Alcalde ( /ælˈkældi/; Spanish: [alˈkalde]), or Alcalde ordinario, is the traditional Spanish municipal magistrate, who had both judicial and administrative functions. An alcalde was, in the absence of a corregidor, the presiding officer of the Castilian cabildo (the municipal council) and judge of first instance of a town. Alcaldes were elected annually, without the right to reelection for two or three years, by the regidores (council members) of the municipal council. The office of the alcalde was signified by a staff of office, which they were to take with them when doing their business.^[1][2]

Medieval origins[link]

The office of the alcalde evolved during the Reconquista as new lands were settled by the expanding kingdoms of León and Castile. As fortified settlements in the area between the Duero and Tagus rivers became true urban centers, they gained, from their feudal lords or the kings of Leon and Castile, the right to have councils. Among the rights that these councils had was to elect a municipal judge (iudex in Latin and juez in Spanish). These judges were assisted in their duties by various assistant judges, called alcaldes, whose number depended on the number of parishes the town had.^[3] The title alcalde was borrowed from the Arabic al-qaḍi ( قاضي,), meaning "the judge."^[4] The word alcalde originally was used for simple judges, as in Andalusian Arabic. Only later was it applied to the presiding municipal magistrate.^[5] This early use continued to be reflected in its other uses—such as in alcaldes del crimen, the judges in the audiencias; Alcaldes de la Casa y Corte de Su Majestad, who formed the highest tribunal in Castile and also managed the royal court; alcaldes mayores (a synonym for corregidor); and alcaldes de barrio, who were roughly the equivalent of the British parish constables. Because of this, the municipal alcalde was often referred to as an alcalde ordinario.

[edit] The classic cabildo, fifteenth to nineteenth centuries

By the end of the fourteenth century the definite form of the Castilian municipal council, the ayuntamiento or cabildo, had been established. The council was limited to a maximum of twenty-four members (regidores), who may be appointed for life by the crown, hold the office as an inherited possession or be elected by the citizens (vecinos) of the municipality. (Many cabildos had a mix of these different types of regidores.) The number of magistrates, now definitely called alcaldes, was limited to one or two, depending on the size of the city and who were elected annually by the regidores. To ensure control over cabildos, the Castilian monarchs often appointed a corregidor, who took over the role of the presiding officer of the council. The cabildo was taken to the Americas and Philippines by the Spanish conquistadors. Towns and villages in the Americas with the right to a council (villas and lugares in the Recompilación de las Leyes de Indias, 1680) had one alcalde. Cities (ciudades) had two, which was the maximum number anywhere. Early in the conquest, adelantados had the right to appoint the alcaldes in the districts they settled, if they could attract the legally specified number of settlers to the area. This right could be inherited for one generation, after which the right of election returned to the municipal council.

Modern usage[link]

In modern Spanish, it is just the equivalent to a mayor, and is used to mean the local, executive officer in municipalities throughout Spain and Latin America. In the autonomous Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, however, their alcaldes-presidentes have greater powers than their peninsular colleagues.

Because the United States incorporated parts of the former Viceroyalty of New Spain, the office has had some influence in the local political and legal developments of those areas and is mentioned in judicial cases. This title continued to be in use in the Southwest United States after the Mexican American War until a permanent political and judicial system could be established.^[6] Alcaldes were notorious for their support for rule of law and opposition to vigilantes.^[7] In nineteenth-century California, Stephen Johnson Field, later an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, once served as the only alcalde of Marysville, California, a town established in 1850 during the Gold Rush by immigrants, who temporarily used the Spanish and Mexican form of municipal government. In Texas, the position of county judge was based on that of the alcalde which had existed in the state prior to the Texas Revolution. Like the alcaldes before them, county judges under the Texas Constitution wield both judicial and chief executive functions. Although in larger counties today the county judge usually functions solely as county chief executive, in smaller counties, the role of the county judge continues to have many of the combined judicial and administrative functions of the alcalde.

See also[link]

• Presidente municipal
• Mayor
• Cabildo (council)
• Corregidor (position)

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Alcalde from the Handbook of Texas Online
• Alcalde in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
• Corominas, Joan and José A Pascual. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 7 vols. Madrid, Editorial Gredos, 1981. ISBN 84-249-1362-0
• Harding, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America. New York, Oxford University Press, 1947.
• O'Callaghan, Joseph F. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1975. ISBN 0-8014-0880-6

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since April 2012. Very few or no other articles link to it. Please help introduce links to this page from other articles related to it. Tagged since May 2012. Its neutrality is disputed. Tagged since April 2012.

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (April 2012)

Pablo Hasél is a Spanish rapper, MC and poet. He was born in Lleida, Spain, in 1989. He's a communist^{[citation needed]}, and is the son of the owner of the former football team UE Lleida.^{[citation needed]}

In his compositions, he speaks about politics, because he is communist. He also sings about social criticism, personal topics and subjects that ridicule everything; but above all he is pacifist^{[citation needed]}.

He has worked as a rapper since 2005, as well as with others rappers, like Cíniko, Keny Arkana, Los Chikos del Maíz and Charly Efe.

