{{taxobox |image = Populus tremula 002.jpg |image_caption = Foliage of ''Populus tremula'' |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Malpighiales |familia = Salicaceae |tribus = Saliceae |genus = ''Populus'' |genus_authority = L. |type_species = ''Populus tremula'' |subdivision_ranks = Species |subdivision = See text |}}

''Populus'' is a genus of 25–35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names variously applied to different species include poplar (), aspen, and cottonwood.

In the September 2006 issue of ''Science'', it was announced that the Western Balsam Poplar (''P. trichocarpa'') was the first tree to have its full DNA code sequenced.

Description

The genus has a large genetic diversity, and can grow from anywhere between 15–50 m (50 to 165 ft) tall, with trunks of up to 2.5 m (8 ft) diameter.

The bark on young trees is smooth, white to greenish or dark grey, often with conspicuous lenticels; on old trees it remains smooth in some species, but becomes rough and deeply fissured in others. The shoots are stout, with (unlike in the related willows) the terminal bud present. The leaves are spirally arranged, and vary in shape from triangular to circular or (rarely) lobed, and with a long petiole; in species in the sections ''Populus'' and ''Aegiros'', the petioles are laterally flattened, so that breezes easily cause the leaves to wobble back and forth, giving the whole tree a "twinkling" appearance in a breeze. Leaf size is very variable even on a single tree, typically with small leaves on side shoots, and very large leaves on strong-growing lead shoots. The leaves often turn bright gold to yellow before they fall during autumn.

The flowers are mostly dioecious (rarely monoecious) and appear in early spring before the leaves. They are borne in long, drooping, sessile or pedunculate catkins produced from buds formed in the axils of the leaves of the previous year. The flowers are each seated in a cup-shaped disk which is borne on the base of a scale which is itself attached to the rachis of the catkin. The scales are obovate, lobed and fringed, membranous, hairy or smooth, usually caducous. The male flowers are without calyx or corolla, and comprise a group of 4–60 stamens inserted on a disk; filaments short, pale yellow; anthers oblong, purple or red, introrse, two-celled; cells opening longitudinally. The female flower also has no calyx or corolla, and comprises a single-celled ovary seated in a cup-shaped disk. The style is short, with 2–4 stigmas, variously lobed, and numerous ovules. Pollination is by wind, with the female catkins lengthening considerably between pollination and maturity. The fruit is a two to four-valved capsule, green to reddish-brown, mature in mid summer, containing numerous minute light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which aid wind dispersal.

Ecology

Poplars of the cottonwood section are often wetlands or riparian trees. The aspens are among the most important boreal broadleaf trees.

Poplars and aspens are important food plants for the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species - see List of Lepidoptera that feed on poplars. ''Pleurotus populinus'', the aspen oyster mushroom, is found exclusively on dead wood of ''Populus'' trees in North America.

Classification

The genus ''Populus'' has traditionally been divided into six sections on the basis of leaf and flower characters; this classification is followed below. Recent genetic studies have largely supported this, though showing that the relationships are somewhat more complex, with some reticulate evolution due to past hybridisation and introgression events between the groups; some species (noted below) had differing relationships indicated by their nuclear DNA (paternally inherited) and chloroplast DNA sequences (maternally inherited), a clear indication of likely hybrid origin. Hybridisation continues to be common in the genus, with several hybrids between species in different sections known.

Selected species

Populus section Aegiros – black poplars or cottonwoods.''' North America, Europe, western Asia; temperate

*''Populus deltoides'' – Eastern Cottonwood (Eastern North America)

*''Populus fremontii'' – Fremont Cottonwood (Western North America)

*''Populus nigra'' – Black Poplar (Europe) Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. ''Populus''.

