A narrow sidewalk in Greenwich village, New York City

Raised sidewalks beside a 2000 year old paved road, Pompeii, Italy

Playing Chess in the French Quarter, New Orleans

A sidewalk, or pavement, footpath, footway, and sometimes platform, is a path along the side of a road. A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade (height) and is normally separated from the vehicular section by a curb (British English: kerb). There may also be a road verge (a strip of vegetation, grass or bushes or trees or a combination of these) either between sidewalk and the roadway (British English: carriageway) or between the sidewalk and the boundary.

In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that is not next to a road, for example, a path through a park.

Terminology[link]

United States[link]

The term Sidewalk is used for the pedestrian path beside a road. Shared-use path and multi-use path is reserved for use for ones available for use by both pedestrians and bicyclists.^[1]

Walkway is a more comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways, and related structures that facilitate the use of a path as well as the sidewalk.^[2] The term pathway is used for pedestrian paths that are not next to a road.

United Kingdom[link]

The most common term in everyday usage is pavement.^[3] The professional, civil engineering and legal term for this is footway.^[4] Legally the term footpath is only used for paths that are not associated with a highway.^[5]

In professional and common usage, the term shared-use path is used where cyclists are also able to use the same section of path as pedestrians. The term Segregated footway can be used for a shared-use path where separate parts of the path are allocated to cyclists and pedestrians. Cycle Track is the legal term for both of these.^[6]

According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (third edition 1933) the term sidewalk was still in occasional use in the UK and pavement was also used for: 'a piece of paved work'; 'the superficial covering of a floor, yard, street etc.' as well as for 'the paved part of a public thoroughfare, but now only the paved footway by the side of the street'.^[7]

Other countries[link]

The term Pavement is used in Malta, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Platform in India and Footpath in Australia, India, Ireland, New Zealand and Pakistan.

History[link]

The state of the roads in British urban towns was a matter of considerable concern in the 17th-18th centuries and a number of 'Paving Acts' (Acts of parliament) were passed although they were not always effective as was the case of the 1623 Act for Colchester.^[8]

Social uses[link]

Bicycle parking

Busking

Some sidewalks may be used as social spaces with sidewalk cafes, markets by busking musicians. or for parking for a variety of vehicles including cars, motorbikes and bicycles.

Construction[link]

Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of concrete in the United States and Canada, while tarmac, asphalt, brick, stone, slab and (increasingly) rubber are more common in Europe.^[9] Different materials are more or less environmentally-friendly: pumice-based trass, for example, when used as an extender is less energy-intensive than Portland cement concrete or petroleum-based materials such as asphalt or tar-penetration macadam). Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than concrete, such as asphalt.

Wood[link]

In the 19th century and early 20th century, sidewalks of wood were common in some North American locations. They may still be found at historic beach locations and in conservation areas to protect the land beneath and around, called boardwalks.

Concrete[link]

In the United States and Canada, the most common type of sidewalk consists of a poured concrete ribbons, examples of which from as early as the 1860s can be found in good repair in San Francisco, and stamped with the name of the contractor and date of installation. When quantities of Portland cement were first imported to the United States in the 1880s, its principal use was in the construction of sidewalks.^[10] Today, most sidewalk ribbons are constructed with cross-lying strain relief grooves at placed at regular intervals typically 5 feet (1.5 m) apart. This partitioning, an improvement over the continuous slab, was patented in 1924 by Arthur Wesley Hall and William Alexander McVay who wished to minimize damage to the concrete from the effects of tectonic and temperature fluctuations, both of which can crack longer segments.^[11] The technique is not perfect, as freeze-thaw cycles (in cold-weather regions) and tree root growth can eventually result in damage which requires repair.

Brick[link]

4 types of brick-laying for sidewalks. Each is a type of tessellation.

Brick sidewalks are found in some urban areas, usually for aesthetic purposes. Brick sidewalk construction usually involves the usage of a mechanical vibrator to lock the bricks in place after they have been laid (and/or to prepare the soil before laying). Although this might also be done by other tools (as regular hammers and heavy rolls), a vibrator is often used to speed up the process.

Tarmac and asphalt[link]

In the United Kingdom suburban pavements are most commonly constructed of tarmac, which is however not more environmentally-friendly. In urban or inner-city areas pavements are most commonly constructed of slabs, stone, or brick depending upon the surrounding street architecture and furniture.

Stone[link]

Stone slabs called flagstones or flags are sometimes used where an attractive appearance is required, as in historic town centres. In other places, pre-cast concrete slabs (called paving slabs or, less correctly, paving stones) are used. These may be coloured or textured to resemble stone.

