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A vanguard party is a political party at the fore of a mass-action political movement and of a revolution. In the praxis of political science, the concept of the vanguard party, composed of professional revolutionaries, was first effected by the Bolshevik Party in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), the first leader of the Bolsheviks, coined the term vanguard party, and argued that such a party was necessary in order to provide the practical and political leadership that would impel the proletariat (urban workers and peasants) to achieve a communist revolution. Hence, as a political-science concept and term, vanguard party most often is associated with Leninism; however, similar concepts (under different names) also are present in other revolutionary ideologies.

Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx presented the concept of the vanguard party as solely qualified to politically lead the proletariat in revolution; in Chapter II: “Proletarians and Communists” of The Communist Manifesto (1848), they said:

The Communists, therefore, are, on the one hand, practically the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the lines of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.

The purpose of the vanguard party is to establish a dictatorship of the proletariat; supported by the working class, the vanguard party would lead the revolution to depose the incumbent Tsarist government, and transfer government power to the working class. The change of ruling class, from the bourgeoisie to the proletariat, makes possible the full development of socialism.^[1] In the book What is to be Done? (1902), Lenin said that a revolutionary vanguard party, mostly recruited from the working class, should lead the political campaign, because it was the only way that the proletariat could successfully achieve a revolution; unlike the economist campaign of trade-union-struggle advocated by other socialist political parties; and later by the anarcho-syndicalists. Like Karl Marx, Lenin distinguished between the two aspects of a revolution, the economic campaign (labour strikes for increased wages and work concessions), which featured diffused plural leadership; and the political campaign (socialist changes to society), which featured the decisive revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party.

History[link]

Marxist uses[link]

Lenin

As he surveyed the European milieu in the late 1890s, Lenin found several theoretic problems with the Marxism of the late 19th century. Contrary to what Karl Marx had predicted, capitalism had become stronger in the last third of the 19th century. In Western Europe, the working class had become poorer, rather than becoming politically progressive, thinking people; hence, the workers and their trade unions, although they had continued to militate for better wages and working conditions, had failed to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, as predicted by Marx. To explain that undeveloped political awareness, Lenin said that the division of labour in a bourgeois capitalist society prevented the emergence of a proletarian class consciousness, because of the the ten-to-twelve-hour workdays that the workers laboured in factories, and so had no time to learn and apply the philosophic complexities of Marxist theory. Finally, in trying to effect a revolution in Tsarist Imperial Russia (1721–1917), Lenin faced the problem of an autocratic régime that had outlawed almost all political activity. Although the Tsarist autocracy could not enforce a ban on political ideas, until 1905 — when Tsar Nicholas II (1894–1917) agreed to the formation of a national duma — the Okhrana, the Tsarist secret police, suppressed every political group seeking social and political changes, including those with a democratic program.

To counter such political conditions, Lenin said that a professional revolutionary organisation was necessary to organise and lead the most class-conscious workers into a politically coherent movement. About the Russian class struggle, in the book What Is to Be Done? (1902), against the “economist” trend of the socialist parties (who proposed that the working class would develop a revolutionary consciousness from demanding solely economic improvements), Lenin said that the “history of all countries bears out the fact that, through their own powers alone, the working class can develop only a trade-union consciousness”; and that under reformist, trade-union leadership, the working class could only engage spontaneous local rebellions to improve their political position within the capitalist system, and that revolutionary consciousness developed unevenly. Nonetheless, optimistic about the working class’s ability to develop a revolutionary class consciousness, Lenin said that the missing element for escalating the class struggle to revolution was a political organisation that could relate to the radicalism of political vanguard of the working class, who then would attract many workers from the middling policies of the reformist leaders of the trade unions.

It is often believed that Lenin thought the bearers of class consciousness were the common intellectuals who made it their vocation to conspire against the capitalist system, educate the public in revolutionary theory, and prepare the workers for the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat that would follow. Yet, unlike his Menshevik rivals, Lenin distinguished himself by his hostility towards the bourgeois intelligentsia, and was routinely criticised for placing too much trust in the intellectual ability of the working class to transform society through its own political struggles.

