- published: 10 Sep 2010
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- author: Edwardchou318
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![Romance of Three Kingdoms XI Speed Run XiangYang [KOEI PC ROTK 11] [三國志11]](http://web.archive.org./web/20121214050622im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oC-nWZZNeIk/default.jpg "No one has posted a speed run for RTK11 to the best of my knowledge. This is part of the clip to be used for the RTK XI")
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- Anlu
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- Barite
- Battle of Xiangyang
- Birla Jingwei Fibres
- Caidian District
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- Chongyang County
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- Dawu County, Hubei
- Daye, Hubei
- Dianjun District
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- Dongbao District
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- Ezhou
- Fancheng
- Fancheng District
- Fang County
- GDP
- Gong'an County
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- Gucheng County
- Han opera
- Han River (Hanshui)
- Hanchuan
- Hannan District
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- Honghu
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- Huangpi District
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- Macheng
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- Qianjiang, Hubei
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- Re gan mian
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Anlu
Anlu (simplified Chinese: 安陆; traditional Chinese: 安陸; pinyin: ānlù; literally "peaceful continent") is a city in east-central Hubei province, People's Republic of China. As of 1999, the population of the city was 112,529. It is administratively a county-level city of Xiaogan.
Anlu is served by the Hankou–Danjiangkou Railway.
wn.com/Anlu -
Badong County
Badong County (simplified Chinese: 巴东县; traditional Chinese: 巴東縣; pinyin: Bādōng Xiàn; literally "East of (state of) Ba") is a county located in the extreme west of Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Enshi Prefecture. The Yangtze River flows through the county and the county seat is located just east of the Wu Gorge in the Three Gorges region.
Badong County is famous for the Shen Nong Stream (Chinese: 神农溪; pinyin: Shénnóng Xī) gorges located near Badong town. The stream itself falls into the Yangtze opposite the Badong center city.
The Badong county seat, commonly referred to simply as "Badong", is in the town of Xinling (信陵镇, Xinling Zhen), located on the high southern banks of the Yangtze River channel. The Yangtze valley was flooded during the first decade of the 21st century after the construction of the Three Gorges Dam to the east, but Badong county seat was mostly above the flood line, and so more of the original town survives than is the case in many other river towns along this section of the Yangtze.
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Baokang County
Baokang County (simplified Chinese: 保康县; traditional Chinese: 保康縣; pinyin: Bǎokāng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiangyang City.
Baokang County has great volume of mineral resources. Twenty four types of mineral resources have been discovered in its area, twelve of which the potential volume of them were determined. Metal mineral resources in this area include iron, Mn，vanadium，copper, Lead and zinc, Multi-metal，and alumina. Non-metal mineral resources include phosphorus, coal,sulfur, calcite, Rockcrystal, barite，fluorite， etc.
Wild Flower Valley Natural Scenic Area is located north of Baokang County, 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the county seat, is the first bloom of a wild nature reserve's core area, is also found in the Old World the only place where a large bloom life. Baokang bloom is the first in the 4th century legacy of the ancient glaciers of wild plant communities, as can be a huge title of "biological gene pool." Valley is a wild stretch of 20 kilometers of the valley, the growth of more than 20 million trees over 800 hectares of Port Hope, yellow, red, purple core, sandalwood and other rare species of bloom, most of them have more than a century old, each to the end of the year, confrontation between the competing wild plum folder put, from afar, from top to bottom overlap, according to Yin Yingyang, fluffy snow, like the swirling clouds. The world's rare species of wild peony, Rhododendron, Taxus, and other rare plants throughout the valley, cherish the nobile, Paris polyphylla, and a hundred species of rare medicinal plants.
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Caidian District
Caidian District (simplified Chinese: 蔡甸区; traditional Chinese: 蔡甸區; pinyin: Càidiàn Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Chibi City
Chibi City (Chinese: 赤壁; pinyin: Chìbì) is a city of about 133,000 in southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. The city was originally named Puqi (蒲圻) until 11 June 1998, when the State Council approved the renaming to "Chibi" to tie the city to the famous historical Battle of Chibi. It is administratively a county-level city of Xianning City.
Chibi has an area of 1,723 square kilometres (665 sq mi) and a population of 506,509 as of 2006.
Yangloudong (羊楼洞), an old center of tea production and trade. Located in Zhaoliqiao town near Hubei's border with Hunan, some 26 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of downtown Chibi.
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Chongyang County
Chongyang County (simplified Chinese: 崇阳县; traditional Chinese: 崇陽縣; pinyin: Chóngyáng Xiàn) is a county of southeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hunan province to the west. It is under the administration of Xianning City.
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Dangyang
Dangyang (simplified Chinese: 当阳; traditional Chinese: 當陽; pinyin: Dāngyáng) is a city in western Hubei province, People's Republic of China, lying 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Gezhouba Dam on the Yangtze River. During the Western Han Dynasty (206-24 BC). Emperor Jing of Han established an administration in Dangyang on an area of 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi). In 1988 the State Council of the People's Republic of China elevated this from a county to a county-level city, and is currently under the administration of Yichang City.
Dangyang used to be a strategic point in ancient wars. Sun Bin and Pang Juan, two famous strategists of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) studied military affairs from Gui Guzi at Daxian Cave in Dangyang. The Green Woods Uprising was launched in Dangyang and several battles were fought in Dangyang during the Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-280).
Today Dangyang is a rapidly growing modern city with a population of over 100,000. While agriculture remains a key industry in Dangyang, industrial production now includes output in the areas of foodstuffs, building materials, textiles, chemicals, electronics, machinery, energy and packaging.
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Danjiangkou
Danjiangkou (Chinese: 丹江口; pinyin: Dānjiāngkǒu) is a county-level city of northwestern Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. It has a population of more than 150,000 and is under the administration of Shiyan City.
Danjiangkou is located on the Hanshui river. The city proper is situated near the Danjiangkou Dam on this river.
Danjiangkou is the northwest terminus of the Hankou–Danjiangkou Railway.
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Dawu County, Hubei
Dawu County (simplified Chinese: 大悟县; traditional Chinese: 大悟縣; pinyin: Dàwù Xiàn) is a county of northeastern Hubei, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan province to the north. It is under the administration of Xiaogan City.
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Daye, Hubei
Daye (Chinese: 大冶; pinyin: Dàyě) is a city of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Administratively, it is a county-level city of Huangshi City.
Before the adoption of the Hanyu Pinyin, the name of the city was often transcribed in English as Tayeh.
As it is usually the case with county-level cities, Daye includes both an urban core and a fair amount of rural land in all directions, with smaller townships (zhen) such as Dajipu (大箕铺). According to the Fifth Population Census of China (2000), the entire county-level city of Daye had 813,600 residents, with a population density of 558 people per square kilometer.
The city is served by the China National Highway 106 (which coincides in this area with China National Highway 316) and a railway. There are no passenger train stations in Daye, however; passengers must board at the Huansghi station, near Huangshi center city.
The Daye Lake south of Daye's urban core is surrounded by parks and fishing ponds, and is a popular place for recreation.
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Dianjun District
Dianjun District (simplified Chinese: 点军区; traditional Chinese: 點軍區; pinyin: Diǎnjūn Qū) is a district of the city of Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China. It contains 3 townships with 23 villages. In 2004 it had 105,175 residents.
The district is located on the right (southwestern) bank of the Yangtze, opposite the Yichang City center (which, administratively, forms Xiling District).
Dianjun Districty is connected to Yichang's Xiling District by the Yiling Bridge (which carries Provincial Highway 323) and a railway bridge (which carries the Yiwan Railway (Yichang-Wanzhou), currently under construction).
The district will be served by the Dianjun Station on the Yiwan Railway.
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Dongbao District
Dongbao District (simplified Chinese: 东宝区; traditional Chinese: 東寶區; pinyin: Dōngbǎo Qū) is a district of the city of Jingmen, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Dongxihu District
Dongxihu District (simplified Chinese: 东西湖区; traditional Chinese: 東西湖區; pinyin: Dōngxīhú Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Duodao District
Duodao District (simplified Chinese: 掇刀区; traditional Chinese: 掇刀區; pinyin: Duōdāo Qū) is a district of the city of Jingmen, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Echeng District
Echeng District (simplified Chinese: 鄂城区; traditional Chinese: 鄂城區; pinyin: Èchéng Qū) is one of the three administrative districts into which the prefecture-level city of Ezhou, China's Hubei province, is divided. The district is quite small, and includes Ezhou's main urban area (i.e, in informal terms, Ezhou "city proper") and its eastern and southern suburbs.
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Enshi City
Enshi (Chinese: 恩施; pinyin: Ēnshī) is a county-level city in and the seat of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in western Hubei province, People's Republic of China. The prefecture's legislature, executive and judiciary are seated here, as well as its CPC and Public Security bureaux.
The entire county-level city of Enshi has an area of 3,967 square kilometres (1,532 sq mi) and a population 780,000.
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Ezhou
Ezhou (Chinese: 鄂州; pinyin: Èzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
Ezhou is located in southeastern Hubei province, on the southern bank of the Yangtze River east of Wuchang (the southern section of Wuhan), and across the river from the city of Huanggang, to which it is connected by the Ehuang Bridge. Sandwiched between the prefecture-level cities of Wuhan and Huangshi, the prefecture-level city of Ezhou has a relatively small area of 1,504 square kilometres (581 sq mi). This is, however, reported by the city government as 1,594 square kilometres (615 sq mi))
Its population was 1,048,672 at the 2010 census whom 603,412 urban (Echeng district). The Ezhou - Huanggang built up area is home to 900,272 inhabitants (Echeng district with Huangzhou district of Huanggang prefecture).
Ezhou has a long rich history. Its Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) name derives from the ancient Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) vassal State of E located nearby. Its administrative region was changed several times but the name stayed the same until the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). During this period it was made the capital of the Wu Kingdom by Sun Quan and was named Wuchang. This name was attested in use as late as 1915, which in that era proved confusing to travellers, as it was also applied to the much larger city of Wuchang, which was soon to become one of the constituent parts of Wuhan.
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Fancheng
Fancheng District (simplified Chinese: 樊城区; traditional Chinese: 樊城區; pinyin: Fánchéng Qū) is a district of the city of Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
Fancheng was an ancient city in Hubei, situated on the northern side of the Han River, opposite Xiangyang on the southern side of the river. Throughout history, the city has served both military and economic purposes, and was famous for numerous battles including the Battle of Fancheng during the Three Kingdoms period and the Siege of Xiangyang during the Mongol invasions.
In 1949, Fancheng was merged with Xiangyang to form Xiangfan, a prefecture-level city. Fancheng is now a district of that city, encompassing 482.2 km2 (186 sq mi) and having a population of 630,000, according to a 2004 census.
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Fancheng District
Fancheng District (simplified Chinese: 樊城区; traditional Chinese: 樊城區; pinyin: Fánchéng Qū) is a district of the city of Xiangyang, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
Fancheng was an ancient city in Hubei, situated on the northern side of the Han River, opposite Xiangyang on the southern side of the river. Throughout history, the city has served both military and economic purposes, and was famous for numerous battles including the Battle of Fancheng during the Three Kingdoms period and the Siege of Xiangyang during the Mongol invasions.
In 1949, Fancheng was merged with Xiangyang to form Xiangfan, a prefecture-level city. Fancheng is now a district of that city, encompassing 482.2 km2 (186 sq mi) and having a population of 630,000, according to a 2004 census.
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Fang County
Fang County (simplified Chinese: 房县; traditional Chinese: 房縣; pinyin: Fáng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Shiyan City.
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Gong'an County
Gong'an County (simplified Chinese: 公安县; traditional Chinese: 公安縣; pinyin: Gōng'ān Xiàn) is a county in southern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hunan to the south. It is under the administration of Jingzhou City.
The county oversees 14 towns (镇) and two townships (乡) as of 2005. Altogether 60 neighbourhood committees (居委会) and 326 village committees (村委会) come under the county's jurisdiction. The new county seat for executive, legislative and judiciary and for the CPC and PSB branches, is Douhudi Town (斗湖堤镇) (pop. 131,865).
Gong'an's other towns -
In 2009 April the county drew nationwide ridicule after media reported that Gong'an officials had ordered civil servants and employees of state-owned companies to buy a total of 23,000 packs / year of a Hubei brand of cigarette. Departments whose employees failed to buy enough or who bought other brands would be fined.
The officials were undaunted, saying that the increased revenue from the cigarette tax would buoy the local economy. After several weeks of embarrassment, they relented, posting a short message on their government Web site:
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Guangshui
Guangshui (simplified Chinese: 广水; traditional Chinese: 廣水; pinyin: Guǎngshuǐ) is a city of approximately 137,000 inhabitants located in northeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, near the border with Henan province. Administratively, it is a county-level city of Suizhou City.
Kuixing Tower is a historic tower in Guangshui. Built in 1377, the tower stands on a hill overlooking the city. Kuixing is the name of a god who is said to live in the constellation of Ursa Major and who governs literature and writing. As Guangshui is a city known for its calligraphy, the connection to Kuixing is apparent. According to legend, many great poets studied in Guangshui, and Li Bai's famous poem called 'A Tranquil Night' was written there.
A Tranquil Night
A bed, I see a silver light,
I wonder if it's frost aground.
Looking up, I find the moon bright;
Bowing, in homesickness I'm drowned.
Traditionally, parents whose children are attending college entrance examinations come there to pray and burn incense.
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Hanchuan
Hanchuan (simplified Chinese: 汉川; traditional Chinese: 漢川; pinyin: Hànchuān) is a county-level city in east-central Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiaogan City.
The city's urban area is located on the left bank of the Yangtze a few tens of kilometres upstream from Wuhan. However, the county-level city as an administrative unit also includes some land on the right bank of the river as well.
The city will be served by the Hanchuan Railway Station on the new Wuhan-Yichang Railway.
