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Reconstructed kiva at Bandelier National Monument.

Interior of a reconstructed kiva at Mesa Verde National Park.

Ruins of a great kiva at Chaco Canyon.

Great Kiva excavated in 1921 by Earl Morris and reconstructed by him 13 years later, at Aztec Ruins National Monument.

Interior of Great Kiva at Aztec Ruins National Monument shows the vast size of the structure.

A kiva is a room used by modern Puebloans for religious rituals, many of them associated with the kachina belief system. Among the modern Hopi and most other Pueblo peoples, kivas are square-walled and underground, and are used for spiritual ceremonies.

Similar subterranean rooms are found among ruins in the American southwest, indicating ritual or cultural use by the ancient peoples of the region including the Ancient Pueblo Peoples, the Mogollon and the Hohokam. Those used by the ancient Pueblos of the Pueblo I Era and following, designated by the Pecos Classification system developed by archaeologists, were usually round, and generally believed to have been used for religious and other communal purposes.

Evolution of the Kiva[link]

When designating an ancient room as a kiva, archaeologists make assumptions about the room's original functions and how those functions may be similar to or differ from kivas used in modern practice. The kachina belief system appears to have emerged in the Southwest at approximately AD 1250, while kiva like structures occurred much earlier. This suggests that the room's older functions may have been changed or adapted to suit the new religious practice.

As cultural changes occurred, particularly during the Pueblo III period between 1150 and 1300, kivas continued to have a prominent place in the community. However, some kivas were built above ground. Kiva architecture became more elaborate, with tower kivas and great kivas incorporating specialized floor features. For example, kivas found in Mesa Verde were generally keyhole shaped. In most larger communities, it was normal to find one kiva for each five or six rooms used as residences. Kiva destruction, primarily by burning, has been seen as a strong archaeological indicator of conflict and warfare among people of the Southwest during this period.

Fifteen top rooms encircle the central chamber of the vast Great Kiva at Aztec Ruins National Monument. The room's "... purpose is unclear . . . Each had an exterior doorway to the plaza. . . . Four massive pillars of alternating masonry and horizontal poles held up the ceiling beams, which in turn supported an estimated ninety-five-ton roof. Each pillar rested on four shaped stone disks, weighing about 355 pounds apiece. These discs are of limestone, which came from mountains at least forty miles away." (A Trail Guide to Aztec Ruins, 4th printing:WNPA, 2004).

After 1325 or 1350, except in the Hopi region, the ratio changed from 60 to 90 rooms for each kiva. This may indicate a religious or organizational change within the society, perhaps affecting the status and number of clans among the Pueblo people. The use of the kiva was for men and boys only.

See also[link]

• Clown society
• False Kiva
• Fogou
• Pit-house
• Sipapu
• Souterrain
• Koshare Indian Museum

References[link]

• Cordell, Linda S. Ancient Pueblo Peoples. St. Remy Press, Montreal and Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., 1994. ISBN 0-89599-038-5
• Cajete, Gregory A. and Nichols, Teresa. A Trail Guide to the Aztec Ruins: 4th Printing, WNPA (Western National Parks Association), 2004.
• LeBlanc, Steven A. "Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest." 1999, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah. ISBN 0-87480-581-3.
• Rohn, Arthur H. and Ferguson, William M, 2006 Puebloan Ruins of the Southwest, University of New Mexico Press, Albuqureque NM, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8263-3970-6 (pbk :alk. paper)

External links[link]

Media related to kivas at Wikimedia Commons

• La Kiva tradicional de Oscar Freire

Premal Shah is President of Kiva.org and is a leading social entrepreneur.^[1][2]

In 2009, he was selected to Fortune Magazine's 40 Under 40 List and was named as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.^[3][4]

Prior to Kiva, Premal joined PayPal early on and spent 6 years at the company. He is considered to be a part of the PayPal Mafia, a group of PayPal alumni who have gone on to found or co-found other successful companies, including YouTube, LinkedIn, Tesla Motors and Yelp.

Premal has spoken widely on applying Silicon Valley breakthroughs to global poverty.