Like other political organisations that sought to change Imperial Russian society, Lenin's Bolshevik Party resorted to conspiracy, and operated in the political underground. Against Tsarist repression, Lenin argued for the necessity of confining membership to people who were professionally trained to combat the Okhrana secret police; however, at its core, the Bolshevik Party was an exceptionally flexible organisation who pragmatically adapted policy to changing political situations. After the Revolution of 1905, Lenin proposed that the Bolshevik Party "open its gates" to the militant working class, who were rapidly becoming political radicals, in order for the Party to become a mass-action political party with genuine roots in the working class movement.

In the 20th century, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) continued regarding itself as the institutionalization of Marxist-Leninist political consciousness in the Soviet Union; therein lay the justification for its political control of Soviet society. Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution refers to the CPSU as the "leading and guiding force of Soviet society, and the nucleus of its political system, of all state organizations and public organizations". The CPSU, precisely because it was the bearer of Marxist-Leninist ideology, determined the general development of society, directed domestic and foreign policy, and "imparts a planned, systematic, and theoretically substantiated character" to the struggle of the Soviet people for the victory of Communism.

Nonetheless, the political role of the vanguard party, as outlined by Lenin, is disputed among the contemporary communist movement. Lenin's contemporary in the Bolshevik Party, Leon Trotsky, further developed and established the vanguard party with the creation of the Fourth International. Trotsky, who believed in worldwide permanent revolution, proposed that a vanguard party must be an international political party who organised the most militant activists of the working classes of the countries of the world. Although the Fourth International faded from the public upon the death Trotsky, there continued some efforts to revive the concept of an international vanguard party.

Non-Marxist uses[link]

Although Lenin developed the term and it is used to describe Marxist-Leninist parties, the term is also sometimes used for some Islamist parties. Islamist writers Abul Ala Maududi and Sayyid Qutb both urged the formation of an Islamic vanguard to restore Islamic society. Qutb talked of an Islamist vanguard in his book Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (Milestones)^[2] and Maududi formed an Islamist party Jamaat-e-Islami^[3] whose goal was to establish an ideological state, administered for God solely by Muslims "whose whole life is devoted to the observance and enforcement" of Islamic law. The party members formed an elite group (called arkan) with "affiliates" (mutaffiq) and then "sympathisers" (hamdard) beneath them.^[3] Another elite or vanguard Islamist party is Hizb ut-Tahrir, which seeks to take power for a pan-Islamic state not by a vanguard-led armed struggle, but by a Coup d'état. The party seeks to obtains "support from army generals, leaders, and other influential figures or bodies to facilitate the change of the government."^[4]

According to Roger Eatwell, some fascist parties have also operated in ways similar to the concept of a vanguard party.^[5]

See also[link]

• Vanguardism
• Democratic centralism
• Antonio Gramsci
• Blanquism

References[link]

1. ^ Townson, D. The New Penguin Dictionary of Modern History: 1789–1945 London:1994 pp. 462–464
2. ^ Fundamentalist Islam at Large: The Drive for Power by Martin Kramer, Middle East Quarterly, June 1996
3. ^ ^{a b} GlobalSecurity.org: Jamaat-e-Islami
4. ^ (untitled HT pamphlet
5. ^ Roger Eatwell. Fascism: a history. Allen Lane, 1996. Pp. 215.

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies. "A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former).". http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html. Retrieved 2006-12-04. 

David Carradine
Carradine in April 2008
Born	John Arthur Carradine (1936-12-08)December 8, 1936 Hollywood, California, United States
Died	June 3, 2009(2009-06-03) (aged 72) Nai Lert Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand
Cause of death	Accidental asphyxiation
Nationality	American
Occupation	Actor,Director
Years active	1963–2009
Spouse	Donna Lee Becht (1960–1968) Linda Gilbert (1977–1983)[1] Gail Jensen (1986–1997)[2] Marina Anderson (1999–2003)[3] Annie Bierman (2004–2009)[4]
Partner	Barbara Hershey (1972–1975)
Parents	John Carradine (deceased) Ardanelle (née McCool, deceased)
Website
http://www.david-carradine.com

David Carradine (born John Arthur Carradine; December 8, 1936 – June 3, 2009)^[5][6][7] was an American actor and martial artist, best known for his role as a warrior monk, Kwai Chang Caine, in the 1970s television series Kung Fu.^[1] He was a member of a productive acting family dynasty that began with his father, John Carradine. His acting career, which included major and minor roles on stage, television and cinema, spanned over four decades. A prolific "B" movie actor,^[7] he appeared in more than 100 feature films^[8] and was nominated four times for a Golden Globe Award.^[9] The last nomination was for his title role in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill.

