerful nation, and formed the basis of the Federalist Party. Secretary of the State Thomas Jefferson, founder of the Jeffersonian Republicans, strenuously opposed Hamilton's agenda, but Washington typically favored Hamilton over Jefferson, and it was Hamilton's agenda that went into effect. Jefferson's political actions, his support of Philip Freneau's National Gazette,[109] and his attempt to undermine Hamilton, nearly led George Washington to dismiss Jefferson from his cabinet.[110] Though Jefferson left the cabinet voluntarily, Washington never forgave him, and never spoke to him again.[110]
The Residence Act of 1790, which Washington signed, authorized the President to select the specific location of the permanent seat of the government, which would be located along the Potomac River. The Act authorized the President to appoint three commissioners to survey and acquire property for this seat. Washington personally oversaw this effort throughout his term in office. In 1791, the commissioners named the permanent seat of government "The City of Washington in the Territory of Columbia" to honor Washington. In 1800, the Territory of Columbia became the District of Columbia when the federal government moved to the site according to the provisions of the Residence Act.[111]
In 1791, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits, which led to protests in frontier districts, especially Pennsylvania. By 1794, after Washington ordered the protesters to appear in U.S. district court, the protests turned into full-scale defiance of federal authority known as the Whiskey Rebellion. The federal army was too small to be used, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon militias from Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey.[112] The governors sent the troops and Washington took command, marching into the rebellious districts. The rebels dispersed and there was no fighting, as Washington's forceful action proved the new government could protect itself. These events marked the first time under the new constitution that the federal government used strong military force to exert authority over the states and citizens.[113]
Foreign affairs[link]
In February 1793 a major war broke out between conservative Great Britain and its allies and revolutionary France, launching an era of large-scale warfare that engulfed Europe until 1815. Washington, with cabinet approval, proclaimed American neutrality. The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Edmond-Charles Genêt, called "Citizen Genêt," to America. Genêt was welcomed with great enthusiasm and propagandized the case for France in the French war against Great Britain, and for this purpose promoted a network of new Democratic Societies in major cities. He issued French letters of marque and reprisal to French ships manned by American sailors so they could capture British merchant ships. Washington, warning and mistrustful of the influence of Illuminism that had been so strong in the French Revolution (as recounted by John Robison and Abbé Augustin Barruel) and its Reign of Terror, demanded the French government recall Genêt, and denounced the societies.[114]
Hamilton and Washington designed the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain, remove them from western forts, and resolve financial debts left over from the Revolution.[115] John Jay negotiated and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794. The Jeffersonians supported France and strongly attacked the treaty. Washington's strong support mobilized public opinion and proved decisive in securing ratification in the Senate by the necessary two-thirds majority.[116] The British agreed to depart from their forts around the Great Lakes, subsequently the United States-Canadian boundary had to be re-adjusted, numerous pre-Revolutionary debts were liquidated, and the British opened their West Indies colonies to American trade. Most importantly, the treaty delayed war with Great Britain and instead brought a decade of prosperous trade with Great Britain. The treaty angered the French and became a central issue in many political debates.[117] Relations with France deteriorated after the treaty was signed, leaving his successor, John Adams, with the prospect of war.[118][119]
Farewell Address[link]
Main article: George Washington's Farewell Address
Washington's Farewell Address (issued as a public letter in 1796) was one of the most influential statements of republicanism. Drafted primarily by Washington himself, with help from Hamilton, it gives advice on the necessity and importance of national union, the value of the Constitution and the rule of law, the evils of political parties, and the proper virtues of a republican people. He called morality "a necessary spring of popular government". He said, "Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle."[120]
Washington's public political address warned against foreign influence in domestic affairs and American meddling in European affairs. He warned against bitter partisanship in domestic politics and called for men to move beyond partisanship and serve the common good. He warned against "permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world",[121] saying the United States must concentrate primarily on American interests. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but warned against involvement in European wars and entering into long-term "entangling" alliances. The address quickly set American values regarding foreign affairs.[122]
Retirement (1797–1799)[link]
After retiring from the presidency in March 1797, Washington returned to Mount Vernon with a profound sense of relief. He devoted much time to his plantations and other business interests, including his distillery which produced its first batch of spirits in February 1797.[123] As Chernow (2010) explains, his plantation operations were at best marginally profitable. The lands out west yielded little income because they were under attack by Indians and the squatters living there refused to pay him rent. Most Americans assumed he was rich because of the well-known "glorified façade of wealth and grandeur" at Mount Vernon.[124] Historians estimate his estate was worth about $1 million in 1799 dollars, equivalent to about $18 million in 2009 purchasing power.[125]
By 1798, relations with France had deteriorated to the point that war seemed imminent, and on July 4, 1798, President Adams offered Washington a commission as lieutenant general and Commander-in-chief of the armies raised or to be raised for service in a prospective war. He reluctantly accepted, and served as the senior officer of the United States Army between July 13, 1798, and December 14, 1799. He participated in the planning for a Provisional Army to meet any emergency that might arise, but avoided involvement in details as much as possible; he delegated most of the work, including leadership of the army, to Hamilton.[126][127]
Death[link]
On Thursday, December 12, 1799, Washington spent several hours inspecting his plantation on horseback, in snow, hail and freezing rain—later that evening eating his supper without changing from his wet clothes. That Friday he awoke with a severe sore throat (either quinsy or acute epiglottitis) and became increasingly hoarse as the day progressed. Sometime around 3 a.m. that Saturday morning, he awoke his wife and said he felt ill. Following common medical practice at the time, he was bled—initially by an employee and later again by physicians.
"A vein was opened, but no relief afforded. Couriers were dispatched to Dr. Craik, the family, and Drs. Dick and Brown, the consulting physicians, all of whom came with speed. The proper remedies were administered, but without producing their healing effects; while the patient, yielding to the anxious looks of all around him, waived his usual objections to medicines, and took those which were prescribed without hesitation or remark."[128]
Washington died at home around 10 p.m. on Saturday, December 14, 1799, aged 67. The last words in his diary were "'Tis well."[Note 7]
Throughout the world, men and women were saddened by Washington's death. Napoleon ordered 10 days of mourning throughout France; in the United States, thousands wore mourning clothes for months.[129] To protect their privacy, Martha Washington burned the correspondence between her husband and her following his death. Only a total of five letters between the couple are known to have survived, two letters from Martha to George and three from him to Martha.[130][131]
On December 18, 1799, a funeral was held at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred.[132] Congress passed a joint resolution to construct a marble monument in the United States Capitol for his body, supported by Martha. In December 1800, the United States House passed an appropriations bill for $200,000 to build the mausoleum, which was to be a pyramid that had a base 100 feet (30 m) square. Southern opposition to the plan defeated the measure because they felt it was best to have his body remain at Mount Vernon.[133]
In 1831, for the centennial of his birth, a new tomb was constructed to receive his remains. That year, an unsuccessful attempt was made to steal the body of Washington.[134] Despite this, a joint Congressional committee in early 1832 debated the removal of Washington's body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol, built by Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s. Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South. Congressman Wiley Thompson of Georgia expressed the fear of Southerners when he said:
Remove the remains of our venerated Washington from their association with the remains of his consort and his ancestors, from Mount Vernon and from his native State, and deposit them in this capitol, and then let a severance of the Union occur, and behold the remains of Washington on a shore foreign to his native soil.[133]
His remains were moved on October 7, 1837 to the new tomb constructed at Mount Vernon, presented by John Struthers of Philadelphia.[135] After the ceremony, the inner vault's door was closed and the key was thrown into the Potomac.[136]
Legacy[link]
Main article: George Washington's legacy
See also: Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States and Cultural depictions of George Washington
Congressman Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, a Revolutionary War comrade, famously eulogized Washington:[137]
First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and enduring scenes of private life; pious, just, humane, temperate, and sincere; uniform, dignified, and commanding, his example was as edifying to all around him as were the effects of that example lasting. To his equals he was condescending, to his inferiors kind, and to the dear object of his affections exemplarily tender; correct throughout, vice shuddered in his presence, and virtue always felt his fostering hand; the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public virtues. His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his life—although in extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan escaped him; and with undisturbed serenity he closed his well-spent life. Such was the man America has lost—such was the man for whom our nation mourns.
Lee's words set the standard by which Washington's overwhelming reputation was impressed upon the American memory. Washington set many precedents for the national government, and the presidency in particular, and was called the "Father of His Country" as early as 1778.[Note 8][138][139][140] Washington's Birthday (celebrated on Presidents' Day), is a federal holiday in the United States.[141]
During the United States Bicentennial year, George Washington was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976.[68] This restored Washington's position as the highest-ranking military officer in U.S. history.[Note 9]
Cherry tree[link]
See also: Parson Weems#The cherry-tree anecdote
Apocryphal stories about Washington's childhood include a claim that he skipped a silver dollar across the Potomac River at Mount Vernon, and that he chopped down his father's cherry tree and admitted the deed when questioned: "I can't tell a lie, Pa." The anecdote was first reported by biographer Parson Weems, who after Washington's death interviewed people who knew him as a child. The Weems version was very widely reprinted throughout the 19th century, for example in McGuffey Readers. Moralistic adults wanted children to learn moral lessons from the past from history, especially as taught by great national heroes like Washington. After 1890 however, historians insisted on scientific research methods to validate every story, and there was no evidence for this anecdote apart from Weems' report. Joseph Rodman in 1904 noted that Weems plagiarized other Washington tales from published fiction set in England. No one has found an alternative source for the cherry tree story, thus Weems' credibility is questioned.[142][143]
Monuments and memorials[link]
Starting with victory in their Revolution, there were many proposals to build a monument to Washington. After his death, Congress authorized a suitable memorial in the national capital, but the decision was reversed when the Republicans took control of Congress in 1801. The Republicans were dismayed that Washington had become the symbol of the Federalist Party; furthermore, the values of Republicanism seemed hostile to the idea of building monuments to powerful men.[144] Further political squabbling, along with the North-South division on the Civil War, blocked the completion of the Washington Monument until the late 19th century. By that time, Washington had the image of a national hero who could be celebrated by both North and South, and memorials to him were no longer controversial.[145] Predating the obelisk on the National Mall by several decades, the first public memorial to Washington was built by the citizens of Boonsboro, Maryland, in 1827.[146]
Today, Washington's face and image are often used as national symbols of the United States.[147] He appears on contemporary currency, including the one-dollar bill and the quarter coin, and on U.S. postage stamps. Along with appearing on the first postage stamps issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1847,[148] Washington, together with Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, and Lincoln, is depicted in stone at the Mount Rushmore Memorial. The Washington Monument, one of the best known American landmarks, was built in his honor. The George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia, was constructed between 1922 and 1932 with voluntary contributions from all 52 local governing bodies of the Freemasons in the United States.[149][150]
Many places and entities have been named in honor of Washington. Washington's name became that of the nation's capital, Washington, D.C., one of two national capitals across the globe to be named after an American president (the other is Monrovia, Liberia). The state of Washington is the only state to be named after a United States President.[151] George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis were named for him, as was Washington and Lee University (once Washington Academy), which was renamed due to Washington's large endowment in 1796. Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland (established by Maryland state charter in 1782) was supported by Washington during his lifetime with a 50 guineas pledge,[152] and with service on the college's Board of Visitors and Governors until 1789 (when Washington was elected President).[153] According to the 1993 US Census, Washington is the 17th most common street name in the United States,[154] and the only person's name so honored.[Note 10]
The Confederate Seal prominently featured George Washington on horseback,[155] in the same position as a statue of him in Richmond, Virginia.[156]
London hosts a standing statue of Washington, one of 22 bronze identical replicas. Based on Jean-Antoine Houdon's original marble statue in the Rotunda of the State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia, the duplicate was given to the British in 1921 by the Commonwealth of Virginia. It stands in front of the National Gallery at Trafalgar Square.[157]
In 1917, the 886 Washingtonia asteroid was named in his honor.
