Teruel
—  Municipality  —
Flag Coat of arms
Teruel Location in Spain
Coordinates: 40°20′37″N 1°6′26″W / 40.34361°N 1.10722°W / 40.34361; -1.10722Coordinates: 40°20′37″N 1°6′26″W / 40.34361°N 1.10722°W / 40.34361; -1.10722
Country	Spain
Autonomous community	Aragón
Province	Teruel
Comarca	Comunidad de Teruel
Judicial district	Teruel
Founded	1171
Government
• Alcalde	Miguel Ferrer (PAR)
Area
• Total	440.41 km2 (170.04 sq mi)
Elevation	915 m (3,002 ft)
Population (2009)
• Total	35,396
• Density	80/km2 (210/sq mi)
Demonym	Turolense
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
• Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	44001 - 44003
Dialing code	978
Official language(s)	Spanish
Website	Official website

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Teruel (Spanish pronunciation: [teˈɾwel]) is a town in Aragon, eastern Spain, and the capital of Teruel Province. It has a population of 34,240 in 2006 making it one of the least populated provincial capitals in the country. It is noted for its harsh climate (hot in summer and very cold in winter), its renowned jamón serrano (cured ham), its pottery, its surrounding archaeological sites with some of the oldest dinosaur remains of the Iberian Peninsula, and its famous Fiestas (La vaquilla del ángel during the second weekend of July and "Bodas de Isabel de Segura" around the third weekend of February). Teruel is regarded as the "town of mudéjar" due to numerous buildings designed in this style. All of them are comprised in the Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon which is a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

Teruel's remote and mountainous location (it is 915 metres above sea level) and its low population has led to relative isolation within Spain. A campaign group with the slogan Teruel existe ("Teruel exists") was founded in 1999 to press for greater recognition and investment in the town and the province. Due in part to the campaign, transport connections to Teruel are being greatly improved with the construction of a motorway between Zaragoza and Sagunto, large parts of which are now open. However, Teruel remains the only provincial capital in Spain without a direct railway link to the capital, Madrid.

Climate[link]

Climograma of Teruel.

Teruel's climate is moderate continental of mountain. Summer temperatures are mild, although much temperature variation, and in the winter is cold, with low minimum temperatures sometimes drop to −10 °C. Have the minimum rainfall in winter and a maximum at the end of spring.

The temperature records recorded at the Observatoire de Teruel 39.3 °C on August 4, 2007 and −19.0 °C on December 26, 2001.

History[link]

El torico (The little bull), Teruel's totem.

Teruel was founded in 1176 by Sancho Sánchez Muñoz and Blasco Garcés Marcilla. In the Middle Ages Teruel possessed a prominent Jewish community, which was robust during the centuries Muslims were in power and enjoyed several privileges. Later on after the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Jewish community paid a yearly tax of 300 sueldos (in the 14th century). Its members were engaged in commerce and industry, especially in wool-weaving. During the persecutions of 1391 many of them were killed, while others accepted Christianity in order to save their lives.^[1]

Teruel was fought over in the Spanish Civil War and suffered much destruction. The Battle of Teruel in December 1937-February 1938, was one of the bloodiest of the war. The town changed hands several times, first falling to the Republicans and eventually being re-taken by the Nationalists. In the course of the fighting, Teruel was subjected to heavy artillery and aerial bombardment. The two sides suffered up to 100,000 casualties between them in the three month battle.

Main sights[link]

View of the mudéjar Cathedral of Teruel.

La Escalinata.

The beauty of the town's cultural inheritance, which has some Islamic influence, has been recognised by UNESCO, which includes four churches in the World Heritage Site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon, notably the town's ornate cathedral in the Mudéjar style.

One of Teruel's best known monuments is very small statue of a bull on top of a tall column, known as El Torico ("the little bull"). It is located in the main square, Plaza Carlos Castell, more commonly known as the Plaza del Torico in the middle of the town center.