Films that featured Carradine continued to be released after his death. These posthumous credits were from a variety of genres including horror, action, western, martial arts, drama, science fiction and documentary. In addition to his acting career, Carradine was also a musician and pursued a directing career. Influenced by his most popular acting role, he studied martial arts.^[10][11] The child of a frequently married actor, "Jack", as Carradine was known in his youth,^[12] had an unstable childhood. This instability would continue throughout his life as he himself was married five times. He was also frequently arrested and prosecuted for a variety of offenses which often involved substance abuse.^[13] He died on June 3, 2009 of an apparently accidental asphyxiation.

Early life[link]

He was born John Arthur Carradine in Hollywood, California, the son of Ardanelle "Abigail" (née McCool, 1911–1989)^[14] and actor John Carradine.^[15] He was a maternal half-brother of Bruce,^[5] paternal half-brother of Keith, Christopher and Robert Carradine, and an uncle of Ever Carradine and Martha Plimpton. He was the great-grandson of Methodist evangelical author Beverly Carradine and the grandnephew of artist Will Foster.^[12][16]

Affectionately called "Jack" during his childhood years, Carradine's childhood was turbulent. Both of his parents repeatedly re-married. He was the product of his mother's second marriage of three, and his father's first of four. At the time his parents married each other, his mother already had a son, Bruce, by her first husband, whom John adopted. John Carradine planned a large family but, as his son explained in his autobiography, after his wife had a series of miscarriages, he discovered that she had had repeated illegal abortions without his knowledge. This rendered her unable to carry a baby to full term.^[12] It was with this backdrop of marital discord that at the age of 5, Jack almost succeeded in committing suicide^[17] by hanging. He said that the incident followed his discovery that he and Bruce had different biological fathers. He added that, "My father saved me, and then confiscated my comic book collection and burned it – which was scarcely the point".^[12]

After three years of marriage, Ardenelle Carradine filed for divorce from John, but the couple remained married for another five years.^[18] Divorce finally came in 1944, when Jack was seven years old. His father left California to avoid court action in the alimony settlement.^[19][20][21] After the couple engaged in a series of court battles over child custody and alimony, which at one point landed John in jail,^[20] Jack joined his father in New York City. By this time his father had remarried. For the next few years Jack was shuffled between boarding schools, foster homes and reform school.^[17] He also would often accompany his father while the elder Carradine performed summer theater throughout the Northeast. He spent time in Massachusetts and even one miserable winter milking cows on a farm in Vermont.^[12][22]

Eventually, Jack Carradine returned to California where he graduated from Oakland High School. He attended Oakland Junior College (currently Laney College) for a year before transferring to San Francisco State College where he studied drama and music theory.^[12][17] There he wrote music for the drama department's annual revues while juggling work at menial jobs, a fledgling stage acting career and his studies. After he dropped out of college, Carradine spent some time with the "beatniks"^[23] of San Francisco's North Beach and Venice, California. During this time he collected unemployment insurance and sold baby pictures. He was also prosecuted for disturbing the peace.^[12]

Despite an attempt to dodge the draft,^[12] in 1960 Carradine was inducted into the United States Army,^[17] where he drew pictures for training aids. That Christmas he married his high school sweetheart, Donna Lee Becht. While stationed at Fort Eustis, Virginia he helped to establish a theater company which became known as the "entertainment unit".^[24] He met fellow inductee, Larry Cohen, who later cast him in Q, The Winged Serpent.^[25] He also faced court-martial for shoplifting.^[26] In 1962, Donna gave birth to their daughter, Calista. Carradine was honorably discharged^[27] after a two-year tour.

Film and television career[link]

Early successes[link]

Upon leaving the Army, Carradine became serious about his acting pursuits. It was at that time that he was advised to change his name to avoid confusion with his famous father. In 1963, he made his television debut on an episode of Armstrong Circle Theatre. Several other television roles were to follow including appearances on Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre, and The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. He made his feature film debut in 1964 in Taggart, a western based on a novel by Louis L'Amour.

