Agent Orange

Wednesday, 29 May 2013

Agent Orange

add

Agent Orange - Vietnam

July 2004 The use of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War means that for many the war never...

published: 21 Jan 2008

author: Journeyman Pictures

AGENT ORANGE "LIVING IN DARKNESS"(1981)FULL ALBUM

1981 DEBUT ALBUM OF ORANGE COUNTY CA BASED PUNK SURF ROCK BAND AGENT ORANGE.. THIS DESCRIP...

published: 13 Aug 2012

author: william areez

sodom - agent orange - track 1 agent orange

agent orange track listing 1. "Agent Orange" -- 6:04 2. "Tired and Red" -- 5:25 3. "Incest...

published: 15 May 2008

author: BLACKSABBATH0HM

Agent Orange - BloodStains

Agent Orange at the Key Club, Skateboarding, studio sound....

published: 18 Jul 2006

author: Committed77

Slapshock - Agent Orange

Agent Orange by: Slapshock Lyrics : God exists 360 degrees Like unsolved mysteries your mi...

published: 05 Jul 2008

author: Jayson Buhion

Vietnam 35 Years Later: Agent Orange

Vietnam Reporting Project fellow and CBS5 anchor/reporter travels to Vietnam to report on ...

published: 17 Sep 2010

author: Vietnam Reporting

Agent Orange - Living In Darkness (Full Album)

Band: Agent Orange Album: Living In Darkness Year: 1981 Tracklist: 1. 0:00 Bloodstains (Or...

published: 27 Jan 2013

author: Saufsoldat1994

AGENT ORANGE - Everything Turns Grey

Song Only....

published: 23 Jan 2008

author: THE UNDERGROUND CONNECTION

The History of Agent Orange

This is a clip from the French documentary "The World According to Monsanto." It summarize...

published: 26 May 2008

author: SensoryOssuary

Slapshock: Agent Orange

Slapshock Music Video: Agent Orange See more at www.slapshock.com....

published: 24 Jul 2006

author: goodsamaritan55

Agent Orange. American Chemical and Biological Warfare

Agent Orange. The effects of chemical spraying during the Vietnam War. The struggle of US ...

published: 23 Apr 2008

author: webmasterflash

Agent Orange - Miserlou / Pipeline / Mr. Moto

Agent Orange Mislerou / Pipeline / Mr. Moto 1981 Posh Boy Records....

published: 19 Apr 2008

author: windmills20

101 East - Vietnam after Agent Orange - 10 Sept 09 - Part 1

As children across Vietnam continue to be born with genetic defects, this edition of 101 E...

published: 10 Sep 2009

author: AlJazeeraEnglish

Sodom - Agent Orange

Live from the Marooned Tour in 1994. 20/04/2009 - 300000 views Lyrics: Operation "Ranch Ha...

published: 14 Jul 2007

author: halberd fukking metal

Vimeo results:

Chapter 6: Fool Circle

WINNER, CHAPTER SIX, CANON & VIMEO "BEYOND THE STILL" COMPETITION “FOOL CIRCLE” REFERENCE...

published: 18 Jul 2010

author: Marc Jonathan de Jesus

Rime, VandalsEYES Detroit

Artist: Rime - www.JerseyJoeArt.com Music: "Bloodstains" By Agent Orange Find out more at...

published: 02 Feb 2012

author: TheSeventhLetter

AGENT ORANGE READY

//NOW OFFICIALLY DISTRIBUTED BY ONEDOTZERO DISTRIBUTION, http://www.onedotzero.com/distrib...

published: 21 Feb 2009

author: christian schlaeffer

Agent Orange

a short film by "Tony Scott", one of my favorite directors...

published: 02 Oct 2008

author: michaelwu

Youtube results:

In Vietnam, 30 years after the war, Agent Orange is still

REPORTERS - In Vietnam, 30 years after the war, Agent Orange is still claiming victims. Us...

published: 19 Jan 2011

author: France 24 in English

Agent Orange - Bloodstains

Band: Agent Orange Song: Bloodstains Album: Blood Stained Hitz Year: 2004 Website: http://...

published: 22 May 2010

author: JimmyDFFDBorneo

agent orange - seek & destroy

agent orange seek and destroy original song from metallica enjoy, rate and coment....

published: 04 Mar 2008

author: Sergi Maixenchs Verdejo

Cage -Agent Orange

Follow me On Tumblr http://fuckcrisp.tumblr.com/ Follow me On twitter www,Twitter.com/Cris...

published: 05 Sep 2009

author: OneTrueHipHopMedia

Show more results Remove Add to playlist

For other uses, see Agent Orange (disambiguation).

U.S. Army Huey helicopter spraying Agent Orange over Vietnamese agricultural land

Agent Orange is the common name used for one of the herbicides and defoliants used by the U.S. military as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War from 1961 to 1971. It was given its name from the color of the orange-striped 55 US gallon (208 litre) barrels in which it was shipped, and was the most widely used of the so-called "Rainbow Herbicides".^[1] A 50:50 mixture of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, it was manufactured for the U.S. Department of Defense primarily by Monsanto Corporation and Dow Chemical. The 2,4,5-T used to produce Agent Orange was later discovered to be contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, an extremely toxic dioxin compound. Vietnam estimates 400,000 people were killed or maimed, and 500,000 children born with birth defects.^[2]

During the Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed nearly 20,000,000 US gallons (80,000,000 l) of material containing chemical herbicides and defoliants mixed with jet fuel in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of Operation Ranch Hand.^[3]^[4] The program's goal was to defoliate forested and rural land, depriving guerrillas of cover; another goal was to induce forced draft urbanization, destroying the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, and forcing them to flee to the U.S. dominated cities, thus depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base and food supply.^[4]^[5]

The US began to target food crops in October 1962, primarily using Agent Blue. In 1965, 42 percent of all herbicide spraying was dedicated to food crops.^[5] Rural-to-urban migration rates dramatically increased in South Vietnam, as peasants escaped the destruction and famine in the countryside by fleeing to the U.S.-dominated cities. The urban population in South Vietnam nearly tripled: from 2.8 million people in 1958, to 8 million by 1971. The rapid flow of people led to a fast-paced and uncontrolled urbanization; an estimated 1.5 million people were living in Saigon slums.^[6]

United States Air Force records show that at least 6,542 spraying missions took place over the course of Operation Ranch Hand.^[7] By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended USDA application rate for domestic use.^[8] In South Vietnam alone, an estimated 10 million hectares of agricultural land were ultimately destroyed.^[9] In some areas TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered "safe" by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.^[10]^[11] Overall, more than 20% of South Vietnam's forests were sprayed at least once over a nine year period.^[5]

Contents

1 Chemical description and toxicology

2 Early development

3 Use in the Vietnam War

3.1 Effects on the Vietnamese people

3.1.1 Health effects

3.1.2 Ecological effects

3.1.3 Sociopolitical effects

3.2 Effects on U.S. veterans

3.3 Legal and diplomatic proceedings

3.3.1 US veterans class action lawsuit against manufacturers

3.3.2 New Jersey Agent Orange Commission

3.3.3 US Congress

3.3.4 U.S./Vietnamese government negotiations

3.3.5 Vietnamese victims class action lawsuit in U.S. courts

3.4 Help for those affected in Vietnam

4 Use outside Vietnam

4.1 United States

4.2 Thailand

4.3 Korea

4.4 Canadian Forces Base Gagetown (New Brunswick, Canada)

4.5 Queensland, Australia

4.6 New Zealand

4.7 Brazil

4.8 Malayan Emergency

4.9 Ontario, Canada

5 See also

6 References

6.1 Notes

6.2 Bibliography

7 Further reading

7.1 Books

7.2 Journal articles / Papers

7.3 Government/NGO reports

7.4 News

7.5 Video

8 External links

Chemical description and toxicology [link]

2,3,7,8-TCDD

2,4-D

2,4,5-T

Chemically, Agent Orange is an approximately 1:1 mixture of two phenoxyl herbicides – 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) – in iso-octyl ester form.^[12]

Numerous studies have examined health effects linked to Agent Orange, its component compounds, and its manufacturing byproducts.^[13]

Prior to the controversy surrounding Agent Orange, there was already a large body of scientific evidence linking 2,4,5-T to serious negative health effects and ecological damage.^[14] But in 1969, it was revealed to the public that the 2,4,5-T was contaminated with a dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), and that the TCDD was causing many of the previously unexplained adverse health effects which were correlated with Agent Orange exposure.^[15] TCDD has been described as "perhaps the most toxic molecule ever synthesized by man".^[16] Internal memoranda revealed Monsanto Corporation (a manufacturer of 2,4,5-T) had informed the U.S. government as early as 1952 that 2,4,5-T was contaminated with a toxic contaminant.^[17] In the manufacture of 2,4,5-T, accidental overheating of the reaction mixture easily causes the product to condense into the toxic self-condensation product TCDD. At the time, precautions were not taken against this unintended side reaction, which caused also the Seveso disaster in Italy in 1976.