**''Populus nigra sbsp. afghanica'' – Afghan poplar.

**''Populus × canadensis'' (''P. nigra × P. deltoides'') – Hybrid Black Poplar

''Populus'' section ''Populus'' – aspens and White Poplar. Circumpolar subarctic and cool temperate, and mountains farther south (White Poplar warm temperate)

*''Populus tremula'' – Common Aspen, Trembling Aspen or Eurasian Aspen (Europe, northern Asia)

*''Populus adenopoda'' – Chinese Aspen (Eastern Asia)

*''Populus alba'' – White Poplar (Southern Europe to central Asia)

**''Populus × canescens'' (''P. alba × P. tremula'') – Grey Poplar

**''Populus spp. X''– Pacific Albus (North America)

*''Populus davidiana'' – Korean Aspen (Eastern Asia)

*''Populus grandidentata'' – Bigtooth Aspen (Eastern North America)

*''Populus sieboldii'' – Japanese Aspen (Eastern Asia)

*''Populus tremuloides'' – Quaking Aspen or Trembling Aspen (North America)

''Populus'' section ''Tacamahaca'' – balsam poplars. North America, Asia; cool temperate

*''Populus angustifolia'' – Willow-leaved Poplar or Narrowleaf Cottonwood (Central North America)

*''Populus balsamifera'' – Ontario Balsam Poplar (Northern North America) (= ''P. candicans'', ''P. tacamahaca'')

*''Populus cathayana'' – (Northeast Asia)

*''Populus koreana'' J.Rehnder – Korean Poplar (Northeast Asia)

*''Populus laurifolia'' – Laurel-leaf Poplar (Central Asia)

*''Populus maximowiczii'' A.Henry – Maximowicz' Poplar, Japanese Poplar (Northeast Asia)

*''Populus simonii'' – Simon's Poplar (Northeast Asia)

*''Populus szechuanica'' – Sichuan Poplar (Northeast Asia) Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. ''Aegiros''.

*''Populus trichocarpa'' – Western Balsam Poplar or Black Cottonwood (Western North America)

*''Populus tristis'' (Northeast Asia) Placed here by nuclear DNA; cpDNA places in sect. ''Aegiros''.

*''Populus ussuriensis'' – Ussuri Poplar (Northeast Asia)

*''Populus yunnanensis'' – Yunnan Poplar (East Asia)

''Populus'' section ''Leucoides'' – necklace poplars or bigleaf poplars. Eastern North America, eastern Asia; warm temperate

*''Populus heterophylla'' – Swamp Cottonwood (Southeastern North America.

*''Populus lasiocarpa'' – Chinese Necklace Poplar (Eastern Asia)

*''Populus wilsonii'' – Wilson's Poplar (Eastern Asia)

''Populus'' section ''Turanga'' – subtropical poplars. Southwest Asia, east Africa; subtropical to tropical

*''Populus euphratica'' – Euphrates Poplar (Southwest Asia)

*''Populus ilicifolia'' – Tana River Poplar (East Africa)

''Populus'' section ''Abaso'' – Mexican poplars. Mexico; subtropical to tropical

*''Populus guzmanantlensis'' (Mexico)

*''Populus mexicana'' – Mexico Poplar (Mexico)

The Poplar in India

In India, the poplar is grown commercially by farmers, mainly in the Punjab region. Popular poplar varieties are as follows: # G48 (grown in the plains of Punjab, Haryana, UP) # w22 (grown in mountainous regions, i.e. Himachal Pradesh, Pathankot, Jammu)

The poplar is grown from "kalam" (cuttings), harvested annually in January and February, and is commercially available up to 15 November.

This most common use of poplar is in plywood. Yamuna Nagar in state of Haryana has a large plywood industry reliant upon poplar. It is graded according in sizes known as "over" (over 24 inches in girth), "under" (18-24 inches), and "sokta" (less than 18 inches).

Punjab Agriculture University in Ludhiana has published a package of practices for poplar cultivation.

Cultivation

Many poplars are grown as ornamental trees, with numerous cultivars used. They have the advantage of growing very big, very fast. Almost all poplars take root readily from cuttings or where broken branches lie on the ground.

Trees with fastigiate (erect, columnar) branching are particularly popular, and are widely grown across Europe and southwest Asia. However, like willows, poplars have very vigorous and invasive root systems stretching up to 40 m from the trees; planting close to houses or ceramic water pipes may result in damaged foundations and cracked walls and pipes due to their search for moisture.