His first "big break", however, came with his second Broadway part in The Royal Hunt of the Sun, a play by Peter Shaffer about the destruction of the Inca empire by conquistador Francisco Pizarro. He said of this performance, "Many of the important roles that I got later on were because the guy who was going to hire me was in that audience and had his mind blown."^[24] For that part, Carradine won a Theatre World Award for Best Debut Performance in 1965.^[28][29]

With the closing of The Royal Hunt of the Sun, and the failing of his marriage, Carradine left New York and headed back to California. He returned to TV to star in the short-lived series Shane, a 1966 western based upon a 1949 novel of the same name and previously filmed in 1953.

In 1972, he co-starred as 'Big' Bill Shelly in one of Martin Scorsese's earliest films Boxcar Bertha, which starred Barbara Hershey, his domestic partner at the time (see Personal life). This was one of several Roger Corman productions in which he was to appear.^[23] It was also one of a handful of acting collaborations he made with his father, John.

[edit] Kung Fu

Carradine as Caine.

For three seasons, David Carradine starred as a half-Chinese, half-Caucasian Shaolin monk, Kwai Chang Caine, on the ABC hit TV series Kung Fu (1972–1975) and was nominated for an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award^[9] for the role. The show, which took place in the Old West, helped to popularize the martial arts and Eastern philosophy in the west and immortalized the character of Kwai Chang Caine, also referred to as "Grasshopper", in popular culture.

Although the choice of a Caucasian to play the role of Kwai Chang Caine stirred controversy, the show served as steady employment for several Asian-American actors in the U.S.^[30] In addition to Keye Luke and Philip Ahn, who held leading roles in the cast as Caine's Shaolin masters, Robert Ito, James Hong, Benson Fong, Richard Loo, and Victor Sen Yung frequently appeared in the series. Kung Fu ended when Carradine quit to pursue a movie career, but he reprised the role of Kwai Chang Caine in 1986 in Kung Fu: The Movie. Brandon Lee, son of Bruce Lee, in his acting debut, portrayed his son.

In 1991, he reprised the role of Caine in a cameo appearance in the TV movie The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw, in which Caine uses his Chinese friends to help the title character in 1903 San Francisco.

Early in the 1990s, Carradine once again reprised the role of Kwai Chang Caine in Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (1993–97) playing the grandson of the original character of the same name. Carradine starred in the program and served as Executive Producer and Director. The program offered him the opportunity to recreate the character for which he was most widely recognized. The show was canceled in 1997, after 4 seasons, and 88 episodes.

Movie career[link]

Immediately following the Kung Fu series, Carradine accepted the role as the race car driver Frankenstein in Death Race 2000 (1975), he said, to "kill the image of Caine and launch a movie career".^[31] The Roger Corman exploitation film became a cult classic. It was based on Ib Melchior's first science fiction work, a short story called The Racer.^[32]

Carradine at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival

In 1976, Carradine earned critical praise for his portrayal of folksinger Woody Guthrie in Hal Ashby's Bound for Glory (1976) for which he won a National Board of Review Award for Best Actor.^[33] He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award^[9] and New York Film Critics Circle Award for his role as Guthrie.

Next came the role of the alcoholic, unemployed trapeze artist, Abel Rosenberg in The Serpent's Egg (1977). Set in post-World War I Berlin The Serpent's Egg, which also starred Liv Ullman, is the only English language film made by legendary Swedish director Ingmar Bergman.^[34] Bergman said of his leading man, "I don't believe in God, but Heaven must have sent him."^[13] Carradine said that he and Bergman had plans for further collaboration, but the director's affection for the actor waned when the latter passionately protested a scene which included the butchering of a horse. The altercation caused Carradine to question the fate of Bergman's soul while the director declared, "Little Brother, I am an old whore. I have shot two other horses, burned one and strangled a dog."^[12][13]

When Bruce Lee died in 1973, he left an unreleased movie script that he had developed with James Coburn and Stirling Silliphant called The Silent Flute. The script became Circle of Iron (1978) and in the film Carradine played the four roles that were originally intended for Lee. Carradine considered this to be among his best work.^[35][36]

In 1980 the thespian appeared in The Long Riders (1980), with his half-brothers Keith and Robert Carradine. The ensemble cast included three other brother/actor groupings: Stacy and James Keach; Dennis and Randy Quaid,^[17] and Christopher and Nicholas Guest. The movie, which was about the Jesse James gang, gave Carradine, who played Cole Younger, one of his most memorable roles.^[37]

Carradine signing autographs in Malmö in 2005.