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Hannan District
Hannan District (simplified Chinese: 汉南区; traditional Chinese: 漢南區; pinyin: Hànnán Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Hanyang District
Hanyang (simplified Chinese: 汉阳区; traditional Chinese: 漢陽區; pinyin: Hànyáng Qū) was one of the three cities that merged into modern-day Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Currently, it is a district and stands between the Han River and the Yangtze River, where the former falls into the latter. It is connected by bridges with its former sister cities, Hankou and Wuchang.
The name "Hanyang" continues to be commonly used for the part of urban Wuhan between the Han and the Yangtze. Administratively, the area forms Hanyang District of the City of Wuhan, with an area of 108 square kilometers and a population of 510,000.
The Hanyang Arsenal is known for its production of the so-called "Hanyang rifle" - an indigenous Asian copy of the German Model 1888 Commission Rifle, which was heavily used in World War II, as well as in the Korean War and Vietnam War.
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Hefeng County
Hefeng County (simplified Chinese: 鹤峰县; traditional Chinese: 鶴峰縣; pinyin: Hèfēng Xiàn) is a county in the southwestern part of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Hunan province to the south. It is under the administration of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
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Hong'an County
Hong'an County (simplified Chinese: 红安县; traditional Chinese: 紅安縣; pinyin: Hóng'ān Xiàn), formerly named Huang'an County (黄安县), located to the north of Wuhan, is a county of Huanggang, Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
Hong'an is known as the "County of Generals" in that more than 400 Chinese army generals have been born there, a total far greater than for any other county in all of China. In addition, former military leader and President of China, Li Xiannian (1909–1992), was born in Hong'an.
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Honghu
Honghu (洪湖) is a county-level city in the municipal region of Jingzhou, in the south of Hubei province, People's Republic of China. The city lies on the northwest (left) bank of the Yangtze River, across from Hunan Province and Xianning, Hubei. It is named after the adjacent Hong Lake, which since ancient times has periodically flooded (洪, hong).
The traditional Chinese holiday Duanwu Jie (端午节, Dragon Boat Festival), celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, features boat races which are run on Honghu Lake.
By means of its famous lake, Honghu City produces forty kinds of fish and an abundance of plants, such as lotus, reed and a type of black algae.
As of 2000, Honghu City had a population of 335,618 or more people.
Honghu is celebrated as an important supporter of the Communist side during last century's Chinese Civil War. Westerners know it for New Zealand communist Rewi Alley's relief work and Gung-ho (共合, Gonghe) co-operative movement.
Honghu and other regions around its lake were part of an important communist stronghold called the Hunan-Western Hubei Revolutionary Base Area (湘鄂西革命根据地, Xiang-Exi Geming Genjudi, also called the Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet, 湘鄂西苏维埃, Xiang-Exi Suweiai). The Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet was actually a collection of several isolated bases linked together by underground and guerrilla activities. The Honghu Base, the largest, was itself the object of four Encirclement Campaigns, the last of which was strategised as one stage of the broadly successful Encirclement Campaign against Hunan-Western Hubei Soviet.
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Huanggang
Huanggang City (simplified Chinese: 黃冈; traditional Chinese: 黃岡; pinyin: Huánggāng) is a major municipality (also known as a Prefecture) in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is situated to the north of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and is bounded in the north by the Dabie Shan mountain range.
Seven counties fall under its jurisdiction (Tuanfeng, Hong'an, Xishui, Qichun, Huangmei, Luotian, and Yingshan) plus two county-level cities (Wuxue and Macheng), as well as two direct administrative divisions (Huangzhou and Longganghu).
The city's administrative area covers 17,453 square kilometres (6,739 sq mi) and the total population was 6,162,072 as of the 2010 census, only 296,860 of whom resided in the urban area. The Ezhou - Huanggang built up area is home to 900,272 inhabitants (Echeng district with Huangzhou district of Huanggang prefecture).
Huanggang has a history of at least 2,000 years.
Huanggang is home to several significant cultural sites of historical interest, such as the Buddhist Ancestral Hall of Sakyamuni at Doufang Mountain, Wuzu Temple and its Changchun Nunnery, and Dongpo Red Cliff.
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Huangmei County
Huangmei County (simplified Chinese: 黄梅县; traditional Chinese: 黃梅縣; pinyin: Huángméi Xiàn) falls under the administration of Huanggang City in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is adjacent to Anhui.
Huangmei is famous for its tea and tea-picking songs, which evolved into Huangmei opera (黃梅戲 or 黃梅調; pinyin: Huángméixì or Huángméidiào). The opera was derived from "Caicha" (tea-picking — "cha" means "tea") tunes and folk ditties which people sang while picking tea. It is a combination of local folk songs, dances, and some ancient operas. Huangmei opera flourished in the 18th century to become one of the most famous traditional Chinese opera forms.
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Huangpi District
Huangpi District (simplified Chinese: 黄陂区; traditional Chinese: 黃陂區; pinyin: Huángpí Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Huangshi
Huangshi (simplified Chinese: 黄石; traditional Chinese: 黃石; pinyin: Huángshí) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
Huangshi is located in southeastern Hubei province, along the southwestern bank of one of the major bends in the Yangtze River. It is located 100 kilometres (62 mi) south-east of Wuhan, and borders Jiangxi province to the south. Its area was reported by the local government as 4,583 square kilometres (1,770 sq mi); elsewhere, the number of 4,630 square kilometres (1,790 sq mi) was given. The terrain is mostly small mountains and hills. The tallest mountain is 7 Summit Mountain with an elevation of 860 metres (2,820 ft) above sea-level. Huangshi is also located in a major lake district between Hunan's Dongting Lake and Jiangxi's Poyang lake and has dozens of large lakes.
Its population is 2,429,318 inhabitants at the 2010 census whom 1,098,053 in the built up area made of 4 urban district plus Daye city now being part of the agglomeration.
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Huangzhou District
Huangzhou District (simplified Chinese: 黄州区; traditional Chinese: 黃州區; pinyin: Huángzhōu Qū) is a district of the city of Huanggang, Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
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Huarong District
Huarong District (simplified Chinese: 华容区; traditional Chinese: 華容區; pinyin: Huáróng Qū) is a district of the city of Ezhou, Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
Huarong is served by the Wuhan–Jiujiang Railway.
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Jiang'an District
Jiang'an District (simplified Chinese: 江岸区; traditional Chinese: 江岸區; pinyin: Jiāng'àn Qū; literally "river bank") is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
Jiang'an district is located on the Yangtze's left (northwestern) shore, and includes the northeastern half of the former Hankou city (northeast, i.e. downstream, of Jianghan Rd.).
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Jianghan District
Jianghan District (simplified Chinese: 江汉区; traditional Chinese: 江漢區; pinyin: Jiānghàn Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Jiangling County
Jiangling (Chinese: 江陵; pinyin: Jiānglíng; Wade–Giles: Chiang-ling) is a county in southern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Administratively, it is under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou City.
Under its old name of Chen (陳/陈), during the Warring States Period Jiangling became the capital of the State of Chu after the Qin army captured their old capital at Ying. Chen itself was sacked in 241 BCE and the capital moved to Shouchun (壽春/寿春). Later on, Jiangling was the capital of the small Jingnan kingdom that existed from 924 to 963 during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.
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Jiangxia District
Jiangxia District (simplified Chinese: 江夏区; traditional Chinese: 江夏區; pinyin: Jiāngxià Qū) is one of the administrative districts of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China. Jiangxia district has an area of 2,009 square kilometres (776 sq mi) and a population of 680,000.
Unlike most other districts into which the City of Wuhan is divided, Jingxia includes no part of Wuhan's main urban core. It is entirely located in the rural area south of the Wuhan city center. Jingxia has its own urban core, which is a large town some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Wuhan proper.
The district is served by the Wulongquan East Railway Station on the Wuhan-Guangzhou High-speed Railway.
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Jianli County
Jianli County (simplified Chinese: 监利县; traditional Chinese: 監利縣; pinyin: Jiānlì Xiàn) is a county of southern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, located on the northern (left) bank of the Yangtze River and bordering Hunan province to the south. It is under the administration of Jingzhou City.
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Jianshi County
Jianshi County (simplified Chinese: 建始县; traditional Chinese: 建始縣; pinyin: Jiànshǐ Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
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Jiayu County
Jiayu County (simplified Chinese: 嘉鱼县; traditional Chinese: 嘉魚縣; pinyin: Jiāyú Xiàn) is a county of southeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, located on the southeast (right) bank of the Yangtze River. It is under the administration of Xianning City and has a land area of 1,018.4 square kilometres (393.2 sq mi), and a population of 360,000 in 2004.
Jiayu County consists of eight towns: Yuyue (鱼岳), Luxi (陆溪), Gaotieling (高铁岭), Guanqiao (官桥), Xinjie (新街), Panjiawan (潘家湾), Dupu (渡普), Paizhouwan (簰洲湾).
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Jingshan County
Jingshan County (simplified Chinese: 京山县; traditional Chinese: 京山縣; pinyin: jīngshān xiàn) is a county of Jingmen City, in central Hubei Province, People's Republic of China. It is bordered on the north by the Dahong Mountain and on the south by the Jianghan Plain. The county has an area of over 3,520 square kilometres (1,360 sq mi). It has one economic development zone, jurisdiction over 14 towns and a total population of 640,000. Jingshan is located approximately one hour's drive from the provincial capital Wuhan.
Jingshan has a subtropical monsoon climate and four distinct seasons. There is abundant rainfall but the seasonal distribution is uneven. The annual mean temperature is 16.3 °C.
In 2002, 636,100 people lived in Jingshan County. 403,100 of them were rural inhabitants whilst 233,000 formed the urban population. 320,100 of them were male and 316,000 femal. The central towns have a total population of 233,200 inhabitants, 15,500 of them are mobile. In Jingshan the population density is 181 people per km² with an average life expectancy of 74.12 years.
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Jingzhou
Jingzhou (simplified Chinese: 荆州; traditional Chinese: 荊州; pinyin: Jīngzhōu) is a prefecture-level city in southern Hubei, People's Republic of China, located on the banks of the Yangtze River. As of the 2010 census, its total population is 5,691,707, 1,154,086 of whom reside in the built-up area made of 3 urban districts.
Jingzhou occupies an area of 14,067 square kilometres (5,431 sq mi) with its topography rising from east to west. It is densely covered by a network of waterways, as well as lakes, and is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River on the Jianghan Plain. Downstream to its east lies Wuhan, the provincial capital and to the west the city of Yichang, the Three Gorges, and finally the Chongqing Municipality. Jingmen City, also in Hubei, lies to the north; to its south are Yueyang and Changde, both in Hunan Province.
Jingzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with hot, humid summers, and damp, chilly, but drier winters. Monthly daily average temperatures range from 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January to 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) in July. The area receives 1,800 to 2,000 hours of sunshine per year and has a frost-free period of 242–263 days annually.
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Jingzhou District
Jingzhou District (simplified Chinese: 荆州区; traditional Chinese: 荊州區; pinyin: Jīngzhōu Qū) is a district of the city of Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Laifeng County
Laifeng County (simplified Chinese: 来凤县; traditional Chinese: 來鳳縣; pinyin: Láifèng Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
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Laohekou
Laohekou (Chinese: 老河口; pinyin: Lǎohékǒu; literally "old river mouth") is a county-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is located on the Han River (Hanshui), near the Henan border.
The entire county-level city has an area of 1,032 square kilometres (398 sq mi) and a population of 490,000 (2002). It falls under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang City. The area includes the city of Laohekou proper, which has an area of 27 square kilometres (10 sq mi).
Before the Communist Revolution, the city was the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Laohekou.
Laohekou is served by the Hankou–Danjiangkou Railway.
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Laohekou City
Laohekou (Chinese: 老河口; pinyin: Lǎohékǒu; literally "old river mouth") is a county-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is located on the Han River (Hanshui), near the Henan border.
The entire county-level city has an area of 1,032 square kilometres (398 sq mi) and a population of 490,000 (2002). It falls under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang City. The area includes the city of Laohekou proper, which has an area of 27 square kilometres (10 sq mi).
Before the Communist Revolution, the city was the seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Laohekou.
Laohekou is served by the Hankou–Danjiangkou Railway.
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Liangzihu District
Liangzihu District (simplified Chinese: 梁子湖区; traditional Chinese: 梁子湖區; pinyin: Liángzǐhú Qū) is a district of the city of Ezhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
The district is named after the Liangzi Lake (Liangzihu), eastern part of which is located within the district.
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Lichuan, Hubei
Lichuan (Chinese: 利川; pinyin: Lìchuān) is a county-level city of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, in southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It has approximately 73,000 inhabitants.
Lichuan is believed to be the location of most (if not all) of the naturally growing Metasequoia glyptostroboides trees in existence. The Metasequoia genus, related to the giant redwoods of North America, was first described as a fossil from the Mesozoic Era in 1941. But in 1943 a small stand of an unidentified tree was discovered in Modaoxi (磨刀溪), presently known as Moudao (谋道) Town, in Lichuan County, by Zhan Wang. After the end of the World War II, this tree species was officially described as the only living species of Metasequoia, and given scientific name Metasequoia glyptostroboides. In 1948 the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University sent an expedition to Lichuan to collect seeds and, soon after, seedling trees were distributed to various universities and arboreta worldwide for growth trials.
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Luotian County
Luotian County (simplified Chinese: 罗田县; traditional Chinese: 羅田縣; pinyin: Luótián Xiàn) is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Huanggang City. Located in the foothills of the Dabie Mountains, the county has a population of about 600,000 and covers an area of 2,144 square kilometres (828 sq mi).
Luotian is the birthplace of Xu Shouhui (徐壽輝), (? - 1360) who was a rebel leader in the late Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) who proclaimed himself Emperor. Also known as Xu Zhenyi (真一 or 真逸), Xu originally was a cloth vendor by profession. In 1351, he worked with others in Qizhou (蘄州), in present day Qichun County to establish the rebel army of Red Turbans under the pretense of the Buddhist White Lotus Society. Otherwise, the history of Luotian is little known until about 523AD.