A simple, reproducible, high frequency micropropagation protocol in Eastern Cottonwood ''Populus deltoides'' has been reported by Yadav et al. 2009

Uses

Although the wood from ''Populus'' is known as poplar wood, a common high-quality hardwood "poplar" with a greenish colour is actually from an unrelated genus ''Liriodendron''. ''Populus'' wood is a lighter, more porous material.

In modern society poplar is not readily associated with many uses beyond biomass. This poor reputation is undeserved, as its flexibility and close grain give it a balance of properties that have made it highly desirable for a number of applications (similar to those for willow) since antiquity. Notably the Greeks and Etruscans made shields of poplar, and Pliny also recommended poplar for this purpose. Poplar continued to be used for shield construction through the middle ages and was renowned for a durability similar to that of oak, but at a substantial reduction in weight.

Manufacturing

In many areas, fast-growing hybrid poplars are grown on plantations for pulpwood

Poplar is widely used for the manufacture of paper.

It is also sold as inexpensive hardwood timber, used for pallets and cheap plywood; more specialised uses include matches and the boxes in which camembert cheese is sold.

Poplar wood is also widely used in the snowboard industry for the snowboard core, because it has exceptional flexibility, and is sometimes used in the bodies of electric guitars and drums.

Poplar wood, particularly when seasoned, makes a good hearth for a bow drill.

Due to its high tannic acid content, the bark has been used in Europe for tanning leather.

Poplar wood can be used to produce chopsticks.

Energy

There is interest in using poplar as an energy crop for biomass or biofuel, in energy forestry systems, particularly in light of its high energy-in / energy-out ratio, large carbon mitigation potential and fast growth.

In the United Kingdom poplar (as with fellow energy crop willow) is typically grown in a short rotation coppice system for two to five years (with single or multiple stems), then harvested and burned - the yield of some varieties can be as high as 12 oven dry tonnes every year

Art

Poplar was the most common wood used in Italy for panel paintings; the Mona Lisa and indeed most famous early renaissance Italian paintings are on poplar. The wood is generally white, often with a slightly yellowish color.

Some stringed instruments are made with one-piece poplar backs; violas made in this fashion are said to have a particularly resonant tone. Similarly, though typically it is considered to have a less attractive grain than the traditional sitka spruce, poplar is beginning to be targeted by some harp luthiers as a sustainable and even superior alternative for their soundboards: in these cases another hardwood veneer is sometimes applied to the resonant poplar base both for cosmetic reasons, and supposedly to fine-tune the acoustic properties.

Land management

Lombardy Poplars are used as a windbreak around agricultural fields to protect against wind erosion.

Agriculture

Logs from the poplar provide a growing medium for Shiitake mushrooms.

References

Category:Trees

ar:حور (شجرة) az:Qovaq ba:Тирәк be:Таполя be-x-old:Таполя br:Elv bg:Топола ca:Pollancre cv:Тирек cs:Topol co:Piobu (genaru) da:Poppel de:Pappeln et:Pappel es:Populus eo:Poploj fa:سپیدار fr:Peuplier gv:Pobbyl (billey) ko:사시나무속 hi:पोपलर hsb:Topoł hr:Topola io:Poplo os:Гæдыбæлас it:Populus he:צפצפה ka:ვერხვი kk:Терек lbe:ХӀави la:Populus (genus plantarum) lv:Apses lt:Tuopa hu:Nyárfa mk:Топола nl:Populier ja:ポプラ no:Poppelslekten pcd:Caroline pl:Topola pt:Choupo ro:Plop qu:Alamu ru:Тополь sah:Тирэх scn:Populus sl:Topoli sr:Топола (дрво) sh:Topola (drvo) fi:Populus sv:Poppelsläktet tr:Kavak udm:Тополь uk:Тополя vec:Piopa vi:Chi Dương zh:杨属

Coordinates	52°38′″N17°2′″N
name	Claude Monet
birth name	Oscar-Claude Monet
birth date	November 14, 1840
birth place	Paris, France
death date	December 05, 1926
death place	Giverny, France
nationality	French
field	Painter
movement	Impressionism
works	Impression, SunriseRouen Cathedral seriesLondon Parliament seriesWater LiliesHaystacksPoplars
patrons	Gustave Caillebotte, Ernest Hoschedé, Georges Clemenceau
influenced by	Eugène Boudin, Johan Jongkind, Gustave Courbet }}

Claude Monet () (14 November 18405 December 1926) was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting. The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting ''Impression, Sunrise'' (''Impression, soleil levant'').