Throughout most of the 1980s and 1990s, David Carradine's acting career suffered a decline. Although he continued to amass movie and television credits, few of his roles garnered much attention. Most of his work was released straight to video. However, a few of his movies, such as The Warrior and the Sorceress (1984), Sundown: The Vampire in Retreat (1990) and Sonny Boy (1989), developed cult followings. In 1989, he starred in the low budget direct-to-video Swedish action movie The Mad Bunch directed by Mats Helge Olsson, making him one of three actors (including Heinz Hopf and Tor Isedal) who have starred in both an Ingmar Bergman movie and an Olsson movie.^[38] In 1997, Carradine was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The presenters played an "April Fool's Day" prank on him by first unveiling a star bearing the name of his brother, Robert.^[39]

Carradine enjoyed a revival of his fame when he was cast in Quentin Tarantino's sequential Kill Bill movies, in 2003 and 2004. Among those who thought his portrayal of the assassin extraordinaire, Bill, would earn him an Academy Award nomination was Scott Mantz, of The Mediadrome, who said, "Carradine practically steals every scene he’s in with confident gusto, and he gives a soulful performance that should all but ensure a spot on next year’s Oscar ballot."^[40] Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper each had Kill Bill Vol. 2 on their top ten list for of Academy Awards predictions.^[41] Although the films received no notice from the Academy, Carradine did receive a Golden Globe nomination^[9] and a Saturn Award, for Best Supporting Actor^[17] for his portrayal of Bill.

Television appearances[link]

Carradine attracted notice in 1985 when he appeared in a supporting role in North and South, a miniseries about the American Civil War. He was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for his performance.^[9] He also appeared in North and South, Book II, telecast in May 1986.

In addition, he was featured in a Lipton tea commercial, which first aired during the broadcast of Super Bowl XXVIII. The advertisement paid tribute to The Three Stooges while satirizing his role in Kung Fu.^[42] In 2001, he appeared in the episode The Serpent of the syndicated TV series Queen of Swords as the sword wielding bandit El Serpiente filmed at Texas Hollywood studios in Almeria, Spain, home of many spaghetti westerns. David also did a guest appearance in episode 11 of Lizzie McGuire as himself. David Carradine took over hosting duties from his brother Keith on Wild West Tech on the History Channel, in 2005. By 2006, he had become the spokesperson for Yellowbook, a publisher of independent telephone directories in the United States. He also appeared as the ghost of time, Clockwork in two episodes of the animated series, Danny Phantom. He also starred in the 2008 TV movie, Kung Fu Killer, in which he played a Chinese martial arts master very similar to his Kung Fu series "Caine" persona -- his character in this movie named "White Crane", and mostly referred to or addressed as "Crane", frequently spoken with a sort of accent that minimized the R sound.

Posthumous releases[link]

The actor, who once received an award for being the hardest working member of his profession in Hollywood,^[12][43] still had approximately a dozen films in "post-production" at the time of his death in 2009. Most of these roles were cameos or small parts in independent, direct to DVD productions. Among them, a horror flick, The Rain (2009), an action film, Bad Cop (2009), and a western, All Hell Broke Loose (2009).

Carradine also appeared in a small role in Woo-Ping Yuen's Chinese kung fu epic True Legend. Carradine and Yuen first met while filming Kill Bill. Yuen eulogized Carradine on the True Legend website, describing him as a "good friend". Yuen said of Carradine, " 'He is among the first Hollywood actors to perform Chinese martial arts on the big screen. In real life he is also a genuine kung fu fan, and knows tai chi, qi gong and Chinese medicine. Same as I, people shall always remember his role as Caine, the grasshopper, in Kung Fu, in the '70s, which was a really unforgettable performance. I feel both great honour and regret that True Legend is one of David Carradine's last works.' "^[44]

One of Carradine's last leading roles was in the period drama, Golden Boys, set in 1905. It had only a limited theater run, and received little critical attention.^[45] It was released on DVD shortly after his death.