Other sights include:

• The Gothic church of St. Francis (1391–1492). It has a single nave with chapels covered by a ribbed vault with no crossing.
• Los Arcos, an aqueduct with two orders of arcade from 1538.
• San Pedro, a notable mudéjar church (16th century) with a tower similar to that of the cathedral. It includes a mausoleum housing the mummified bodies of Isabel Segura (a rich lady) and Diego de Marcilla (a poor man who battled at Crusades to earn some money with the intention to return to get married with Isabel) whose love ended tragically. This story is known as los amantes de Teruel and has inspired writers (for example Hartzenbusch) and an opera composed by Tomás Bretón.
• Church of La Merced, with a bell tower in mudéjar style (the upper sector added later in Baroque style).
• Church of San Salvador (17th century), with one of the most outstanding mudéjar towers. It houses a 14th century wooden sculpture of Christ.
• Church of San Martín (17th century).
• Church of San Miguel (12th century), remade in the 17th century in Baroque style.
• Castillo de Alambes, a 15th century fortification built over the Arabic Alcazar.
• Torre de San Martín (13th century), in mudéjar style
• Casa El Torico, Casa Ferrán and Casa La Madrileña, 1910s liberty style houses
• Palace of the Marquis of Tosos (17th century)

Plaza del Torico.

On the outskirts of Teruel is Dinópolis Teruel, a combined theme park and museum centred around dinosaurs. Promoted as a paleontological park, it includes a life-size robotic model of a Tyrannosaurus rex.[1] Dinópolis also owns three other museums in the surrounding area, which display the remains of dinosaurs discovered in the region.[2]. The chimney of Teruel Power Plant belongs to the tallest freestanding structures in Western Europe.

Transportation[link]

The city buses are run by Grupo Autobuses Jimenez.

Notable people[link]

• Luis Royo
• David Civera
• Manuel Macías y Casado, general and military governor
• Lelouch Vi Britannia, leader of the Black Knights
• Paula Guilló, Miss Spain 2010^[2]

See also[link]

• Diocese of Teruel and Albarracín.
• Lovers of Teruel

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Teruel

• Teruel existe
• Teruel Travelguide and Hotel bookings in English
• The main page of Teruel's Town Hall
• English World Heritage Centre
• Flickr Photos

v t e Municipalities in the province of Teruel Ababuj Abejuela Aguatón Aguaviva Aguilar del Alfambra Alacón Alba Albalate del Arzobispo Albarracín Albentosa Alcaine Alcalá de la Selva Alcañiz Alcorisa Alfambra Aliaga Allepuz Alloza Allueva Almohaja Alobras Alpeñés Anadón Andorra Arcos de las Salinas Arens de Lledó Argente Ariño Azaila Bádenas Báguena Bañón Barrachina Bea Beceite Bello Belmonte de San José Berge Bezas Blancas Blesa Bordón Bronchales Bueña Burbáguena Cabra de Mora Calaceite Calamocha Calanda Calomarde Camañas Camarena de la Sierra Camarillas Caminreal Cantavieja Cascante del Río Castejón de Tornos Castel de Cabra Castellote Castelnou Castelserás Cañada Vellida Cañada de Benatanduz Cañizar del Olivar Cedrillas Celadas Cella Corbalán Cortes de Aragón Cosa Cretas Crivillén Cubla Cucalón Cuevas Labradas Cuevas de Almudén Ejulve El Castellar El Cuervo El Pobo El Vallecillo Escorihuela Escucha Estercuel Ferreruela de Huerva Fonfría Formiche Alto Fortanete Foz-Calanda Frías de Albarracín Fuenferrada Fuentes Calientes Fuentes Claras Fuentes de Rubielos Fuentespalda Fórnoles Galve Gargallo Gea de Albarracín Griegos Guadalaviar Gúdar Hinojosa de Jarque Huesa del Común Híjar Jabaloyas Jarque de la Val Jatiel Jorcas Josa La Cañada de Verich La Cerollera La Codoñera La Cuba La Fresneda La Ginebrosa La Hoz de la Vieja La Iglesuela del Cid La Mata de los Olmos La Portellada La Puebla de Híjar La Puebla de Valverde La Zoma Lagueruela Lanzuela Las Parras de Castellote Libros Lidón Linares de Mora Lledó Los Olmos Loscos Maicas Manzanera Martín del Río Mas de las Matas Mazaleón Mezquita de Jarque Mirambel Miravete de la Sierra Molinos Monforte de Moyuela Monreal del Campo Monroyo Montalbán Monteagudo del Castillo Monterde de Albarracín Mora de Rubielos Moscardón Mosqueruela Muniesa Noguera de Albarracín Nogueras Nogueruelas Obón Odón Ojos Negros Olba Oliete Orihuela del Tremedal Orrios Palomar de Arroyos Pancrudo Peracense Peralejos Perales del Alfambra Peñarroya de Tastavins Pitarque Plou Pozondón Pozuel del Campo Puertomingalvo Rillo Riodeva Royuela Rubiales Rubielos de Mora Rubielos de la Cérida Ráfales Ródenas Salcedillo Saldón Samper de Calanda San Agustín San Martín del Río Santa Cruz de Nogueras Santa Eulalia Sarrión Segura de los Baños Seno Singra Terriente Teruel Toril y Masegoso Tormón Tornos Torralba de los Sisones Torre de Arcas Torre de las Arcas Torre del Compte Torre los Negros Torrecilla de Alcañiz Torrecilla del Rebollar Torrelacárcel Torremocha de Jiloca Torres de Albarracín Torrevelilla Torrijas Torrijo del Campo Tramacastiel Tramacastilla Tronchón Urrea de Gaén Utrillas Valacloche Valbona Valdealgorfa Valdecuenca Valdelinares Valdeltormo Valderrobres Valjunquera Veguillas de la Sierra Villafranca del Campo Villahermosa del Campo Villanueva del Rebollar de la Sierra Villar del Cobo Villar del Salz Villarluengo Villarquemado Villarroya de los Pinares Villastar Villel Vinaceite Visiedo Vivel del Río Martín