Luotian County is well-known for its abundant production of silkworm, sweet persimmon, and particularly chestnut, in which it is the leading producer of all Chinese counties. The county is more than 60% covered by forest, with many chestnut trees.
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Macheng
Macheng (Chinese: 麻城; pinyin: Máchéng) is a city in northeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering the provinces of Henan to the north and Anhui to the northeast. It is a county-level city under the administration of Huanggang City and abuts the south side of the Dabie Mountains. The city's administrative area covers about 3,600 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi), and includes some 700 villages and small towns. Total population was 1.2 million at the last census.[when?]
Macheng has a long history, dating back to the Spring and Autumn period as part of the state of Chu, and was the site of the historic Battle of Boju fought between Chu and Wu in 506 BC. It was named Macheng in 598 AD.
In 1927, a major peasant revolt erupted in Macheng, creating a strong base for the ensuing Communist revolution in 1949. More than 100,000 people joined Mao’s Red Army under local Generals, Wang Shusheng and Chen Zaidao.
Macheng is rich in resources, with about one million mu, or 670 square kilometres (260 sq mi)) under agricultural cultivation. Forests cover about three million mu (2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi)), and water covers about 450,000 mu (300 square kilometres (120 sq mi)).
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Maojian District
Maojian District (simplified Chinese: 茅箭区; traditional Chinese: 茅箭區; pinyin: Máojiàn Qū) is a district of the city of Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Nanzhang County
Nanzhang County (simplified Chinese: 南漳县; traditional Chinese: 南漳縣; pinyin: Nánzhāng Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiangyang City.
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Qianjiang, Hubei
Qianjiang (simplified Chinese: 潜江; traditional Chinese: 潛江; pinyin: Qiánjiāng) is a sub-prefecture-level city of south-central Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
Qianjiang is located in south-central Hubei province in the Jianghan Plain. Its area is 2,004 square kilometres (774 sq mi)
Qianjiang's climate is temperate. Average annual temperature is 17 °C (63 °F).
There were many small lakes, ponds, and rivers scattered around the Qianjiang area. However, starting in the early 80's most of them disappeared due to urbanization and industrialization.
Qianjiang became a county in 965 during the Song dynasty. It was the early center of the Chu State.
Qianjiang was occupied by the Japanese during the Sino-Japan War. The Japanese primarily used prominent local Chinese to run the "puppet" government, notably many members of the Zhang family.
The communists from 1949 to early 1980s constructed a pharmaceutical plant, a textile factory, a book-printing factory, a large oil-and-gas drilling field, and other industrial installations in the Qianjiang area. As the national economic reform took force beginning in the late 1970s many of these state-run businesses went under.
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Qiaokou District
Qiaokou District (simplified Chinese: 硚口区; traditional Chinese: 礄口區; pinyin: Qiáokǒu Qū) is a district of the city of Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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Qichun County
Qichun County (simplified Chinese: 蕲春县; traditional Chinese: 蘄春縣; pinyin: Qíchūn Xiàn)) is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Huanggang City. Qichun is the birthplace of famous herbalist Li Shizhen, who was born and lived in Qizhou town, on the southern edge of the county, alongside the Yangtze River. In turn, Qichun is a major center of the herbal industry in China.
Qichun County is known in China as the "County of Scholars" because more professors (400+) and doctors were born there than in any other county of China. The town of Qichun consists of Qichun proper, and Caohe precinct.
The earliest known founding of Qichun was in 201 BC. Due to its strategic location, in history Qichun was referred to as “The Key Point in Jinchu” (Jinchu was the ancient name for the region).
Centuries later, in the summer of 223 AD in the Three Kingdoms period, Eastern Wu general He Qi attacked and eliminated an outpost of Wei in the new commandery territory of Qichun, on the southern slopes of the Dabie Shan mountains. But for the next twelve months the northern front remained quiet.
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Shayang County
Shayang (Chinese: 沙洋; pinyin: Shāyáng) is a county of west-central Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Administratively, it is part of the prefecture-level city of Jingmen. The county is located south of the Jingmen city proper, west of the Han River, and north of the Chang Lake (Chang Hu).
The county seat is a town of the same name (Chinese: 沙洋镇, Shayang Zhen), situated near the Han River, which eventually flows into the Yangtze River. To the east of the town is a huge flat region which contains one of the largest prison farm systems in China. A major provincial highway runs right through the middle of the prison region, and through the massive cotton fields that are tended by convict teams who march to and from the fields and the prisons on special paths separated from the highway by ditches.
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Shennongjia
Shennongjia Forestry District (simplified Chinese: 神农架林区; traditional Chinese: 神農架林區; pinyin: Shénnóngjià Línqū) is a county-level administrative unit (a "forestry district") in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, directly subordinated to the provincial government. It occupies 3,253 square kilometres (1,256 sq mi) in western Hubei, and, as of 2007 had the resident population estimated at 74,000 (with the registered population of 79,976).
The population is predominantly (95%) Han Chinese, the remaining 5% being mostly Tujia.
The administrative status of Shennongjia is rather unique, in that it is the only county-level administrative unit of the People's Republic of China that is designated a "forestry district" (林区), rather than a more usual county or county-level city.
Shennongjia's status within Hubei is also somewhat unusual, in that this county-level unit is directly administered by the provincial government as opposed to be part of a prefecture-level city or prefecture, as are Hubei's all "normal" counties. However, this arrangement is not unique to Shennongjia, as Hubei also has three county-level cities (Xiantao, Tianmen, Qianjiang) which are directly under the provincial government, without being part of a prefecture-level unit.
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Songzi
Songzi (Chinese: 松滋市; pinyin: Sōngzī) is a city in the southwest of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, located in the middle reach and southern bank of the Yangtze River. It is a county-level city under the administration of Jingzhou City, and controls 16 townships and 2 development zones, 235,000 households and a population of 896,800 (according to Songzi Statistic Yearbook 2000). It is a long-historied but young and robust city.
With its beautiful scenery, abundant resources, plentiful products, wealthy people, it earns itself the good reputation of “Gold Songzi” ("金松滋").
Longitude 110º14′—112º03′ east, latitude 29º53′—30º22′ north, 77 kilometres (48 mi) lengthwise from east to west, 55 kilometers widthwise from north to south, the total land area is 2,235 square kilometres (863 sq mi), with an arable land of 923,000 mu. Songzi is conjoining with Jianghan Plain (江汉平原) in the east {neighbouring with Jingzhou (荆州), Gong'an (公安)}, adjoining with Yichang (宜昌) in the west {connecting to Wufeng and Yidu (五峰、宜都)}, bordering with Wuling (武陵) in the south {adjacent to Lixian, Shimen (澧县、石门) in Hunan Province}, and being bounded by Yangtse River in the north{looking across the river to Zhicheng (枝城)}. Situated in the crossing point between Jiaoliu (焦柳) Railway and Yangtze River, it is a newly flourishing city prospering from industry, agriculture, commerce and trade, tourism, etc.
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Suizhou
Suizhou (simplified Chinese: 随州; traditional Chinese: 隨州; pinyin: Suízhōu), formerly Sui County (随县/隨縣), is a prefecture-level city in northern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan province to the north and east.
The prefecture-level city of Suizhou administers 2 county-level divisions, including 1 district and 1 county-level city.
These are further divided into 54 township-level divisions, including 36 towns, 11 townships and 7 subdistricts.
Suizhou has a long history. During the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (771–221 BCE), it was the territory of the State of Sui/Zeng and within the cultural sphere of the State of Chu. As a prefecture-level city Suizhou has a short history with its current status only granted by the State Council in June, 2000.
Suizhou is served by the Hankou–Danjiangkou Railway.
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Three Gorges
The Three Gorges (simplified Chinese: 三峡; traditional Chinese: 三峽; pinyin: Sānxiá [ listen now (help·info)]), or Yangtze Gorges region is a scenic area along the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in the People's Republic of China, which is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration.
The Three Gorges span from the western—upriver cities of Fengjie and Yichang in Chongqing Municipality eastward—downstream to Hubei province The Three Gorges region attracts global attention due to the Three Gorges Dam, which is firmly changing the culture and environment of the river and Three Gorges region.
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)—Three Gorges region has a total length of approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi). The Three Gorges occupy approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) within this region. Although it is primarily famous for its scenery, the Three Gorges region is also a historically and culturally important location in China. Many settlements and archeological sites will be under submersion from the rising Three Gorges Reservoir.
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Tianmen
Tianmen (simplified Chinese: 天门; traditional Chinese: 天門; pinyin: Tiānmén; literally "sky gate") is a sub-prefecture-level city in central Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
It is on the west of Wuhan and east of Jingzhou. Formerly known as Jingling (竟陵), it was renamed to Tianmen (天门) in 1726 during Qing Dynasty.
It is the hometown of Lu Yu, who is respected as "the Sage of Tea" for his contribution to Chinese tea culture.
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Tieshan District
Tieshan District (simplified Chinese: 铁山区; traditional Chinese: 鐵山區; pinyin: Tiěshān Qū) is a district of the prefecture-level city of Huangshi, Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Small in area (28.7 square kilometres (11.1 sq mi)), it is squeezed between the "county-level city" Daye to the south and west, Huangshi's Xialu District to the east, and the prefecture-level city of Ezhou to the north. Physically, it is a small mining town.
As its name indicates ("Tieshan" means "Iron Mountain"), the district owes its existence to iron-ore mines.
The town is served by China National Highway 106, which also doubles as China National Highway 316 in this part of Hubei.
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Tuanfeng County
Tuanfeng County (simplified Chinese: 团风县; traditional Chinese: 團風縣; pinyin: Tuánfēng Xiàn) is a county of Huanggang City, in the east of Hubei province, situated on the north (left) bank of the Yangtze River. There is a famous high school, named Tuanfeng High School. It provides many good students to universities all over China.
The local economy is agricultural, with cotton, wheat and rice being the primary crops. There is little industry in the area.
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Wuchang District
Wuchang (simplified Chinese: 武昌区; traditional Chinese: 武昌區; pinyin: Wǔchāng Qū) was one of the three cities that merged into modern-day Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province, China. It stood on the right (southeastern) bank of the Yangtze River, opposite the mouth of the Han River. The two other sister towns, Hanyang and Hankou, were on the left (northwestern) bank, separated from each other by the Han.
The Wuchang fish (Megalobrama amblycephala; 武昌鱼 Wǔchāng yú) is named after the town.
The name "Wuchang" remains in common use for the part of urban Wuhan south of the Yangtze River. Administratively, however, it is split between several districts of the City of Wuhan. The historic center of Wuchang lies within the modern Wuchang District, which has an area of 82.4 square kilometres (31.8 sq mi) and a population of 1,003,400. Other parts of what's colloquially known as Wuchang are within Hongshan District (south and south-east) and Qingshan District (north-east).
In 221, warlord Sun Quan moved the capital of Eastern Wu from Gong'an county, Jingzhou (northwest of present day Gong'an county, Hubei) to È county (in present day Ezhou City), and renamed È to Wuchang (literally prospering from military, regarding its logistics role of the military bases established before the Battle of Red Cliffs). Later in the year Cao Pi proclaimed himself the emperor of Cao Wei. Sun Quan declared independence in the following year, and started to build forts and palaces in Wuchang. Sun Quan proclaimed himself the emperor of Eastern Wu in 229, and moved the capital to Jianye. Sun Hao, the emperor of Eastern Wu between 264 and 280, moved the capital back to Wuchang in 265. In 589, the Wuchang commandery was abolished and the Wuchang county was transferred to a new commandery named Ezhou (headquartered in present day Wuchang District), and remained in the administration since then.
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Wudang Mountains
The Wudang Mountains (simplified Chinese: 武当山; traditional Chinese: 武當山; pinyin: Wǔdāng Shān, pronounced [ùtɑ́ŋ ʂán]), also known as Wu Tang Shan or simply Wudang, are a small mountain range in the northwestern part of Hubei Province of People's Republic of China, just to the south of the city of Shiyan.
On Chinese maps, the name "Wudangshan" (武当山) is applied both to the entire mountain range (which runs east-west along the southern edge of the Hanshui River valley, crossing several county-level divisions of Shiyan Prefecture-level city), and to the small group of peaks located within Wudangshan Jiedao of the Danjiangkou County-level City of the Shiyan Prefecture-level city. It is the latter specific area which is known as a Taoist center.
Modern maps show the elevation of the highest of the peaks in the Wudang Shan "proper" as 1612 meters; however, the entire Wudangshan range has somewhat higher elevations elsewhere.
Some consider the Wudang Mountains to be a "branch" of the Daba Mountains range, which is a major mountain system of the western Hubei, Shaanxi, Chongqing and Sichuan.
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Wuhan
Wuhan (simplified Chinese: 武汉; traditional Chinese: 武漢; pinyin: Wǔhàn [wùxân] (
listen)) is the capital of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, and is the most populous city in Central China. It lies at the east of the Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the Yangtze and Han rivers. Arising out of the conglomeration of three districts, Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang, Wuhan is known as "the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare"; it is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. Because of its key role in domestic transportation, Wuhan was sometimes referred to as the "Chicago of China." It is recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, educational and transportation center of central China. The city of Wuhan, first termed as such in 1927, has a population of 10,020,000 people (Census 2011), with about 6,434,373 residents in its urban area. In the 1920s, Wuhan was the national capital of a leftist Kuomintang (KMT) government led by Wang Jingwei in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek, as well as wartime capital in 1937.
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Wuhan University
Wuhan University (WHU; simplified Chinese: 武汉大学; traditional Chinese: 武漢大學; pinyin: Wǔhàn Dàxué; colloquially 武大, Pinyin: Wǔdà) is a university located in Wuhan, Hubei, China. It is directly under the administration of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. It is regarded as one of the top ten universities in China, and its history dates back to 1893, making it one of China's oldest institutions of higher learning. It was also one of the first modern "national universities" in post-dynastic China. It is located in Hubei province's capital, Wuhan, known as "the nine provinces' leading thoroughfare".