Carradine co-produced a full length documentary about luthier Stuart Mossman, which has been identified as the actor's last film appearance.^[46] The Legend of Stuart Mossman: A Modern Stradivari, directed by Barry Brown, premiered at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, in February, 2010.^[47] It featured David, Keith and Robert Carradine performing their music on Mossman guitars. Mossman had appeared with Carradine in Cloud Dancer (1980), which Brown also directed, and in The Long Riders.^[46]

On the small screen, Carradine appeared in a guest spot on the television series Mental that was broadcast just days after his death. On October 3, 2009, Celebrity Ghost Stories premiered on the Biography Channel with an interview of David Carradine discussing his belief that his closet was haunted by his wife's deceased previous husband. The segment, which was described as "eerie" was filmed four months before his own death.^[48] In his last of many collaborations with producer Roger Corman, Carradine appeared in the Syfy Channel's science fiction monster movie Dinocroc Vs. Supergator, over a year after he died. Ken Tucker, writing for Entertainment Weekly, said the film was "impeccable" and "goofy fun all the way".^[49] At the time of this release, there were still four more unreleased films that credited David Carradine, including Stretch, which he was filming at the time of his death.

Directing career[link]

‎Carradine made his directorial debut on three episodes of Kung Fu. While still performing on Kung Fu, he tried his hand at directing some independent films of his own. Americana (1983), took ten years to complete due to difficulty in financing. It featured Carradine in the starring role and several of his friends and family members in supporting roles. The film won the People's Choice Award at the Director's Fortnight at Cannes, but failed to achieve critical support or adequate distribution.^[12][50] Other directorial attempts included You and Me (1975),^[17] and two unreleased productions: Mata Hari, an epic that starred his daughter, Calista, and a short musical called A Country Mile.^[12]

Martial artist[link]

Carradine knew nothing of the practice of kung fu at the time he was cast in the role of Kwai Chang Caine, instead he relied on his experience as a dancer for the part.^[23] He also had experience in sword fighting, boxing, and street fighting on which to draw.^[25] For the first half of the original series, David Chow provided technical assistance with kung fu. Later, Kam Yuen provided the expertise. It was not until after the series was canceled that Carradine began to study martial arts,^[37] first from Yuen and eventually from Rob Moses, a student of Yuen's. He never considered himself a master of the art, but rather an "evangelist" of kung fu.^[10][11] By 2003 he had acquired enough expertise in martial arts to produce and star in several instructional videos on T'ai chi and Qigong. In 2005, Carradine visited the Shaolin Monastery in Henan, China as part of the extra features for the third season of the Kung Fu DVDs. During his visit, the abbot, Shi Yǒngxìn, said that he recognized Carradine's important contribution to the promotion of the Shaolin Monastery and kung fu culture, to which he replied, "I am happy to serve."^[51]

Music career[link]

Carradine in September 2006

In addition to his acting career, David Carradine was also a musician. He sang and played the piano, the guitar and the flute among other instruments.^[52] In 1970, Carradine played one half of a flower power beatnik duo in the season 4 Ironside episode 'The Quincunx' performing the songs 'I Stepped On A Flower', 'Lonesome Stranger' and 'Sorrow Of The Singing Tree'. He recorded an album titled Grasshopper, which was released on Jet Records in 1975.^[53] His musical talents were often integrated into his screen performances. He performed several of Woody Guthrie's songs for the movie Bound for Glory. For the Kung Fu series he made flutes out of bamboo that he had planted on the Warner Brothers lot which he played on the program. He later made several flutes for the movie Circle of Iron, one of which he later played in Kill Bill.^[54] Carradine wrote and performed the theme songs for at least two movies that he starred in, Americana, and Sonny Boy. The first line from the Sonny Boy theme, Paint, which he wrote while filming Americana in Drury, Kansas in 1973, is engraved on his headstone.^[55] He wrote and performed several songs for American Reel (2003) and wrote the score for You and Me.^[52] He and his brother, Robert, also performed with a band, the Cosmic Rescue Team^[52] (also known as Soul Dogs). The band primarily performed in small venues and benefits.