In 1979, the Yale biologist Arthur Galston, who specialized in herbicide research, published a review of what was known at the time about the toxicity of TCDD. Even "vanishingly small" quantities of dioxin in the diet caused adverse health effects when tested on animals.^[16] Since then, TCDD has been comprehensively studied. It has been associated with increased neoplasms in every animal bioassay reported in the scientific literature.^[18] The National Toxicology Program has classified TCDD as "known to be a human carcinogen", frequently associated with soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).^[19]^[20]

While the two herbicides that make up Agent Orange, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, remain toxic over a short period—a scale of days or weeks—they quickly degrade.^{[citation needed]} A 1969 report authored by K. Diane Courtney and others found 2,4,5-T could cause birth defects and stillbirths in mice.^[21] Several studies have shown an increased rate of cancer mortality for workers exposed to 2,4,5-T. In one such study, from Hamburg, Germany, the risk of cancer mortality increased by 170% after working for 10 years at the 2,4,5-T-producing section of a Hamburg manufacturing plant.^[18] Three studies have suggested prior exposure to Agent Orange poses an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia in the children of Vietnam veterans.^[13]

Starting in 1991, the US Congress asked the Institute of Medicine to review the scientific literature on Agent Orange and the other herbicides used in Vietnam, including their active ingredients and the dioxin contaminant. The IOM found an association between dioxin exposure and diabetes.^[22]^[23]

Early development [link]

In 1943 plant biologist Arthur Galston began studying the compound triiodobenzoic acid as a plant growth hormone, in an attempt to adapt soybeans to a short growing season. Galston found that excessive usage of the compound caused catastrophic defoliation — a finding later used by his colleague Ian Sussex to develop the family of herbicides used in Operation Ranch Hand.^[24] Galston was especially concerned about the compound's side effects to humans and the environment.^[25]

In 1943, the U.S. Department of the Army contracted the University of Chicago to study the effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on cereal grains (including rice) and broadleaf crops. From these studies arose the concept of using aerial applications of herbicides to destroy enemy crops to disrupt their food supply. In early 1945, the U.S. army ran tests of various 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T mixtures at the Bushnell Army Airfield in Florida, which is now listed as a Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS).^[26]^[27]

Use in the Vietnam War [link]

Map showing locations of U.S. army aerial herbicide spray missions in South Vietnam taking place from 1965 to 1971

During the Vietnam War, between 1962 and 1971, the United States military sprayed nearly 20,000,000 US gallons (75,700,000 l) of chemical herbicides and defoliants in Vietnam, eastern Laos and parts of Cambodia, as part of the aerial defoliation program known as Operation Ranch Hand.^[3]^[4] The goal was to defoliate rural/forested land, depriving guerrillas of food and cover and clearing in sensitive areas such as around base perimeters.^[28] The program was also a part of a general policy of forced draft urbanization, which aimed to destroy the ability of peasants to support themselves in the countryside, forcing them to flee to the U.S. dominated cities, depriving the guerrillas of their rural support base.^[4]^[5]

Military film footage of U.S. troops spraying Agent Orange from a riverboat in Vietnam

Spraying was usually done either from helicopters or from low-flying C-123 Provider aircraft, fitted with sprayers and "MC-1 Hourglass" pump systems and 1,000 US gal (3,800 L) chemical tanks. Spray runs were also conducted from trucks, boats, and backpack sprayers.^[29]^[30]^[31]

The first batch of herbicides was unloaded at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam, on January 9, 1962.^[1] Air Force records show at least 6,542 spraying missions took place over the course of Operation Ranch Hand.^[7] By 1971, 12 percent of the total area of South Vietnam had been sprayed with defoliating chemicals, at an average concentration of 13 times the recommended USDA application rate for domestic use.^[8] In South Vietnam alone, an estimated 10 million hectares of agricultural land were ultimately destroyed.^[9] In some areas, TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered safe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.^[10]^[11]

The campaign destroyed 5 million acres (20,000 km²) of upland and mangrove forests and millions of acres of crops. Overall, more than 20% of South Vietnam's forests were sprayed at least once over a nine year period.^[5]^[32]

In 1965, members of the U.S. Congress were told "crop destruction is understood to be the more important purpose ... but the emphasis is usually given to the jungle defoliation in public mention of the program."^[32] Soldiers were told they were destroying crops because they were going to be used to feed guerrillas. They later discovered nearly all of the food they had been destroying was not being produced for guerrillas; it was, in reality, only being grown to support the local civilian population. For example, in Quang Ngai province, 85% of the crop lands were scheduled to be destroyed in 1970 alone. Widespread famine occurred as a result, leaving hundreds of thousands of people malnourished or starving.^[33]

The U.S. military began targeting food crops in October 1962, primarily using Agent Blue; the American public was not made aware of the crop destruction programs until 1965 (and it was then believed that crop spraying had begun that spring). In 1965, 42 percent of all herbicide spraying was dedicated to food crops. The first official acknowledgement of the programs came from the State Department in March 1966.^[5]^[27]

Many experts at the time, including Arthur Galston, the biologist who developed and intensively studied TCDD, opposed herbicidal warfare, due to concerns about the side effects to humans and the environment by indiscriminately spraying the chemical over a wide area. As early as 1966, resolutions were introduced to the United Nations charging that the U.S. was violating the 1925 Geneva Protocol, which regulated the use of chemical and biological weapons.^[25]^[34]

Stacks of 55-gallon (200 L) drums containing Agent Orange

Defoliant spray run, part of Operation Ranch Hand, during the Vietnam War by UC-123B Provider aircraft.

U.S. Army armored personnel carrier (APC) spraying Agent Orange over Vietnamese rice fields during the Vietnam War

A UH-1D helicopter from the 336th Aviation Company sprays a defoliation agent over farmland in the Mekong Delta

Effects on the Vietnamese people [link]

Health effects [link]

File:Agent-Orange-dioxin-skin-damage-Vietnam.jpg
Major Tự Đức Phang was exposed to dioxin-contaminated Agent Orange

The Vietnam Red Cross reported as many as 3 million Vietnamese people have been affected by Agent Orange, including at least 150,000 children born with birth defects.^[35] According to Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4.8 million Vietnamese people were exposed to Agent Orange, resulting in 400,000 people being killed or maimed, and 500,000 children born with birth defects.^[2] Women had higher rates of miscarriage and stillbirths, as did livestock such as cattle, water buffalo, and pigs.^[36]

Children in the areas where Agent Orange was used have been affected and have multiple health problems, including cleft palate, mental disabilities, hernias, and extra fingers and toes.^[37] In the 1970s, high levels of dioxin were found in the breast milk of South Vietnamese women, and in the blood of U.S. soldiers who had served in Vietnam.^[38] The most affected zones are the mountainous area along Truong Son (Long Mountains) and the border between Vietnam and Cambodia. The affected residents are living in substandard conditions with many genetic diseases.^[39]

File:Agent-orange-dead-deformed-babies.jpg
Vietnamese babies, deformed and stillborn after prenatal dioxin exposure from Agent Orange

About 28 of the former US military bases in Vietnam where the herbicides were stored and loaded onto airplanes may still have high level of dioxins in the soil, posing a health threat to the surrounding communities. Extensive testing for dioxin contamination has been conducted at the former US airbases in Da Nang, Phu Cat and Bien Hoa. Some of the soil and sediment on the bases have extremely high levels of dioxin requiring remediation. The Da Nang Airbase has dioxin contamination up to 350 times higher than international recommendations for action.^[40]^[41] The contaminated soil and sediment continue to affect the citizens of Vietnam, poisoning their food chain and causing illnesses, serious skin diseases and a variety of cancers in the lungs, larynx, and prostate.^[37]

Ecological effects [link]

About 17.8% (3,100,000 ha) of the total forested area of Vietnam was sprayed during the war, which dramatically disrupted ecological equilibrium. Furthermore, the persistent nature of dioxins, erosion caused by loss of protective tree cover, and loss of seeding forest stock, meant reforestation was difficult or impossible in many areas.^[42] Many defoliated forest areas were quickly invaded by aggressive pioneer species, such as bamboo and cogon grass, which make it unlikely the forests will be able to regenerate. Animal species diversity was also significantly impacted: in one study, a Harvard biologist found 24 species of birds and 5 species of mammals in a sprayed forest, while in two adjacent sections of unsprayed forest there were 145 and 170 species of birds and 30 and 55 species of mammals.^[43]

Dioxins from Agent Orange have persisted in the Vietnamese environment since the war, settling in the soil and sediment and entering into food chain through the animals and fish that feed in the contaminated areas. Movement of dioxins through the food web has resulted in bioconcentration and biomagnification.^[44] The areas most heavily contaminated with dioxins are the sites of former U.S. air bases.^[45]

Sociopolitical effects [link]

The RAND Corporation's Memorandum 5446-ISA/ARPA states: "the fact that the VC obtain most of their food from the neutral rural population dictates the destruction of civilian crops ... if they (the VC) are to be hampered by the crop destruction program, it will be necessary to destroy large portions of the rural economy – probably 50% or more".^[46]

Rural-to-urban migration rates dramatically increased in South Vietnam, as peasants escaped the destruction in the countryside by fleeing to the U.S.-dominated cities. The urban population in South Vietnam nearly tripled, growing from 2.8 million people in 1958 to 8 million by 1971. The rapid flow of people led to a fast-paced and uncontrolled urbanization; an estimated 1.5 million people were living in Saigon slums.^[6]

Effects on U.S. veterans [link]

Some studies showed that veterans who served in the South during the war have increased rates of cancer, and nerve, digestive, skin and respiratory disorders. Veterans from the south had higher rates of throat cancer, acute/chronic leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, prostate cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, soft tissue sarcoma and liver cancer. Other than liver cancer, these are the same conditions the US Veteran's Administration has determined may be associated with exposure to Agent Orange/dioxin, and are on the list of conditions eligible for compensation and treatment.^[35]

Military personnel who loaded airplanes and helicopters used in Ranch Hand probably sustained some of the heaviest exposures. Members of the Army Chemical Corps, who stored and mixed herbicides and defoliated the perimeters of military bases, and mechanics who worked on the helicopters and planes, are also thought to have had some of the heaviest exposures. However, this same group of individuals has not shown remarkably higher incidences of the associated diseases. Others with potentially heavy exposures included members of U.S. Army Special Forces units who defoliated remote campsites, and members of U.S. Navy river units who cleared base perimeters.^[47] Military members who served on Okinawa also claim to have been exposed to the chemical but there is no verifiable evidence to corroborate these claims.^[48]

While in Vietnam, the veterans were told not to worry, and were persuaded the chemical was harmless.^[49] After returning home, Vietnam veterans began to suspect their ill health or the instances of their wives having miscarriages or children born with birth defects might be related to Agent Orange and the other toxic herbicides to which they were exposed in Vietnam. Veterans began to file claims in 1977 to the Department of Veterans Affairs for disability payments for health care for conditions they believed were associated with exposure to Agent Orange, or more specifically, dioxin, but their claims were denied unless they could prove the condition began when they were in the service or within one year of their discharge.