v t e Capitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Donostia-San Sebastián Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca Santander Santa Cruz Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza

Hua Xin (157 – 232),^[1] style name Ziyu (子魚), was an adviser serving under the warlord Cao Cao during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. He was originally a minister of the Han Dynasty imperial court, but later switched to serving under the warlord Sun Ce, and then later under Cao Cao. He served as a minister over letters after the establishment of Cao Wei of the Three Kingdoms.

In fiction[link]

In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Hua Xin was portrayed as a treacherous official who played up to the villains in power.

Hua Xin was first introduced as the Administrator of Yuzhang (豫章太守). He surrendered to Sun Ce during the latter's conquests of Jiangdong territory, and played a minor role under Sun Ce's successor Sun Quan. After the Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan heeded Gu Yong's suggestion to stir up conflict between his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, so he sent Hua Xin, who was known to be an admirer of Cao Cao, to meet the chancellor. Cao Cao appointed Hua Xin as a dali siqing (大理寺卿) and Hua remained with him in the imperial court.

Emperor Xian was unhappy that Cao Cao monopolized state power, so he plotted with Empress Fu Shou and Fu Wan (伏完, the empress' father), to eliminate Cao Cao, but the plan was leaked out. Hua Xin led soldiers into the palace to arrest the empress and caught her hiding behind a wall. Hua Xin dragged the empress out by her hair and brought her to Cao Cao, who ordered the empress to be executed.

When Cao Cao died in Ye city, his followers were discussing on how his son Cao Pi would succeed him. Just then, Hua Xin arrived hastily from the capital, bringing with him an imperial edict from Emperor Xian, which authorized Cao Pi's inheritance of his later father's title of "King of Wei". In fact, Hua Xin had foreseen that Cao Pi would succeed Cao Cao, so he had already prepared a draft edict, and he forced Emperor Xian to approve it. Hua Xin later played an important role in forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate and give up the throne to Cao Pi.

Appointments and titles held[link]

• Filial and Incorrupt (孝廉) - nominated candidate to be a Gentleman Cadet (郎)
• Gentleman (郎中)
• Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat (尚書郎)
• Prefect of Shanggui County (上邽縣令)
• Administrator of Yuzhang (豫章太守)
• Consultant (議郎)
• Military Advisor to the Excellency of Works (司空軍事)
• Imperial Secretary (尚書)
• Palace Attendant (侍中)
• Chief Imperial Secretary (尚書令)
• Military Advisor (軍師)
• Imperial Counsellor (御史大夫)

The following appointments and titles were held by Hua Xin when he served the state of Wei

• Chancellor of State (相國)
• Marquis of Anle (安樂亭侯)
• Excellency over the Masses (司徒)
• Marquis of Boping (博平侯)
• Grand Commandant (太尉)
• Marquis Jing (敬侯) - granted to Hua Xin posthumously

See also[link]

• List of people of the Three Kingdoms

References[link]

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