Papers[link]
Main article: The Papers of George Washington
The serious collection and publication of Washington's documentary record began with the pioneer work of Jared Sparks in the 1830s, Life and Writings of George Washington (12 vols., 1834–1837). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (1931–44) is a 37 volume set edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. It contains over 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia.[158]
The definitive letterpress edition of his writings was begun by the University of Virginia in 1968, and today comprises 52 published volumes, with more to come. It contains everything written by Washington, or signed by him, together with most of his incoming letters. Part of the collection is available online from the University of Virginia.[159]
Personal life[link]
Along with Martha's biological family, George Washington had a close relationship with his nephew and heir, Bushrod Washington, son of George's younger brother, John Augustine Washington. After his uncle's death, Bushrod became an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. George, however, apparently did not get along well with his mother, Mary Ball Washington (Augustine's second wife), who was a very demanding and difficult person.[160]
As a young man, Washington had red hair.[161] A popular myth is that he wore a wig, as was the fashion among some at the time. However, Washington did not wear a wig; instead, he powdered his hair,[162][163] as is represented in several portraits, including the well-known, unfinished Gilbert Stuart depiction, The Athenaeum portrait.[164]
Washington had unusually great physical strength that amazed younger men. Jefferson called Washington "the best horseman of his age", and both American and European observers praised his riding; the horsemanship benefited his hunting, a favorite hobby. Washington was an excellent dancer and frequently attended the theater, often referencing Shakespeare in letters.[165] He drank in moderation and precisely recorded gambling wins and losses, but Washington disliked the excessive drinking, gambling, smoking, and profanity that was common in colonial Virginia. Although he grew tobacco, he eventually stopped smoking, and considered drunkenness a man's worst vice; Washington was glad that post-Revolutionary Virginia society was less likely to "force [guests] to drink and to make it an honor to send them home drunk."[166]
Washington suffered from problems with his teeth throughout his life. He lost his first adult tooth when he was twenty-two and had only one left by the time he became President.[167] John Adams claims he lost them because he used them to crack Brazil nuts but modern historians suggest the mercury oxide, which he was given to treat illnesses such as smallpox and malaria, probably contributed to the loss. He had several sets of false teeth made, four of them by a dentist named John Greenwood.[167] Contrary to popular belief, none of the sets were made from wood. The set made when he became President was carved from hippopotamus and elephant ivory, held together with gold springs.[168] The hippo ivory was used for the plate, into which human teeth (quite possibly from slaves)[169] and bits of horses' and donkeys' teeth were inserted. Dental problems left Washington in constant pain, for which he took laudanum.[170] This distress may be apparent in many of the portraits painted while he was still in office,[170] including the one still used on the $1 bill.[164][Note 11]
Slavery[link]
Main article: George Washington and slavery
Regarding slavery, Washington came to oppose it on moral and economic grounds. He further expressed opposition to slavery in regard to its potential to split the United States.[171] He is known for being the only prominent Founding Father to free all his slaves at his death, in his 1799 will.[172] Washington's will provided for training the younger slaves in useful skills, and created a fund for old age pensions for the older ones. The action was to take effect upon the death of his widow, but Martha chose to free his slaves about 12 months after his death.[173]
Washington had owned slaves since the death of his father in 1743, when at the age of eleven, he inherited 10 slaves. At the time of his marriage to Martha Custis in 1759, he personally owned at least 36 slaves, which meant he had achieved the status of a major planter (historians defined this in the Upper South as owning 20 or more slaves). The wealthy widow Martha brought at least 85 "dower slaves" to Mount Vernon by inheriting a third of her late husband's estate. Using his wife's great wealth, Washington bought more land, tripling the size of the plantation at Mount Vernon, and purchased the additional slaves needed to work it. By 1774, he paid taxes on 135 slaves (this figure does not include the "dowers"). The last record of a slave purchase by him was in 1772, although he later received some slaves in repayment of debts.[174] Washington also used some hired staff[123] and white indentured servants; in April 1775, he offered a reward for the return of two runaway white servants.[175]
The historian Ferling claims that Washington wanted the material benefits from owning slaves and also wanted to give his wife's family a large inheritance.[176] Before the American Revolution, Washington expressed no moral reservations about slavery. But in 1786, he wrote to Robert Morris, saying, "There is not a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a plan adopted for the abolition of slavery."[177] In 1779, he told his manager at Mount Vernon that he wished to sell his slaves when the war ended, if the Americans were victorious.[178] Maintaining a large, and increasingly elderly, slave population at Mount Vernon was no longer economically profitable. Washington could not legally sell the "dower slaves", and because they had long intermarried with his own slaves, he could not sell his slaves without breaking up families, which he wanted to avoid.[179]
As president, Washington brought seven slaves to New York City in 1789 to work in the first presidential household. Following the transfer of the national capital to Philadelphia in 1790, he brought nine slaves to work in the President's House. Two escaped to freedom.[180] Washington managed his household in the free state to avoid its rules of residency that would have freed his slaves after six months' residency; he rotated staff to avoid that deadline. Gradually he replaced the slaves with German immigrants who were indentured servants.
Washington opposed slavery on both moral and economic grounds. As the historian Gordon S. Wood writes in his review of Joseph Ellis' biography of Washington,
"He concluded that slavery was economically inefficient and that people who were compelled to work would never work hard... [H]e preferred "rock-ribbed realism" to "any idealistic agenda that floated above the realities of power on the ground". But in his will he did free the slaves whom he owned outright... He did this in the teeth of opposition from his relatives, his neighbors, and perhaps even Martha. It was a courageous act, and one of his greatest legacies."[181]
At the time of Washington's death, 317 slaves lived at Mount Vernon: 123 were owned by him, 154 were held by his wife as "dower slaves", and 40 were rented from a neighbor.[182] Dorothy Twohig argues that Washington did not speak out publicly against slavery because he wanted to avoid a split in the new republic over an issue that was sensitive and divisive.[183]
By 1794, as he contemplated retirement, Washington began organizing his affairs so that he could free in his will all the slaves whom he owned outright.[184] His will provided they be freed when Martha died, but she freed them 12 months after his death. Chernow says, "By freeing his slaves Washington accomplished ... what no other founding father dared to do. He brought the American experience that much closer to the ideals of the American revolution."[172]
Religion[link]
Main article: George Washington and religion
The exact nature of Washington's religious beliefs has been debated by historians and biographers for over two hundred years. Although he visited several denominations in his public life, he was primarily affiliated with the Anglican and, later, Episcopal church. He served as a Vestryman and as Church Warden for both Fairfax Parish in Alexandria and Truro Parish,[185] administrative positions that, like all positions in Virginia while it had an official religion, required one to swear they would not speak or act in a way that did not conform to the tenets of the Church.
Like the deists Washington avoided the word "God" and instead used the term "Providence."[1] He never talked about Jesus Christ, though he did refer to Christianity as the religion of Christ.
Eyewitness accounts exist of Washington engaging in private devotions.[186]
Washington frequently accompanied his wife to church services. Although third-hand reports say he took communion,[187] he is usually characterized as never or rarely participating in the rite.[188][189] He would regularly leave services before communion with the other non-communicants (as was the custom of the day), until, after being admonished by a rector, he ceased attending at all on communion Sundays.[190]
Chernow, in a 2010 podcast, summed up Washington's religious views:
There has been a huge controversy, to put it mildly, about Washington's religious beliefs. Before the Revolutionary War he was Anglican – Church of England – which meant after the war, he was Episcopalian. So, he was clearly Christian....He was quite intensely religious, because even though he uses the word Providence, he constantly sees Providence as an active force in life, particularly in American life. I mean, every single victory in war he credits to Providence. The miracle of the Constitutional Convention he credits to Providence. The creation of the federal government and the prosperity of the early republic, he credits to Providence... I was struck at how frequently in his letters he's referring to Providence, and it's Providence where there's a sense of design and purpose, which sounds to me very much like religion... Unfortunately, this particular issue has become very very politicized.[2]
Freemasonry[link]
Washington was initiated into Freemasonry in 1752.[191] Washington had a high regard for the Masonic Order and often praised it, but he seldom attended lodge meetings. He was attracted by the movement's dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality, reason and fraternalism; the American lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective that made the European lodges so controversial.[192] In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges recommended Washington to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia; however, Washington declined, due to his necessity to lead the Continental Army at a critical stage, and because he had never been installed as Master or Warden of a lodge, he did not consider it Masonically legal to serve as Grand Master.[193] In 1788, Washington, with his personal consent, was named Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No. 22.[194]
Postage and currency[link]
See also: US Presidents on US postage stamps
Since 1847, one of the defining hallmarks of a U.S. President is his appearance on U.S. currency and postage. George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill and the U.S. quarter dollar. On U.S. postage stamps Washington, along with Benjamin Franklin, appeared on the nation's first postage stamps in 1847, thereafter appearing numerous times, more than all other presidents combined.[148]
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Notes[link]
- ^ Contemporary records, which used the Julian calendar and the Annunciation Style of enumerating years, recorded his birth as February 11, 1731. The provisions of the British Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, implemented in 1752, altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1 (it had been March 25). These changes resulted in dates being moved forward 11 days, and for those between January 1 and March 25, an advance of one year. For a further explanation, see: Old Style and New Style dates.
- ^ Ellis and Ferling, for example, do not discuss this stance in reference to Washington's French and Indian War service, and cast it almost exclusively in terms of his negative experiences dealing with the Continental Congress during the Revolution. See Ellis (2004, p. 218); Ferling (2009, pp. 32–33, 200, 258–272, 316). Don Higginbotham places Washington's first formal advocacy of a strong central government in 1783. Higginbotham (2002, p. 37).
- ^ The term comes from the Roman strategy used by General Fabius against Hannibal's invasion in the Second Punic War.
- ^ Ferling and Ellis argue that Washington favored Fabian tactics and Higginbotham denies it. Ferling (2010, pp. 212, 264); Ellis (2004, p. 11); Higginbotham (1971, p. 211).
- ^ Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress called its presiding officer "President of the United States in Congress Assembled". That person had no executive powers, but the similarity of titles has confused some into thinking there were other presidents before Washington.[101]
- ^ Under the system in place at the time, each elector cast two votes, with the winner becoming president and the runner-up vice president. All electors in the elections of 1789 and 1792 cast one of their votes for Washington; thus it may be said that he was elected president unanimously.
- ^ At least three modern medical authors (Wallenborn (1997), Shapiro 1975, Scheidemandel 1976) have concluded that Washington most probably died from acute bacterial epiglottitis complicated by the treatments given (all of which were accepted medical practice of that era). See Vadakan (2005, Footnotes) for these references, also his article's quotation of Doctors James Craik and Elisha C. Dick's account in the Times of Alexandria (newspaper) of what happened during their treatment of Washington. These treatments included administering multiple doses of calomel, as well as performing extensive bloodletting, with a total of 3.75 liters of blood taken. The massive deliberate blood-loss contributed to the additional serious complication of shock.
- ^ The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as the Father of (His/Our/the) Country is in the frontispiece of a 1779 German-language almanac. With calculations by David Rittenhouse and published by Francis Bailey in Lancaster County Pennsylvania, Der Gantz Neue Nord-Americanishe Calendar has Fame appearing with an image of Washington, holding a trumpet to her lips from which the words "Der Landes Vater" (translated as "the father of the country" or "the father of the land") comes forth.