By April 1993, the Department of Veterans Affairs had only compensated 486 victims, although it had received disability claims from 39,419 soldiers who had been exposed to Agent Orange while serving in Vietnam.^[50]

Legal and diplomatic proceedings [link]

US veterans class action lawsuit against manufacturers [link]

Since at least 1978, several lawsuits have been filed against the companies which produced Agent Orange, among them Dow Chemical, Monsanto, and Diamond Shamrock.

Hy Mayerson of the law firm The Mayerson Law Offices, P.C. was an early pioneer in Agent Orange litigation, working with renowned environmental attorney Victor Yannacone in 1980 on the first class-action suits against wartime manufacturers of Agent Orange. In meeting Dr. Ronald A. Codario, one of the first civilian doctors to see afflicted patients, Mayerson, so impressed by the fact an M.D. would show so much interest in a Vietnam veteran, forwarded more than a thousand pages of information on Agent Orange and the effects of dioxin on animals and humans to Codario's office the day after he was first contacted by the doctor.^[51] The corporate defendants sought to escape culpability by blaming everything on the U.S. government.^[52]

The Mayerson Law Offices, P.C., with Sgt. Charles E. Hartz as their principal client, filed the first Agent Orange class action lawsuit, in Pennsylvania in 1980, for the injuries soldiers in Vietnam suffered through exposure to toxic dioxins in the Agent Orange defoliant.^[53] Attorney Hy Mayerson co-wrote the brief that certified the Agent Orange Product Liability action as a class action, the largest ever filed as of its filing.^[54] Hartz's deposition was one of the first ever taken in America, and the first for an Agent Orange trial, for the purpose of preserving testimony at trial, as it was understood that Hartz would not live to see the trial because of the brain tumor that began to develop while he was a member of Tiger Force, Special Forces, and LRRPs in Vietnam.^[55]^[56] The firm also located and supplied critical research to the Veterans’ lead expert, Dr. Ronald A. Codario, M.D., including about 100 articles from toxicology journals dating back more than a decade, as well as data about where herbicides had been sprayed, what the effects of dioxin had been on animals and humans, and every accident in factories where herbicides were produced or dioxin was a contaminant of some chemical reaction.^[51]

In 1984, the class-action suit was settled out of court for $180 million; slightly over 45% of this was ordered to be paid by Monsanto alone.^[57]^[58] Many veterans who were victims of Agent Orange exposure were outraged the case had been settled instead of going to court, and felt they had been betrayed by the lawyers. "Fairness Hearings" were held in five major American cities, where veterans and their families discussed their reactions to the settlement, and condemned the actions of the lawyers and courts, demanding the case be heard before a jury of their peers. Federal Judge Julius Weinstein refused the appeals, claiming the settlement was "fair and just". By 1989, the veterans' fears were confirmed when it was decided how the money from the settlement would be paid out. A totally disabled Vietnam veteran would receive a maximum of $12,000 spread out over the course of 10 years. Furthermore, by accepting the settlement payments, disabled veterans would become ineligible for many state benefits that provided far more monetary support than the settlement, such as food stamps, public assistance, and government pensions. A widow of a Vietnam veteran who died of Agent Orange exposure would only receive $3700.^[59]

In 2004, Jill Montgomery, a spokesperson for Monsanto, said Monsanto should not be liable at all for injuries or deaths caused by Agent Orange, saying: "We are sympathetic with people who believe they have been injured and understand their concern to find the cause, but reliable scientific evidence indicates that Agent Orange is not the cause of serious long-term health effects."^[60]

New Jersey Agent Orange Commission [link]

In 1980, New Jersey created the New Jersey Agent Orange Commission, the first state commission created to study its effects. The commission's research project in association with Rutgers University was called "The Pointman Project". It was disbanded by Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 1996.^[61]

During Pointman I, commission researchers devised ways to determine small dioxin levels in blood. Prior to this, such levels could only be found in the adipose (fat) tissue. The project compared dioxin levels in a small group of Vietnam veterans who had been exposed to Agent Orange with a group of matched veterans who had not served in Vietnam. The results of this project were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1988.^[62]

The second phase of the project continued to examine and compare dioxin levels in various groups of Vietnam veterans, including Army, Marines and brown water riverboat Navy personnel.

US Congress [link]

In 1991, the US Congress enacted the Agent Orange Act, giving the Department of Veterans Affairs the authority to declare certain conditions 'presumptive' to exposure to Agent Orange/dioxin, making these veterans who served in Vietnam eligible to receive treatment and compensation for these conditions.^[63] The same law required the National Academy of Sciences to periodically review the science on dioxin and herbicides used in Vietnam to inform the Secretary of Veterans Affairs about the strength of the scientific evidence showing association between exposure to Agent Orange/dioxin and certain conditions.^[64]

Through this process, the list of 'presumptive' conditions has grown since 1991, and currently the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has listed prostate cancer, respiratory cancers, multiple myeloma, type II diabetes, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, peripheral neuropathy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange as conditions associated with exposure to the herbicide. This list now includes B cell leukemias, such as hairy cell leukemia, Parkinson's disease and ischemic heart disease, these last three having been added on August 31, 2010. Several highly placed individuals in government are voicing concerns about whether some of the diseases on the list should, in fact, actually have been included.^[65]

U.S./Vietnamese government negotiations [link]

In 2002, Vietnam and the US held a joint conference on Human Health and Environmental Impacts of Agent Orange. Following the conference, the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) began scientific exchanges between the US and Vietnam, and began discussions for a joint research project on the human health impacts of Agent Orange.^[66]

These negotiations broke down in 2005, when neither side could agree on the research protocol and the research project was cancelled. More progress has been made on the environmental front. In 2005, the first US-Vietnam workshop on remediation of dioxin was held.^[66]

Starting in 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency‎ (EPA) began to work with the Vietnamese government to measure the level of dioxin at the Da Nang Airbase. Also in 2005, the Joint Advisory Committee on Agent Orange, made up of representatives of Vietnamese and US government agencies, was established. The committee has been meeting yearly to explore areas of scientific cooperation, technical assistance and environmental remediation of dioxin.^[67]

A breakthrough in the diplomatic stalemate on this issue occurred as a result of United States President George W. Bush's state visit to Vietnam in November 2006. In the joint statement, President Bush and President Triet agreed "further joint efforts to address the environmental contamination near former dioxin storage sites would make a valuable contribution to the continued development of their bilateral relationship."^[68]^{[unreliable source?]}

In late May 2007, President Bush signed into law a supplemental spending bill for the war in Iraq and Afghanistan that included an earmark of $3 million specifically for funding for programs for the remediation of dioxin 'hotspots' on former US military bases, and for public health programs for the surrounding communities;^[69] some authors consider this to be completely inadequate, pointing out that the U.S. airbase in Da Nang, alone, will cost $14 million to clean up, and that three others are estimated to require $60 million for cleanup.^[11] The appropriation was renewed in the fiscal year 2009 and again in FY 2010. An additional $12 million was appropriated in the fiscal year 2010 in the Supplemental Appropriations Act and a total of $18.5 million appropriated for fiscal year 2011.^[70]

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated during a visit to Hanoi in October 2010 that the US government would begin work on the clean-up of dioxin contamination at the Da Nang airbase.^[71]

In June 2011 a ceremony was held at Da Nang airport to mark the start of US-funded decontamination of dioxin hotspots in Vietnam. $32m has so far been allocated by the US congress to fund the program.^[72]

Vietnamese victims class action lawsuit in U.S. courts [link]

On January 31, 2004, a victim's rights group, the Vietnam Association for Victims of Agent Orange/dioxin (VAVA), filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York in Brooklyn, against several U.S. companies for liability in causing personal injury, by developing and producing the chemical. Dow Chemical and Monsanto were the two largest producers of Agent Orange for the U.S. military, and were named in the suit, along with the dozens of other companies (Diamond Shamrock, Uniroyal, Thompson Chemicals, Hercules, etc.). On March 10, 2005, Judge Jack B. Weinstein of the Eastern District – who had presided over the 1984 US veterans class action lawsuit – dismissed the lawsuit, ruling there was no legal basis for the plaintiffs' claims. He concluded Agent Orange was not considered a poison under international law at the time of its use by the U.S.; the U.S. was not prohibited from using it as a herbicide; and the companies which produced the substance were not liable for the method of its use by the government. The U.S. government was not a party in the lawsuit, due to sovereign immunity, and the court ruled the chemical companies, as contractors of the US government, shared the same immunity. The case was appealed and heard by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals on June 18, 2007. The Court of Appeals upheld the dismissal of the case, stating the herbicides used during the war were not intended to be used to poison humans and therefore did not violate international law.^[73] The US Supreme Court declined to consider the case.