The university dates back to the Ziqiang Institute (Simplified Chinese: 自强学堂; Traditional Chinese: 自強學堂; Pinyin: Zìqiáng Xuétáng ), which was founded in 1893 by Zhang Zhidong 张之洞, governor of Hubei and Hunan Provinces in the late Qing Dynasty. Later, it changed its name several times before it was named National Wuhan University in July 1928, and was among the first group of national universities in modern China. Feb, 1929, the jurist Wang Shijie became the first president of Wuhan University. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Wuhan University moved to Leshan, Sichuan Province and returned to Luojia Hill after the war.
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Wujiagang District
Wujiagang District (simplified Chinese: 伍家岗区; traditional Chinese: 伍家崗區; pinyin: Wǔjiāgǎng Qū) is a district of the city of Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Wuxue
Wuxue (Chinese: 武穴; pinyin: Wǔxué), formerly Guangji County (广济县), is a county-level city on the north shore of the Yangtze River in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Wuxue falls under the administration of Huanggang (黃冈) Municipality.
Wuxue's total population is about 580,000 and the city extends over 1,200 square kilometres (460 sq mi), almost all of which is cultivated.
The city has Mount Lu to the east, is close to the Qizhou hometown of famed ancient pharmacist Li Shizhen in neighboring Qichun County in the west, borders the Yangtze River in the south, and leans against the Dabie Shan mountain range in the north.
Wuxue is 220 kilometers downriver from the provincial capital of Wuhan and about 50 kilometers upriver from the port of Jiujiang City, on the south side of the Yangtze in Jiangxi province.
Towns:
Wuxue opened as a port towards the end of the 16th century. Upon China signing the 1876 Yantai treaty with Britain, foreign merchants established an upgraded wharf.
The port's strategic advantage lies in its proximity to the juncture of three provinces — Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangxi — and serves as a central hub for commodity trade.
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Xi'an
Xi'an (Chinese: 西安; pinyin: Xī'ān; Wade–Giles: Hsi-An, also spelled Hsi-an, Hsian, or Sian) is the capital of the Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty. Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang. Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army.
Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of interior China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and China's space exploration program. It's now one the most populous metropolitan areas in inland China with more than 8 million inhabitants, including urban parts of Xianyang (Weicheng and Qindu districts).
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Xialu District
Xialu District (simplified Chinese: 下陆区; traditional Chinese: 下陸區; pinyin: Xiàlù Qū) is an administrative district of the prefecture-level city of Huangshi, Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is a fairly small industrial and residential district, located to the west of Huangshi's downtown Huangshigang District.
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Xian'an District
Xian'an (Chinese: 咸安; pinyin: Xián'ān) is a district of the city of Xianning, Hubei , People's Republic of China.
Xian'an District includes Xianning's central urban area (thus, it usually is not marked separately from Xianning on less detailed maps) and nearby villages.
At the "Underground Project 131" site, some 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) southeast of Xianning urban area, tourists can visit a system of underground tunnels that were built in 1969-71 to accommodate national military headquarters in the case of a war, but never used.
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Xianfeng County
Xianfeng County (simplified Chinese: 咸丰县; traditional Chinese: 咸豐縣; pinyin: Xiánfēng Xiàn) is a county of southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
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Xiangyang
Xiangyang (simplified Chinese: 襄阳; traditional Chinese: 襄陽; pinyin: Xiāngyáng) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It was formed from two famous ancient cities, Xiangyang and Fancheng. It was known as Xiangfan (襄樊;; pinyin: Xiāngfán) until December 2, 2010.
The prefecture-level city of Xiangyang administers 9 county-level divisions, including 3 districts, 3 county-level cities and 3 counties.
Xiangyang city is divided by the Han River, which runs through its heart and divides the city north-south. The city itself is an incorporation of two once separate, ancient cities: Fancheng and Xiangzhou. What remains of old Xianyang is located south of the Han River and contains one of the oldest still-intact city walls in China while Fancheng was located to the north of the Han River. Both cities served prominent historical roles in both the Ancient and Pre-Modern Periods of Chinese history. Today, the city is the second largest in Hubei, located about halfway between Wuhan and Xi'an. Xiangyang has an urban population of around 466,000 while its outlying county contains approximately 5,787,700 people.
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Xianning
Xianning (simplified Chinese: 咸宁; traditional Chinese: 咸寧; pinyin: Xiánníng) is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering the provinces of Jiangxi to the southeast and Hunan to the southwest. It is known as the "City of Osmanthus".
Xianning is located in southeastern Hubei province, just south of Wuhan, between the southern bank of the Yangtze River in the north and the Mufu Mountains in the south. It borders Jiangxi to the southeast and Hunan to the southwest. It is called Hubei's southern gateway. Xianning is hilly and mountainous (especially in its southern part), with some flatlands (mostly in the north) and lakes. Its area is 1,501 square kilometres (580 sq mi), 56% of which is forested.
Xianning's climate is temperate/continental. Average annual temperature is 17 °C and precipitation is 1,400 millimetres (55 in).
Xianning has 1 district, 4 counties, 1 county-level city, 9 towns, 1 township, and 3 sub-districts.
City:
District:
Counties:
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Xianyang
Xianyang (simplified Chinese: 咸阳; traditional Chinese: 咸陽; pinyin: Xiányáng; Sienyang; Hsienyang; IPA: [ɕjɛ̌n.jɑ̌ŋ]) is a former capital of China in Shaanxi province, on the Wei River, a few kilometers upstream (west) from Xi'an. It has an area of 10,213 square kilometres (3,943 sq mi). It's part of the Xi'an metropolitan area, one of the main urban agglomerations in inland China with more than 7 million inhabitants.
Xianyang was among the capital city's environs during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and was made the capital of the state of Qin in 350 BC during the Warring States Period before becoming the capital of China during the short-lived Qin Dynasty. Because the city lay south of the Jiuzong Mountains and north of the Wei River - both sunlight-rich (yang) orientations - it was named "Xianyang", meaning "fully yang". Under Duke Xiao of Qin, minister Shang Yang designed Xianyang in 350 BC, which was then the capital for over 140 years. It was located in the modern day Shaanxi province on the northern bank of the Wei River, on the opposite side of which Liu Bang would later build the Han Dynasty capital of Chang'an once he became emperor.
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Xiaochang County
Xiaochang County (simplified Chinese: 孝昌县; traditional Chinese: 孝昌縣; pinyin: Xiàochāng Xiàn) is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiaogan City.
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Xiaonan District
Xiaonan District (simplified Chinese: 孝南区; traditional Chinese: 孝南區; pinyin: Xiàonán Qū) is a district of the city of Xiaogan, Hubei, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiaogan City.
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Xiaoting District
Xiaoting (Chinese: 猇亭; pinyin: Xiāotíng) is a district of the city of Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Xiling District
Xiling District (simplified Chinese: 西陵区; traditional Chinese: 西陵區; pinyin: Xīlíng Qū) is a district of Yichang, Hubei, People's Republic of China. It includes the central part of Yichang's urban area, on the left (northwestern) bank of the Yangtze River.
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Xingshan County
Xingshan County (simplified Chinese: 兴山县; traditional Chinese: 興山縣; pinyin: Xīngshān Xiàn) is a county of western Hubei, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Yichang Prefecture-level City.
The county occupies the mountainous north-western corner of Yichang prefecture ("prefecture-level city"), bordering on Badong County in the west and Shennongjia in the north. The highest mountains within the county are Mount Wanchao (2,253 metres (7,392 ft) elevation) and Mount Wanfu (1,819 metres (5,968 ft)).
The county seat is in Gaofu town; this is the location that is simply marked as "Xingshan" on less detailed maps.
Although the county is away from the Yangtze River itself, and most of its land is at high elevations, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam resulted in the flooding of the valley of the Yangtze's tributary Xiang Xi (香溪, "Fragrant Stream"), where many of the county's residents lived. Accordingly, some 20,000 residents had to be relocated from the flooded areas. It is officially part of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.
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Xisaishan District
Xisaishan District (simplified Chinese: 西塞山区; traditional Chinese: 西塞山區; pinyin: Xīsàishān Qū) is a district of the city of Huangshi, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Xishui County, Hubei
Xishui County (simplified Chinese: 浠水县; traditional Chinese: 浠水縣; pinyin: Xīshuǐ Xiàn) is a county of eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. The county extends over an area of 2,000 square kilometres (770 sq mi) and is under the administration of Huanggang City.
Xishui was a center of revolutionary activity during the Chinese Civil War. In 1922, an underground group was formed to try to undermine the Kuomintang. Between 1926 and 1949, thousands of locals lost their lives in the struggle.
Xishui county has large proven reserves of ore, including magnetite, vanadium, copper, pyrite, yellow sand, granite, potassium, quartz, green jade, and gold.
The very first agricultural cooperative in Hubei province was established at Xishui in 1952, as impoverished peasants pooled their land and cattle to create one large farm. In the first year, the commune increased its production by one third. The commune also expanded fresh-water fish and lotus root cultivation, and began planting two crops of rice per year. In 1956, the Xishui cooperative was recognized as an exemplary “national production growth model.” A major flood-control and irrigation reservoir was completed in 1961 and it began generating electricity the following year. This again became a national model for other villages to follow.
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Xuan'en County
Xuan'en County (Chinese: 宣恩; pinyin: Xuān'ēn) is a county of southwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture.
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Yellow Crane Tower
Yellow Crane Tower (Chinese: 黄鹤楼; pinyin: Huáng Hè Lóu) is a famous and historic tower, first built in the year 223 AD, the current structure however, was rebuilt in 1981 at an one kilometre distance from the original site, and bears little resemblance to the historical Yellow Crane Tower. The tower stands on Sheshan (Snake Hill), at the bank of Yangtze River in Wuchang District, Wuhan, in Hubei province of central China.
The original site of the tower is on the Yellow Crane Jetty, west of Xiakou. The Yuanhe Maps and Records of Prefectures and Counties notes that when Sun Quan built the fort of Xiakou, a tower is built on and is named after the jetty.
Warfare and fires destroyed the tower many times. In the Ming and Qing dynasties alone, the tower was destroyed 7 times, and was rebuilt and repaired 10 times. The last one in the Qing dynasty was built on 1868 and was destroyed on 1884. Its site was later occupied by the trestle of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge in 1957. In 1981, the Wuhan city government decided to rebuild the tower at a new location, one kilometer from the historical site. The current tower was completed in 1985.
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Yichang
Yichang (Chinese: 宜昌; pinyin: Yíchāng) is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is the second largest city in the province after the capital, Wuhan. The Three Gorges Dam is located within its administrative area, in Yiling District.
In ancient times Yichang was known as Yiling. There are historical records telling that in the year 278 BC during the Warring States period, the Qin general Bai Qi set fire to Yiling. In 222 AD Yichang was also the site of the Battle of Yiling during the Three Kingdoms Period.
Under the Qing Guangxu Emperor, Yichang was opened to foreign trade as a trading port after Qing and Great Britain signed Chefoo Convention, which was signed by Sir Thomas Wade and Li Hongzhang in Chefoo on 21 August 1876. The imperial government set up a navigation company there and built wharfs less than 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) in length. Since 1949, more than 50 wharves have been constructed at the port so that its wharf area is now over 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) long.
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Yicheng, Hubei
Yicheng (Chinese: 宜城; pinyin: Yíchéng) is a city in northwestern Hubei, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Xiangyang City.
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Yidu, Hubei
Yidu (Chinese: 宜都; pinyin: Yídū) is a county-level city in western Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yichang.
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Yiling District
Yiling District (simplified Chinese: 夷陵区; traditional Chinese: 夷陵區; pinyin: Yílíng Qū) is a district of the prefecture-level city of Yichang, Hubei province, People's Republic of China]]. Created in July 2001, the district includes most of the former Yichang County, with the exception of Yichang center city (which forms Xiling District) and certain southern and western suburbs.
The land area of Yiling District is 3424 square km, population 510,000 (as of 2004).
The district is divided into 8 towns, 3 townships, and 1 "locality" (jiedao):
The district's seat of government is on the northern outskirts of Yichang urban area.
Both Gezhouba Dam and the Three Gorges Dam are located within the district.
The Xiling Bridge spans the Changjiang (Yangtze River) in the western part of Yiling District, connecting the towns of Letianxi and Sandouping on the northern and southern sides of the river. To add to the confusion, Yiling Bridge is not within Yiling District - rather, it connects the center-city Xiling District with Dianjun District south of the river.
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Yingcheng
Yingcheng (simplified Chinese: 应城; traditional Chinese: 應城; pinyin: Yìngchéng) is a city of over 300,000 inhabitants in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
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Yuan'an County
Yuan'an County (simplified Chinese: 远安县; traditional Chinese: 遠安縣; pinyin: Yuǎn'ān Xiàn) is a county of western Hubei, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Yichang City.
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Yun County, Hubei
Yun County (simplified Chinese: 郧县; traditional Chinese: 鄖縣; pinyin: Yún Xiàn), or Yunxian, is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering the provinces of Henan (to the northeast) and Shaanxi (to the north and west). It is under the administration of Shiyan City.
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Yunmeng County
Yunmeng County (simplified Chinese: 云梦县; traditional Chinese: 雲夢縣; pinyin: Yúnmèng Xiàn) is a county in eastern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by Xiaogan City and is located just outside of Xiaogan's urban area.
During the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history (770-476 BCE), Yunmeng County formed part of the Zhou Dynasty vassal State of Yun, later annexed by the State of Chu whose kings used the area as a hunting ground. After Chu's defeat at the hands of the State of Qin in 223 BCE, Yunmeng became part of Qin territory. Legend suggests that China's first emperor Qin Shi Huang visited the county in 219 BCE. Yunmeng was the location of the Jiangxia Commandery of the Han Dynasty and the cradle of the Chinese Huang Clan.