Early life

Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the 5th floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the second son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet, both of them second-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the local parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him simply Oscar. In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the family grocery business, but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a singer.

On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts. Locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy in about 1856/1857, he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet "en plein air" (outdoor) techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind.

On 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed childless aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre.

Paris

When Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would instead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other young painters who would become friends and fellow impressionists; among them was Édouard Manet.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school. It is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter. Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at art schools, in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille and Alfred Sisley. Together they shared new approaches to art, painting the effects of light ''en plein air'' with broken color and rapid brushstrokes, in what later came to be known as Impressionism.

Monet's ''Camille'' or ''The Woman in the Green Dress'' (''La femme à la robe verte''), painted in 1866, brought him recognition and was one of many works featuring his future wife, Camille Doncieux; she was the model for the figures in ''Women in the Garden'' of the following year, as well as for ''On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt'', 1868, pictured here. Shortly thereafter, Camille became pregnant and gave birth to their first child, Jean.

Franco-Prussian War, Impressionism, and Argenteuil

After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870), Monet took refuge in England in September 1870, where he studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet's innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871, Monet's works were refused authorisation for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition.

In May 1871, he left London to live in Zaandam, in the Netherlands, where he made twenty-five paintings (and the police suspected him of revolutionary activities). He also paid a first visit to nearby Amsterdam. In October or November 1871, he returned to France. Monet lived from December 1871 to 1878 at Argenteuil, a village on the right bank of the Seine river near Paris, and a popular Sunday-outing destination for Parisians, where he painted some of his best known works. In 1874, he briefly returned to Holland.

In 1872, he painted ''Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant)'' depicting a Le Havre port landscape. It hung in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874 and is now displayed in the Musée Marmottan Monet in Paris. From the painting's title, art critic Louis Leroy coined the term "Impressionism", which he intended as disparagement but which the Impressionists appropriated for themselves. Also in this exhibition was a painting titled ''Boulevard des Capucines'', a painting of the boulevard done from the photographer Nadar's apartment at no. 35. There were, however, two paintings by Monet of the boulevard: one is now in the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, the other in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City. It has never become clear which painting appeared in the groundbreaking 1874 exhibition, though more recently the Moscow picture has been favoured.

Monet and Camille Doncieux had married just before the war (28 June 1870) and, after their excursion to London and Zaandam, they had moved to Argenteuil, in December 1871. It was during this time that Monet painted various works of modern life. Camille became ill in 1876. They had a second son, Michel, on 17 March 1878, (Jean was born in 1867). This second child weakened her already fading health. In that same year, he moved to the village of Vétheuil. On 5 September 1879, Camille Monet died of tuberculosis at the age of thirty-two; Monet painted her on her death bed.

Early paintings

Later life

After several difficult months following the death of Camille, a grief-stricken Monet (resolving never to be mired in poverty again) began in earnest to create some of his best paintings of the 19th century. During the early 1880s, Monet painted several groups of landscapes and seascapes in what he considered to be campaigns to document the French countryside. His extensive campaigns evolved into his series' paintings.