Three judges on the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan heard the appeal on June 18, 2007. They upheld Weinstein's ruling to dismiss the case. They ruled that, though the herbicides contained a dioxin (a known poison), they were not intended to be used as a poison on humans. Therefore, they were not considered a chemical weapon and thus not a violation of international law. A further review of the case by the whole panel of judges of the Court of Appeals also confirmed this decision. The lawyers for the Vietnamese filed a petition to the US Supreme Court to hear the case. On March 2, 2009, the Supreme Court denied certiorari and refused to reconsider the ruling of the Court of Appeals.^[74]

In a November 2004 Zogby International poll of 987 people, 79% of respondents thought the US chemical companies which produced Agent Orange defoliant should compensate US soldiers who were affected by the toxic chemical used during the war in Vietnam. 51% said they supported compensation for Vietnamese Agent Orange victims.^[75]

Help for those affected in Vietnam [link]

To assist those who have been affected by Agent Orange/dioxin, the Vietnamese have established "peace villages", which each host between 50 and 100 victims, giving them medical and psychological help. As of 2006, there were 11 such villages, thus granting some social protection to fewer than a thousand victims. U.S. veterans of the war in Vietnam and individuals who are aware and sympathetic to the impacts of Agent Orange have supported these programs in Vietnam. An international group of veterans from the U.S. and its allies during the Vietnam War working with their former enemy — veterans from the Vietnam Veterans Association — established the Vietnam Friendship Village^[76] outside of Hanoi.

The center provides medical care, rehabilitation and vocational training for children and veterans from Vietnam who have been affected by Agent Orange. In 1998, The Vietnam Red Cross established the Vietnam Agent Orange Victims Fund to provide direct assistance to families throughout Vietnam that have been affected. In 2003, the Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange (VAVA) was formed. In addition to filing the lawsuit against the chemical companies, VAVA provides medical care, rehabilitation services and financial assistance to those injured by Agent Orange.^[77]

The Vietnamese government provides small monthly stipends to more than 200,000 Vietnamese believed affected by the herbicides; this totaled $40.8 million in 2008 alone. The Vietnam Red Cross has raised more than $22 million to assist the ill or disabled, and several U.S. foundations, United Nations agencies, European governments and nongovernmental organizations have given a total of about $23 million for site cleanup, reforestation, health care and other services to those in need.^[78]

Vuong Mo of the Vietnam News Agency described one of centers:^[79]

"May is 13, but she knows nothing, is unable to talk fluently, nor walk with ease due to for her bandy legs. Her father is dead and she has four elder brothers, all mentally retarded ... The students are all disabled, retarded and of different ages. Teaching them is a hard job. They are of the 3rd grade but many of them find it hard to do the reading. Only a few of them can. Their pronunciation is distorted due to their twisted lips and their memory is quite short. They easily forget what they've learned ... In the Village, it is quite hard to tell the kids' exact ages. Some in their twenties have a physical statures as small as the 7- or 8-years-old. They find it difficult to feed themselves, much less have mental ability or physical capacity for work. No one can hold back the tears when seeing the heads turning round unconsciously, the bandy arms managing to push the spoon of food into the mouths with awful difficulty ... Yet they still keep smiling, singing in their great innocence, at the presence of some visitors, craving for something beautiful."

On June 16, 2010, members of the U.S.-Vietnam Dialogue Group on Agent Orange/Dioxin unveiled a comprehensive 10-year Declaration and Plan of Action to address the toxic legacy of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam. The Plan of Action was released as an Aspen Institute publication and calls upon the U.S. and Vietnamese governments to join with other governments, foundations, businesses, and nonprofits in a partnership to clean up dioxin "hot spots" in Vietnam and to expand humanitarian services for people with disabilities there.^[80]^[81]^[82] On September 16, 2010, Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT) acknowledged the work of the Dialogue Group by releasing a statement on the floor of the United States Senate. The statement urges the U.S. government to take the Plan of Action's recommendations into account in developing a multi-year plan of activities to address the Agent Orange/dioxin legacy.^[83]

Use outside Vietnam [link]

While 'Agent Orange' was only used between 1965 and 1970, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and other herbicides were used by the US military from the late 1940s through the 1970s.^[84]^[85]

United States [link]

In 1971 the C-123 aircraft used for spraying Agent Orange were returned to the United States and assigned various East Coast USAF Reserve squadrons, and then employed in traditional airlift missions between 1972-1982. In 1994 testing by the Air Force identified some former spray aircraft as "heavily contaminated" with dioxin residue. Inquires by aircrew veterans in 2011 brought a decision by the US Department of Veterans Affairs opining that not enough dioxin residue remained to injure these post-Vietnam War veterans. On 26 January 2012 the US Center For Disease Control's Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry challenged this with their finding that former spray aircraft were indeed contaminated and the aircrews exposed to harmful levels of dioxin.

In 1978, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency suspended spraying of Agent Orange in National Forests, due to a threefold increase in miscarriages in women living near forests that had been sprayed.^[86]^[87]

A December 2006 Department of Defense report listed Agent Orange testing, storage, and disposal sites at 32 locations throughout the United States, as well as in Canada, Thailand, Puerto Rico, Korea, and in the Pacific Ocean.^[88] The Veteran Administration has also acknowledged that Agent Orange was used domestically by U.S. forces in test sites throughout the US. Eglin Air Force Base in Florida was one of the primary testing sites throughout the 1960s.^[89]

Thailand [link]

During the Vietnam War, the US Army and US air Force used herbicide spray on base perimeters and main supply routes (hiways). There is no verifiable evidence that any of the so-called "colored agents" were included.

Korea [link]

Agent Orange was used in Korea in the late 1960s.^[90] Republic of Korea troops were the only personnel involved in the spraying, which occurred along the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). "Citing declassified U.S. Department of Defense documents, Korean officials fear thousands of its soldiers may have come into contact with the deadly defoliant in the late 1960s and early 1970s. According to one top government official, as many as '30,000 Korean veterans are suffering from illness related to their exposure'. The exact number of GIs who may have been exposed is unknown. But C. David Benbow, a North Carolina attorney who served as a sergeant with Co. C, 3rd Battalion, 23rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Infantry Division, along the DMZ in 1968–69, estimates as many as '4,000 soldiers at any given time' could have been affected.".^[91]^{[unreliable source?]}

In 1999, about 20,000 South Koreans filed two separated lawsuits against U.S. companies, seeking more than $5 billion in damages. After losing a decision in 2002, they filed an appeal.^{[citation needed]}

In January 2006, the South Korean Appeals Court ordered Dow Chemical and Monsanto to pay $62 million in compensation to about 6,800 people. The ruling acknowledged that "the defendants failed to ensure safety as the defoliants manufactured by the defendants had higher levels of dioxins than standard", and, quoting the U.S. National Academy of Science report, declared that there was a "causal relationship" between Agent Orange and 11 diseases, including cancers of the lung, larynx and prostate. The judges failed to acknowledge "the relationship between the chemical and peripheral neuropathy, the disease most widespread among Agent Orange victims" according to the Mercury News.^{[citation needed]}

The United States local press KPHO-TV in Phoenix, Arizona alleged that the United States Army has buried Agent Orange in Camp Carroll, the U.S. Army base located in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea.^[92] It is based on the claim of three U.S. Army veterans. They claimed approximately 250 drums of Agent Orange were buried at Camp Carroll in 1978. The South Korean Ministry of Environment announced that they will request cooperative investigation at Camp Carroll officially.^[93] The USFK issued a statement that confirmed that barrels were buried there, but all (plus an additional 60 tons of soil) were removed in 1996.^[94]

Currently, veterans who provide evidence meeting VA requirements for service in Vietnam, and who can medically establish that anytime after this 'presumptive exposure' they developed any medical problems on the list of presumptive diseases, may receive compensation from the VA. Certain veterans who served in Korea and are able to prove they were assigned to certain specified around the DMZ during a specific time frame are afforded similar presumption.^{[citation needed]} The differences in requirements between Vietnam and Korea service stem from the fact that congress has not made any laws to provide for the same sweeping presumption of exposure similar to the Agent Orange Act of 1991 for Korean veterans.^{[citation needed]}

Canadian Forces Base Gagetown (New Brunswick, Canada)[link]

The U.S. military, with the permission of the Canadian government,^[95] tested herbicides, including Agent Orange, in the forests near the Canadian Forces Base Gagetown in New Brunswick in 1966 and 1967. On September 12, 2007, Greg Thompson, Minister of Veterans Affairs, announced that the government of Canada was offering a one-time ex gratia payment of $20,000 as the compensation package for Agent Orange exposure at CFB Gagetown.^[96]

On July 12, 2005, Merchant Law Group LLP on behalf of over 1,100 Canadian veterans and civilians who were living in and around the CFB Gagetown filed a lawsuit to pursue class action litigation concerning Agent Orange and Agent Purple with the Federal Court of Canada.^[97]

On August 4, 2009, the case was rejected by the court due to lack of evidence. The ruling was appealed.^[98]^[99]

Veterans Affairs Canada Agent Orange Benefits Rev 1.0 http://www.scribd.com/doc/78220517/Veterans-Affairs-Canada-Agent-Orange-Benefits-Rev-1-0

Queensland, Australia [link]

In 2008 Australian researcher Jean Williams claimed that cancer rates in the town of Innisfail, Queensland were 10 times higher than the state average due to secret testing of Agent Orange by the Australian military scientists during the Vietnam War. Williams, who had won the Order of Australia medal for her research on the effects of chemicals on U.S. war veterans, based her allegations on Australian government reports found in the Australian War Memorial museum archives. A former soldier, Ted Bosworth, backed up the claims, saying that he had been involved in the secret testing. Neither Williams or Bosworth have produced verifiable evidence to support their claims. The Queensland health department determined that cancer rates in Innisfail were no higher than those in other parts of the state.^[100]

New Zealand [link]

The use of Agent Orange has been controversial in New Zealand, because of exposure of New Zealand troops to it and because of the production of Agent Orange for Vietnam and other users at an Ivon Watkins-Dow chemical plant in Paritutu, New Plymouth. There have been continuing claims that the suburb of Paritutu has also been polluted; see New Zealand in the Vietnam War.^[101] There are cases of New Zealand soldiers developing cancers such as bone cancer but none have been scientifically connected to exposure to herbicides.