Yumian (鱼面), meaning fish-noodle in Chinese, is a local specialty noodle made with flour and fish from the Fu River in Yunmeng.
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Yunxi County
Yunxi County (simplified Chinese: 郧西县; traditional Chinese: 鄖西縣; pinyin: Yúnxī Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Shaanxi province to the north and the west. It is under the administration of Shiyan City.
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Zaoyang
Zaoyang (simplified Chinese: 枣阳; traditional Chinese: 棗陽; pinyin: Zǎoyáng) is a city in northern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, near the border with Henan province. Administratively, it is a county-level city under the administration of Xiangyang.
Remains dating back to the Warring States Period (771 - 221 BCE) have been found near the city.[citation needed] Zaoyang was the site of two major battles during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang and the Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang.
Zaoyang's administrative area spans in latitude 31° 40'–32° 40' N, or 78 kilometres (48 mi) and in longitude 112° 30'–113° 00' N, or 65 kilometres (40 mi).
Zaoyang has a monsoon-influenced, four season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with cold, damp (but comparatively dry), winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly daily averages range from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.5 °C (81.5 °F) in July, with an annual mean temperature of 15.5 °C (59.9 °F). Precipitation peaks from May to August. The city receives an average 2,100 hours of sunshine per year.
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Zaoyang City
Zaoyang (simplified Chinese: 枣阳; traditional Chinese: 棗陽; pinyin: Zǎoyáng) is a city in northern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, near the border with Henan province. Administratively, it is a county-level city under the administration of Xiangyang.
Remains dating back to the Warring States Period (771 - 221 BCE) have been found near the city.[citation needed] Zaoyang was the site of two major battles during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang and the Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang.
Zaoyang's administrative area spans in latitude 31° 40'–32° 40' N, or 78 kilometres (48 mi) and in longitude 112° 30'–113° 00' N, or 65 kilometres (40 mi).
Zaoyang has a monsoon-influenced, four season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with cold, damp (but comparatively dry), winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly daily averages range from 2.4 °C (36.3 °F) in January to 27.5 °C (81.5 °F) in July, with an annual mean temperature of 15.5 °C (59.9 °F). Precipitation peaks from May to August. The city receives an average 2,100 hours of sunshine per year.
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Zengdu District
Zengdu (Chinese: 曾都; pinyin: Zēngdū) is a district of the city of Suizhou, Hubei province, People's Republic of China.
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Zhangwan District
Zhangwan District (simplified Chinese: 张湾区; traditional Chinese: 張灣區; pinyin: Zhāngwān Qū) is a district of the city of Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Zhijiang, Hubei
Zhijiang (Chinese: 枝江; pinyin: Zhījiāng) is a county-level city of Yichang City, in the west of Hubei province, People's Republic of China. Until the 1990s Zhijiang was a county. There was another Zhijiang across the river, a city which now goes by a different name.
In October 2005, Zhijiang was in the news because one of the delegates to its (county-level) People's Congress, Lu Banglie (吕邦列), a village-rights activist, was savagely beaten on October 8, 2005 in the village of Taishi (太石), in Yuwotou town, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, by unknown persons. The beating was witnessed by Benjamin Joffe-Walt, correspondent for The Guardian newspaper of the UK, who was himself threatened and believed Lü had been killed.
Since 2004, Lü has been the popularly elected head of Baoyuesi village, on Bailizhou (which is an island in the Yangtze River and the only town in Zhijiang not on the river's left bank, with no road connection between Bailizhou and the city's other towns). He is the first elected village head in the history of the People's Republic of China.
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Zhushan County
Zhushan County (simplified Chinese: 竹山县; traditional Chinese: 竹山縣; pinyin: Zhúshān Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China, bordering Shaanxi province to the north and Chongqing municipality in the far south. It is under the administration of Shiyan and has a total population of 440,000[when?] residing in an area of 3,590 square kilometres (1,390 sq mi).
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Zhuxi County
Zhuxi County (simplified Chinese: 竹溪县; traditional Chinese: 竹溪縣; pinyin: Zhúxī Xiàn) is a county of northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Shiyan City.
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Zigui County
Zigui County (simplified Chinese: 秭归县; traditional Chinese: 秭歸縣; pinyin: Zǐguī Xiàn) is a county of western Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Yichang City and encompasses the easternmost portion of the Yangtze River Gorges, including the Xiling Gorge (西陵峡).
The county seat of Zigui is now the town of Maoping (茅坪镇, Maoping Zhen), situated a few kilometers west of the Three Gorges Dam on the high southern shore of the river. The original Zigui town was upstream to the west and was abandoned and submerged under the rising waters of the reservoir in the early years of the 21st century. As it is common in China, Maoping is typically labelled as "Zigui County" (秭归县) or simply "Zigui" (秭归) on most maps.
A good view of the Three Gorges Dam, and of an ancillary dam further south, can be had from Maoping's riverside parks.
Passenger boats and ferries travelling up and down the river can dock at the large passenger dock ("Zigui Harbor", 秭归港) at Maoping, or at Taipingxi Town on the north bank close to the Dam. Frequent bus service connects Maoping with the center city of Yichang to the east; there is also bus service to most towns in the county, as well as to the neighboring counties.
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County-level city
A county-level city (Chinese: 县级市; pinyin: xiànjí shì) is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. County-level cities are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions.
Most county-level cities were created in the 1980s and 1990s by replacing counties.
County-level cities are not "cities" in the strictest sense of the word, since they usually contain rural areas many times the size of their urban, built-up area. This is because the counties that county-level cities have replaced are themselves large administrative units containing towns, villages, and farmland. To distinguish a "county-level city" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word "city"), the term 市区 shìqū, or "urban area", is used.
In France, an equivalent of a county-level city is an agglomeration community.
While the idea of a "city" being a unit consisting of several "towns" is not a common one in English-speaking world, a somewhat similar naming convention is used for Local Government Areas in some parts of Australia. For example, in New South Wales such a unit may often be called a "city" (rather than a traditional "shire"), and consist of "towns". E.g. City of Blue Mountains is made of a number of towns (Katoomba, Springwood, etc.).
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District of China
The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China.
In the modern context, districts (simplified Chinese: 区; traditional Chinese: 區; Hanyu Pinyin: qū; Tongyong Pinyin: cyu) refer to two types of divisions in the People's Republic of China: city districts and the soon-to-be-phased-out county districts (also known as district public offices). Districts can also refer to a type of division in the Republic of China on Taiwan.
However, if the word "district" is encountered in the context of ancient Chinese history, then it is a translation for xian, another type of administrative division in China.
A city district (市辖区, pinyin: shìxiáqū, lit. a city-governed district) is a subdivision of a municipality or a prefecture-level city. The rank of a district derives from the rank of its city. Districts of a municipality are prefecture-level; districts of a sub-provincial city are sub-prefecture-level; and districts of a prefecture-level city are county-level.
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Dongfeng Motors
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is a Chinese multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wuhan, China. Traditionally included as one of the "big 3" Chinese automakers, Dongfeng is currently in the top 4 along with Chang'an Motors, FAW Group, and SAIC Motor. As well as buses, trucks, and cars sold eponymously at home and abroad, it also manufactures parts.
Dongfeng is the Chinese partner in many joint ventures with foreign companies. As of 2011 it has more Sino-foreign joint ventures than any other Chinese automaker.
2011 production figures put the company in second place, in terms of unit volume, in its home market; Dongfeng produced more than 2,762,600 whole vehicles in the 11 months leading to December.
Known as "Second Automobile Works" until 1992, Dongfeng, or "East Wind" in Chinese,[citation needed] was founded in 1969. Its origins lie in a dictate of Chairman Mao Zedong; as part of his "Third Front" strategy, its far inland location in Hubei Province was meant to protect it from foreign invasion. Traditionally manufacturing commercial vehicles, by 2001 these made up about 73% of Dongfeng's production.
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Hubei
Hubei (help·info) (Chinese: 湖北; pinyin: Húběi; Wade–Giles: Hu-pei; Postal map spelling: Hupeh) is a province in Central China. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Lake Dongting. The provincial capital is Wuhan.
Hubei is officially abbreviated to "鄂" (È), an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the Qin dynasty, while a popular name for Hubei is "楚" (Chǔ), after the powerful state of Chu that existed here during the Eastern Zhou dynasty. It borders Henan to the north, Anhui to the east, Jiangxi to the southeast, Hunan to the south, Chongqing to the west, and Shaanxi to the northwest. The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang, in the west of the province.
By the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC), the territory of today's Hubei was part of the powerful state of Chu. Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.
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Province (China)
In the context of Chinese government, a province (sheng), formally provincial level division, is the highest-level administrative division. The People's Republic of China (PRC) currently administers 33 such divisions, classified as 22 provinces, 4 municipalities, 5 autonomous regions and 2 special administrative regions.
Additionally, the PRC claims sovereignty over Taiwan Province, but since the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 this area has been administered by the Republic of China (ROC) under a province of the same name. The ROC also administers some offshore islands including Quemoy/Kinmen (Jinmen) and Matsu (Mazu), which form Fujian Province, ROC. These were part of an originally unified Fujian province, which since 1949 has been divided between the PRC and ROC.
In the People's Republic of China, every province has a Communist Party of China provincial committee, headed by a secretary beside the two special administrative regions. The committee secretary is in charge of the province, rather than the governor of the provincial government.
wn.com/Province_(China) -
Town of China
When referring to political divisions of China, town is the standard English translation of the Chinese 鎮 (simplified: 镇; pinyin: zhèn; Wade-Giles chen4). It is a fourth-level administrative unit, i.e. one of the units into which counties and districts are divided.
Another common fourth-level unit is the township (乡; pinyin: xiāng); a township is typically smaller in population and more remote than a town (zhèn).
Similarly to a higher-level administrative units, the borders of a town (zhen) would typically include an urban core (what one would call a "town" in Europe or America - a small town with the population on the order of 10,000 people), as well as rural area with some villages (村 cun, or 庄 zhuang).
A typical provincial map would merely show a zhen with a circle centered at its urban area and labeled with its name, while a more detailed one (e.g., the map of Xianning prefecture-level city at its official web site) would also show the borders dividing the county or county-level city into town (镇) and/or township (乡) units.
wn.com/Town_of_China -
Xi'an
Xi'an (Chinese: 西安; pinyin: Xī'ān; Wade–Giles: Hsi-An, also spelled Hsi-an, Hsian, or Sian) is the capital of the Shaanxi province, and a sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China. One of the oldest cities in China, with more than 3,100 years of history, the city was known as Chang'an before the Ming Dynasty. Xi'an is one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, having held the position under several of the most important dynasties in Chinese history, including Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, and Tang. Xi'an is the eastern terminus of the Silk Road and home to the Terracotta Army.
Since the 1990s, as part of the economic revival of interior China especially for the central and northwest regions, the city of Xi'an has re-emerged as an important cultural, industrial and educational centre of the central-northwest region, with facilities for research and development, national security and China's space exploration program. It's now one the most populous metropolitan areas in inland China with more than 8 million inhabitants, including urban parts of Xianyang (Weicheng and Qindu districts).
wn.com/Xi'an -
Xiangyu Railway
The Xiangyang-Chongqing Railway or Xiangyu Railway (襄渝铁路), also known as the Xiangfan-Chongqing Railway and Xiangyu Line (襄渝线), is a single-track electrified railroad in central China between the cities of Xiangyang, formerly known as Xiangfan, and Chongqing. The short form name for Chongqing is Yu (渝) and the railway is named after the two cities. It has a total length of 895.3 km and passes through Hubei, Shaanxi and Sichuan province, and Chongqing municipality. Major cities along route include Shiyan, Ankang, Dazhou and Guang'an.
The Xiangyu Railway is a major transportation route that connects the Sichuan Basin with the Central Plains. It was built from 1964 to 1979, and electrified in three phases from 1980 to 1998. Trains running on the Xiangyu Line can reach top speeds of 100-120 km/h. Construction of a second track began in 2005 and was completed in 2009.