Camille Monet had become ill with tuberculosis in 1876. Pregnant with her second child she gave birth to Michel Monet in March 1878. In 1878 the Monets temporarily moved into the home of Ernest Hoschedé, (1837–1891), a wealthy department store owner and patron of the arts. Both families then shared a house in Vétheuil during the summer. After her husband (Ernest Hoschedé) became bankrupt, and left in 1878 for Belgium, and after the death of Camille Monet in September 1879, and while Monet continued to live in the house in Vétheuil; Alice Hoschedé helped Monet to raise his two sons, Jean and Michel, by taking them to Paris to live alongside her own six children. They were Blanche Hoschedé Monet, (she eventually married Jean Monet), Germaine, Suzanne Hoschedé, Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques. In the spring of 1880, Alice Hoschedé and all the children left Paris and rejoined Monet still living in the house in Vétheuil. In 1881, all of them moved to Poissy, which Monet hated. In April 1883, looking out the window of the little train between Vernon and Gasny, he discovered Giverny. They then moved to Vernon, then to a house in Giverny in Normandy, where he planted a large garden and where he painted for much of the rest of his life. Following the death of her estranged husband, Alice Hoschedé married Claude Monet in 1892.

Giverny

At the beginning of May 1883, Monet and his large family rented a house and from a local landowner. The house was situated near the main road between the towns of Vernon and Gasny at Giverny. There was a barn that doubled as a painting studio, orchards and a small garden. The house was close enough to the local schools for the children to attend and the surrounding landscape offered many suitable motifs for Monet's work. The family worked and built up the gardens and Monet's fortunes began to change for the better as his dealer Paul Durand-Ruel had increasing success in selling his paintings. By November 1890, Monet was prosperous enough to buy the house, the surrounding buildings and the land for his gardens. During the 1890s, Monet built a greenhouse and a second studio, a spacious building well lit with skylights. Beginning in the 1880s and 1890s through the end of his life in 1926, Monet worked on "series" paintings, in which a subject was depicted in varying light and weather conditions. His first series exhibited as such was of Haystacks, painted from different points of view and at different times of the day. Fifteen of the paintings were exhibited at the Galerie Durand-Ruel in 1891. He later produced several series of paintings including: ''Rouen Cathedral,'' ''Poplars,'' the ''Parliament,'' ''Mornings on the Seine,'' and the ''Water Lilies'' that were painted on his property at Giverny.

Monet was fond of painting controlled nature: his own gardens in Giverny, with its water lilies, pond, and bridge. He also painted up and down the banks of the Seine, producing paintings such as ''Break-up of the ice on the Seine''. He wrote daily instructions to his gardener, precise designs and layouts for plantings, and invoices for his floral purchases and his collection of botany books. As Monet's wealth grew, his garden evolved. He remained its architect, even after he hired seven gardeners.

Between 1883 and 1908, Monet traveled to the Mediterranean, where he painted landmarks, landscapes, and seascapes, such as ''Bordighera''. He painted an important series of paintings in Venice, Italy, and in London he painted two important series—views of Parliament and views of Charing Cross Bridge. His second wife, Alice, died in 1911 and his oldest son Jean, who had married Alice's daughter Blanche, Monet's particular favourite, died in 1914. After his wife died, Blanche looked after and cared for him. It was during this time that Monet began to develop the first signs of cataracts.

During World War I, in which his younger son Michel served and his friend and admirer Clemenceau led the French nation, Monet painted a series of weeping willow trees as homage to the French fallen soldiers. In 1923, he underwent two operations to remove his cataracts: the paintings done while the cataracts affected his vision have a general reddish tone, which is characteristic of the vision of cataract victims. It may also be that after surgery he was able to see certain ultraviolet wavelengths of light that are normally excluded by the lens of the eye, this may have had an effect on the colors he perceived. After his operations, he even repainted some of these paintings, with bluer water lilies than before the operation.

Later paintings

Death

Monet died of lung cancer on 5 December 1926 at the age of 86 and is buried in the Giverny church cemetery. Monet had insisted that the occasion be simple; thus only about fifty people attended the ceremony.

His home, garden and waterlily pond were bequeathed by his son Michel, his only heir, to the French Academy of Fine Arts (part of the Institut de France) in 1966. Through the ''Fondation Claude Monet'', the house and gardens were opened for visit in 1980, following restoration. In addition to souvenirs of Monet and other objects of his life, the house contains his collection of Japanese woodcut prints. The house is one of the two main attractions of Giverny, which hosts tourists from all over the world.