Brazil [link]

The Brazilian government used Agent Orange to defoliate a large section of the Amazon rainforest so that Alcoa could build the Tucuruí dam to power mining operations. Large areas of rainforest were destroyed, along with the homes and livelihoods of thousands of rural peasants and indigenous tribes.^[102]

Malayan Emergency [link]

Small scale defoliation experiments using 2-4-D and 2-4-5-T were conducted by the British during the Malayan Emergency in 1951. Areas of jungle close to roadways were cleared using chemical defoliation to help prevent ambushes by Communist Terrorists.^[103]

Ontario, Canada [link]

On February 17, 2011, the Toronto Star revealed that the same toxins used to strip the jungles of Vietnam were also employed to clear extensive plots of Crown land in Northern Ontario.^[104] The same day, in response to the Toronto Star article, the Ontario provincial government launched a probe into the use of Agent Orange.^[105]

On February 18, 2011, Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources widened the probe of Agent Orange spraying to include all areas of the province where government managed forests on Crown land.^[106]

The Toronto Star reported that, "records from the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s show forestry workers, often students and junior rangers, spent weeks at a time as human markers holding red, helium-filled balloons on fishing lines while low-flying planes sprayed toxic herbicides including an infamous chemical mixture known as Agent Orange on the brush and the boys below."^[104]

See also [link]

Environmental issues with war

Scorched earth policy

Teratogen

Vietnam Syndrome

References [link]

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b Hay, 1982: p. 151

^ ^a ^b York,Geoffrey; Mick, Hayley; "Last Ghost of the Vietnam War", The Globe and Mail, July 12, 2008

^ ^a ^b Pellow, David N. Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice, MIT Press, 2007, p. 159, (ISBN 0-262-16244-X).

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Stellman et al. 2003: pp 681–687

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Kolko, Gabriel (1994). Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experiences. New Press. pp. 144–145. ISBN 1-56584-218-9.

^ ^a ^b Luong, 2003: pp. 4

^ ^a ^b Furukawa, Hisao (2004). Ecological destruction, health, and development: advancing Asian paradigms. Trans Pacific Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-920901-01-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=jPL4wSfgan4C&pg=PA143.

^ ^a ^b SBSG, 1971: p. 36

^ ^a ^b Luong, 2003: p. 3

^ ^a ^b Fawthrop, Tom; "Vietnam's war against Agent Orange", BBC News, June 14, 2004

^ ^a ^b ^c Fawthrop, Tom; "Agent of Suffering", Guardian, February 10, 2008

^ IOM, 1994: p. 90

^ ^a ^b Frumkin, 2003: pp.245–255

^ Young, 2009: p. 2

^ Young, 2009: p. 6

^ ^a ^b Schuck, 1987: p. 18

^ Schuck, 1987: p. 17

^ ^a ^b Dwyer and Flesch-Janys, "Editorial: Agent Orange in Vietnam", American Journal of Public Health, April 1995, Vol 85. No. 4, p. 476

^ Committee Recommendations: 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

^ NTP, 2006:^{[page needed]}

^ Buckingham, 1992: Chapter IX – Ranch Hand Ends

^ IOM, 2000

^ "Data Suggest a Possible Association Between Agent Orange Exposure and Hypertension", Office of News and Public Information, National Academy of Sciences. Quote: "the report also concluded that there is suggestive but limited evidence that AL amyloidosis is associated with herbicide exposure"] (accessed:19 May 2008)

^ Pearce, Jeremy; Arthur Galston, Agent Orange Researcher, Is Dead at 88 – Obituary New York Times, June 23, 2008 (accessed August 18, 2008)

^ ^a ^b Peterson, Doug Arthur W. Galston: Matters of Light, LASNews Magazine, University of Illinois, Spring 2005

^ Young, 2009: p.24

^ ^a ^b Verwey, 1977: p. 111

^ Tucker, Spencer. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: Political, Social and Military History. ABC-CLIO, Inc. Santa Barbara. 1998.

^ Schuck, 1987: p. 16

^ Agent Orange and Cancer, American Cancer Society, 2010

^ Young, 2009: p. 26

^ ^a ^b Verwey, 1977: p. 113

^ Verwey, 1977: p. 116

^ Schuck, 1987: p. 19

^ ^a ^b "Agent Orange: Diseases Associated with Agent Orange Exposure". Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards. March 25, 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. http://www.publichealth.va.gov/exposures/agentorange/diseases.asp. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

^ Interview with Ton-That Tung, 1981. WGBH Media Library and Archives. 2 February 1981. http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-4798f7-interview-with-ton-that-tung-1981.

^ ^a ^b "Agent Orange blights Vietnam". BBC News. December 3, 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/227467.stm. Retrieved April 23, 2010.

^ Thornton, Joe (2001). Pandora's Poison: Chlorine, Health, and a New Environmental Strategy. MIT Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-262-70084-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=n_tXscNndysC&pg=PA190.

^ Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Support Agent Orange Victims in Vietnamese.

^ Hatfield Consultants. Evaluation of Contamination at the Agent Orange Dioxin Hot Spots in Bien Hoa, Phu Cat and Vicinity, Vietnam. June 2009

^ Hatfield Consultants and the Office of the National Steering Committee 33. Assessment of dioxin contamination in the environment and human population in the vicinity of Da Nang Airbase, Viet Nam. Vancouver, Canada: Hatfield Consultants, 2007. Final Report.

^ Furukawa, 2004: p. 215

^ Chiras, Daniel D. (2010). Environmental science (8th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-7637-5925-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=L28bHnPXo1AC&pg=PA499.

^ Vallero, Daniel A. (2007). Biomedical ethics for engineers: ethics and decision making in biomedical and biosystem engineering. Academic Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7506-8227-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=AeT56Pi8LFYC&pg=PA73.

^ Furukawa, 2004: pp. 221–222

^ Verwey, 1977: p.115

^ Frumkin, 2003: p. 3

^ Mitchell, Jon, "Evidence for Agent Orange on Okinawa", Japan Times, 12 April 2011, p. 12.

^ Hermann, Kenneth J.; "Killing Me Softly: How Agent Orange Murders Vietnam's Children", Political Affairs, April 25, 2006

^ Fleischer, Doris Zames; Zames, Freida (2001). The disability rights movement: from charity to confrontation. Temple University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-56639-812-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=3t84d8tLEVcC&pg=PA178.

^ ^a ^b Wilcox, 1983:^{[page needed]}

^ Scott, Wilbur J. (1993). The Politics of Readjustment: Vietnam Veterans Since the War. Transaction. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-202-30406-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=YLg8rVfYO9EC&pg=PA130.

^ Dying Veteran May Speak From Beyond The Grave In Court: Lakeland Ledger

^ Croft, Steve; Agent Orange, CBS Evening News, May 7, 1980

^ "The Mayerson Law Offices". The Mayerson Law Offices. http://www.mayerson.com/html/about.html. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

^ Pottstown Mercury

^ Stanley, Jay; Blair, John D., ed. (1993). Challenges in military health care: perspectives on health status and the provision of care. Transaction Publishers. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-56000-650-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=8k-WIJYwIF4C&pg=PA164.

^ Harrington, John C. (2005). The challenge to power: money, investing, and democracy. Chelsea Green Publisher. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-931498-97-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=wGgeiQvijI8C&pg=PT260.

^ "Toxic Agents: Agent Orange Exposure". The Oxford companion to American military history. Oxford University Press. 1999. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-19-507198-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=_Rzy_yNMKbcC&pg=PA725.

^ Fawthrop, Tom (November 4, 2004). "Agent Orange Victims Sue Monsanto". CorpWatch. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=11638.

^ New York Times, July 3, 1996^{[clarification needed]}

^ Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 259 No. 11, March 18, 1988^{[clarification needed]}

^ Agent Orange – Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards

^ PL 102-4 and The National Academy of Sciences

^ Baker, Mike (September 2, 2010). "Costs of aging vets concern deficit commission". The Air Force Times. http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2010/08/ap-aging-vets-concern-083110/. Retrieved September 4, 2010.

^ ^a ^b Young, 2009: p. 310

^ "US, Vietnam to Hold Fourth Joint Advisory Meeting on Agent Orange/Dioxin". http://vietnam.usembassy.gov/pr081209.html. Retrieved August 11, 2011.

^ Joint Statement Between the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the United States of America. Pres. George W Bush Whitehouse Press office. Accessed December 31, 2008. (original no longer available PDF available at http://www.warlegacies.org/Bush.pdf.)^{[unreliable source?]}

^ Martin, May 2009: p. 2

^ "Statement of Senator Patrick Leahy on the Legacy of Agent Orange". http://leahy.senate.gov/press/press_releases/release/?id=aaea045d-2239-4e5d-bc0e-87575d887daa. Retrieved August 11, 2011.

^ "Remarks by Secretary Clinton, Vietnam Foreign Minister Khiem". http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2010/October/20101031105353su0.604421.html&distid=ucs#ixzz1413KqPVs. Retrieved August 11, 2011.

^ "US helps Vietnam to eradicate deadly Agent Orange". BBC News. June 17, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13808753.

^ February 22, 2008 Decision by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals re: Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange v. Dow Chemical Co.

^ "Order List" (PDF). The United States Supreme Court. March 2, 2009. p. 7. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. http://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/030209zor.pdf. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

^ Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs; "Americans support compensations for Agent Orange victims: poll", November 22, 2004

^ "Vietnam Friendship Village Project". Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. http://www.vietnamfriendship.org. Retrieved August 18, 2008.

^ "Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange". http://www.vava.org.vn/modules.php?name=News&op=viewcat&catid=25. Retrieved August 11, 2011.