The Second Xiangfan-Chongqing Railway (襄渝二线) is a dual-track electrified railroad line that runs parallel to the Xiangyu Line. This line is only 507 km in length and connects the same cities as the original Xiangyu line. It takes a more direct route through the mountainous terrain with bridges and tunnels, and accommodates faster trains (up to 160 km/h) and a greater carrying capacity. Construction began on August 13, 2005. and was scheduled to be completed by July 2008, but work was slowed by difficulties in bridge and tunnel work which pushed the project 30% over budget. The New Iron Mountain Tunnel (新铁山隧道), 3,347 m length, was completed on April 20, 2007 after 20 months of difficult work, overcoming interior rockslides and carbon monoxide build-up inside the tunnel.
wn.com/Xiangyu_Railway
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xiangyang(襄阳)--- the latest promotional video of xiangyang city襄樊市最新宣传片
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:07
- Updated: 18 Feb 2012
welcome to XIANGYANG hubei China a documentary of xiangyang city ------3186
http://wn.com/xiangyang襄阳--_the_latest_promotional_video_of_xiangyang_city襄樊市最新宣传片
welcome to XIANGYANG hubei China a documentary of xiangyang city ------3186
Shandong single county, Xiangyang Road, speeding, people caught the attention of the scene
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Shandong_single_county,_Xiangyang_Road,_speeding,_people_caught_the_attention_of_the_scene
Couples young man Xiangyang Hotel jumped to
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:52
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Couples_young_man_Xiangyang_Hotel_jumped_to
Master Gong Zhong Xiang- Yang style Taiji Quan Demonstration DVD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 17 May 2012
please visit: shenlongpub.com In this DVD Master Gong Zhong Xiang demonstrates Yang style Taiji Quan that he learned from his teacher- Master Chu Gui Ting (a student of Yang Chen Fu). This is one of 4 DVDs get all 4 DVDs here: shenlongpub.com
http://wn.com/Master_Gong_Zhong_Xiang_Yang_style_Taiji_Quan_Demonstration_DVD
please visit: shenlongpub.com In this DVD Master Gong Zhong Xiang demonstrates Yang style Taiji Quan that he learned from his teacher- Master Chu Gui Ting (a student of Yang Chen Fu). This is one of 4 DVDs get all 4 DVDs here: shenlongpub.com
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 109
- author: Franklin Fick
Taiji warm up: Xiang Yang-He (student of Yang Chien Hou and Yang Shao Hao)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:22
- Updated: 09 Oct 2012
Xiang Yang-He was a disciple of the Yang Family through Yang Chien Hou and Yang Shao Hou. He had influence on Tien Shan Pai teacher Wang Cheuh jen (Nanjin's Central martial arts academy and later on to ROC China Taiwan), who transmitted the teachings to Willy Lin and CC Liu who both reside in Washington DC area. I learned this set at Chinese martial arts Institute in Fairfax Va. from Sifu Burris disciple of Willy Lin and from Johnson Thomas disciple of CC Liu, Johnson was a Taiji coach at Omei Wushu school.
http://wn.com/Taiji_warm_up_Xiang_Yang-He_student_of_Yang_Chien_Hou_and_Yang_Shao_Hao
Xiang Yang-He was a disciple of the Yang Family through Yang Chien Hou and Yang Shao Hou. He had influence on Tien Shan Pai teacher Wang Cheuh jen (Nanjin's Central martial arts academy and later on to ROC China Taiwan), who transmitted the teachings to Willy Lin and CC Liu who both reside in Washington DC area. I learned this set at Chinese martial arts Institute in Fairfax Va. from Sifu Burris disciple of Willy Lin and from Johnson Thomas disciple of CC Liu, Johnson was a Taiji coach at Omei Wushu school.
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 104
- author: Matt Stampe
Xiangyang Lv 19 3 Star Guide Gameplay Walkthrough Three Kingdom Defense 2 Android App
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
nytgamz.com
http://wn.com/Xiangyang_Lv_19_3_Star_Guide_Gameplay_Walkthrough_Three_Kingdom_Defense_2_Android_App
Taiji Qigong: Xiang Yang-He variation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
Xiang Yang-He was a disciple of the Yang Family through Yang Chien Hou and Yang Shao Hou. He had influence on Tien Shan Pai teacher Wang Cheuh jen (Nanjin's Central martial arts academy and later on to ROC China Taiwan), who transmitted the teachings to Willy Lin and CC Liu who both reside in Washington DC area. I learned this set at Chinese martial arts Institute in Fairfax Va. from Sifu Burris disciple of Willy Lin and from Johnson Thomas disciple of CC Liu, Johnson was a Taiji coach at Omei Wushu school.
http://wn.com/Taiji_Qigong_Xiang_Yang-He_variation
Xiang Yang-He was a disciple of the Yang Family through Yang Chien Hou and Yang Shao Hou. He had influence on Tien Shan Pai teacher Wang Cheuh jen (Nanjin's Central martial arts academy and later on to ROC China Taiwan), who transmitted the teachings to Willy Lin and CC Liu who both reside in Washington DC area. I learned this set at Chinese martial arts Institute in Fairfax Va. from Sifu Burris disciple of Willy Lin and from Johnson Thomas disciple of CC Liu, Johnson was a Taiji coach at Omei Wushu school.
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 44
- author: Matt Stampe
Romance of Three Kingdoms XI Speed Run XiangYang [KOEI PC ROTK 11] [三國志11]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:53
- Updated: 01 Oct 2012
No one has posted a speed run for RTK11 to the best of my knowledge. This is part of the clip to be used for the RTK XI "Speed Run". Scenario "Liu Bei in SHU" to be complete in 5 years (211-216AD). www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Romance_of_Three_Kingdoms_XI_Speed_Run_XiangYang_KOEI_PC_ROTK_11_三國志11_
No one has posted a speed run for RTK11 to the best of my knowledge. This is part of the clip to be used for the RTK XI "Speed Run". Scenario "Liu Bei in SHU" to be complete in 5 years (211-216AD). www.youtube.com
- published: 25 Mar 2012
- views: 897
- author: xSimonSteelex
Qu Xiang-Yang Ge In Village: Treasures If Chinese Instrumental Music, Dizi2 (short ver.)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 27 Sep 2012
Artist: Qu Xiang Album: Treasures Of Chinese Instrumental, Dizi BUY iTunes: itunes.apple.com BUY MP3: www.payloadz.com Dizi was called the Horizontal Winds in ancient times. Later on, it was also called the Horizontal Flute. It was told that ZHANG Qian of the Han Emperor Wu (140 to 87 BC) firstly brought back the method of performing the Dizi from the Western Regions out of China to the capital Chang'an. It was clearly showed that from the rubbings of the ancient tombs and murals of Dunhuang of Han dynasty, Dizi was used as musical instrument at least 2000 years in China. Since that on, Chinese people had made long-term practices on performing which developed most of the performing techniques of Dizi. These were reflected in full details on the Book Of Music by CHEN Yang of the Song dynasty, the Meaning Of Lulu (pitch) by ZHU Zai-yu of the Ming dynasty and the book Trend Of Music of the North Korea. Dizi is made with bamboo and has a range of more than two octaves. Along the bamboo, there are one hole for blowing, one hole for the membrane and six holes for the scale. Bangdi is much smaller and the pitch is higher than that of the qudi. These two kinds of Dizi are the main instruments of the ensemble. Besides of opera accompaniment, they are also used as solo instruments and accompaniment for folk songs and dances. Nowadays, there are new reformations on Dizi. In preservation of the traditional six scale holes, there is a mechanic-operated system to be applied for the ...
http://wn.com/Qu_Xiang-Yang_Ge_In_Village_Treasures_If_Chinese_Instrumental_Music,_Dizi2_short_ver
Artist: Qu Xiang Album: Treasures Of Chinese Instrumental, Dizi BUY iTunes: itunes.apple.com BUY MP3: www.payloadz.com Dizi was called the Horizontal Winds in ancient times. Later on, it was also called the Horizontal Flute. It was told that ZHANG Qian of the Han Emperor Wu (140 to 87 BC) firstly brought back the method of performing the Dizi from the Western Regions out of China to the capital Chang'an. It was clearly showed that from the rubbings of the ancient tombs and murals of Dunhuang of Han dynasty, Dizi was used as musical instrument at least 2000 years in China. Since that on, Chinese people had made long-term practices on performing which developed most of the performing techniques of Dizi. These were reflected in full details on the Book Of Music by CHEN Yang of the Song dynasty, the Meaning Of Lulu (pitch) by ZHU Zai-yu of the Ming dynasty and the book Trend Of Music of the North Korea. Dizi is made with bamboo and has a range of more than two octaves. Along the bamboo, there are one hole for blowing, one hole for the membrane and six holes for the scale. Bangdi is much smaller and the pitch is higher than that of the qudi. These two kinds of Dizi are the main instruments of the ensemble. Besides of opera accompaniment, they are also used as solo instruments and accompaniment for folk songs and dances. Nowadays, there are new reformations on Dizi. In preservation of the traditional six scale holes, there is a mechanic-operated system to be applied for the ...
- published: 15 Sep 2012
- views: 31
- author: DomoMusic
Let's Play Romance of the Three Kingdoms X 035: Zhou Yu accidentally takes Xiang Yang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:45
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
In what may be, in retrospect, the goofiest event of the LP, I accidentally attack one of Cao Cao's best-defended front line cities and end up conquering it because I'm too embarassed to load state.
http://wn.com/Let's_Play_Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_X_035_Zhou_Yu_accidentally_takes_Xiang_Yang
In what may be, in retrospect, the goofiest event of the LP, I accidentally attack one of Cao Cao's best-defended front line cities and end up conquering it because I'm too embarassed to load state.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 620
- author: MysteriousJG
Xiangyang Battle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
DS Scenario in Mongol
http://wn.com/Xiangyang_Battle
Oil Rockman landing at xiangyang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 09 Dec 2012
Music by Artist Berlin Song take my breath away !
http://wn.com/Oil_Rockman_landing_at_xiangyang
Music by Artist Berlin Song take my breath away !
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 14
- author: Vichaya Jarounsuk
Xiangyang Building Hotel Chengdu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
go.asianhotelsearch.com Chengdu's Fulo Hotel (Chengdu Kaibinsiji Fandian Fulou) provides excellent facilities for lodging, dining and entertainment, and also offers excellent massage treatments, a teahouse, and is well-equipped for conferences. It is conveniently located on the Second Ring Road, four km from downtown Chengdu, eight km from both the railway station and the California Exhibition Center and 20 km from the airport.
http://wn.com/Xiangyang_Building_Hotel_Chengdu
go.asianhotelsearch.com Chengdu's Fulo Hotel (Chengdu Kaibinsiji Fandian Fulou) provides excellent facilities for lodging, dining and entertainment, and also offers excellent massage treatments, a teahouse, and is well-equipped for conferences. It is conveniently located on the Second Ring Road, four km from downtown Chengdu, eight km from both the railway station and the California Exhibition Center and 20 km from the airport.
- published: 29 Oct 2012
- author: TheChinaHotelsTop
Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:53
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
go.asianhotelsearch.com The Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan offers tennis courts and a fitness centre as well as an indoor pool, conference room(s) and a sauna. The Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan features a business centre, a safe-deposit box and a beauty salon. Guests can sit down and rest in the quiet grounds of the garden. Business amenities include a secretarial service. For an easy and effortless check-in and departure experience, take advantage of the Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan's express check-in/check-out feature. As part of the in-house services, visitors can catch up on work with the PCs available for use. The spacious rooms at the Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan have a safe, a TV and cable / satellite channels. Each includes facilities such as a coffee maker, a refrigerator and a mini bar.
http://wn.com/Celebrity_Xiangyang_Hotel_Xiangfan
go.asianhotelsearch.com The Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan offers tennis courts and a fitness centre as well as an indoor pool, conference room(s) and a sauna. The Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan features a business centre, a safe-deposit box and a beauty salon. Guests can sit down and rest in the quiet grounds of the garden. Business amenities include a secretarial service. For an easy and effortless check-in and departure experience, take advantage of the Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan's express check-in/check-out feature. As part of the in-house services, visitors can catch up on work with the PCs available for use. The spacious rooms at the Celebrity Xiangyang Hotel Xiangfan have a safe, a TV and cable / satellite channels. Each includes facilities such as a coffee maker, a refrigerator and a mini bar.
- published: 09 Oct 2012
- views: 4
- author: TopChinaHotels
Green Tree Inn Chaohu Xiangyang Road
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
go.asianhotelsearch.com With its central location, Green Tree Inn Chaohu Xiangyang Road Hotel is within easy reach of most tourist attractions and business addresses in Chaohu. Each of the 78 well-furnished guestrooms at the hotel ensures a comfortable stay with industry-standard room amenities. Each of the hotel's guestrooms offers satellite/cable TV, internet access â€" LAN, air conditioning. Guests can experience the high standards of comfort while staying at this luxury Chaohu hotel with everything they need right on the site such as business center, restaurant. With elegant facilities and hospitality, guests at this hotel will surely have an impressive stay. To reserve a room at the Green Tree Inn Chaohu Xiangyang Road Hotel, simply select your dates of stay and fill in our secure online booking form.
http://wn.com/Green_Tree_Inn_Chaohu_Xiangyang_Road
go.asianhotelsearch.com With its central location, Green Tree Inn Chaohu Xiangyang Road Hotel is within easy reach of most tourist attractions and business addresses in Chaohu. Each of the 78 well-furnished guestrooms at the hotel ensures a comfortable stay with industry-standard room amenities. Each of the hotel's guestrooms offers satellite/cable TV, internet access â€" LAN, air conditioning. Guests can experience the high standards of comfort while staying at this luxury Chaohu hotel with everything they need right on the site such as business center, restaurant. With elegant facilities and hospitality, guests at this hotel will surely have an impressive stay. To reserve a room at the Green Tree Inn Chaohu Xiangyang Road Hotel, simply select your dates of stay and fill in our secure online booking form.
- published: 12 Oct 2012
- views: 4
- author: TopHotelsChina
Motel 268 Shanghai Xiangyang North Road
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:42
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
go.asianhotelsearch.com Xiangyang Hotel Shanghai is a 3 star business hotel which is located in the center of Shanghai. It is near from Huaihai road, exhibition center, shopping store, etc. There are 53 rooms in the hotel existing in 4 floors such as standard rooms, deluxe rooms, standard suites, etc. Each room with uniquely design and beautiful decorations offers well services, and makes guests feel at home. All rooms provide barreled water for free, high speed internet access, satellite TV set, IDD, DDD, writing table and chair, private bathroom, etc. 1 conference room is enough for guests to convene various meetings. The conference room is installed advanced equipments. It accommodates 40 persons. All kinds of delicious food on the menu daze guests¯ eyes. No matter choosing what kind of food, guests will be succeed satisfied. Customers should check in before 18:00 on the arrival date. Guarantee to valid form of payment is required at booking during the peacetime. Cancel 3 days prior to arrival date through original booking agent or internet channel to avoid penalty of 1 room night No-show fee. Direct cancellation request by phone or fax will NOT be accepted. Early check-out charge-A charge may apply. Late check-out condition if customer checks out between 12 noon and 18pm-half of the daily room rate will be charged, if one checks out after 18pm-the whole day room rate will be charged. During some big events or peak time, the hotel may need the whole room rate as ...
http://wn.com/Motel_268_Shanghai_Xiangyang_North_Road
go.asianhotelsearch.com Xiangyang Hotel Shanghai is a 3 star business hotel which is located in the center of Shanghai. It is near from Huaihai road, exhibition center, shopping store, etc. There are 53 rooms in the hotel existing in 4 floors such as standard rooms, deluxe rooms, standard suites, etc. Each room with uniquely design and beautiful decorations offers well services, and makes guests feel at home. All rooms provide barreled water for free, high speed internet access, satellite TV set, IDD, DDD, writing table and chair, private bathroom, etc. 1 conference room is enough for guests to convene various meetings. The conference room is installed advanced equipments. It accommodates 40 persons. All kinds of delicious food on the menu daze guests¯ eyes. No matter choosing what kind of food, guests will be succeed satisfied. Customers should check in before 18:00 on the arrival date. Guarantee to valid form of payment is required at booking during the peacetime. Cancel 3 days prior to arrival date through original booking agent or internet channel to avoid penalty of 1 room night No-show fee. Direct cancellation request by phone or fax will NOT be accepted. Early check-out charge-A charge may apply. Late check-out condition if customer checks out between 12 noon and 18pm-half of the daily room rate will be charged, if one checks out after 18pm-the whole day room rate will be charged. During some big events or peak time, the hotel may need the whole room rate as ...