Reports of arrests and prosecutions[link]

By his own account, in the late 1950s, while he was living in San Francisco, young John A. Carradine was arrested for assaulting a police officer. He pleaded to a lesser charge of disturbing the peace.^[12] While in the Army (1960–62) he faced court-martial, on more than one occasion, for shoplifting.^[12][56] After he became an established actor, and had changed his name to David, he was arrested, in 1967, for possession of marijuana.^[57]

At the height of his popularity in Kung Fu, in 1974, David Carradine was arrested again,^[58][59] this time for attempted burglary and malicious mischief. While under the influence of peyote, Carradine, nude, began wandering around his Laurel Canyon neighborhood. He broke into a neighbor's home, breaking a window and cutting his arm. He then bled all over the homeowner's piano.^[12] At some time during this episode he accosted two young women, allegedly assaulting one while asking, or demanding of her, if she was a witch.^[12][60][61] The police literally followed a trail of blood to his home.^[62] The burglary charges were dropped, as nothing was found to be missing, while Carradine pleaded "no contest" to the mischief charge and was given probation.^[63] He was never charged with assault, but the young woman sued him for $1.1 million^[60] and was awarded $20,000.^[61]

In 1980, while in South Africa filming Safari 3000 (also known as Rally), which co-starred Stockard Channing, Carradine was arrested for possession of marijuana.^[64] He was convicted and given a suspended sentence.^[65] He claimed that he was framed, in this case, by the Apartheid government as he had been seen dancing with Tina Turner.^[12]

During the 1980s Carradine was arrested at least twice for driving under the influence of alcohol, once in 1984^[66] and again in 1989. In the second case, Carradine pleaded "no contest".^[67] Of this incident The L.A. Times reported "legal experts say Carradine was handed a harsher-than-average sentence, even for a second-time offender: three years' summary probation, 48 hours in jail, 100 hours of community service, 30 days' work picking up trash for the California Department of Transportation, attendance at a drunk driving awareness meeting and completion of an alcohol rehabilitation program."^[68]

Personal life[link]

Carradine in April 2005

Shortly after being drafted into the Army, in 1960, David Carradine proposed marriage to Donna Lee Becht (born September 26, 1937),^[4][69] whom he met while they were students at Oakland High School. They were married on Christmas Day that year. She lived with him off base in Virginia, while he was stationed at Fort Eustis. In April, 1962, she gave birth to their daughter, Calista. After his discharge, they lived in New York as David established his acting career, appearing on Broadway in The Deputy^[52] and Royal Hunt of the Sun. The marriage dissolved in 1968. Carradine left New York at that point and headed back to California to continue his television and film careers.

In 1969, he met actress Barbara Hershey while the two of them were working on Heaven with a Gun.^[12] The pair began a domestic relationship that would last until 1975.^[70] They appeared in other films together including Martin Scorsese's Boxcar Bertha. In 1972 they appeared in a nude Playboy spread, recreating some sex scenes from Boxcar Bertha.^[71] That year Hershey gave birth to their son, Free^[69] (who later changed his name to Tom, much to his father's chagrin).^[12] The relationship fell apart, around the time of his 1974 burglary arrest,^[72] when Carradine began an affair with Season Hubley who had guest starred on Kung Fu. He was engaged to Hubley for a time, but they did not marry.^[12][17]

Carradine married his second wife, Linda, (née Linda Anne Gilbert, born March 16, 1950) the former wife of The Byrds lead guitarist, Roger McGuinn,^[13] in a civil ceremony, in Munich, Germany, immediately following the filming of The Serpent's Egg, in February, 1977.^[73] Their daughter, Kansas was born April 19, 1978. This marriage ended in divorce as did the two that followed. He was married to Gail Jensen from 1988–1997. She died in April, 2010, at the age of 60, of an alcohol related illness.^[74] He was also married to Marina Anderson from 1998–2001. By this time, Carradine had proclaimed himself to be a "serial monogamist".^[75]

On December 26, 2004, Carradine married the widowed Annie Bierman^[4] (née Anne Kirstie Fraser, born December 21, 1960) at the seaside Malibu home of his friend, Michael Madsen. Vicki Roberts, his attorney and longtime friend of his wife, performed the ceremony. With this marriage he acquired three stepdaughters, Amanda Eckelberry (born November 29, 1989), Madeleine Rose (born April 4, 1995) and Olivia Juliette (born 1998) and a stepson, Max Richard (born 1998).^[70]

Death[link]