^ Statement by Amb. Ngo Quang Xuan to the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee of Asia, Pacific and Global Environment, June 2009, p. 3

^ Mo, Vuong. "Living with the sufferings". Vietnam News Agency. http://vietnam.vnanet.vn/Internet/en-US/49/130/4/5/NewsEvents/Default.aspx.

^ Public-private group has plan in the works to resolve issue. chicagotribune.com (December 8, 2009). Retrieved on January 27, 2011.

^ Plan addresses Agent Orange legacy in Vietnam – World news – World environment – msnbc.com. MSNBC (June 16, 2010). Retrieved on January 27, 2011.

^ Special Report: Agent Orange. Washingtonmonthly.com (January 6, 2010). Retrieved on January 27, 2011.

^ Congressional Record – Senate, September 16, 2010

^ Agent Orange information site

^ Specifics of Agent Orange use

^ Nass, Meryl; "Monsanto's Agent Orange: The Persistent Ghost from the Vietnam War", Organic Consumers Association, 2002

^ Nicosia and Swofford, 2004: p. 446

^ Young, 2006: pp. 5–6

^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. "Report on DoD Herbicides Outside of Vietnam". http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/agentorange/dod_herbicides_outside_vietnam.pdf. Retrieved September 7, 2008.

^ U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. "Agent Orange: Information for Veterans Who Served in Vietnam". http://www.publichealth.va.gov/docs/agentorange/reviews/ao_newsletter_jul06.pdf. Retrieved August 18, 2008.

^ ^{[unreliable source?]}"AGENT ORANGE UNITS SPRAYED OUTSIDE OF VIETNAM (KOREA)". Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. http://cybersarges.tripod.com/aoinkorea.html. Retrieved July 15, 2010.

^ "Valley Veteran Blows Whistle On Burial Of Agent Orange". http://www.kpho.com/news/27892124/detail.html.

^ "Release copy of Ministry Of Environment". http://korea.kr/newsWeb/pages/brief/partNews2/view.do?dataId=155750435&call_from=extlink&call_from=extlink.

^ "Army: No evidence of Agent Orange on Camp Carroll". http://www.military.com/news/article/army-no-evidence-of-agent-orange-at-camp-carroll.html.

^ "Quiet Complicity: Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War, by Victor Levant (1986).". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008367. Retrieved April 18, 2011.

^ "People angry with Agent Orange package turn to class-action lawsuit". The Canadian Press. September 13, 2007. http://www.amherstdaily.com/Living/Health/2007-09-14/article-385472/People-angry-with-Agent-Orange-package-turn-to-class-action-lawsuit/1. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

^ "Agent Orange Class Action". Merchant Law Group LLP. Archived from the original on 2 October 2007. http://www.merchantlaw.com/agentop.html. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

^ Shawn Berry (August 4, 2009). "Moncton judge rules in Agent Orange lawsuit". The Times and Transcript. http://timestranscript.canadaeast.com/search/article/749829. Retrieved May 4, 2010.

^ Berry, Shawn; "Moncton judge rules in Agent Orange lawsuit", Times & Transcript, August 4, 2009

^ McMahon, Barbara; "Australia cancer deaths linked to Agent Orange", Guardian, May 19, 2008

^ ;NZPA "Concern prompts review of Dioxin study", New Zealand Herald, November 25, 2006

^ Kevin Danaher, ed. (1994). 50 Years is Enough. South End Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-89608-495-7.

^ "Psychological Warfare during the Malayan Emergency by Herbert A Friedman". Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. http://www.psywar.org/malaya.php. Retrieved April 27, 2010.

^ ^a ^b "Star Exclusive: Agent Orange "soaked" Ontario teens by Diana Zlomislic". The Star (Toronto). February 17, 2011. http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/940243--star-exclusive-agent-orange-soaked-ontario-teens. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

^ "Ontario probes Agent Orange poisoning by Diana Zlomislic". The Star (Toronto). February 17, 2011. http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/940878--ontario-probes-agent-orange-poisoning. Retrieved February 17, 2011.

^ "Agent Orange probe widens by Diana Zlomislic". The Star (Toronto). February 18, 2011. http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/941635--agent-orange-probe-widens. Retrieved February 18, 2011.

Bibliography [link]

Buckingham, William (1992). Operation Ranch Hand: The Airforce and Herbicides in Southeast Asia 1961–1971. Office of Air Force History.

Butler, David A. (2005). "The early history of scientific and medical research on agent orange". Brooklyn Journal of Law and Policy 13 (2): 527. http://www.bluewaternavy.org/History%20of%20Agent%20Orange_butler.pdf.

Frumkin H (2003). "Agent Orange and cancer: an overview for clinicians". CA: a cancer journal for clinicians 53 (4): 245–55. DOI:10.3322/canjclin.53.4.245. PMID 12924777. http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/53/4/245.pdf.

Furukawa, Hisao (2004). Ecological destruction, health, and development: advancing Asian paradigms. Trans Pacific Press. ISBN 978-1-920901-01-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=jPL4wSfgan4C.

Hay, Alastair (1982). The chemical scythe: lessons of 2,4,5-T, and dioxin. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-40973-8.

IOM (Institute of Medicine) (1994). Veterans and Agent Orange: health effects of herbicides used in Vietnam. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-04887-3. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=2141.

IOM (Institute of Medicine) (October 11, 2000). Veterans and Agent Orange: Herbicide/Dioxin Exposure and Type 2 Diabetes. National Academies Press. http://www.iom.edu/CMS/3793/4689/4695.aspx.

Luong, Hy V. (2003). Postwar Vietnam: dynamics of a transforming society. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9865-3.

Martin, Michael F.; Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange and US-Vietnam Relations, Congressional Research Service, report to United States Congress, May 28, 2009

Ngo, Anh D.; Taylor, Richard; Roberts, Christine L.; Nguyen, Tuan V. (March 16, 2006). "Association between Agent Orange and birth defects: systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Epidemiology. http://www.vn-agentorange.org/edmaterials/ije_paper.pdf.

Nicosia, Gerald; Swofford, Anthony (2004). Home to War: A History of the Vietnam Veterans Movement. Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-0-7867-1403-2.

NTP (National Toxicology Program); "Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Female Harlan Sprague-Dawley Rats (Gavage Studies)", CASRN 1746-01-6, April 2006.

SBSG (Stanford Biology Study Group) (May 1971). "The Destruction of Indochina". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 27 (5): 36–40. ISSN 0096-3402. http://books.google.com/books?id=agsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA36.

Schuck, Peter (1987). Agent Orange on trial: mass toxic disasters in the courts. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01026-0.

Stellman et al., Jeanne (April 17, 2003). "The Extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other Herbicides in Vietnam". Nature 422: 681–687. http://www.vn-agentorange.org/edmaterials/nature01537.pdf.

Verwey, Wil D. (1977). Riot control agents and herbicides in war: their humanitarian, toxicological, ecological, military, polemological, and legal aspects. BRILL.

Wilcox, Fred (1983). Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange (1st ed.). Random House, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-932020-68-0.

Young, Alvin L. (December 2006). "The History of the US Department of Defense Programs for the Testing, Evaluation, and Storage of Tactical Herbicides". Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/reading_room/TacticalHerbicides.pdf. Retrieved September 7, 2010.

Young, Alvin L. (2009). The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-87485-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=1iCHpk2fZksC. – both of Young's books were commissioned by the U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment)

Further reading [link]

Books [link]

(in French) L'agent orange au Viet-nam: Crime d'hier, tragédie d'aujourd'hui. Tiresias editions. 2005. ISBN 2-91523-23-6.

Cecil, Paul Frederick (1986). Herbicidal warfare: the Ranch Hand Project in Vietnam. Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-92007-4.

Đại, Lê Cao (2000). Agent Orange in the Vietnam War: History and Consequences. Vietnam Red Cross Society.

Gibbs, Lois Marie (1995). "Agent Orange and Vietnam Veterans". Dying From Dioxins. South End Press. pp. 14–20. ISBN 978-0-89608-525-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=MuMFYQ8CbEgC&pg=PA14.

Griffiths, Philip Jones (2004). Agent Orange: Collateral Damage in Vietnam. Alpen Editions. ISBN 978-1-904563-05-1.

Linedecker, Clifford; Ryan, Michael; Ryan, Maureen (1982). Kerry: Agent Orange and an American Family (1st ed.). St. Martins Press. ISBN 978-0-312-45112-7.

Schecter, Arnold (1994). Dioxins and health. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-44785-3.

Uhl, Michael; Ensign, Tod (1980). GI Guinea Pigs: How the Pentagon Exposed Our Troops to Dangers Deadlier than War (1st ed.). Playboy Press. ISBN 978-0-87223-569-4.

Zierler, David (2011). The Invention of Ecocide. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-3827-9.

Wilcox, Fred (2011). Scorched Earth: Legacies of Chemical Warfare in Vietnam. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-138-0.

Wilcox, Fred (2011). Waiting for an Army to Die: The Tragedy of Agent Orange. Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-60980-136-6.

Journal articles / Papers [link]

Weisman, Joan Murray. The Effects of Exposure to Agent Orange on the Intellectual Functioning, Academic Achievement, Visual Motor Skill, and Activity Level of the Offspring of Vietnam War Veterans. Doctoral thesis. Hofstra University. 1986.

Kuehn, Bridget M.; Agent Orange Effects, Journal of the American Medical Association, 2010;303(8):722.