- published: 19 Oct 2012
- views: 2
- author: ChinaHotelsTop
Example for festival scene editor in chief Zhu Xiangyang worked up about the elderly to find an ambulance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Example_for_festival_scene_editor_in_chief_Zhu_Xiangyang_worked_up_about_the_elderly_to_find_an_ambulance
GreenTree Inn Huaibei Xiangyang Road
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:54
- Updated: 12 Oct 2012
go.asianhotelsearch.com The GreenTree Inn Huaibei Xiangyang Road is perfectly located for both business and leisure guests to Huaibei. The GreenTree Inn Huaibei Xiangyang Road boasts a convenient location with modern amenities in every guestroom and superb service. Each of the hotel's guestrooms offers air conditioning, daily newspaper, desk, hair dryer, ironing board. Services and amenities available for guests at this Huaibei accommodation consist of 24hr room service, elevator, laundry service/dry cleaning, meeting facilities, restaurant, room service. The hotel creates a balance of rich culture and modern convinience to ensure you a memorable stay. Please complete our secure online booking form by entering your period of stay.
http://wn.com/GreenTree_Inn_Huaibei_Xiangyang_Road
go.asianhotelsearch.com The GreenTree Inn Huaibei Xiangyang Road is perfectly located for both business and leisure guests to Huaibei. The GreenTree Inn Huaibei Xiangyang Road boasts a convenient location with modern amenities in every guestroom and superb service. Each of the hotel's guestrooms offers air conditioning, daily newspaper, desk, hair dryer, ironing board. Services and amenities available for guests at this Huaibei accommodation consist of 24hr room service, elevator, laundry service/dry cleaning, meeting facilities, restaurant, room service. The hotel creates a balance of rich culture and modern convinience to ensure you a memorable stay. Please complete our secure online booking form by entering your period of stay.
- published: 12 Oct 2012
- views: 7
- author: TopHotelsChina
Hanting Inn Xiangyang Road Shanghai
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
go.asianhotelsearch.com The Hanting Express (Xiangyang Road Branch) (Hanting Kuaijie Jiudian, Shanghai Xiangyanglu Dian) is situated in the downtown area, just fifteen miniutes' walk from Huaihai Road and three kilometers from People's Square. Guests can reach Metro Line 1 and 9 easily. Comfortable and delicate guestrooms ranging are available. Quality bedding makes guests' stay comfortable. Guests can also enjoy a wide selection of TV channels. The on-site commercial club provides computers with internet access, magazines, coffee and tea. Guests spending time here may feel as if in their own studies.
http://wn.com/Hanting_Inn_Xiangyang_Road_Shanghai
go.asianhotelsearch.com The Hanting Express (Xiangyang Road Branch) (Hanting Kuaijie Jiudian, Shanghai Xiangyanglu Dian) is situated in the downtown area, just fifteen miniutes' walk from Huaihai Road and three kilometers from People's Square. Guests can reach Metro Line 1 and 9 easily. Comfortable and delicate guestrooms ranging are available. Quality bedding makes guests' stay comfortable. Guests can also enjoy a wide selection of TV channels. The on-site commercial club provides computers with internet access, magazines, coffee and tea. Guests spending time here may feel as if in their own studies.
- published: 13 Oct 2012
- views: 3
- author: TopHotelsChina
Romance of the Three Kingdoms XI (PC) Assault On Xiangyang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:58
- Updated: 03 Oct 2012
This is an update on the Magnificent Ones of SoSZ. The video features Vice Commander of the South, Gao Yin, leading an assault on Xiangyang. He is joined by Luo Rong-shi, Wu Jiyu, and Wu Furen as well as two other key generals.
http://wn.com/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_XI_PC_Assault_On_Xiangyang
This is an update on the Magnificent Ones of SoSZ. The video features Vice Commander of the South, Gao Yin, leading an assault on Xiangyang. He is joined by Luo Rong-shi, Wu Jiyu, and Wu Furen as well as two other key generals.
- published: 02 Oct 2012
- views: 10
- author: YiZhuanyong
2012 Tour of China I Tranfer:Shangluo-Xiangyang 轉場日
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:44
- Updated: 02 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/2012_Tour_of_China_I_TranferShangluo-Xiangyang_轉場日
Hotel Crowne Plaza Xiangfan Xiangyang China
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Updated: 10 Dec 2012
Hotel Crowne Plaza Xiangfan Xiangyang China
http://wn.com/Hotel_Crowne_Plaza_Xiangfan_Xiangyang_China
ROCH 2006 battle for Xiangyang part 1.wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 13 Jul 2012
神雕侠侣/ Shen Diao Xia Lu or Return of the Condor Hero 2006. The Final battle for Xiangyang between the Chinese and Mongol forces. Part 1 of 4. Part 1 www.youtube.com Part 2 www.youtube.com Part 3 www.youtube.com Part 4 www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/ROCH_2006_battle_for_Xiangyang_part_1wmv
神雕侠侣/ Shen Diao Xia Lu or Return of the Condor Hero 2006. The Final battle for Xiangyang between the Chinese and Mongol forces. Part 1 of 4. Part 1 www.youtube.com Part 2 www.youtube.com Part 3 www.youtube.com Part 4 www.youtube.com
- published: 16 Jul 2010
- views: 973
- author: mrfriendlyguy
photo: AP / Manu Brabo
13 Dec 2012
MOSCOW, December 13 (RIA Novosti) – Syrian rebels behind the kidnapping of Ukrainian journalist Ankhar Kochneva have released a video threatening more attacks on Russians and Ukrainians, as a deadline for her execution approaches on Thursday. Kochneva, a 40-year-old Ukrainian citizen, was abducted in October by Syrian rebels as she traveled to the city of Homs, and has been held there by them since, they claim ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
13 Dec 2012
The head of the internet giant Google has defiantly defended his company’s tax avoidance strategy claiming he was “proud” of the steps it had taken to cut its tax bill which were just “capitalism”. In an interview in New York Eric Schmidt, Google’s Chairman, confirmed the company had no intention of paying more to the UK exchequer ... “I am very proud of the structure that we set up ... ” ....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: UN / Eric Kanalstein
11 Dec 2012
Afghan women victims of violence are still being failed by the justice system, according to a new UN report. Although there had been some progress in implementing a 2009 anti-violence law, overall use of the law "remained low", the report says. Cultural pressures and inconsistent police practices are hampering implementation of the law, it added ... 'Tip of the iceberg' ... Afghan victims of sexual abuse rarely speak out ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
11 Dec 2012
The death toll brought about by typhoon “Pablo” continued to rise with 714 persons confirmed dead by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) yesterday while those missing ballooned to 890 as massive search, retrieval and relief operations continue in the typhoon-ravaged areas in Mindanao ... 4 ... They were subsequently brought to Caraga Regional Hospital ... (NHMFC) (P100,000) ... With AFP ....(size: 5.4Kb)
photo: AP / Francois Mori
13 Dec 2012
Sami al-Saadi, wife and four children were secretly flown from Hong Kong to Tripoli where he was tortured by Gaddafi police. Libyan dissident Sami al-Saadi in Tripoli in October 2011. Photograph. Marco Longari/AFP ... Having sought for years to avoid the agents of the Libyan dictator, Sami al-Saadi was forced on board a plane in Hong Kong with his wife and four young children in a joint UK-US-Libyan operation ... Saadi said on Thursday ... He said....(size: 5.9Kb)
noodls
06 Dec 2012
, Siemens PLM Technology to Help Tri-Ring Group Enhance Digital Design and Manufacturing ... NX is a leading integrated solution for computer-aided design, manufacturing and engineering analysis (CAD/CAM/CAE) developed by Siemens' product lifecycle management (PLM) business unit ... Tri-Ring Co., Ltd, and Xiangyang Automobile Bearings Co., Ltd, and is a leading enterprise in the machinery and automotive industry of Hubei ... Note ... Yao Yuning ... 212....(size: 6.6Kb)
noodls
05 Dec 2012
Sany Heavy Industry will invest 100 million yuan ($16.67 million) to build a machinery remanufacturing base in Yibin, Sichuan province ... Reporters from National Business Daily said the company has participated in at least 11 remanufacturing programs in Quzhou, Zhejiang province; Lu'an, Anhui province; Xiangyang, Hubei province; Qianan, Hebei province; and the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region ... distributed by ... (noodl. 16844546) ....(size: 4.6Kb)
noodls
05 Dec 2012
, Siemens PLM Technology to Help Tri-Ring Group Enhance Digital Design and Manufacturing ... NX is a leading integrated solution for computer-aided design, manufacturing and engineering analysis (CAD/CAM/CAE) developed by Siemens' product lifecycle management (PLM) business unit ... Tri-Ring Co., Ltd, and Xiangyang Automobile Bearings Co., Ltd, and is a leading enterprise in the machinery and automotive industry of Hubei ... Note ... Yao Yuning ... 212....(size: 7.4Kb)
StreetInsider
04 Dec 2012
IBM) and the Xiangyang city government to co-build an IBM Central China Cloud Computing Center of Excellence (CCoE) in the city of Xiangyang in China's Hubei province. As a sub-center city in Hubei, Xiangyang has become one of China's largest automotive ......(size: 1.4Kb)
Stockhouse
04 Dec 2012
ISS), a leading China-based IT services provider, today announced that it has signed an agreement with IBM and the Xiangyang city government to co-build an IBM Central China Cloud Computing Center of Excellence (CCoE) in the city of Xiangyang in China's Hubei province. As a sub-center city in Hubei, Xiangyang has become one of China's largest ......(size: 2.3Kb)
noodls
22 Nov 2012
Pedestrians walk in rain on a path covered with fallen leaves at Xiangyang Park yesterday. Shanghai's temperature is expected to drop to as low as 5 degrees Celsius overnight tonight, though a cold front passing through the city may not be strong enough to mark winter's start ... The cold front is expected to arrive in the city overnight ... distributed by ... (noodl. 16696700) ....(size: 2.7Kb)
noodls
20 Nov 2012
The sites related to Zhejiang are as follows.. Grand Canal (Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Shandong and Henan). China¡¯s city walls in Ming and Qing Dynasty. Xincheng City Wall, Nanjing City Wall, Linhai Taizhou City Wall, Shou County City Wall, Fengyang City Wall, Jingzhou City Wall, Xiangyang City Wall and Xi¡¯an City Wall....(size: 2.4Kb)
Caixin Online
14 Nov 2012
China's health care system is failing to keep pace with a rising tide of depression, yet public awareness is rising as well. By staff reporter Wang Cheng, Zan Xin and Zhang Jin. A therapist offering treatment to a patient at a mental health center in Qingdao ... Housewife Liang Xiangyang in Beijing struggled for years with an unsympathetic husband who refused to believe doctors who diagnosed her depression ... for his services ... Falling Behind ... ....(size: 3.9Kb)
PR Newswire
14 Nov 2012
Google. , Nov ... China Electric Bicycle Industry Report, 2012-2015 ... They tend to establish production bases closer to the consumer market, and Shangqiu, and Xiangyang, are expected to become new manufacturing bases of electric bicycle ... Its production base, which is located in Xiangyang, and boasts annual capacity of 2 million electric bicycles, was officially put into operation in June 2011 ... Table of Contents. 1 ... 2.2 Japanese Market ... 3....(size: 16.2Kb)
Taipei Times
13 Nov 2012
The life insurer, Shin Kong Financial Holding Coâs (æ°å éæ§) flagship subsidiary, offered NT$1.62 billion (US$55.66 million) for the 11-story building on the intersection of Xiangyang Rd (è¥é½) and Chongqing South Rd (éæ ¶åè·¯), the property consultancy said ... If measured by land alone, the insurer offered NT$9.81 million per ping for the plot measuring 163.05 ping on which the building sits, Kao added. SAFE BET ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
Stuff
12 Nov 2012
In a tiny dark room, in nasty yellow pyjamas, I'm being pummelled and wrenched about by a small, wiry man who speaks no English. My yelps of pain need no translation. They call this torture Chinese massage ... Next morning in Xiangyang Park women line-dance to Finiculi Funicula or perform tai chi, while two men practise a strange form of non-boxing involving close-up, rapidly moving entanglements of their forearms ... Ad Feedback. ....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
30 Oct 2012
Date. 30/10/2012. Ref. PR 3875 ... This marks an important commitment by both sides and will highlight the importance of such missions. Cllr Box said ... There is a huge potential for UK colleges in China, and the opportunity to initiate a relationship with the college in Xiangyang was useful ... Located in central China with a population of around 6 million, Xiangyang has a good road and air links with both Shanghai and Beijing ... distributed by....(size: 3.9Kb)
For other uses, see Xiangyang (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Xianyang.
| Xiangyang 襄阳 |
|
|---|---|
| — Prefecture-level city — | |
| 襄阳市 | |
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.png) |
|
 Xiangyang
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| Coordinates: 32°01′01″N 112°07′59″E / 32.017°N 112.133°E / 32.017; 112.133Coordinates: 32°01′01″N 112°07′59″E / 32.017°N 112.133°E / 32.017; 112.133 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hubei |
| County-level divisions | 8 |
| Township-level divisions | 159 |
| City Seat | Xiangcheng District |
| Area | |
| • Total | 19,700 km2 (7,600 sq mi) |
| Population (2007) | |
| • Total | 5,820,000 |
| • Density | 300/km2 (770/sq mi) |
| Time zone | China Standard (UTC+8) |
| Area code(s) | 710 |
| GDP 2007 | ¥78.545 billion |
| GDP per capita 2007 | ¥14478 |
| License Plate Prefix | 鄂F |
Xiangyang (simplified Chinese: 襄阳; traditional Chinese: 襄陽; pinyin: Xiāngyáng) is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hubei province, People's Republic of China. It was formed from two famous ancient cities, Xiangyang and Fancheng. It was known as Xiangfan (襄樊;; pinyin: Xiāngfán) until December 2, 2010.[1]
Contents |
Administration[link]
The prefecture-level city of Xiangyang administers 9 county-level divisions, including 3 districts, 3 county-level cities and 3 counties.