- ^ In Bell (2005), William Gardner Bell states that when Washington was recalled back into military service from his retirement in 1798, "Congress passed legislation that would have made him General of the Armies of the United States, but his services were not required in the field and the appointment was not made until the Bicentennial in 1976, when it was bestowed posthumously as a commemorative honor." How many U.S. Army five-star generals have there been and who were they? states that with Public Law 94-479, President Ford specified that Washington would "rank first among all officers of the Army, past and present. "General of the Armies of the United States" is only associated with two people...one being Washington and the other being John J. Pershing.
- ^ The rest of the Top 20 street names are all descriptive (Hill, View and so on), arboreal (Pine, Maple, etc.) or numeric (Second, Third, etc.).
- ^ The Smithsonian Institution states in "The Portrait—George Washington: A National Treasure" that:
- Stuart admired the sculpture of Washington by French artist Jean-Antoine Houdon, probably because it was based on a life mask and therefore extremely accurate. Stuart explained, "When I painted him, he had just had a set of false teeth inserted, which accounts for the constrained expression so noticeable about the mouth and lower part of the face. Houdon's bust does not suffer from this defect. I wanted him as he looked at that time." Stuart preferred the Athenaeum pose and, except for the gaze, used the same pose for the Lansdowne painting.[170]
References[link]
- ^ a b
- Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment Ellen Judy Wilson, Peter Hanns Reill – 2004 page 148, retrieved 2012-04-26
- ^ a b Chernow, Ron (October 18, 2010) (MP3). Ron Chernow on George Washington (Podcast). Philadelphia, Pa: National Constitution Center. http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/NCCPrograms/~3/gI-rJ7T46_o/ron_chernow_10-18-10_(64).mp3. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
- ^ http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/father/index.html
- ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/presidents/george-washington-the-father-of-the-nation-1391109.html
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636381/George-Washington
- ^ a b Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877, New York: Hill and Wang, 1993, p. 28
- ^ Cayton, Andrew (September 30, 2010). "Learning to Be Washington". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/03/books/review/Cayton-t.html?. Retrieved September 30, 2010.
- ^ O'Brien (2009, p. 19)
- ^ Cunliffe (1958, pp. 24–26)
- ^ Engber, Daniel (January 18, 2006). "What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2134455/. Retrieved May 21, 2011. (Both Franklin's and Washington's confusing birth dates are clearly explained.)
- ^ "Bible Record for Washington Family". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/bible.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.
- ^ Randall (1997, pp. 8, 11)
- ^ Ellis (2004, p. 8)
- ^ Dorothy Twohig, "The Making of George Washington" in Hofstra (1998)
- ^ a b "George Washington's Family Chart". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. http://www.mountvernon.org/content/george-washington-family-tree. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ "Burials at George Washington Birthplace National Monument". George Washington Birthplace National Monument. National Park Service. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080623040946/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gewa/Page15graves.html. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ Freeman (1948, pp. 1:15–72)
- ^ "Life Before the Presidency". American President: George Washington (1732–1799). Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/washington/essays/biography/2. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ Ferling (2010, pp. 5–6)
- ^ Freeman (1948, p. 1:199)
- ^ Chernow (2010, p. 53)
- ^ Flexner (1974, p. 8)
- ^ Freeman (1948, p. 1:264)
- ^ Freeman (1948, p. 1:268)
- ^ Randall (1997, p. 67)
- ^ Freeman (1948, pp. 1:274–327)
- ^ Lengel (2005, pp. 23–24)
- ^ Lengel (2005, pp. 31–38)
- ^ Anderson (2000, pp. 53–58)
- ^ Grizzard (2002, pp. 115–119)
- ^ a b Ellis (2004, pp. 17–18)
- ^ Anderson (2005, pp. 100–101)
- ^ Ellis (2004, p. 22)
- ^ Flexner (1965, p. 138)
- ^ Fischer (2004, pp. 15–16)
- ^ Ellis (2004, p. 38)
- ^ Lengel (2005, pp. 75–76, 81)
- ^ a b Chernow (2010, ch. 8)
- ^ Freeman (1968, pp. 135–139); Flexner (1974, pp. 32–36); Ellis (2004, ch. 1); Higginbotham (1985, ch. 1); Lengel (2005, pp. 77–80).
- ^ Ellis (2004, pp. 38, 69)
- ^ Fischer (2004, p. 13)
- ^ Higginbotham (1985, pp. 14–15)
- ^ Lengel (2005, p. 80)
- ^ Higginbotham (1985, pp. 22–25)
- ^ Freeman (1968, pp. 136–137)
- ^ Ferling (2000, p. 34)
- ^ Ferling (2000, pp. 33–34)
- ^ Chernow (2010, p. 103)
- ^ Bumgarner (1994, pp. 1–8)
- ^ Flexner (1974, pp. 42–43)
- ^ "Guide to American Presidents: George Washington 1732–99". Burke's Peerage and Gentry. http://www.burkespeerage.com/articles/america/APF-WASHINGTON-1-FESS-nonsub.aspx. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
- ^ a b Rasmussen & Tilton (1999, p. 100)
- ^ "Washington As Land Speculator: Western Lands and the Bounty of War". George Washington: Surveyor and Mapmaker. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gwmaps.html#W. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ Grizzard (2002, pp. 135–137)
- ^ Ellis (2004, pp. 41–42, 48)
- ^ Ferling (2000, p. 44)
- ^ Ferling (2000, pp. 43–44)
- ^ a b c Pogue, Dennis J. (January 2004). "Shad, Wheat, and Rye (Whiskey): George Washington, Entrepreneur". The Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting. St. Louis, Missouri: Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. pp. 2–10. http://www.mountvernon.org/sites/mountvernon.org/files/Dpogue.pdf.
- ^ Pogue, Dennis J. (Spring/Summer 2003). "George Washington And The Politics of Slavery". Historic Alexandria Quarterly (Virginia: Office of Historic Alexandria). http://alexandriava.gov/uploadedfiles/historic/haq/haqspringsummer03.pdf. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ Fox hunting: Ellis (2004, p. 44). Mount Vernon economy: Ferling (2010, pp. 66–67); Ellis (2004, pp. 50–53); Bruce A. Ragsdale, "George Washington, the British Tobacco Trade, and Economic Opportunity in Pre-Revolutionary Virginia", in Higginbotham (2001, pp. 67–93).
- ^ Fischer (2004, p. 14)
- ^ Ferling (2000, pp. 73–76)
- ^ Freeman (1968, pp. 174–176)
- ^ Randall (1997, p. 262)
- ^ Ferling (2010, p. 100)
- ^ Rasmussen & Tilton (1999, p. 294)
- ^ Ellis (2004, pp. 68–72)
- ^ a b c Bell (2005)
- ^ a b Higginbotham (1985, ch. 3)
- ^ a b "Creation of the War Department". Papers of the War Department, 1784–1800. Fairfax, Virginia: Center for History and New Media. January 20, 2011. http://wardepartmentpapers.org/blog/?m=201101. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
- ^ Carp (1990, p. 220)
- ^ Chase, Philander D. (2011). "George Washington". World Book Advanced. World Book Inc.
- ^ Jensen, Richard (February 12, 2002). "Military History of the American Revolution". Jensen's Web Guides. University of Illinois at Chicago. http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/am-rev.htm. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
- ^ Stephenson, Orlando W. (January 1925). "The Supply of Gunpowder in 1776". The American Historical Review (University of Chicago) 30 (2): 271–281. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/AHR/30/2/Supply_of_Gunpowder_in_1776.html.
- ^ Lengel (2005); Higginbotham (1985, pp. 125–134)
- ^ Bickham, Troy O. (January 2002). "Sympathizing with Sedition? George Washington, the British Press, and British Attitudes during the American War of Independence". The William and Mary Quarterly (Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture) 59 (1): 101–122. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 3491639.
- ^ McCullough (2005, pp. 186–195)
- ^ Ketchum (1999, p. 235)
- ^ Fischer (2004, p. 367)
- ^ "American Presidents: George Washington". American-Presidents.com. 2011. http://www.american-presidents.com/george-washington/. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Buchanan (2004, p. 226)
- ^ Higginbotham (1971, ch. 8)
- ^ Heydt, Bruce (December 2005). "'Vexatious Evils': George Washington and the Conway Cabal". American History 40 (5): 50–73.
- ^ Chai, Jane; Homol, Lindley (2009). "The Forging of an Army". Pennsylvania Center for the Book. Pennsylvania State University. http://www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/ValleyForge.html. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ a b "History & Culture". Valley Forge National Historical Park. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/vafo/historyculture/index.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ Fowler, William Morgan, Jr. "Valley Forge". World Book Encyclopedia. 20 (2002 ed.). World Book Inc. p. 266.
- ^ Rogers, J. David. "George Washington: God's Man for America". Missouri University of Science and Technology. http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/american&military_history/George%20Washington-God's%20Man%20for%20America-article.pdf. Retrieved January 19, 2011.
- ^ Ferling (2000, p. 186)
- ^ Peale, Charles Willson. "Frederick William Augustus, Baron Von Steuben". Portraits from the Middle Theater, American Revolutionary War. Independence National Historical Park, National Park Service Museum Collections. http://www.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/image_gal/indeimg/steuben.html. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ a b "This Day in History: American Revolution – June 18, 1778, British abandon Philadelphia". History.com. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/british-abandon-philadelphia. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ "Battle of Monmouth 1778". Rediscovering George Washington. PBS. 2002. http://www.pbs.org/georgewashington/milestones/monmouth_about.html. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ Grizzard (2002, p. 303)
- ^ Lancaster & Plumb (1985, p. 311)
- ^ Mann (2005, p. 38); Lancaster & Plumb (1985, p. 254).
- ^ Kohn, Richard H. (April 1970). "The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat". The William and Mary Quarterly (Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture) 27 (2): 187–220. JSTOR 1918650.
- ^ Washington, George. "Letter to Continental Army, November 2, 1783, Farewell Orders; Letter to Henry Knox, November 2, 1783". George Washington Papers, 1741–1799: Series 3b Varick Transcripts. Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mgw3&fileName=mgw3b/gwpage016.db&recNum=347. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Wood (1992, pp. 105–106)
- ^ Brookhiser (1996, p. 103)
- ^ "The President's House: Freedom and Slavery in the Making of a New Nation". Independence National Historical Park. National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/inde/historyculture/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&PageID=291820. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ "Constitution of the United States". The Charters of Freedom. National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_history.html. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ Jensen (1948, pp. 178–179)
- ^ "Presidential Oaths of Office". Presidential Inaugurations. Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pioaths.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Chernow (2010, Kindle location 11,386)
- ^ Bassett, John Spencer (1906). The Federalist System, 1789–1801. New York and London: Harper & Bros. p. 155. OCLC 586531. http://books.google.com/books?id=qJsiAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q=Mr.%20President&f=false. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Ellis (2004, pp. 197–198)
- ^ White, Leonard D. (1948). The Federalists: A Study in Administrative History. New York: Macmillan Co. p. 100. OCLC 1830658.
- ^ "Impact and Legacy". American President: George Washington (1732–1799). Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. http://millercenter.org/president/washington/essays/biography/9. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Elkins & McKitrick (1995, p. 290)
- ^ Elkins & McKitrick (1995, pp. 240, 285, 290, 361)
- ^ a b Chernow, Ron (2004). Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Press. p. 427. ISBN 1-59420-009-2.
- ^ Webb, William B.; Wooldridge, John (1892). "Chapter IV: Permanent Capital Site Selected". In Crew, Harvey W. Centennial History of the City of Washington, D.C. Dayton, Ohio: United Brethren Publishing House. p. 87. OCLC 2843595. http://books.google.com/books?id=s1lIAAAAYAAJ&dq=Centennial%20history%20of%20the%20city%20of%20Washington%2C%20D.C&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Coakley, Robert W. (1996) [1989]. The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1789–1878. DIANE Publishing. pp. 43–49. ISBN 978-0-7881-2818-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=SMmJsJLKmvoC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Role%20of%20Federal%20Military%20Forces%20in%20Domestic%20Disorders%2C%201789-1878&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Kohn, Richard H. (December 1972). "The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion". The Journal of American History 59 (3): 567–584. JSTOR 1900658.