Government/NGO reports [link]

"Agent Orange in Vietnam: Recent Developments in Remediation: Testimony of Ms. Tran Thi Hoan", Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific and the Global Environment, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs. July 15, 2010

"Agent Orange in Vietnam: Recent Developments in Remediation: Testimony of Dr. Nguyen Thi Ngoc Phuong", Subcommittee on Asia, the Pacific and the Global Environment, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs. July 15, 2010

Agent Orange Policy, American Public Health Association, 2007

"Assessment of the health risk of dioxins", World Health Organization/International Programme on Chemical Safety, 1998

Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia History of Operation Ranch Hand, 1983

"Agent Orange Dioxin Contamination in the Environment and Food Chain at Key Hotspots in Viet Nam" Boivin, TG, et al., 2011

News [link]

Fawthrop, Tom; Agent of suffering, Guardian, February 10, 2008

Cox, Paul; "The Legacy of Agent Orange is a Continuing Focus of VVAW", The Veteran, Vietnam Veterans Against the War, Volume 38, No. 2, Fall 2008.

Barlett, Donald P. and Steele, James B.; "Monsanto's Harvest of Fear", Vanity Fair May 2008

Quick, Ben "The Boneyard" Orion Magazine, March/April 2008

Cheng, Eva; "Vietnam's Agent Orange victims call for solidarity", Green Left Weekly, September 28, 2005

Children and the Vietnam War 30–40 years after the use of Agent Orange

Tokar, Brian; "Monsanto: A Checkered History", Z Magazine, March 1999

Video [link]

Agent Orange: The Last Battle. Dir. Stephanie Jobe, Adam Scholl. DVD. 2005

"HADES" Dir. Caroline Delerue, Screenplay Mauro Bellanova 2011

External links [link]

Vietnamese Victims of Agent Orange web site

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency – Dioxin Web site

"Agent Orange/Dioxin Lawsuit" in "Vietnam Pictorial", Vietnam News Agency

Agent Orange Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs

Poisoned Lives

The Aspen Institute Advocacy and Exchange Program on Agent Orange/Dioxin

Make Agent Orange History

Agent Orange Record

Hatfield Consultants

Blue Water Navy Association - Advocacy Group and extensive AO Documentation Library

Media

The short film Agent Orange Study (June 26, 1990) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

The short film Agent Orange Studies (July 11, 1989) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]

v

t

e

Rainbow Herbicides

Agent Orange · Agent Purple · Agent Pink · Agent Green · Agent Blue · Agent White

http://wn.com/Agent_Orange

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_Orange

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2011)

Pharoahe Monch

Background information

Birth name Troy Donald Jamerson

Born (1972-10-31) October 31, 1972 (age 39)

Origin South Jamaica, Queens, New York, USA

Genres East Coast hip hop, alternative hip hop

Years active 1989–present

Labels Hollywood/Priority Records
Rawkus/SRC Records
Duck Down Records/W.A.R. Media, LLC

Associated acts Organized Konfusion, Hilltop Hoods, Busta Rhymes, Adam F, Shabaam Sahdeeq, The HRSMN, Talib Kweli, Common, Mos Def, Kanye West, Erykah Badu, Mr. Porter, Styles P, Nate Dogg, Showtyme, Royce da 5'9", Canibus, Ras Kass

Troy Donald Jamerson (born October 31, 1972), better known by his stage name Pharoahe Monch is an African-American rapper. He is known for his complex lyrics, complex delivery, and internal and multisyllabic rhyme schemes.^[1]

Contents

1 Biography

2 Rapping technique

3 Discography

3.1 Group albums

3.2 Solo albums

3.3 Mixtapes

3.4 Singles

3.5 Appearances

4 References

5 External links

Biography [link]

Pharoahe Monch's name is derived from the monkey doll Monchhichi. After receiving a bad haircut, which left Monch looking like a "chimpanzee", girls in Monch's class at the High School of Art and Design began calling him "Monchhichi", which was later shortened to "Monch". Monch adopted the "Pharoahe" prefix after meeting future Organized Konfusion partner Prince Po.^{[citation needed]}

Monch released three albums as part of the rap duo Organized Konfusion with partner Prince Poetry: The self-titled Organized Konfusion, Stress: The Extinction Agenda and The Equinox. The duo handled a large amount of production on these albums themselves. All albums received positive critical reviews, but moderate sales. As a result, the duo split up after recording their final album The Equinox in 1997. Prince Poetry has since denied the possibility of an Organized Konfusion reunion.

Pharoahe Monch then signed to Rawkus Records, an indie label. After making several guest appearances on albums like the best-selling Rawkus compilation Soundbombing II, Monch's much-hyped debut, Internal Affairs was released in 1999. The first single of the album, "Simon Says", became a hit single, peaking at #97 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also featured in the 2000 cinematic releases Charlie's Angels and Boiler Room. Despite its success, the song caused controversy when Monch was later sued for the song's use of a sample from Akira Ifukube's Gojira Tai Mosura for the hook. The uncleared sample use caused a halting in his album's distribution.

After Internal Affairs and the controversy from his hit song Pharoahe would not release another solo project for several years. He did still make some songs and guest appearances however. In 2000 he featured with Mos Def and Nate Dogg on the hit song "Oh No" from the Rawkus compilation record Lyricist Lounge 2. He contributed the song "Fuck You" to the Training Day soundtrack in 2001, and rapped the theme song to Madden NFL 2002. In 2003 Pharoahe released his final single through Rawkus Records, "Agent Orange", a war inspired song which revisited the 1991 Organized Konfusion track "Releasing Hypnotical Gases".

Pharoahe is also affiliated with the rap group The HRSMN. Although not a member of the group (there are only four real members), he is constantly linked to someday join the group when/if they ever expand.^{[citation needed]}

Pharoahe Monch in 2009

There were rumors his next album, at first tentatively titled Innervisions, was to be released under Denaun Porter's new Shady Records imprint Runyon Ave., but apparently the deal fell through; Monch later announced a deal with Street Records Corporation, home of Wu-Tang Clan, David Banner and Terror Squad. In June 2007 Monch released his second solo album Desire to critical acclaim. Monch said about the album; "...it's very soulful, very gospel, a fresh, new sound for me." The album's lead single was the self-produced track "Push", with "Let's Go" as its B-Side. The song's music video and single were released in late September 2006. Pharoahe Monch released a second music video entitled "When the Gun Draws" at a Brooklyn music festival in February, 2007. The track was inspired by a song he did with Prince Po entitled "Stray Bullet" which was featured on the Stress: The Extinction Agenda album. A final video was made for the title track "Desire" in late 2007. It was directed by New Zealand director Andy Morton and shot on the Rock the Bells tour with full band. The video features both MeLa Machinko and of course, a huge performance from Showtyme.

Monch also produced and ghost-wrote the track "The Future" and ghost-wrote the track "Hold Up" with Mobb Deep member Havoc on rap mogul Diddy's latest album Press Play. Critics contest that Monch's writing is evident in both the content and the delivery of Diddy's rhymes.^{[citation needed]}

On July 9, 2010, Pharoahe Monch allowed hip hop website hiphopdx.com to leak a song from his forthcoming album W.A.R. (We Are Renegades). The song was called "Shine" and featured vocals by MeLa Machinko and was also produced by Diamond D. On February 14, 2010, another song from Monch was leaked, which is called "Clap (One Day)", produced by M-Phazes.

Pharoahe Monch released his third solo album W.A.R. (We Are Renegades) in March 2011. It featured guest appearances from Jill Scott, Styles P, Citizen Cope, Jean Grae, Royce da 5'9", Immortal Technique, Vernon Reid, Phonte, Mr. Porter, Mela Machinko, Showtyme & DJ Boogie Blind.^[2] Pharoahe revealed that the album is a "throwback to 1993, '94 hip-hop" and featured production by Exile, Marco Polo, M-Phazes, Fatin, Diamond D, Mike Loe, Samiyam, Adam Deitch, Eric Krasno and Pharoahe Monch himself.^[2] Four singles have been released from the album: "Shine", "Clap (One Day)", "Black Hand Side", and "Assassins". A ten year anniversary re-issue of Internal Affairs will also be released featuring a documentary about the making of the album.^[3]

In 2011, Pharoahe Monch was a judge on the Ultimate MC TV show alongside with Royce da 5'9", Sean Price, Planet Asia, and Organik.^[4]

Rapping technique [link]

Pharoahe Monch is acclaimed for his complex rapping technique^[1] - Allmusic says he has, "a reputation as one of underground hip hop's pre-eminent lyricists, crafting intricate and intelligent raps."^[5] Kool Moe Dee ranks him at 26 in his best MCs of all time list, from his book, There's a God on the Mic.^[6] Kool Moe Dee notes: "Pharoahe Monch is like an eloquent linguistics professor moonlighting as a rhyme serial killer terrorist, challenging the listeners' I.Q. while daring him or her to keep up."^[6]

Monch compares writing and recording his lyrics to writing and filming a movie - in the book How to Rap he says he will 'punch-in' vocals so he can "retake some things, just like a film",^[7] and he 'rewrites' lyrics, saying he will "go back as a screenwriter and rewrite scenes and leave more to the imagination."^[8]

For his biggest hit, "Simon Says", he comments that he wrote the choruses before he wrote the verses,^[9] and fellow rapper and collaborator O.C. notes that Monch will write single lines down and then use them five years later.^[10] His vocal delivery is inspired by Jazz music and musicians such as John Coltrane.^[11]

Discography [link]

Group albums [link]

With Organized Konfusion:

Album information

Organized Konfusion

Released: October 29, 1991

Certification: None

Label: Hollywood Basic Records

Singles: "Who Stole My Last Piece of Chicken?"/"The Rough Side of Town", "Fudge Pudge"/"Walk Into the Sun"

Stress: The Extinction Agenda

Released: August 16, 1994

Certification: None

Label: Hollywood Basic

Singles: "Stress"/"Keep It Koming", "Bring It On"

The Equinox

Released: September 23, 1997

Certification: None

Label: Priority

Singles: "Somehow, Someway"/"Soundman"/"Numbers"/"9x's out of 10"

Solo albums [link]