Wikinews has related news: Kung Fu star Carradine found dead in Bangkok hotel

On June 4, 2009, David Carradine was found dead in his room at the Swissôtel Nai Lert Park Hotel on Wireless Road, near Sukhumvit Road, in central Bangkok, Thailand.^[6][7] He was in Bangkok to shoot his latest film, Stretch.^[6] A police official said Carradine was found hanging by a rope naked in the room's closet,^[76][77] causing immediate speculation that his death was suicide. However, reported evidence suggested that his death was the result of autoerotic asphyxiation. Two autopsies were conducted and concluded that the death was not caused by suicide.^{[78][79][80][81][82]} The cause of death became widely accepted as "accidental asphyxiation".^[83]

Immediately following his death, two of his former wives, Gail Jensen^[2][84] and Marina Anderson,^[85][86][87] stated publicly that his sexual interests included the practice of self-bondage. Anderson, who had plans to publish a tell-all book about her marriage to Carradine, said in an interview with Access Hollywood, "There was a dark side to David, there was a very intense side to David. People around him know that." Previously in her divorce filing she had claimed that "It was the continuation of abhorrent and deviant sexual behavior which was potentially deadly."^[88]

Photographs of Carradine at the death scene, as well as photographs of his autopsied body, were circulated in newspapers and on the Internet.^[89] His family, represented by his brothers, Keith and Robert, pleaded with the public and the press to let them mourn their loved one in peace.^[90]

Carradine's funeral was held on June 13, 2009 in Los Angeles. His bamboo casket^[91] was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park.^[92] Among the many stars and family members that attended his private memorial were Tom Selleck, Lucy Liu, Frances Fisher, James Cromwell, Steve Railsback, and Chris Potter. His grave was marked on December 3, 2009. The monument proclaimed him to be "The Barefoot Legend" and included a quote from "Paint", a song he wrote and performed as the theme to Sonny Boy, as an epitaph.^[55]

Controversies after death[link]

On the first anniversary of his death, Carradine's widow, Annie, announced that she had filed a lawsuit for wrongful death against the company that produced the film that Carradine was working on at the time of his death. The lawsuit claimed that the company failed to provide assistance to the actor that had been agreed upon in his contract. "The suit alleges, the assistant left him behind for dinner on the night before the actor was found dead. The assistant and other film staffers apparently could not reach Carradine, and decided to leave without him. Carradine called the assistant an hour later but was told the group was across town and he would have to make his own arrangements that evening."^[93] Annie Carradine reached a settlement with MK2 Productions in August 2011.^[94] She is reported to be receiving about $400,000 US from the company for Carradine's death.^[95] Also, in June 2010, Marina Anderson, Carradine's fourth ex-wife, published David Carradine: The Eye of My Tornado, a book that discusses intimate details of their marriage.^[96] She also claimed publicly that she had conducted her own investigation of his death, and concluded that he was murdered.^[97]

Selected filmography[link]

Awards and honors[link]

• 1966 Theatre World Award, Royal Hunt of the Sun^[28][29]
• 1974 TP de Oro,Spain. Best Foreign Actor, Kung Fu
• 1997 Gold Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Television
• 1998: Honoree — The 16th Annual Golden Boot Awards^[28] (along with brothers Keith and Robert)
• 2005: Action On Film International Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award — First annual recipient^[98]
• 2005: Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films, Saturn Award, Best Supporting Actor, Kill Bill^[28][99]
• 2008 Honoree — Walk of Western Stars^[100]

Bibliography[link]

• The Spirit of Shaolin. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-1751-0.  (See Shaolin Kung Fu) (1991)
• Endless Highway. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 1-885203-20-9.  (autobiography, 1995)
• David Carradine's Tai Chi Workout. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-3767-5. http://www.amazon.com/David-Carradines-Tai-Chi-Workout/dp/0805037675/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244668764&sr=1-2#reader.  Co-authored with David Nakahara. (Alternate transliteration of "T'ai Chi" is T'ai chi ch'uan) (1995)
• David Carradine's Introduction to Chi Kung. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5100-7. http://www.amazon.com/David-Carradines-Introduction-Chi-Kung/dp/0805051007/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1244662095&sr=1-4#reader.  Co-authored with David Nakahara. (Alternate transliteration is Qigong) (1997)
• The Kill Bill Diary: The Making of a Tarantino Classic as Seen Through the Eyes of a Screen Legend. Harper Publishing. ISBN 0-06-082346-1.  (2006)

See also[link]

Biography portal

• Carradine family

References[link]