Posthumous sales

In 2004, ''London, the Parliament, Effects of Sun in the Fog (Londres, le Parlement, trouée de soleil dans le brouillard)'' (1904), sold for US$20.1 million. In 2006, the journal ''Proceedings of the Royal Society'' published a paper providing evidence that these were painted in situ at St Thomas' Hospital over the river Thames.

''Falaises près de Dieppe (Cliffs near Dieppe)'' has been stolen on two separate occasions. Once in 1998 (in which the museum's curator was convicted of the theft and jailed for five years and two months along with two accomplices) and most recently in August 2007. It was recovered in June 2008.

Monet's ''Le Pont du chemin de fer à Argenteuil,'' an 1873 painting of a railway bridge spanning the Seine near Paris, was bought by an anonymous telephone bidder for a record $ 41.4 million at Christie's auction in New York on 6 May 2008. The previous record for his painting stood at $ 36.5 million. ''Le bassin aux nymphéas'' (from the water lilies series) sold at Christie's 24 June 2008, lot 19, for £36,500,000 ($71,892,376.34) (hammer price) or £40,921,250 ($80,451,178) with fees, setting a new auction record for the artist.

''Nympheas – Water Lilies'' sold for USD 71,846,600. . This was one of the highest prices paid for Monet's work.

See also

Étretat

History of painting

List of works by Claude Monet

Snow at Argenteuil

Western painting

References

;Further reading

Howard, Michael ''The Treasures of Monet''. (Musée Marmottan Monet, Paris, 2007).

Kendall, Richard ''Monet by Himself'', (Macdonald & Co 1989, updated Time Warner Books 2004), ISBN 0-316-72801-2

Tucker, Paul Hayes, ''Monet in the '90s''. (Museum of Fine Arts in association with Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989).

Tucker, Paul Hayes ''Claude Monet: Life and Art'' Amilcare Pizzi, Italy 1995 ISBN 0-300-06298-2

Tucker, Paul Hayes, ''Monet in the 20th Century''. (Royal Academy of Arts, London, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and Yale University press. 1998).

External links

A Monet biography, triada.bg

Biography at Musee Claude Monet à Giverny, foundation-monet.com

Biography of Claude Monet, intermonet.com

Monet in Amsterdam, livius.org

Claude Monet by himself, intermonet.com

Claude Monet paintings, media & interactive timeline, mootnotes.com

Claude Monet: life and paintings

Claude Monet's cataract, moodbook.com

Comparison of reproductions of Monet, kasrl.org

Life of Monet a timeline of Monet's life. simile.mit.edu

Monet at Giverny

Photos of Monet's grave

The Unknown Monet exhibition – view sketchbooks, clarkart.edu

Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies.

Claude Monet Works,

Category:1840 births Category:1926 deaths Category:Artists from Paris Category:French painters Category:Impressionist painters Category:Deaths from lung cancer Category:Cancer deaths in France Category:Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts

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Anne Shirley is a fictional character introduced in the 1908 novel ''Anne of Green Gables'' by Lucy Maud Montgomery. Montgomery wrote in her journal that the idea for Anne's story came from relatives who, planning to adopt an orphaned boy, received a girl instead. Anne Shirley's appearance was inspired by a photograph which Montgomery clipped from the Metropolitan Magazine and kept, unaware of the model's identity as the notorious 1900s Gibson Girl Evelyn Nesbit.

Series overview

Anne was born in Nova Scotia and spent the earliest years of her childhood there. She was orphaned as an infant of three months, when her parents, schoolteachers Walter and Bertha Shirley (née Willis), died of typhoid fever. Without any other relations, Anne was taken in by Mrs. Thomas, who had done housework for the Shirleys. After Mr. Thomas died, Anne went to live with the Hammond family for some years before being sent to the orphanage at Hopetown. She considered herself as "cursed" by twins - Mrs. Hammond had three sets of twins.