- ^ Elkins & McKitrick (1995, pp. 335–354)
- ^ Elkins & McKitrick (1995, ch. 9)
- ^ Estes, Todd (Autumn 2000). "Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate". Journal of the Early Republic 20 (3): 393–422. JSTOR 3125063. ; Estes, Todd (2001). "The Art of Presidential Leadership: George Washington and the Jay Treaty". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 109 (2): 127–158. JSTOR 4249911.
- ^ Varg, Paul A. (1963). Foreign Policies of the Founding Fathers. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. pp. 95–122. OCLC 425621.
- ^ Grizzard (2005, p. 263)
- ^ Lengel (2005, p. 357)
- ^ "VI. Religion and the Federal Government". Religion and the Founding of the American Republic. Library of Congress Exhibition. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Washington, George (1796). "Washington's Farewell Address". Avalon Project. Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp. Retrieved November 29, 2010.
- ^ Matthew Spalding, "The Command of its own Fortunes: Reconsidering Washington's Farewell Address" in Fishman, Pederson & Rozell (2001, ch. 2); Virginia Arbery, "Washington's Farewell Address and the Form of the American Regime" in Gregg & Spalding (1999, pp. 199–216)
- ^ a b Breen, Eleanor E.; White, Esther C. (December 2006). "A Pretty Considerable Distillery—Excavating George Washington's Whiskey Distillery". Quarterly Bulletin of the Archeological Society of Virginia (Archeological Society of Virginia) 61 (4): 209–220. http://www.mountvernon.org/sites/mountvernon.org/files/Breen-White%20Distillery.pdf. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- ^ Chernow (2010, ch. 57, note 38)
- ^ Dalzell & Dalzell (1998, p. 219); Purchasing power was calculated at Officer, Lawrence H.; Williamson, Samuel H. (2011). "Purchasing Power of Money in the United States from 1774 to Present". MeasuringWorth. http://www.measuringworth.com/ppowerus/. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Kohn, Richard H. (1975). Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802. New York: Free Press. pp. 225–42. ISBN 0-02-917551-8.
- ^ Grizzard (2005, p. 264)
- ^ Vadakan (2005)
- ^ Abbott, John Stevens Cabot (1860) [1855]. The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. London: S.O. Beeton. p. 137. OCLC 721101833. http://books.google.com/books?id=PmAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q=washington's%20death&f=false.
- ^ "Rare Letter from Martha to George Washington Returns to Mount Vernon". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. February 3, 2003. Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040603154729/http://www.mountvernon.org/visit/plan/index.cfm/pid/508/. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
- ^ "Today in History: May 22". Library of Congress. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may22.html. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ "The Funeral". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/exhibit/mourning/funeral.html. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ a b Boorstin, Daniel J. (1965). The Americans: The National Experience. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 349–350. ISBN 0-394-70358-8.
- ^ Johnston, Elizabeth Bryant (1889). Visitors' Guide to Mount Vernon (16th ed.). Washington, D.C: Gibson Brothers, printers. pp. 14–15. OCLC 22376201. http://books.google.com/books?id=7p5BAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Washington, George; Jefferson, Thomas; Peters, Richard (1847). Knight, Franklin. ed. Letters on Agriculture. Washington, The editor; Philadelphia, W. S. Martien. pp. 177–180. OCLC 3347675. http://books.google.com/books?id=N58TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ "Mount Vernon Visited; The Home of Washington As It Exists Today". The New York Times: p. 2. March 12, 1881. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C05E3DE133EE433A25751C1A9659C94609FD7CF. "The body was placed in this sarcophagus on October 7, 1837, when the door of the inner vault was closed and the key thrown in the Potomac."
- ^ Safire, William, ed. (2004). Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 185. ISBN 0-393-05931-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=EKkO4JBxtVkC&lpg=PP1&dq=editions%3A9aDa-Zv9iaUC&pg=PA185. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- ^ Hindle, Brooke (1980) [1964]. David Rittenhouse. New York: Arno Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-405-12569-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=hgyOJO93UtAC&pg=PA92. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ Lancaster County Historical Society (Pa.) (1900). Historical papers and addresses of the Lancaster County Historical Society. IV. p. 108. http://books.google.com/books?id=MA08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA108. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ Wolf, Edwin, II, ed. (1983). Germantown and the Germans. Library Company of Philadelphia. ISBN 978-0-914076-72-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=VmzfBuX1Z2QC&lpg=PA93&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved October 7, 2010.
- ^ 5 U.S.C. § 6103
- ^ Hughes (1926, pp. 1:24, 501)
- ^ Grizzard (2002, pp. 45–47)
- ^ Cohen, Sheldon S. (April 1991). "Monuments to Greatness: George Dance, Charles Polhill, and Benjamin West's Design for a Memorial to George Washington". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 99 (2): 187–203. JSTOR 4249215.
- ^ Savage, Kirk (2009). Monument Wars: Washington, D.C., the National Mall, and the Transformation of the Memorial Landscape. Berkeley,Calif: Univ.of California Press. pp. 32–45. ISBN 978-0-520-25654-5.
- ^ "Washington Monument State Park". Annapolis, MD: Maryland Department of Natural Resources. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/western/washington.asp. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
- ^ Schwartz, Barry (1990) [1987]. George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-928141-5.
- ^ a b Kloetzel, James E., ed. (2009). Scott 2010 Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps & Covers. Sidney, OH: Scott Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-89487-446-8.
- ^ Callahan, Charles H. (1998) [1913]. Washington: The Man and the Mason. Kila, Mont: Kessinger. pp. 329–342. ISBN 0-7661-0245-9. http://books.google.com/?id=IyWnb10FTyYC&pg=PA332&dq=The+George+Washington+Masonic+Memorial&q=The%20George%20Washington%20Masonic%20Memorial. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ Weber, John (2009). An Illustrated Guide to the Lost Symbol. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 1-4165-2366-9. http://books.google.com/?id=l2h7IWKhCrIC&pg=PA137&dq=The+George+Washington+Masonic+Memorial&q=The%20George%20Washington%20Masonic%20Memorial. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ^ "Map of Washington". Worldatlas. http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/usstates/wa.htm. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
- ^ "George Washington’s 50 Guinea Draft". Philadelphia: C.V. Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience. December 23, 1782. http://revcollege.washcoll.edu/firstcollege/50guinea.html. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "Board of Visitors and Governors". Chestertown, Maryland: Washington College. http://visit.washcoll.edu/board/. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "Most Common U.S. Street Names". Washington, D.C.: National League of Cities. 2010. http://nlc.org/build-skills-networks/resources/cities-101/most-common-u-s--street-names. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ "The Great Seal of the Confederacy". Home of the American Civil War. June 1, 2002. http://www.civilwarhome.com/confederateseal.htm. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
- ^ "The George Washington Equestrian Monument". The Virginia State Capitol History Project. http://www.vacapitol.org/washington.htm. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
- ^ "Houdon Statue of George Washington". The GW and Foggy Bottom Encyclopedia. December 21, 2006. http://encyclopedia.gwu.edu/gwencyclopedia/index.php?title=Houdon_Statue_of_George_Washington. Retrieved August 24, 2010.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, John (ed). "Writings of George Washington – Online Fitzpatrick edition". University of Virginia. http://etext.virginia.edu/washington/fitzpatrick/. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ Lengel, Edward G., ed. "The Papers of George Washington: Digital Edition". University of Virginia. http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/GEWN. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
- ^ Dann, John C. (May 8, 2004). "Case 5—Family Background, Part I". George Washington: getting to know the man behind the image. University of Michigan: William L. Clements Library. http://www.clements.umich.edu/exhibits/past/g.washington/case.05/case05.html. Retrieved December 19, 2011.
- ^ Homans, Charles (October 6, 2004). "Taking a New Look at George Washington". The Papers of George Washington: Washington in the News. Alderman Library, University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/news/chicago.html. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Did George Washington wear a wig?". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/index.html. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
- ^ "Facts & Falsehoods About George Washington". Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. January 18, 2006. http://www.mountvernon.org/content/facts-falsehoods-about-george-washington-0. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ a b Stuart, Gilbert. "George Washington (the Athenaeum portrait)". National Portrait Gallery. http://www.npg.si.edu/cexh/stuart/athen1.htm. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
- ^ Chernow (2010, pp. 172–176)
- ^ Chernow (2010, pp. 187–189)
- ^ a b Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (2006). The Book of General Ignorance. New York: Harmony Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-307-39491-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=1Mjd2GCRPmAC&lpg=PA97&pg=PA97. Retrieved July 3, 2011.
- ^ Glover, Barbara (Summer/Fall 1998). "George Washington—A Dental Victim". The Riversdale Letter. http://www.americanrevolution.org/dental.html. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
- ^ Morgan, Philip D. (2005). "'To Get Quit of Negroes': George Washington and Slavery". Journal of American Studies (Cambridge University Press) 39 (3): 403–429. http://www.georgewashingtonchapter.com/education/Morgan-2009.pdf. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ^ a b c "The Portrait—George Washington:A National Treasure". Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. http://www.georgewashington.si.edu/portrait/face.html. Retrieved January 21, 2011.
- ^ Striner, Richard (2006). Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery. Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-518306-1.
- ^ a b Chernow (2010, ch. 66)
- ^ Ferling (2009, p. 364)
- ^ Hirschfeld (1997, pp. 11–12)
- ^ Haworth, Paul Leland (2004) [1915]. George Washington: Farmer. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. pp. 78–80. ISBN 1-4191-2162-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=5k5aiqI6p-QC&lpg=PA79&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ Ferling (2000, pp. 275–276)
- ^ Washington, George (April 12, 1786). "Letter to Robert Morris". The Papers of George Washington: The Confederation Series, Volume 4. University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/volumes/confederation/essay4.html#fn9. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ Ellis (2004, p. 192)
- ^ Slave raffle linked to Washington's reassessment of slavery: Wiencek (2003, pp. 135–36, 178–88). Washington's decision to stop selling slaves: Hirschfeld (1997, p. 16). Influence of war and Wheatley: Wiencek (2003, ch. 6). Dilemma of selling slaves: Wiencek (2003, p. 230); Ellis (2004, pp. 164–167); Hirschfeld (1997, pp. 27–29).
- ^ Yamin, Rebecca, Digging in the City of Brotherly Love: Stories from Philadelphia Archeology, Yale University Press, 2008, p. 46
- ^ Wood, Gordon (December 16, 2004). "The Man Who Would Not Be King". The New Republic (carried at powells.com). http://www.powells.com/review/2004_12_16. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
- ^ "The Will of George Washington: Slave Lists". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. June 1799. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/will/slavelist.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ Twohig, Dorothy (October 1994). "'That Species of Property': Washington's Role in the Controversy Over Slavery". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/twohig_2.html#33. Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ Grizzard (2005, pp. 285–286)
- ^ Thompson, Mary (2008). In The Hands of a Good Providence. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2763-3.
- ^ Sparks, Jared (1839). The Life of George Washington. Boston: F. Andrews. pp. 522–523. OCLC 843523. http://books.google.com/books?id=dBQOAAAAIAAJ&vq=in%20a%20kneeling%20position&pg=PA522. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
- ^ Johnson (1919, pp. 87–195)
- ^ Chernow (2010, ch. 12)
- ^ Espinosa (2009, p. 52)
- ^ Chernow (2010, ch. 12, note 14)
- ^ Mackey, Albert G. (November 4, 1852). "Washington as a Freemason". Charleston, SC: Phoenixmasonry Masonic Museum and Library. http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/washington_as_a_freemason.htm. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
- ^ Chernow (2010, pp. 27, 704)
- ^ Harris, R. W. Claude (August 25, 2000). "Washington and Freemasonry". Lodge Anecdotes. Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22, A.F. & A.M. http://www.aw22.org/documents/Anecdote5_Washington.pdf. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "History". Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22, A.F. & A.M. http://www.aw22.org/history.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
Bibliography[link]
For a list of written works, see George Washington bibliography.