Road traffic safety[link]

Research commissioned for the Florida Department of Transportation, published in 2005, found that, in Florida, the Crash Reduction Factor (used to estimate the expected reduction of crashes during a given period) resulting from the installation of sidewalks averaged 74%.^[12] Research at the University of North Carolina for the U.S. Department of Transportation found that the presence or absence of a sidewalk and the speed limit are significant factors in the likelihood of a vehicle/pedestrian crash. Sidewalk presence had a risk ratio of 0.118, which means that the likelihood of a crash on a road with a paved sidewalk was 88.2 percent lower than one without a sidewalk. “This should not be interpreted to mean that installing sidewalks would necessarily reduce the likelihood of pedestrian/motor vehicle crashes by 88.2 percent in all situations. However, the presence of a sidewalk clearly has a strong beneficial effect of reducing the risk of a ‘walking along roadway’ pedestrian/motor vehicle crash.” The study does not count crashes that happen when walking across a roadway. The speed limit risk ratio was 1.116, which means that a 16.1-km/h (10-mi/h) increase in the limit yields a factor of (1.116)¹⁰ or 3.^[13]

On the other hand, the implementation of schemes which involve the removal of sidewalks, such as shared space schemes, are reported to deliver a dramatic drop in crashes and congestion too, which indicates that a number of other factors, such as the local speed environment, also play an important role in whether sidewalks are necessarily the best local solution for pedestrian safety.^[14]

In cold weather, black ice is a common problem with unsalted sidewalks. The ice forms a thin transparent surface film which is almost impossible to see, and so results in many slips by pedestrians.

Riding bicycles on sidewalks is discouraged since it is more dangerous than riding in the street^{[citation needed]}. Some jurisdictions prohibit sidewalk riding except for children. In addition to the risk of cyclist/pedestrian collisions, cyclists face increase risks from collisions with motor vehicles at street crossings and driveways. Riding in the direction opposite to traffic in the adjacent lane is especially risky.^[15]

Gallery[link]

• 

  A sidewalk next to Paulista Avenue tiled with Portuguese pavement, in São Paulo (Brazil)

• 

  Old pavement with granite curb in Kutná Hora (Czech Republic)

• 

  Sidewalk market, Speightstown, Barbados

• 

  Overspill parking on the sidewalk in Moscow

• 

  A sidewalk with street trees in Oak Park, Illinois

• 

  A sidewalk with a planted rain garden in the "tree lawn" or "road verge" zone

See also[link]

• Amsterdammertje
• Big Apple Pothole and Sidewalk Protection Committee
• Café
• Cobblestone
• Crosswalk
• Curb, Curb ramp
• Desire lines
• Flagstone
• Moving walkway
• Pavement
• Portuguese pavement
• Public space
• Sidewalk chalk

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sidewalk

• Los Alamos Walkability Advocacy Group
• PEDS a member-based advocacy group dedicated to making metro Atlanta safe and accessible for all pedestrians.
• Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center (PBIC), a U.S.A.-based clearinghouse for information for pedestrians (including transit users) and bicyclists.

Erik Thomas Rusiak (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈruːʂak]; born 8 November 1976) is a Swedish rapper, hip hop producer, musician and singer.^[1] Rusiak's father was the rather prominent Polish jazz saxophonist, Alfred Banasiak. Initially a member of the Stockholm-based hiphop group Sherlock and later closely associated with the popular Swedish rapper Petter, whom Rusiak worked with as a producer and occasional supporting rapper. Rusiak launched his solo career in 2000 with several prominent Swedish artists contributing to his debut album Magic Villa, including Titiyo, Teddybears STHLM and award winning producer Christian Falk.

Discography[link]

Solo albums[link]

• Magic Villa (2000) (Peaked at #9 on the Swedish album chart on 10 August 2000^[2])
• In the Sun (2003)

With Sherlock[link]

• Made to Measure (1997)

Singles[link]

• Hiphopper (feat Teddybears STHLM) (Version of Teddybears STHLM's Punkrocker)
• "Whole Lot of Things" Legends of the fall

Selected production credits[link]

• Slick Rick - The Art of Storytelling (1 track)
• Petter - P (8 tracks)

See also[link]

• Swedish hip hop

References[link]

1. ^ Hallhagen, Erika (30 September 2000). "Nu ska Rusiak erövra världen" (in Swedish). Aftonbladet. http://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/noje/0009/30/rusiak.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010. 
2. ^ swedishcharts.com Retrieved 27 July 2009.

External links[link]

• Official Website

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