She is sent from the orphanage to the neighboring province of Prince Edward Island, which she regards as her true home ever after. Unfortunately, she was sent there by mistake—her sponsors, the siblings Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, requested a boy to help them on their farm, Green Gables, but their message had been garbled. Matthew quickly becomes charmed by the girl's good-hearted spirit, charming enthusiasm and lively imagination. He wants her to stay, from the very first. Marilla's original intention is to send her back to the orphanage, but she is eventually won over by Anne's quirky joy in life.

Anne's reputation is initially clouded to the rest of the village of Avonlea by an outburst at the Cuthberts' neighbor, the outspoken Mrs. Rachel Lynde, but this is amended with an equally impassioned apology. Anne soon becomes 'bosom friends' with Diana Barry. The friendship is disrupted by the temporary enmity of Diana's mother after Diana gets drunk on Marilla's homemade currant wine, which Anne had mistaken for raspberry cordial, but Anne is restored to the family's good graces by saving the life of Diana's little sister Minnie May. Minnie May had an attack of the croup, which Anne was able to cure with a bottle of ipecac and knowledge acquired while caring for the Hammond twins.

Anne also forms a complex relationship with Gilbert Blythe, who is three years older than Anne. On their first meeting as schoolmates, he teases Anne with the nickname "Carrots". Anne, perceiving it as a personal insult, becomes so angry that she breaks her slate over his head. When her teacher punishes her by making her stand in front of the class, a long-lasting hatred is established. Throughout ''Anne of Green Gables'', Gilbert repeatedly displays admiration for Anne, but she coldly rebuffs him. Her grudge persists even after he saves her from a near-disastrous reenactment of Tennyson's "Lancelot and Elaine" with a leaky boat. For the rest of their school years in Avonlea, they compete as intellectual rivals for the top of the class (though the competition is entirely good-natured on Gilbert's side); immediately afterward, they also go to Queen's College together and split the most prestigious prizes between them.

After Matthew's death near the end of ''Anne of Green Gables'', Marilla's failing eyesight leads Anne to defer her enrollment at Redmond College to stay at Green Gables to help her, despite the scholarship she had won. Gilbert had already been appointed as the Avonlea schoolteacher for the following term, but as an act of kindness, he moves to White Sands School and gives the Avonlea position to Anne instead. She finally overcomes her old resentment and accepts him as a friend, though still uncomfortable at his occasional hints of deeper feeling. Marilla decides to take in twin children of her cousin, Davy and Dora (continuing Anne's "curse of twins"). However, Anne takes to Davy and Dora immediately, in particular Davy.

The following year, Rachel Lynde's husband Thomas dies and Rachel moves in with Marilla at Green Gables, so that Anne feels free to continue her education at Redmond College. Anne's academic and social life blossom at Redmond. Gilbert, who has always loved Anne, proposes to her, but is rejected ultimately because Anne becomes so wrapped up in her sentimental fantasies that she isn't capable of recognizing real love. Feeling deeply disappointed, Gilbert distances himself from Anne. Anne later welcomes the courtship of the darkly handsome Roy Gardner for two years, but she eventually comes to the conclusion that despite him fitting her romantic image of love, the two never connected emotionally. Upon her return to Avonlea, Anne learns that Gilbert has contracted a dangerous case of typhoid fever. Anne is deeply shaken by the prospect of losing him and comes to the realization that she loved Gilbert all along. Once Gilbert recovers from his illness, he offers a second proposal to Anne, and she accepts.

Their engagement lasts for three years. Her engagement ring is noted to be a circlet of pearls rather than a diamond, a stone which Anne said always disappointed her because they weren't purple. After graduating from Redmond College with a B.A., Anne resumes her teaching career in the island's second-largest town, Summerside, while Gilbert attends medical school. Their married life largely takes place in the town of Glen St. Mary, also on Prince Edward Island, and they have seven children: Joyce (or "Joy") (who dies very soon after her birth), James Matthew ("Jem"), Walter Cuthbert, Diana ("Di"), Diana's twin Anne ("Nan"), Shirley (the youngest son), and Bertha Marilla ("Rilla").