- Anderson, Fred (2000). Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40642-3.
- Anderson, Fred (2005). The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (abridged ed.). New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03454-3.
- Bell, William Gardner (2005) [1983]. Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer. Washington, D.C: Center of Military History, United States Army. pp. 52–53, 66–67. ISBN 0-16-072376-0. CMH Pub 70–14. http://www.history.army.mil/books/CG&CSA/CG-TOC.htm.
- Boller, Paul F. (1963). George Washington & Religion. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. OCLC 563800860.
- Boller, Paul F. (1995). Not So!: Popular Myths About America from Columbus to Clinton. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509186-8.
- Brookhiser, Richard (1996). Founding Father: Rediscovering George Washington. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-82291-1.
- Buchanan, John (2004). The Road to Valley Forge: How Washington Built the Army That Won the Revolution. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-44156-4.
- Bumgarner, John R. (1994). The Health of the Presidents: The 41 United States Presidents Through 1993 from a Physician's Point of View. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-89950-956-8.
- Carp, E. Wayne (1990) [1984]. To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8078-4269-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=DL66YCXMbZ8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- Chernow, Ron (2010). Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-266-7. , Pulitzer Prize
- Cunliffe, Marcus (1958). George Washington, Man and Monument. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 58007859.
- Dalzell, Robert F., Jr.; Dalzell, Lee Baldwin (1998). George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512114-7.
- Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric (1995) [1993]. The Age of Federalism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509381-0. , standard political history of 1790s
- Ellis, Joseph J. (2004). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4031-0.
- Espinosa, Gastón (2009). Religion and the American Presidency: George Washington to George W. Bush with Commentary and Primary Sources. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14332-5.
- Ferling, John E. (2000). Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513409-5.
- Ferling, John E. (2009). The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon. New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-465-0.
- Ferling, John E. (2010) [1988]. First of Men: A Life of George Washington. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539867-0.
- Fischer, David Hackett (2004). Washington's Crossing. Oxford, England; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
- Fishman, Ethan M.; Pederson, William D.; Rozell, Mark J., eds. (2001). George Washington, Foundation of Presidential Leadership and Character. Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96868-5.
- Flexner, James Thomas (1965). George Washington: the Forge of Experience, 1732–1775. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 426484.
- Flexner, James Thomas (1974). Washington: The Indispensable Man. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-28605-2.
- Freeman, Douglas Southall (1948). George Washington, a Biography. 7 v. New York: Scribner. OCLC 732644234.
- Freeman, Douglas Southall (1968). Harwell, Richard Barksdale. ed. Washington. New York: Scribner. OCLC 426557.
- Gregg, Gary L., II; Spalding, Matthew, eds. (1999). Patriot Sage: George Washington and the American Political Tradition. Wilmington, Del: ISI Books. ISBN 1-882926-38-2.
- Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. (2002). George Washington: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-082-4.
- Grizzard, Frank E., Jr. (2005). George!: A Guide to All Things Washington. Buena Vista, Va: Mariner Pub. ISBN 0-9768238-0-2.
- Higginbotham, Don (1971). The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789. New York: Macmillan. OCLC 142627.
- Higginbotham, Don (1985). George Washington and the American Military Tradition. Athens: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-0786-6.
- Higginbotham, Don, ed. (2001). George Washington Reconsidered. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-2005-1.
- Higginbotham, Don (2002). George Washington: Uniting a Nation. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2208-3.
- Hirschfeld, Fritz (1997). George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1135-6.
- Hofstra, Warren R., ed. (1998). George Washington and the Virginia Backcountry. Madison, Wis: Madison House. ISBN 0-945612-50-8.
- Hughes, Rupert (1926). George Washington.... New York: W. Morrow & Co. OCLC 17399028.
- Jensen, Merrill (1948). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. OCLC 498124.
- Johnson, William (1919). George Washington, the Christian. New York: The Abingdon Press. OCLC 19524242. http://books.google.com/books?id=MzWruWAnHM0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
- Ketchum, Richard M. (1999) [1973]. The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6098-7.
- Lancaster, Bruce; Plumb, John H. (1985). The American Revolution. New York: American Heritage Press. ISBN 0-8281-0281-3. , heavily illustrated
- Lengel, Edward G. (2005). General George Washington: A Military Life. New York: Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6081-8.
- Mann, Barbara Alice (2005). George Washington's War on Native America. Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-98177-0.
- McCullough, David (2005). 1776. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-2671-2.
- O'Brien, Conor Cruise (2009). First in Peace: How George Washington Set the Course for America. Foreword by Christopher Hitchens. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81619-2.
- Randall, Willard Sterne (1997). George Washington: A Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-2779-3.
- Rasmussen, William M. S.; Tilton, Robert S. (1999). George Washington-the Man Behind the Myths. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. ISBN 0-8139-1900-2.
- Vadakan, Vibul V., M.D. (Winter/Spring 2005). "A Physician Looks At The Death of Washington". The Early America Review (DEV Communications) 6 (1). ISSN 1090-4247. http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2005_winter_spring/washingtons_death.htm.
- Wallenborn, White McKenzie, M.D. (November 5, 1997). "George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington". The Papers of George Washington. University of Virginia. http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/articles/wallenborn.html.
- Wiencek, Henry (2003). An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-17526-8.
- Wood, Gordon S. (1992). The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: A.A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-40493-7.
External links[link]
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- George Washington at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- American President: George Washington (1732–1799) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
- George Washington: A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress
- George Washington Resources at the University of Virginia Library
- Original Digitized Letters of George Washington Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- George Washington at the White House
- The Papers of George Washington at the Avalon Project
- George Washington's Mount Vernon Estate, Museum & Gardens
- Discover the Real George Washington: New Views from Mount Vernon, a traveling exhibit
- George Washington Birthplace National Monument, Virginia from the National Park Service
- Copies of the wills of General George Washington: the first president of the United States and of Martha Washington, his wife (1904), edited by E. R. Holbrook
- George Washington at C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
- Rediscovering George Washington at PBS
- "What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader?". EDSITEment: Lesson Plans. National Endowment for the Humanities. http://edsitement.neh.gov/curriculum-unit/what-made-george-washington-good-military-leader.
- Works by George Washington at Project Gutenberg
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Washington, George |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | First President of the United States, Commander in Chief of the Continental Army |
| Date of birth | 1732-02-22 |
| Place of birth | Colonial Beach, British Colony of Virginia |
| Date of death | 1799-12-14 |
| Place of death | Mount Vernon (plantation), Mount Vernon, Virginia, United States of America |
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| Ron Paul | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 14th district |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1997 |
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| Preceded by | Greg Laughlin |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd district |
|
| In office January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Gammage |
| Succeeded by | Tom DeLay |
| In office April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
|
| Preceded by | Robert Casey |
| Succeeded by | Robert Gammage |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ronald Ernest Paul (1935-08-20) August 20, 1935 (age 76) Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican Party (1976–1988, 1988–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Libertarian Party (1988 election) |
| Spouse(s) | Carol Wells |
| Children | Ronnie Lori Rand Robert Joy |
| Alma mater | Gettysburg College (B.S.) Duke University (M.D.) |
| Religion | Southern Baptist |
| Signature |  |
| Website | Congressional website Campaign website |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Air Force Texas Air National Guard |
| Years of service | 1963–1965 1965–1968 |
| Rank |  Captain[1] |
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This article is part of a series about
Ron Paul |
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Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul (born August 20, 1935) is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for Texas's 14th congressional district, which includes Galveston, since 1997, and a three-time candidate for President of the United States, as a Libertarian in 1988 and as a Republican in 2008 and currently 2012. He is an outspoken critic of American foreign and monetary policies, including the Military–industrial complex and the Federal Reserve, and is known for his libertarian-leaning views, often differing from his own party on certain issues.
A native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Paul is a graduate of Gettysburg College and Duke University School of Medicine, where he earned his medical degree. He served as a medical officer in the United States Air Force from 1963 until 1968. He worked as an obstetrician-gynecologist from the 1960s to the 1980s, delivering more than 4,000 babies. He became the first Representative in history to serve concurrently with a child in the Senate when his son Rand Paul was elected to the United States Senate for Kentucky in 2010.[2]
Ron Paul has been an active writer and publisher since the late 1970s, when he created the first of several newsletters bearing his name. He has published many books, beginning with The Case for Gold (1982) and including Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom (2011), End The Fed (2009), The Revolution: A Manifesto (2008), Pillars of Prosperity (2008), and A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship (2007). Paul has been characterized as the "intellectual godfather" of the Tea Party movement.[3][4]
On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would forego seeking another term in Congress in order to focus on his presidential bid.[5] On May 14, 2012, Paul announced that he would not be competing in any other Presidential primaries, though he is still competing for delegates in states where the primary election have already been held.[6]
Contents
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Early life, education, and medical career[link]
Ronald Ernest Paul was born on August 20, 1935, in Pittsburgh,[7] the son of Howard Caspar Paul, who ran a small dairy company, and Margaret (née Dumont) Paul. His paternal great-grandparents emigrated from Germany, and his mother was of German and Irish ancestry.[8][9]
As a junior at suburban Dormont High School, he was the 220-yard dash state champion.[10] He graduated from Gettysburg College with a B.S. degree in Biology in 1957.[10]
Paul earned a Doctor of Medicine degree from Duke University's School of Medicine in 1961, and completed his medical internship at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit and his residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh.[11] Paul served as a flight surgeon in the United States Air Force from 1963 to 1965 and then in the United States Air National Guard from 1965 to 1968.[12]
Paul and his wife then relocated to Texas, where he began a private practice in obstetrics and gynecology.[13] He refused to accept Medicaid or Medicare payments, but routinely lowered fees for patients who could not afford to pay.[14][15]
Early congressional career (1976–1985)[link]
While still a medical resident in the 1960s, Paul was influenced by Friedrich Hayek's The Road to Serfdom, which caused him to read many publications by Ludwig von Mises and Ayn Rand. He came to know economists Hans Sennholz and Murray Rothbard well, and credits to them his interest in the study of economics.[16]
When President Richard Nixon "closed the gold window" by ending American participation in the Bretton Woods System, thus ending U.S. dollar's loose association with gold[16] on August 15, 1971, Paul decided to enter politics[17] and became a Republican candidate for the United States Congress.[18]
Elections[link]
In 1974, incumbent Robert R. Casey defeated him for the 22nd district. President Gerald Ford later appointed Casey to direct the Federal Maritime Commission, and Paul won an April 1976 special election to the vacant office.[19] Paul lost the next regular election to Democrat Robert Gammage by fewer than 300 votes (0.2%), but defeated Gammage in a 1978 rematch, and was reelected in 1980 and 1982.[20] Gammage underestimated Paul's popularity among local mothers: "I had real difficulty down in Brazoria County, where he practiced, because he'd delivered half the babies in the county. There were only two obstetricians in the county, and the other one was his partner."[21]
Tenure[link]
Paul has served in Congress three different periods: first from 1976 to 1977, after he won a special election, then from 1979 to 1985, and finally since 1997.