He was arrested in Lleida in October 2011 for praising terrorism, due to his connection with GRAPO, a Maoist group.^[1][2]

Songs[link]

Songs:

• Esto no es el paraíso (demo) (2005)
• Miedo y Asco en Ilerda – Reeditado con el título Ilerda rima con mierda (2007)
• Trastorno Tripolar (2007)
• Desde el abismo se goza de las mejores vistas (2006–2008)
• En ningún lugar pero aquí (Zyon Revol "Frankie Brown" + Hasél) (2008)
• Descuartizando resacas (2009)
• Quemando la vida (con Kaktan)(2009)
• Cuando el tiempo no nos tocaba las ilusiones (2006–2009)
• Se lo vomite al viento mientras ella se drogaba con otro (2010)
• Inéditas por culpa de Aileen Wuornos (2007–2010)
• Banquete de larvas (demo) (2010)
• El Che disparaba (2011)
• Siempre perdidos 1 (2008–2010)
• Siempre perdidos 2 (2008–2011)
• Solos en medio del misterio infinito - Poemas (2011)
• Polvo y Ceniza (2011)
• Un café con Gudrun Ensslin (2011)
• El infierno sería verlos más allá (2010–2011)
• Crucificado en tu clítoris (2011)
• Las resakas: Besos cortados con coca (2011)
• Canciones supervivientes al registro policial (2012)
• La tortura placentera de la luna: algunas canciones inéditas (2012)
• Escribiendo con Ulrike Meinhof (2012)

References[link]

1. ^ Xiana Siccardi, "La Policía detiene a un rapero de Lleida por enaltecer el terrorismo al cantar a los Grapo", El Mundo, October 4, 2011, http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/10/04/barcelona/1317749227.html
2. ^ "Detenido el rapero leridano Pablo Hasel por hacer apología del terrorismo", Antena3, http://www.antena3.com/noticias/sociedad/detenido-rapero-leridano-pablo-hasel-hacer-apologia-terrorism_2011100400182.html (accessed April 19, 2012)

External links[link]

• Myspace page

Carlos Alberto Enrique (born 12 December 1963 in Adrogué) is a former Argentine football midfielder who won the Copa América 1991 with Argentina. At club level he won the Copa Libertadores and Copa Intercontinental with Club Atlético Independiente in 1984.

Enrique started his playing career with Independiente in 1982, his first major success was being part of the team that won the Metropolitano in 1983.

In 1984 Enrique was part of the Independiente squad that won the Copa Libertadores and then the Copa Intercontinental against Liverpool F.C.

Enrique joined River Plate in 1988 and helped the team to claim the 1989-90 league title.

In 1991 Enrique was called up to join the Argentina squad for the Copa América 1991, which they went on to win, later that year he secured another league title with River Plate.

Enrique played alongside his brother Héctor at River (1988–1990) and at Club Atlético Lanús (1992–1993).

Enrique also played for Gimnasia y Tiro, Banfield and All Boys in Argentina and Alianza Lima in Peru.

Enrique works as a football coach and has held assistant manager positions in teams such as Nueva Chicago, Almagro and Chacarita Juniors in Argentina and Aurora in Bolivia. He currently assists Diego Maradona as manager of Al Wasl SC of Dubai.^[1]

Honours[link]

Club[link]

• Independiente
  • Metropolitano: 1983
  • Copa Libertadores: 1984
  • Copa Intercontinental: 1984
• River Plate
  • Primera División Argentina: 1989-90
  • Primera División Argentina: Apertura 1991

National Team[link]

•  Argentina
  • Copa América: 1991

El ayudante actual de Diego Maradona en el Al-Wasi es HECTOR Enrique,el hermano de Carlos.Carlos Enrique es actual dt de General Paz Juniors (Córdoba-Argentina) desde 2009 y continúa.

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Carlos Enrique at National-Football-Teams.com
• (Spanish) Profile at My Best Play

v t e Argentina squad – 1991 Copa América Winners (13th Title) 1 Goycochea 2 Vázquez 3 Enrique 4 Basualdo 5 Astrada 6 Ruggeri (c) 7 Caniggia 8 Franco 9 Batistuta 10 Simeone 11 Latorre 12 Lanari 13 Gamboa 14 Craviotto 15 Altamirano 16 García 17 Zapata 18 Medina Bello 19 Mohamed 20 Rodríguez 21 Giunta 22 Cancelarich Coach: Basile

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since June 2008. It is written like an advertisement and needs to be rewritten from a neutral point of view. Tagged since May 2009. It has no lead section. Tagged since June 2009. The notability of this article's subject is in question. If notability cannot be established, it may be listed for deletion or removed. Tagged since June 2008.

Enrique Castillo (born December 10, 1949) is an American actor, writer, director,^[1] and producer.

Life and career[link]

Castillo was a founding member of The Latino Theater Company. He co-wrote the company’s plays Stone Wedding and August 29. In addition to the plays, he wrote and directed the film The History of The Latino Theater Company, a documentary chronicling the theater company, and co-produced the company’s annual comedy fundraiser Noche de Risa y Susto.

In 1997 Castillo created Four Brown Hats Entertainment (FBHE), a film and theater production company. With FBHE, he adapted and directed The Last Angry Brown Hat. Following this, he wrote and directed Veteranos: A Legacy of Valor, a theater piece honoring the military contributions by Latinos in America’s defense.

Among his completed feature film scripts are Yo Solo, The Cobra, Valley of the Dead, Deerdancer, and The Last Angry Brown Hat.

Filmography[link]

References[link]

1. ^ "Poetry reading of works by William Lansford at Beyond Baroque". The Argonaut. Wednesday, February 17, 2010. http://www.argonautnewspaper.com/articles/2010/02/22/entertainment/wo2.prt. Retrieved 2010-030-4.