Books

In addition to ''Anne of Green Gables'' (1908), Anne is the central character of subsequent novels written by Montgomery: ''Anne of Avonlea'' (1909), ''Anne of the Island'' (1915), ''Anne's House of Dreams'' (1917), ''Anne of Windy Poplars'' (1936; UK title ''Anne of Windy Willows''), and ''Anne of Ingleside'' (1939). Other books in the Anne series include ''Rainbow Valley'' (1919), which focuses on Anne's children during their childhood, and ''Rilla of Ingleside'' (1921), which focuses on Anne's youngest daughter during World War I.

Anne also appears and is mentioned in ''Chronicles of Avonlea'' and ''Further Chronicles of Avonlea'', as well as several other short stories by Montgomery. In ''The Blythes Are Quoted'' (published in an abridged format as ''The Road to Yesterday'' and in a restored, unabridged edition in 2009), Anne is a peripheral character as a grandmother with several grandchildren, at least two of whom are preparing to enlist in the Canadian army during the opening days of World War II. These were among the last stories Montgomery wrote before her death in 1942.

Anne Shirley also appears in Budge Wilson's ''Before Green Gables'', an authorized prequel to ''Anne of Green Gables'' supported by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery. Based on background information from the original series, the book tells of the first 11 years of Anne Shirley's childhood, beginning with the brief happiness of Bertha and Walter Shirley's marriage before their early deaths.

Film and television

The first filmed appearance of Anne Shirley was in the 1919 silent film, ''Anne of Green Gables'', in which the role was played by Mary Miles Minter. The film was directed by William Desmond Taylor, whose later, unsolved, murder became one of Hollywood's biggest scandals. As of 2011, no prints of this silent film adaptation are known to survive.

In the 1934 adaption of ''Anne of Green Gables'', Anne Shirley was portrayed by Dawn Evelyeen Paris, who later adopted the character's name as her own stage name. She reprised the role in ''Anne of Windy Poplars'', a 1940 film adaption.

Anne was protrayed by Kim Braden in two BBC mini-series in the early 1970s, based upon the books ''Anne of Green Gables'''' and ''Anne of Avonlea''

Anne was portrayed by Megan Follows in three of the four CBC Television film adaptions by Kevin Sullivan: ''Anne of Green Gables'', ''Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel'', and ''Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story''; the third film is an original story not based on any of Montgomery's work (and, indeed, it contradicts the chronology of the novels by featuring a 20-something Anne during World War I). Sullivan's fourth film, ''Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning'', features Barbara Hershey as a middle-aged Anne looking back on her early years and Hannah Endicott-Douglas as a young Anne before arriving at Green Gables.

In 1979, Japan's World Masterpiece Theater produced ''Akage no Anne''. Later, in 2009, the prequel novel ''Before Green Gables'' was adapted into an anime, ''Kon'nichiwa Anne: Before Green Gables'', in which Anne also appears as the central character.

In 2005, Sullivan produced an animated reimagining of the story, ''Anne: Journey to Green Gables'', with McKenzie Sullivan providing the voice of Anne.

Reception and legacy

Lennie Goodings, a publisher for Virago Press, chose Anne as her favorite fictional characters, stating, "The feisty, funny and above all unabashedly passionate Anne of Green Gables...[she] faces the world with absolutely nothing but the sheer force of her personality. I love her."

Notes

References

Busby, Brian (2003). ''Character Parts: Who's Really Who in CanLit'', pages 235-237. Knopf.

External links

Lucy Maud Montgomery Resource Page

The Anne Shirley Homepage - A great resource for all Anne fans with galleries, fan art, time lines, recipes and calendars.

Anne of Green Gables Electronic Text

The L.M. Montgomery Research Group This scholarly site includes a blog, an extensive bibliography of reference materials, and a complete filmography of all adaptations of Montgomery texts.

Anne of Green Gables Centenary - This site includes information about the centenary anniversary of Lucy Maud Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables.

Looking for Anne Trailer

Category:Anne of Green Gables Category:Fictional Canadian people Category:Fictional orphans Category:Fictional adoptees Category:Child characters in film Category:Child characters in musical theatre Category:Child characters in literature Category:Characters in children's literature

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