In his early years, Paul served on the House Banking Committee, where he blamed the Federal Reserve for inflation and spoke against the banking mismanagement that resulted in the savings and loan crisis.[22][8] Paul argued for a return to the gold standard maintained by the US from 1873-1933, and with Senator Jesse Helms convinced the Congress to study the issue.[16] He spoke against the reinstatement of registration for the military draft in 1980, in opposition to President Jimmy Carter and the majority of his fellow Republican members of Congress.[23]
During his first term, Paul founded the Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (FREE), a non-profit "think tank" dedicated to promoting principles of limited government and free-market economics.[24]
Paul proposed term-limit legislation multiple times, while himself serving four terms in the House of Representatives.[23] In 1984, he decided to retire from the House in order to run for the U.S. Senate, complaining in his House farewell address that "Special interests have replaced the concern that the Founders had for general welfare.... It's difficult for one who loves true liberty and utterly detests the power of the state to come to Washington for a period of time and not leave a true cynic."[25][26] (On Paul's departure from the House, his congressional seat was assumed by former state representative Tom DeLay, who would eventually become Speaker of the House.)[27]
Committee assignments[link]
1984 U.S. Senate election[link]
Main article: United States Senate election in Texas, 1984
In 1984, Paul campaigned for the U.S. Senate, but lost the Republican primary to Phil Gramm, who had switched parties the previous year from Democrat to Republican.[28] Another candidate of the senatorial primary was Henry Grover, a conservative former state legislator who had lost the 1972 gubernatorial general election to the Democrat Dolph Briscoe, Jr.
Inter-congressional years[link]
1985–1997[link]
Following the loss of the 1984 senate race, Paul returned to his obstetrics practice and took part in a number of other business ventures.[8][29] Along with his former congressional chief of staff, Lew Rockwell, Paul founded a for-profit enterprise, Ron Paul & Associates, Inc. (RP&A) in 1984, with Paul serving as president, Rockwell as vice president, Paul's wife Carol as secretary, and daughter Lori Pyeatt as treasurer.[30] The company published a variety of political and investment-oriented newsletters including Ron Paul Freedom Report and Ron Paul Survival Report, and by 1993 was generating revenues in excess of $900,000.[31][32]
Paul also co-owned a mail-order coin dealership, Ron Paul Coins, for twelve years with Burt Blumert, who continued to operate the dealership after Paul resumed office in 1996.[33][34] Paul spoke multiple times at the American Numismatic Association's 1988 convention.[33] He worked with his Foundation for Rational Economics and Education on such projects as establishing the National Endowment for Liberty, producing the At Issue public policy series that was broadcast on the Discovery Channel and CNBC,[24] and continuing publication of newsletters.
1988 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 1988
Paul resigned from the Republican Party in 1987 and launched a bid for the presidency running on the Libertarian Party ticket. At the 1987 Libertarian National Convention, the party was split between a Conservative and Liberal wing. Paul represented the conservative wing, which was successful in fundraising, while the liberal wing claimed to have received ten times more (and more favorable) press coverage.[citation needed] Paul argued, "Pro-life libertarians have a vital task to perform: to persuade the many abortion-supporting libertarians of the contradiction between abortion and individual liberty; and to sever the mistaken connection in many minds between individual freedom and the 'right' to extinguish individual life."[35][36]
In the 1988 presidential election, Paul was on the ballot in 46 States,[37] scoring third in the popular vote with 432,179 votes (0.5%).[38] Paul was kept off the ballot in Missouri, and received votes there only when written in, due to what the St. Louis Post-Dispatch termed a "technicality".[39]
According to Paul, his presidential campaign was about more than obtaining office; he sought to promote his libertarian ideas, often to school and university groups regardless of vote eligibility. He said, "We're just as interested in the future generation as this election. These kids will vote eventually, and maybe, just maybe, they'll go home and talk to their parents."[37]
Paul considered campaigning for President during 1992,[40] but instead chose to endorse Pat Buchanan that year, and served as an adviser to Buchanan's Republican presidential primary campaign against incumbent President George H. W. Bush.[41]
Later congressional career (1997–present)[link]
Elections[link]
For more details on this topic, see Texas's 14th congressional district.
- 1996 campaign
During 1996, Paul was re-elected to Congress after a difficult campaign. The Republican National Committee endorsed incumbent Greg Laughlin in the primary; Paul won with assistance from baseball pitcher, constituent, and friend Nolan Ryan, tax activist and publisher Steve Forbes[8] and conservative commentator Pat Buchanan (both of whom had had presidential campaigns that year). Paul narrowly defeated Democratic attorney Charles "Lefty" Morris in the fall election, despite Morris' criticism over controversial statements in several newsletters that Ron Paul published.
- 1998–present
In 1998 and 2000, Paul defeated Loy Sneary, a Democratic Bay City, Texas, rice farmer and former Matagorda County judge.[17] In the 2008 Republican primary,[42] he defeated Friendswood city councilman Chris Peden,[43] with over 70 percent of the vote[44] and ran unopposed in the general election.[45] In the 2010 Republican primary, Paul defeated three opponents with 80 percent of the vote.[46]
On July 12, 2011, Paul announced that he would not seek re-election to the House in order to pursue the 2012 presidential election.[47][48]
Tenure[link]
- Legislation
Main article: List of legislation sponsored by Ron Paul
Of the 620 bills that Paul had sponsored through December 2011, over a period of more than 22 years in Congress, only one had been signed into law – a lifetime success rate of less than 0.3%.[49] The sole measure authored by Paul that was ultimately enacted allowed for a federal customhouse to be sold to a local historic preservation society (H.R. 2121 in 2009).[49]
By amending other legislation, he has helped prohibit funding for national identification numbers, funding for federal teacher certification,[17] International Criminal Court jurisdiction over the U.S. military, American participation with any U.N. global tax, and surveillance of peaceful First Amendment activities by citizens.[50]
- Affiliations
Paul was honorary chairman of, and is a member of the Republican Liberty Caucus, a political action committee that describes its goal as electing "liberty-minded, limited-government individuals".[51] He is an initiating member of the Congressional Rural Caucus, which deals with agricultural and rural issues, and the 140-member Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus.[52]
Committee assignments[link]
Rep. Paul serves on the following committee and subcommittees.[53]
With the election of the 112th Congress, and a resulting GOP majority in the House, Paul became the chairman of the Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology starting in January 2011.[54]
2008 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 2008
2008 Republican primary campaign[link]
Paul formally declared his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination on March 12, 2007, on C-SPAN.[55] Few major politicians endorsed him, and his campaign was largely ignored by traditional media.[56] However, he attracted an intensely loyal grassroots following, in large part energized by "iconoclastic white men"[57] interacting through internet social media.[58][59][60] In May 2007, shortly after the first televised primary debates, the blogs search engine site Technorati.com listed Paul's name as the term most frequently searched for;[58] and Paul's campaign claimed that Paul had more YouTube channel subscribers than Barack Obama or any other candidate for president.[61] For a candidate who had had relatively low national name recognition prior to entering the race, Paul did surprisingly well in fundraising, taking in more money than any other Republican candidate in the fourth quarter of 2007, as the primary season headed into the Iowa caucuses.[62][63]
Despite benefiting from large numbers of campaign contributions from individual donors,[64] and the efforts of tech-savvy supporters determined to keep his name a frequent topic of discussion on the internet,[58] over the course of the campaign Paul was unable to translate the enthusiasm of his core supporters into large enough numbers of actual primary votes to unseat his rivals.
Paul came in 5th place in both the January 4 Iowa caucuses (10% of votes cast)[65] and the January 8 New Hampshire primary (8%).[66] With the exception of the Nevada caucuses January 19, where he came in 2nd (14%) behind Romney (51%), he did little better through the rest of January: Michigan 4th (6%), South Carolina 5th (4%), Florida 5th (3%). On SuperTuesday, February 5, he placed 4th in almost every state, generally taking in a mere 3–6% of the votes (although he did better in the mountain states of North Dakota (21%, 3rd place) and Montana (25%, 2nd place).[67][68]
By March, front-runner John McCain had secured enough pledged delegates to guarantee that he would win the nomination, and Romney and Huckabee had both formally withdrawn from the race. Paul, who had won no state primaries, knew that it was now mathematically impossible for him to win the nomination, as he had captured only 20[69] – 40 pledged delegates compared to more than 1,191 for McCain, yet he refused to concede the race and said that it was unlikely that he would ultimately endorse McCain.[70][71][72] Over the next few weeks, Paul's supporters clashed with establishment Republicans at several county and state party conventions over state party rules, the party platforms, and selection of delegates for the national convention.[73][74][75] In one of the more dramatic moments, Nevada's state party leaders, outmaneuvered by Paul supporters at the state nominating convention, resorted to the highly unusual measure of prematurely and abruptly shutting down the convention before selecting national delegates, with a plan to reconvene at a later date.[76][77]
On June 12, 2008, Paul finally withdrew his bid for the Republican nomination. He later said that one of the reasons he did not run in the general election as a third-party candidate, after losing the primary election, was that, as a concession to gain ballot access in certain states, he had signed legally-binding agreements to not run a third-party campaign if he lost the primary.[78] Some of the $4 million remaining campaign contributions was invested into the new political action and advocacy group called Ron Paul's Campaign for Liberty.[79]
Refusal to endorse the Republican candidate[link]
At a September 10, 2008, press conference, Paul announced his general support of four third-party candidates: Cynthia McKinney (Green Party); Bob Barr (Libertarian Party); Chuck Baldwin (Constitution Party); and Ralph Nader (independent). He said that each of them had pledged to adhere to a policy of balancing budgets, bringing the troops home, defending privacy and personal liberties, and investigating the Federal Reserve. Paul also said that under no circumstances would he be endorsing either of the two dominant parties' candidates (McCain – Republican Party, or Obama – Democratic Party) because there were no real differences between them, and because neither of them, if elected, would seek to make the fundamental changes in governance that were necessary. He urged instead that, rather than contribute to the “charade” that the two-party election system had become, the voters support the third-party candidates as a protest vote, to force change in the election process.[80][81] Later that same day, Paul gave a televised interview with Nader saying much the same again.[82]
Two weeks later, "shocked and disappointed" that Bob Barr (the Libertarian candidate) had pulled out of attending the press conference at the last minute and had admonished Paul for remaining neutral and failing to say which specific candidate Paul would vote for in the general election, Paul released a statement saying that he had decided to endorse Chuck Baldwin, the Constitution Party candidate, for president.[83]
In the November 2008 general election, Paul received 41,905 votes despite not actively campaigning.[84][85]
2012 presidential campaign[link]
Main article: Ron Paul presidential campaign, 2012
See also: Draft Ron Paul movement
Paul is a candidate for the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States in the 2012 election.
He won several early straw polls for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination [86] and in late April, 2011, he formed an official exploratory committee.[87][88] He participated in the first Republican presidential debate on May 5, 2011.[89] and on May 13, 2011, Paul formally announced his candidacy in an interview on ABC's Good Morning America.[90] He placed second in the 2011 Ames Straw Poll, missing first by 0.9%.[91]
In December 2011, with Ron Paul's increased support, the controversy over allegedly racist and homophobic statements in several Ron Paul newsletters in the 1980s and early 1990s once again gained media attention.[92] During this time Paul supporters asserted that he was continually ignored by the media despite his significant support, citing examples of where television news shows would fail to mention Paul in discussions of the Republican presidential hopefuls even when he was polling second.[93][94][95][96]
Paul came in third in the Iowa Republican Caucus held on January 3, 2012. Out of a turnout of 121,503 votes, Paul took 26,036 (21%) of the certified votes. Rick Santorum and Mitt Romney finished in a virtual tie for first place with 25% each.[97] In the New Hampshire Primary held on January 10, 2012, Paul received 23% of the votes and came in second after Romney's 39%.[98]
Ron Paul's results then declined, despite the withdrawal of candidates Michele Bachmann, Jon Huntsman and Rick Perry. He had fourth place finishes in the next two primaries, on January 21st in South Carolina (with 13% of the vote[99]) and on January 31st in Florida (where he received 7% of the vote.[100][101][102])
On February 4, Paul finished third in Nevada with 18.8% of the vote.[103] Three non-binding primaries were held on February 7th; Paul took 3rd place in Colorado[104] and Missouri[105] with 13% and 12% of the vote respectively. He fared better in Minnesota[106] with 27%, finishing second to Rick Santorum.