Album information

Internal Affairs

Released: October 19, 1999

Billboard 200 chart position: #41

R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: #6

Singles: "Simon Says"/"Behind Closed Doors", "The Light"/"Right Here (Remix)"

Desire

Released: June 26, 2007

U.S. Sales: 12,200 (First week)

Billboard 200 chart position: #58

R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: #13

Singles: "Push"/"Let's Go", "Desire"/"When The Gun Draws", "Body Baby"

W.A.R. (We Are Renegades) ^[3]^[12]^[13]

Released: March 22, 2011

U.S. Sales: 9,600 (First week)

Billboard 200 chart position: #54

R&B/Hip-Hop chart position: #14

Singles: "Shine", "Clap (One Day)", "Black Hand Side", "Assassins"

Mixtapes [link]

The Awakening. Released December, 2006. The Awakening was Pharoahe Monch's first and only official mixtape released prior to Desire.^[14]

Singles [link]

1999: "Simon Says"

2000: "The Light"

2001: "F**k You"

2002: "The Life"

2003: "Agent Orange"

2007: "Push"

2007: "Let's Go"

2007: "Body Baby"

2010: "Shine"

2011: "Clap (One Day)"

2011: "Black Hand Side"

2011: "Assassins"

Appearances [link]

1998: "Live from the DJ Stretch Armstrong Show with your host Bobbito The Barber" (from Lyricist Lounge, Volume One)

1999: "Mayor" and "WWIII" (from Soundbombing II)

1999: "Lyrical Fluctuation (feat. Jigmastas, Mr. Complex, Talib Kweli and Shabaam Sahdeeq)" (from the DJ Spinna album The Beyond Real Experience)

1999: "Dirty Decibels" (from The High & Mighty album Home Field Advantage)

1999: "Take Me Home" (from the Polyrhythm Addicts album Rhyme Related)

1999: "The Anthem" (featuring Eminem, RZA, Tech N9ne, Xzibit, Kool G Rap, Chino XL and KRS-One) (from the Sway & King Tech album This or That)

1999: "Turnablist Anthem" (from the Rob Swift album The Ablist)

1999: "Innovations" (from the Saukrates album The Underground Tapes)

1999: "Livin' It Up" (from the Next Friday Soundtrack)

2000: "Why Don't Cha", "Big Fronter" and "Divine Intervention" (from the Mr. Complex album The Complex Catalog)

2000: "Ill Collabo (feat. Prince Po)" (from the Cella Dwellas album The Last Shall Be First)

2000: "Kenny Rogers - Pharoahe Monch Dub Plate (feat. Kenny Rogers)" (from the Wyclef Jean album The Ecleftic: 2 Sides II a Book)

2000: "What Am I? (feat. L.I.F.E. Long)" (from the Antipop Consortium album Tragic Epilogue)

2000: "Ghost Weed Skit 1" (from the De La Soul album Art Official Intelligence: Mosaic Thump)

2000: "One Four Love Pt.1 (from Hip Hop for Respect)

2000: "Horsemen" (from the Canibus album 2000 B.C. (Before Can-I-Bus))

2000: "Connect (featuring Xzibit & Gipp)" (from the DJ Hurricane album Don't Sleep)

2000: "Oh No (feat. Mos Def & Nate Dogg)" (from Lyricist Lounge 2)

2001: "F**k You" (Training Day (soundtrack))

2001: "I Pledge Allegiance" (from the Nate Dogg album Music and Me)

2001: "Last Dayz" (from the Adam F album Kaos: The Anti-Acoustic Warfare )

2002: "Madden 2002 Theme" (from the video game Madden NFL 2002)

2002: "Guerilla Monsoon Rap (feat. Black Thought)" (from the Talib Kweli album Quality)

2002: "The Life (featuring Styles P)" and "Round & Round (Remix)", (from Soundbombing III)

2002: "The X (Y'all Know The Name) (featuring Xzibit, Inspectah Deck and Skillz)" (from the X-Ecutioners album Built From Scratch)

2002: "H! Vltg3 (featuring Evidence and DJ Babu)" (from the Linkin Park album Reanimation)

2002: "Frontline (featuring Prince Po, Mike Zoot and F.T.)" (from the El Da Sensei album Relax Relate Release)

2002: "Murda 1 Case (featuring KK)" (from the DJ Quik album Under Tha Influence)

2002: "See What I See" (from the Ras Kass album Goldyn Chyld)

2002: "Talking to You (feat. Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Rah Digga & A-Butta)" (Rawkus Single)

2003: "Oblivion" (from the Aimee Allen album I'd Start A Revolution (If I Could Get Up In the Morning))

2003: "What is the Law" (Oz Soundtrack)

2004: "Just Do It" (from the Pete Rock album Soul Survivor II)

2005: "It Ain't The Money" (from the Macy Gray album The Very Best of Macy Gray)

2005; "Evaridae" (from the O.C. album Starchild)

2005: "New World Symphony" (from the Miri Ben-Ari album The Hip-Hop Violinist)

2006: "Fish Filet" (from the Sa-Ra double-single The Second Time Around)

2006: "Book Of Judges" (Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure Soundtrack)

2006; "Loose Ends (feat. Justin Timberlake & will.i.am)" (from the Sérgio Mendes album Timeless)

2006: "Love" (from the J Dilla album The Shining)

2007: "Rehab (Remix)" (feat. Jay-Z) (from Amy Winehouse album Back to Black)

2007: "Reachin'" (from the Polyrhythm Addicts album Break Glass)

2008: "Apocalypse RMX" (from the Immortal Technique album The 3rd World)

2008: "The Matrix (feat. Pharoahe Monch, Sean Price & DJ Premier" (from the Black Milk album Tronic)

2009: "Classic Example" (from Hilltop Hoods album State of the Art)

2009: "Salute" (from Slaughterhouse's self-titled album Slaughterhouse)

2009: "One Shot" (from the KRS-One & Buckshot album Survival Skills)

2009: "Dollaz & Sense" (with RZA) (from The Black Keys' album Blakroc)

2009: "Back and Then" (from the Prince Po EP X-Files)

2010: "Let U Live" (from the Consequence mixtape Movies On Demand)

2011: "We Go Off" (from the Phonte album Charity Starts At Home)

2011: "Children" (from the Styles P album Master of Ceremonies)

References [link]

^ ^a ^b Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 327.

^ ^a ^b by shamz on January 21, 2011 (2011-01-21). "Audio: Pharoahe Monch “Clap (One Day)” feat. Showtyme & DJ Boogie Blind « Okayplayer". okayplayer.com. http://www.okayplayer.com/news/audio-pharoahe-monch-clap-one-day-feat-showtyme-dj-boogie-blind.html. Retrieved 2012-04-17.

^ ^a ^b Pharoahe Monch Vs. The Black Panther, www.frolab.com, 2009-01-12. Retrieved on 2009-05-07.

^ Staff (2011). "Home". Ultimate MC. UMC Productions Inc.. http://ultimatemc.tv/. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

^ Steve Huey (2012). "Pharoahe Monch". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/pharoahe-monch-p380987. Retrieved 21 May 2012.

^ ^a ^b Kool Moe Dee, 2003, There's A God On The Mic: The True 50 Greatest MCs, Thunder's Mouth Press, p.147.

^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 276.

^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 198-199.

^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 190.

^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 164.

^ Edwards, Paul, 2009, How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC, Chicago Review Press, p. 255-256.

^ "Muziek | Myspace Music". Imeem.com. http://www.imeem.com/people/3N7A3Vb/video/_o_Dv785/hallway_j_ksalaam_beatnick_presents_an_in_depth_intervie/. Retrieved 2012-04-17.

^ "alluresound". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/alluresound#p/c/8182F6209CECB6FD/0/3VBQhRsryaw. Retrieved 2012-04-17.

^ "Pharoahe Monch – The Awakening". Nah Right. 2006-12-19. http://nahright.com/news/2006/12/19/pharoahe-monch-the-awakening. Retrieved 2012-04-17.

External links [link]

Official website

myspace

Twitter

v

t

e

Rawkus Records

Black Star

Company Flow

Da Beatminerz

The High & Mighty

Jurassic 5

Smut Peddlers

Artists

Big L

DJ Spinna

Hi-Tek

Mos Def

Pharoahe Monch

Skillz

Talib Kweli

Albums

Funcrusher Plus

Soundbombing

Lyricist Lounge, Volume One

Black Star

Soundbombing II

Heavy Beats, Vol. 1

Little Johnny From the Hospitul

Home Field Advantage

Black on Both Sides

Internal Affairs

The Big Picture

Train Of Thought

Lyricist Lounge 2

Porn Again

Hi-Teknology

Brace 4 Impak

Soundbombing III

I Ain't Mad No More

The Beautiful Struggle

Best of Decade I: 1995-2005

Persondata

Name Monch, Pharoahe

Alternative names

Short description

Date of birth 1972-10-31

Place of birth

Date of death

Place of death

http://wn.com/Pharoahe_Monch

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharoahe_Monch

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Pharoahe Monch

Background information
Birth name	Troy Donald Jamerson
Born	(1972-10-31) October 31, 1972 (age 39)
Origin	South Jamaica, Queens, New York, USA
Genres	East Coast hip hop, alternative hip hop
Years active	1989–present
Labels	Hollywood/Priority Records Rawkus/SRC Records Duck Down Records/W.A.R. Media, LLC
Associated acts	Organized Konfusion, Hilltop Hoods, Busta Rhymes, Adam F, Shabaam Sahdeeq, The HRSMN, Talib Kweli, Common, Mos Def, Kanye West, Erykah Badu, Mr. Porter, Styles P, Nate Dogg, Showtyme, Royce da 5'9", Canibus, Ras Kass

Persondata
Name	Monch, Pharoahe
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1972-10-31
Place of birth
Date of death
Place of death

Agent Orange Filmography

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Contents