Additional facts[link]

• In 1991 and 1992 was a participant in the National Youth Leadership Training program from "National Youth Leadership Council" in St. Paul, Minnesota.
• Featured speaker at the 2006 Clinton Global Initiative.^[5]
• Premal Shah is also a spokesperson for BlackBerry and was featured widely in advertisements.^[6]
• He also carried the Olympic Torch for the 2008 Summer Games.^[7]

References[link]

1. ^ http://2010.socialenterpriseconference.org/featured-speakers
2. ^ http://www.kiva.org/about/team#Premal
3. ^ http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/fortune/0910/gallery.40_under_40.fortune/31.html
4. ^ http://techcrunch.com/2009/02/25/world-economic-forum-announces-new-batch-of-young-global-leaders-mark-zuckerberg-chad-hurley-kevin-rose-and-more/
5. ^ http://member.clintonglobalinitiative.org/Page.aspx?pid=2473
6. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SfXegSlxgE
7. ^ http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-04-04/bay-area/17119699_1_torchbearers-beijing-olympic-mayor-gavin-newsom/2

Irwin Goodman
Background information
Birth name	Antti Yrjö Hammarberg
Also known as	Irwin Goodman Rock-Williams William White Andy Rudolf Holtz Hamppari Bob Mersey Bill Black
Born	September 14, 1943 Hämeenlinna, Finland
Origin	Hämeenlinna, Finland
Died	January 14, 1991(1991-01-14) (aged 47) Hamina, Finland
Genres	Rock Folk
Occupations	Singer-songwriter
Instruments	Vocals Guitar Harmonica
Years active	1962–1991
Labels	Finnlevy
Website	www.irwingoodman.com

Irwin Goodman (real name: Antti Yrjö Hammarberg, 14 September 1943, Hämeenlinna – 14 January 1991, Hamina) was a popular Finnish rock and folk singer. In the late 1960s he was widely known as a protest singer. He recorded over 300 songs, most of which were his own compositions, with lyrics written by Vexi Salmi. Irwin Goodman started as a protest song singer in the folk boom of the mid-1960s, his humorous songs, often mocking the authorities, became favorites of the Finnish people; to such extent that small "Irwin singalike" contests are continuously arranged by some pubs for entertainment. Goodman had continuing troubles with Finnish tax authorities and had ever-worsening problems with alcohol. His escapades were eagerly followed by sensationalist magazines such as Hymy.

Goodman died of a heart attack while on the way from Vyborg to Hamina, Finland. The story of his life was turned into a feature film, Rentun Ruusu, in 2001.

Irwin's most famous songs include "Poing Poing Poing" (1971), "Haistakaa Paska Koko Valtiovalta" (1976) , "Rentun Ruusu" (1988), "Ei Tippa Tapa" (1966), "Työmiehen lauantai" (1965), "En Kerro Kuinka Jouduin Naimisiin" (1965) and "Tyttö Tuli" (1978). He won the Syksyn Sävel contest twice.

Common themes on his songs were drinking and alcoholism ("Ei tippa tapa", "Vielä yhdet", "Kieltolaki", "Homma käy", "Soittajan maanantai", "Rentun ruusu"), bashing immigrants and racism ("Mutakuono ja lakupellet," "Marcellino magaroni") and problems with money ("Raha ratkaisee", "Kun ei rahat riitä", "Meni rahahommat pieleen", "Manu vippaa muutama markka"). He protested the government with songs like "Juhlavalssi," and "Haistakaa paska koko valtiovalta".

In 1971, Irwin released an album featuring actor Esa Pakarinen. His 1972 album Kohta taas on joulu consists of Christmas carols. The later songs ("Suruton nuoruusaika", "Maailma on kaunis", "Ai, ai, ai, kun nuori ois" and "Viimeinen laulu") were often dark when compared to songs from the 1960s and 1970s.

Albums discography[link]

• Irwinismi (1966)
• Ei tippa tapa (1966)
• Osta minut (1967)
• Reteesti vaan (1968)
• Irwin Goodman (1969)
• Työmiehen lauantai (1970)
• St. Pauli ja Reeperbahn (1970)
• Lonkalta (1971, feat. Esa Pakarinen)
• Poing, poing, poing (1971)
• Kohta taas on joulu (1972)
• Las Palmas (1972)
• Si Si Si (1973)
• Häirikkö (1976)
• Kolmastoista kerta (1977)
• Cha Cha Cha (1977)
• Inkkareita ja länkkäreitä (1977)
• Tyttö tuli (1978)
• Kulkurin kulta (1979, feat. Hanne)
• Keisari Irwin I (1979)
• Härmäläinen perusjuntti (1984)
• Dirly dirly dee (1985)
• Rentun Ruusu (1988)
• Vuosikerta -89 (1989)
• Hurraa - Me teemme laivoja (1990)
• Ai ai ai kun nuori ois (1990)

See also[link]

• List of best-selling music artists in Finland

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