On May 14, Paul's campaign announced that due to lack of funds he would no longer actively campaign for votes in the 11 remaining primary states, including Texas and California, that had not yet voted.[6][107] He would, however, continue to seek to win delegates for the national party convention in the states that had already voted.
Political party identification[link]
Throughout his entire tenure in Congress, Paul has represented his district as a member of the Republican Party. However, he has frequently taken positions in direct opposition to the other members and the leadership of the party, and he has sometimes publicly questioned whether he really belonged in the party.
He had been a lifelong supporter of the Republican Party by the time he entered politics in the mid 1970s.[108] He was one of the first elected officials in the nation to support Ronald Reagan's presidential campaign,[109] and he actively campaigned for Reagan in 1976 and 1980.[110] After Reagan's election in 1980, Paul quickly became disillusioned with the Reagan administration's policies. He later recalled being the only Republican to vote against Reagan budget proposals in 1981,[111][112] aghast that "in 1977, Jimmy Carter proposed a budget with a $38 billion deficit, and every Republican in the House voted against it. In 1981, Reagan proposed a budget with a $45 billion deficit – which turned out to be $113 billion – and Republicans were cheering his great victory. They were living in a storybook land."[109] He expressed his disgust with the political culture of both major parties in a speech delivered in 1984 upon resigning from the House of Representatives to prepare for a (failed) run for the Senate, and he eventually apologized to his Libertarian friends for having supported Reagan.[111]
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By 1987, Paul was ready to sever all ties to the Republican Party, as he explained in a blistering resignation letter: "Since [1981] Ronald Reagan and the Republican Party have given us skyrocketing deficits, and astoundingly a doubled national debt. How is it that the party of balanced budgets, with control of the White House and Senate, accumulated red ink greater than all previous administrations put together? ... There is no credibility left for the Republican Party as a force to reduce the size of government. That is the message of the Reagan years."[110][108] A month later he announced he would seek the 1988 Libertarian Party nomination for president.
During the 1988 campaign, Paul called Reagan "a dramatic failure"[110] and complained that "Reagan's record is disgraceful. He starts wars, breaks the law, supplies terrorists with guns made at taxpayers' expense and lies about it to the American people."[113] Paul predicted that "the Republicans are on their way out as a major party,"[111] and he said that, although registered as a Republican, he had always been a Libertarian at heart.[112][111]
Paul returned to his private medical practice and managing several business ventures after losing the 1988 election; but by 1996, he was ready to return to politics, this time running on the Republican Party ticket again. He said that he had never read the entire Libertarian platform when he ran for president as a Libertarian in 1988, and that "I worked for the Libertarians on my terms, not theirs."[114] He added that in terms of a political label he preferred to call himself "a constitutionalist. In Congress I took an oath to uphold the Constitution, not the (Republican) platform."[114]
When he lost the Republican Party presidential primary election in 2008, Paul criticized the two major political parties, saying that there was no real difference between the parties and that neither of them truly intended to challenge the status quo. He refused to endorse the Republican Party's nominee for president, John McCain, and lent his support to third-party candidates instead.[115][116]
In 2012 presidential campaign, during which he acknowledged it was unlikely that he would win the Republican Party nomination,[117] Paul again asserted that he was participating in the Republican Party on his own terms, trying to persuade the rest of the party to move toward his positions rather than joining in with theirs.[118] He expressed doubt that he would support any of his rivals should they win the nomination, warning that, “If the policies of the Republican Party are the same as the Democrat Party and they don't want to change anything on foreign policy, they don't want to cut anything, they don't want to audit the Fed and find out about monetary policy, they don't want to have actual change in government, that is a problem for me."[119] On that same theme he said in another interview, "I would be reluctant to jump on board and tell all of the supporters that have given me trust and money that all of a sudden, I'd say, [all] we've done is for naught. So, let's support anybody at all ... even if they disagree with everything that we do."[120]
Political positions[link]
Main article: Political positions of Ron Paul
Paul has been described as conservative and libertarian.[8] According to University of Georgia political scientist Keith Poole, Paul had the most conservative voting record of any member of Congress from 1937 to 2002,[121] and is the most conservative of the candidates seeking the 2012 Republican nomination for president,[122] on a scale primarily measuring positions on the role of government in managing the economy – not positions on social issues or foreign policy matters.[123] Other analyses, in which key votes on domestic social issues and foreign policy factor more heavily, have judged Paul much more moderate. The National Journal, for instance, rated Paul only the 145th most conservative member of the House of Representatives based on votes cast in 2010.[124][125]
The foundation of Paul's political philosophy is the conviction that "the proper role for government in America is to provide national defense, a court system for civil disputes, a criminal justice system for acts of force and fraud, and little else."[126] He has been nicknamed "Dr. No,"[17] reflecting both his medical degree and his insistence that he will "never vote for legislation unless the proposed measure is expressly authorized by the Constitution."[22]
Paul is a proponent of Austrian School economics; he has authored six books on the subject, and displays pictures of Austrian School economists Friedrich Hayek, Murray Rothbard, and Ludwig von Mises (as well as of Grover Cleveland)[127] on his office wall. He regularly votes against almost all proposals for new government spending, initiatives, or taxes;[128] he cast two thirds of all the lone negative votes in the House during a 1995–1997 period.[17]
He has pledged never to raise taxes[129] and states he has never voted to approve a budget deficit. Paul believes that the country could abolish the individual income tax by scaling back federal spending to its fiscal year 2000 levels;[130][131] financing government operations would be primarily by excise taxes and non-protectionist tariffs. He endorses eliminating most federal government agencies, terming them unnecessary bureaucracies.
On April 15, 2011, Paul was one of four Republican members of Congress to vote against Rep. Paul Ryan's budget proposal, known as "The Path to Prosperity."[132]
Paul has a consistent record as an inflation hawk, having warned of hyperinflation as far back as 1981.[133] While Paul believes the longterm decrease of the U.S. dollar's purchasing power by inflation is attributable to its lack of any commodity backing, he does not endorse a "return" to a gold standard – as the U.S. government has established during the past – but instead prefers to eliminate legal tender laws and to remove the sales tax on gold and silver, so that the market may freely decide what type of monetary standard(s) there shall be.[134] Since 1999, he has introduced bills into each Congress seeking to eliminate the Federal Reserve System in a single year.[135][136][137]
Paul's foreign policy of nonintervention[138] made him the only 2008 Republican presidential candidate to have voted against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002. He advocates withdrawal from the United Nations, and from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, for reasons of maintaining strong national sovereignty.[139]
He endorses free trade, rejecting membership in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the World Trade Organization as "managed trade". He endorses increased border security and opposes welfare for illegal aliens, birthright citizenship and amnesty;[140] he voted for the Secure Fence Act of 2006. He voted for the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists in response to the September 11 attacks, but suggested war alternatives such as authorizing the president to grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal targeting specific terrorists. An opponent of the Iraq War and potential war with Iran, he has also criticized neoconservatism and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, arguing that both inadvertently cause terrorist reprisals against Americans. Paul has stated that "Israel is our close friend" and that it is not the place of the United States to "dictate how Israel runs her affairs".[141]
Paul endorses constitutional rights, such as the right to keep and bear arms, and habeas corpus for political detainees. He opposes the Patriot Act, federal use of torture, presidential autonomy, a national identification card, warrantless domestic surveillance, and the draft. Paul also believes that the notion of the separation of church and state is currently misused by the court system: "In case after case, the Supreme Court has used the infamous 'separation of church and state' metaphor to uphold court decisions that allow the federal government to intrude upon and deprive citizens of their religious liberty."[142]
Citing the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, Paul advocates states' rights to decide how to regulate social matters not cited directly by the Constitution. He opposes federal regulation of the death penalty[143] (although he opposes capital punishment),[144] of education,[145] and of marriage, and endorsed revising the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy to concern mainly disruptive sexual behavior (whether heterosexual or homosexual).[146]
Paul says his years as an obstetrician led him to believe life begins at conception.[147]
He terms himself "strongly pro-life",[148] "an unshakable foe of abortion",[149] and believes regulation or ban[150] on medical decisions about maternal or fetal health is "best handled at the state level".[143][151] His abortion-related legislation, like the Sanctity of Life Act, is intended to negate Roe v. Wade and to get "the federal government completely out of the business of regulating state matters."[152]
Paul has stated that "The government shouldn't be in the medical business." He pushes to eliminate federal involvement with and management of health care, which he argues would allow prices to decrease due to the fundamental dynamics of a free market.[153] Paul also opposes the federal War on Drugs,[154] and believes the states should decide whether to regulate or deregulate drugs such as medical marijuana.[155] He also opposes federal government influenza inoculation programs.[156]
As a free-market environmentalist, he asserts private property rights in relation to environmental protection and pollution prevention.[citation needed] He called global warming a hoax in a 2009 Fox Business interview, saying, "You know, the greatest hoax I think that has been around in many, many years if not hundreds of years has been this hoax on the environment and global warming."[157] He acknowledges there is clear evidence of rising temperatures in some parts of the globe, but says that temperatures are cooling in other parts.[158]
Paul was critical of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, arguing that it sanctioned federal interference in the labor market and did not improve race relations. He once remarked: "The Civil Rights Act of 1964 not only violated the Constitution and reduced individual liberty; it also failed to achieve its stated goals of promoting racial harmony and a color-blind society".[159] Paul opposes affirmative action.[160]
He is an outspoken proponent of increased ballot access for 3rd party candidates,[161] but has sought to repeal the National Voter Registration Act of 1993, also known as the Motor Voter law.[162]
Newsletters controversy[link]
Main article: Ron Paul newsletters
Beginning in 1978, for more than two decades Paul and his associates published a number of political and investment-oriented newsletters bearing his name (Dr. Ron Paul's Freedom Report, The Ron Paul Survival Report, the Ron Paul Investment Letter, and the Ron Paul Political Report).[163] By 1993, a business through which Paul was publishing the newsletters was earning in excess of $900,000 per year.[163]
A number of the newsletters, particularly in the period between 1988 and 1994 when Paul was no longer in Congress, contained material that later proved highly controversial, dwelling on conspiracy theories, praising anti-government militia movements, and warning of coming race wars.[163][164] During Paul's 1996 congressional election campaign, and his 2008 and 2012 presidential primary campaigns, critics charged that some of the passages reflected racist, anti-Semitic, and homophobic bigotry.[165][166][167][168][169][170][171]
The newsletters included statements such as:
- "... I think we can safely assume that 95 percent of the black males in [Washington, DC] are semi-criminal or entirely criminal."[166]
- "Boy, it sure burns me to have a national holiday for that pro-communist philanderer, Martin Luther King. I voted against this outrage time and time again as a Congressmen. What an infamy that Ronald Reagan approved it! We can thank him for our annual Hate Whitey Day!"[163][172]
- "An ex-cop I know advises that if you have to use a gun on a youth [to defend yourself against armed robbery], you should leave the scene immediately, disposing of the wiped off gun as soon as possible.... I frankly don't know what to make of such advice, but even in my little town of Lake Jackson, Texas, I've urged everyone in my family to know how to use a gun in self defense. For the animals are coming."[163][173]
- “I miss the closet. Homosexuals, not to speak of the rest of society, were far better off when social pressure forced them to hide their activities. They could also not be as promiscuous. Is it any coincidence that the AIDS epidemic developed after they came 'out of the closet,' and started hyper-promiscuous sodomy? I don't believe so, medically or morally.”[174][175]
- “[Magic] Johnson may be a sports star, but he is dying [of AIDS] because he violated moral laws.”[164][176]
- “[T]he criminal ‘Justice’ Department wants to force dentists to treat these Darth Vader types [people with AIDS] under the vicious Americans With Disabilities Act;" and “[W]e all have the right to discriminate, which is what freedom of association is all about, especially against killers [AIDS patients].”[164][177]
Other passages referred to former Secretary of Health & Human Services Donna Shalala as a “short lesbian” and Martin Luther King, Jr. as a pedophile and “lying socialist satyr" – while offering praise for former Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard David Duke and other controversial figures.[163][164][174]
When criticism of the newsletters was leveled against Paul during his 1996 congressional election, he did not deny writing the newsletters, but instead defended them and said that the material had been taken out of context.[165][167][166] In later years, Paul said that the controversial material had been ghostwritten by members of a team that included 6 or 8 others and that, as publisher, not editor, he had not even been aware of the content of the controversial articles until years after they had been published.[167][178] He eventually disavowed those passages, and stated that in 1996 his campaign advisers had thought denying authorship would be too confusing and that he had to live with the material published under his name.[167][178] Some political commentators made note of the changing nature of the explanations he had provided over the years about his involvement with the newsletters.[179][180][181]
An estranged former long-term aide of Paul, Eric Dondero, alleged that Paul was lying about his role in the production of the controversial newsletters.[182][183] During the 2012 Republican presidential primary campaign, in January 2012, the Washington Post reported[184] that several of Paul's former associates said that Paul had been very involved in the production of the newsletters and had allowed the controversial material to be included as part of a deliberate strategy to boost profits. Paul's former secretary said, "it was his newsletter, and it was under his name, so he always got to see the final product.... He would proof it."[184] Paul continued to deny the accusations and to disavow the material.[185]
Personal life[link]
Paul has been married to Carol Wells since 1957.[186] They met in 1952 when Wells asked Paul to be her escort to her 16th birthday party.[187] They have five children, who were baptized Episcopalian:[8] Ronald, Lori, Randal, Robert, and Joy. Paul's son Randal is the junior United States senator from the state of Kentucky. Raised a Lutheran, Paul later became a Baptist.[188]
Bibliography[link]
Main article: Ron Paul bibliography
- Paul, Ron (1981) (PDF). Gold, Peace, and Prosperity: The Birth of a New Currency. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 7877384. http://www.mises.org/books/goldpeace.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron; Lehrman, Lewis; U.S. Gold Commission (September 1982) (PDF). The Case for Gold: A Minority Report of the U.S. Gold Commission. Washington, DC: Cato Institute (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). ISBN 0-932790-31-3. OCLC 8763972. http://www.mises.org/books/caseforgold.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron (1983). Abortion and Liberty. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. ISBN 0-912453-02-8. OCLC 9682249.
- Paul, Ron (1983). Ten Myths About Paper Money: And One Myth About Paper Gold. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 11765863.
- Paul, Ron (1984) (PDF). Mises and Austrian Economics: A Personal View. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute (2d ed. 2004). OCLC 19968524. http://www.mises.org/books/paulmises.pdf. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
- Paul, Ron (1987). Freedom Under Siege: The U.S. Constitution After 200 Years. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education (2d ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007). OCLC 19697005.
- Paul, Ron (1990). Challenge to Liberty: Coming to Grips with the Abortion Issue. Lake Jackson, Texas: Ron Paul Enterprises. OCLC 46960450.
- Paul, Ron (1991). The Ron Paul Money Book. Plantation Publishing. ISBN 0-521-44733-X.
- Paul, Ron (2000). A Republic, If You Can Keep It. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 45414993. http://paul.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=510&Itemid=60. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
- Paul, Ron (2002). The Case for Defending America. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. OCLC 49744552.
- Paul, Ron (2002). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards–2001. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. ISBN 1-893958-84-1.
- Paul, Ron (2003). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 2–2002. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press.
- Paul, Ron (2004). The Ron Paul – Liberty In Media Awards – Vol. 3–2003. Jersey City, NJ: Palisade Business Press. ISBN 1-893958-24-8.
- Upton, Fred; Paul, Ron (2005). Indecency in the Media: Rating and Restricting Entertainment Content: Should the House Pass H.R. 3717, the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act?. Washington, DC: Congressional Digest Corp. OCLC 81150568.
- Rangel, Charles B.; Paul, Ron (2006). Compulsory National Service: 2006–2007 Policy Debate Topic: Should the All-Volunteer Force be Replaced by Universal, Mandatory National Service?. Bethesda, Maryland: Congressional Digest Corp. OCLC 84912971.
- Paul, Ron (2007). A Foreign Policy of Freedom: Peace, Commerce, and Honest Friendship. Lake Jackson, Texas: Foundation for Rational Economics and Education. ISBN 0-912453-00-1. OCLC 145174995.
- Paul, Ron (2008). Pillars of Prosperity. Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 1-933550-24-4.
- Paul, Ron; Haddad, Philip; Marsh, Roger (April 2008). Ron Paul Speaks. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59921-448-2. OCLC 199459258.
- Paul, Ron (2008). The Revolution: A Manifesto. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-53751-9. OCLC 191881970.
- Paul, Ron (2009). End the Fed. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-0-446-54919-6. OCLC 318878539.
- Paul, Ron (2011). Liberty Defined: 50 Essential Issues That Affect Our Freedom. New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-0145-8.
Other contributions[link]
- Belloc, Hilaire; Chesterton, Cecil (2007) [1911]. The Party System. Paul, Ron (foreword). Norfolk, Virginia: IHS Press. ISBN 1-932528-11-3. OCLC 173299105.
- Fortman, Erik; Lavello, Randy (2004). Webs of Power. Paul, Ron (interview). Austin, Texas: Van Cleave Publishing. ISBN 0-9759670-0-2. OCLC 61026033.
- Haugen, David M.; Musser, Susan, eds. (2007). Human Embryo Experimentation. Paul, Ron (Chapter 9: No form of stem cell research should be federally funded). Detroit, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-7377-3243-1. OCLC 84152907.
- Haugen, David M., ed. (2007). National Security. Paul, Ron (Chapter 1–7: The federal debt is a threat to national security). Detroit, Michigan: Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0-7377-3761-1. OCLC 144227284.
- Jaeger, James; Baehr, Theodore; Griffin, G. Edward; Paul, Ron; Vieira, Edwin (2007). Fiat Empire: Why the Federal Reserve Violates the U.S. Constitution (DVD). Beverly Hills, California: Cornerstone-Matrixx Entertainment. OCLC 192133806.
- Minns, Michael Louis (2001). How to Survive the IRS. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade Books. ISBN 1-56980-170-3. OCLC 44860846.
- Paul, Ron; Hayashi, Terry; Pardo, Victoriano; and Fisher, Edwin (August 1, 1969). "Evaluation of Renal Biopsy in Pregnancy Toxemia". Obstetrics and Gynecology (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists) 34 (2): 235–241. PMID 5798269.
- Paul, Ron (1999). "Being Pro-Life is Necessary to Defend Liberty". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy (MCB University Press, Ltd) 19 (3–4): 11. DOI:10.1108/01443339910788712. ISSN 0144-333X. OCLC 89482648.
- Paul, Ron; Bartlett, Roscoe; et al. (2001) (Videotape). The United Nations & the New World Order. Brunswick, OH: American Portrait Films, Inc. ISBN 1-57341-132-9. OCLC 56793278.
- Pearl, Sandy; Beutel, Bill; Alis, Bob; Weingold, Dave; Paul, Ron; Bartsch, Ed (1980). Born Again (Videotape). Athens, GA: University of Georgia Instructional Resources Center. OCLC 7407395.
- Skousen, Mark; Weber, Chris; Ketcher, Michael, eds. (1987). The Closing Door. Paul, Ron (introduction). Bethel, Connecticut: Institute for the Preservation of Wealth (2d ed. 1988). ISBN 0-938689-03-7. OCLC 17209571.
- Vieira, Jr., Edwin (1983). Pieces of Eight. Paul, Ron (foreword). Fort Lee, NJ: Sound Dollar Committee. ISBN 978-0-8159-6226-7. OCLC 9919612.
- von NotHaus, Bernard, ed. (September 1, 2003). The Liberty Dollar Solution to the Federal Reserve. Paul, Ron (Chapter 21: Abolish the Fed). Evansville, Indiana: American Financial Press. ISBN 0-9671025-2-9.
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- ^ Paul, Ron (1999-10-27). "Providing for Consideration of H.R. 2260, Pain Relief Promotion Act of 1999". Congressional Record. U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on September 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070908011246/http://www.house.gov/paul/congrec/congrec99/cr102799.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2007). "Life and Liberty". Ron Paul 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-10-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20071024143701/http://www.ronpaul2008.com/issues/life-and-liberty/. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Paul, Ron (2006-01-31). "Federalizing Social Policy". Congressional Record. U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071229014649/http://www.house.gov/paul/tst/tst2006/tst013006.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
- ^ "Paul says merger plans must be derailed: 'You cannot amend the Constitution with a treaty'". Election 2008 Q&A (WorldNetDaily). 2007-07-10. http://worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=56526. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
- ^ Eddlem, Thomas R. (2005-05-02). "Who had the right to rule?". The New American. American Opinion Publishing, Inc. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Who+had+the+right+to+rule%3F+Accusations+about+the+abuses+of...-a0132162835. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
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- ^ "H.R. 2592". Library of Congress. 2001-07-23. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:HR02592. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
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- ^ Anchor: David Asman (2009-11-04). "America's Nightly Scoreboard". 7 minutes in. Fox Business Network.
- ^ On the Issues: Global Warming
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- ^ "H.R. 2139: To Repeal the National Voter Registration Act of 1993". 108th Congress, 2003-05-15. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h108-2139. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Kirchick, James (2008-01-08). "Angry White Man: The Bigoted Past of Ron Paul". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/angry-white-man. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b c d Kirchick, James (2012-01-17). "More Selections from Ron Paul's Newsletters". The New Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/99666/ron-paul-newsletters-part-two?page=0,1. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b Camia, Catalina (1996-05-22). "Candidate's Comments on Blacks Questioned". Dallas Morning News: 8A.
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External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ron Paul |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ron Paul |
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Wikisource has original works written by or about: |
- Ron Paul's personal website, books, articles, links to political sites connected with Ron Paul
- Ron Paul at the Open Directory Project
- Congress
- U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Ron Paul in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Presidential campaign
- NOW on PBS "Ron Paul and Internet Politics". Also, a September 2008 NOW on PBS interview with Ron Paul
- PBS NewsHour with Jim Lehrer – Vote 2008: Ron Paul
- Ron Paul TV. Ron Paul Presidential Candidate Media and Internet Video Campaign.
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Robert R. Casey |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd congressional district April 3, 1976 – January 3, 1977 |
Succeeded by Robert Gammage |
| Preceded by Robert Gammage |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 22nd congressional district January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1985 |
Succeeded by Tom DeLay |
| Preceded by Greg Laughlin |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas's 14th congressional district January 3, 1997 – present |
Incumbent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by David Bergland |
Libertarian Party presidential candidate 1988 |
Succeeded by Andre Marrou |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Rob Andrews |
United States Representatives by seniority 53rd |
Succeeded by David Price |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Paul, Ron |
| Alternative names | Paul, Ronald Ernest |
| Short description | U.S. libertarian, physician, politician, obstetrician |
| Date of birth | August 20, 1935 |
| Place of birth | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