Xiangyang city is divided by the Han River, which runs through its heart and divides the city north-south. The city itself is an incorporation of two once separate, ancient cities: Fancheng and Xiangzhou. What remains of old Xianyang is located south of the Han River and contains one of the oldest still-intact city walls in China while Fancheng was located to the north of the Han River. Both cities served prominent historical roles in both the Ancient and Pre-Modern Periods of Chinese history. Today, the city is the second largest in Hubei, located about halfway between Wuhan and Xi'an. Xiangyang has an urban population of around 466,000 while its outlying county contains approximately 5,787,700 people.
The government website of Xiangyang City (襄陽市): http://www.xf.gov.cn/
- Xiangzhou District (襄州区: Xiangyang Govn't Website:http://www.hbxy.gov.cn/
- Xiangcheng District (襄城区)
- Fancheng District (樊城区)
- Zaoyang City (枣阳市)
- Yicheng City (宜城市)
- Laohekou City (老河口市)
- Nanzhang County (南漳县)
- Gucheng County (谷城县)
- Baokang County (保康县)
These are further divided into 159 township-level divisions, including 106 towns, 29 townships and 24 subdistricts.
History[link]
Xiangfan is a famous national-level historical[citation needed] and cultural[citation needed] city in China, with a history of over 2800 years. It was the location of major battles during the Three Kingdoms period in 191 A.D. between Sun Jian and Liu Biao and in 1267-1273 A.D. between the Southern Song and the Mongols.
Its major scenic spots and cultural sites include Xiangyang City Moat, the Pseudo-classic Street,[clarification needed] Ancient Longzhong, Memorial Temple to Mi Fu, Lumen Temple.
The wall of Xiangfan city is very old, but the condition is fine now. The region's premier tourist attractions are Dahongshan scenic area and some historical relics, including the Lumenshan relic, the Zhanggongci Temple, the Cheng' en Monastery, and the Baishui Monastery.
Geography[link]
Xiangyang has a monsoon-influenced, four season humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with cold, damp (but comparatively dry), winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly daily averages range from 2.6 °C (36.7 °F) in January to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in July, with an annual mean temperature of 15.5 °C (59.9 °F). Humidity tends to be high year-round, exacerbating temperature extremes, though rainfall is noticeably greater during the summer months.
| Climate data for Laohekou (1971−2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 7.6 (45.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
21.7 (71.1) |
26.9 (80.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.1 (89.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
10.2 (50.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.8 (40.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
0.5 (32.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 21.4 (0.843) |
28.3 (1.114) |
51.7 (2.035) |
68.3 (2.689) |
87.9 (3.461) |
99.1 (3.902) |
120.6 (4.748) |
131.5 (5.177) |
94.9 (3.736) |
70.4 (2.772) |
42.2 (1.661) |
18.4 (0.724) |
834.7 (32.862) |
| % humidity | 74 | 72 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 75 | 82 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 76.1 |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.3 | 7.2 | 10.1 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 11.1 | 12.5 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 8.0 | 5.5 | 117.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105.3 | 105.1 | 124.3 | 159.2 | 180.0 | 179.8 | 184.3 | 187.6 | 140.3 | 143.8 | 129.7 | 122.4 | 1,761.8 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration | |||||||||||||
Economy[link]
Xiangyang possesses large water energy resources whilst its mineral deposits include rutile, ilmenite, phosphorus, barite, coal, iron, aluminum, gold, manganese, nitre, and rock salt. The reserves of rutile and ilmenite rank highly in China. Textile production is the mainstay industry of Xiangfan followed by machinery manufacture, chemical processing, electronics, and manufacture of construction materials. Agricultural resources are significant with Xiangfan's chief farm products including grain, cotton, vegetable oil crops, tobacco, tea and fruit. As the home of Dongfeng Motors, Xiangfan is a well known automobile hub. In addition, there are a number of chemical fibre enterprises in the city including Birla Jingwei Fibres, a member of the Aditya Birla Group.
Transportation[link]
Rail and highway transportation facilities in Xiangfan are very good. Xiangfan is a railway junction for the Xiangfan-Chongqing (Xiangyu), Hankou-Danjiangkou (Handan), and Jiaozuo-Liuzhou (Jiaoliu) Railways. Three National Highways including Route 207 pass through the city. The Han River and four other rivers are open to commercial navigation year-round. The Xiangfan Airport has commercial airline service to major cities throughout China including Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.
References[link]
- ^ "湖北省襄樊市更名为襄阳市(图)" (in Simplified Chinese). 163.com. 2010-12-02. http://news.163.com/10/1202/17/6MTQ6F9V00014JB5.html. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Xiangfan |
- Government website of Xiangyang (in Simplified Chinese)
- Exploring Chinese History: Geographical Database Entry
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http://wn.com/Xiangyang
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http://cs.wn.com/Siang-jang
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangyang
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) |
| Yang Jian | |
|---|---|
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| Reign | 4 March 581–13 August 604 (&1000000000000002300000023 years, &10000000000000162000000162 days) |
| Successor | Emperor Yang |
| Spouse | Dugu Qieluo, Empress Wen Xian 文獻皇后獨孤伽羅 Consort Chen, concubine 宣華夫人陳氏 Consort Chai, concubine 容華夫人蔡氏 Consort Yuchi, concubine |
| Issue | |
| Yang Lihua, Empress Tianyuan of Northern Zhou Yang Yong, Prince Fangling Yang Guang, Emperor Yang Yang Jun, Prince Xiao of Qin Yang Xiu, Prince of Shu Yang Awu, Princess Lanling Yang Liang, Prince of Han Princess Xiangguo Princess Guangping Princess Wanan, Duchess of Chen |
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| Full name | |
| Family name: Yang (楊, Yáng) Given name: Jian (堅, Jiān) |
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| Era dates | |
| Kāihuáng 開皇 (581–600) Rénshòu 仁壽 (601–604) |
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| Posthumous name | |
| Wen (文, wén) literary meaning: "civil" |
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| Temple name | |
| Gaozu (高祖, gāo zǔ) | |
| Father | Yang Zhong, Duke of Sui[1] |
| Mother | Lü Gutao |
| Born | 21 July 541 Chang'an, Northern Zhou |
| Died | 13 August 604 Renshou Palace, Baoji, Sui China |
Emperor Wen of Sui (21 July 541 – 13 August 604) — personal name Yang Jian (楊堅), Xianbei name Puliuru Jian (普六茹堅), nickname Naluoyan (那羅延) — was the founder and first emperor of China's Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD). He was a hard-working administrator and a micromanager. As a Buddhist, he encouraged the spread of Buddhism through the state. He is regarded as one of the most important emperors in Chinese history, reunifying China in 589 after centuries of division since the fall of Western Jin Dynasty in 316. During his reign began the construction of the Grand Canal.
As a Northern Zhou official, Yang Jian served with apparent distinction during the reigns of Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou and Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou. When the erratic Emperor Xuan died in 580, Yang, as his father-in-law, seized power as regent. After defeating the general Yuchi Jiong, who resisted him, he seized the throne for himself, establishing the new Sui Dynasty (as its Emperor Wen). He was the first Chinese to rule North China after the Xianbei invasion which conquered that area from the Liu Song dynasty (not counting the brief reconquest of that region by Emperor Wu of Liang).
Generally speaking, Emperor Wen's reign was a great period of prosperity not seen since the Han Dynasty. Economically, the dynasty prospered. It was said that there was enough food stored for 50 years. The military was also powerful. At the beginning of his reign, Sui faced the threat of Tujue to the north, and neighbored Tibetan tribes to the west, Goguryeo in the northeast, and the kingdom known as Champa threatening the south. By the end of Emperor Wen's reign, Tujue had split into an eastern and a western kaganate, the eastern one being nominally submissive to Sui, as was Goguryeo. Linyi was defeated and, while not conquered, did not remain a threat.
Emperor Wen is also famous for having the fewest number of concubines for an adult Chinese emperor. (The Ming Dynasty Hongzhi Emperor was the only perpetually monogamous Chinese emperor.) Emperor Wen was known for having only two concubines (although he might have had additional concubines not documented by traditional historians), with whom he might not have had sexual relations until after the death in 602 of his wife Empress Dugu Qieluo, whom he loved and respected deeply. Emperor Taizong of Tang, by comparison, is said to have had over 3000 concubines in his palaces.
Contents |
Background[link]
Yang Jian's clan was descended from Xue Shan (薛善), the mayor of the capital Chang'an. In 555, on account of Yang Zhong's accomplishments, Yang Jian received several official ranks, including the title of the Duke of Chengji (成紀縣公). In 557, Dugu Xin, impressed with Yang Jian, gave Yang Jian his daughter Dugu Qieluo as his wife. He was 16, and she was 13. He loved her greatly, and it was said that he swore an oath to her that he would never let another woman have his children. They would eventually have five sons and at least three daughters.
After Yuwen Tai's son Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou came to the throne later that year, Yang Jian was made the vice minister of internal affairs, and he was created the greater title of Duke of Daxing (大興郡公). Subsequently, during the reign of Emperor Ming's brother Emperor Wu, Yang Jian was further promoted in military authority. After Yang Zhong's death in 568, he inherited the title of Duke of Sui. In 573, Emperor Wu took Yang Jian's daughter Yang Lihua to be the wife and crown princess of his son Yuwen Yun the Crown Prince, and further honored Yang Jian. It was said that, however, that Yang Jian was so unusual in his appearance that some of Emperor Wu's close associates suspected Yang Jian of eventually harboring treasonous intent. Both Emperor Wu's brother Yuwen Xian the Prince of Qi and the general Wang Gui (王軌) were said to have suggested that Emperor Wu execute Yang Jian, but Emperor Wu resisted. Still, Yang Jian heard rumors and tried to hide his own talent to avoid trouble. It was not until 575 when Emperor Wu involved Yang Jian in a major campaign against rival Northern Qi. Yang Jian also participated in the 576-577 campaign that saw Emperor Wu being able to destroy Northern Qi and seize its territory.
In 578, Emperor Wu died, and Yuwen Yun took the throne as Emperor Xuan. Emperor Xuan immediately began to show erratic behavior, and while he created Yang Jian's daughter Crown Princess Yang empress, he suspected Yang Jian deeply, although he made Yang Jian the minister of defense. In 579, Emperor Xuan passed the throne to his young son Yuwen Chan (by his concubine Consort Zhu Manyue) (as Emperor Jing) and became retired emperor (with the atypical title of "Emperor Tianyuan" (Tianyuan Huangdi), but continued to exercise imperial powers. On one occasion, he became so suspicious of Yang Jian that he stated to Empress Yang, "I will surely slaughter your clan!" He then summoned Yang Jian to the palace, with instructions to kill him if his expressions betrayed any worries, but Yang Jian arrived without showing any unusual emotions, and so avoided being killed. On another occasion, Empress Yang displeased Emperor Xuan, and Emperor Xuan ordered her to commit suicide. When Duchess Dugu heard this, she went to the palace to beg Emperor Xuan's forgiveness, and Emperor Xuan eventually spared Empress Yang.
As regent[link]
In summer 580, with Emperor Xuan intending to conquer Chen Dynasty, he sent Yang Jian to be the commandant at Yang Province (揚州, roughly modern Lu'an, Anhui) to prepare for the campaign against Chen. Before Yang Jian could depart, however, Emperor Xuan suddenly grew seriously ill. Two of Emperor Xuan's close associates, Liu Fang (劉昉) and Zheng Yi (鄭譯), who were friends of Yang's, summoned Yang to the palace to prepare to serve as regent, overriding the desire of another closet associate, Yan Zhiyi (顏之儀), to have Emperor Xuan's uncle Yuwen Zhao (宇文招) the Prince of Zhao appointed regent. Emperor Xuan soon died, and Zheng and Liu issued an edict in Emperor Xuan's name appointing Yang regent.
Yang immediately pleased the officials at the capital by abolishing the wastefulness and cruel policies of Emperor Xuan, and he himself demonstrated both hard work and frugality, which impressed the people. Fearful of the intentions of the general Yuchi Jiong, who was then the commandant at Xiang Province (相州, roughly modern Handan, Hebei), he summoned Yuchi back to the capital. Yuchi, however, refused, and believing that Yang's intentions were to usurp the throne, rose at Xiang Province against Yang. He was supported by the generals Sima Xiaonan (司馬消難), the commandant at Xun Province (勛州, roughly modern Xiaogan, Hubei) and Wang Qian (王謙), the commandant at Yi Province (益州, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan). However, just 68 days after Yuchi rose in rebellion, the general Wei Xiaokuan defeated Yuchi, and Yuchi committed suicide. Wang was also soon defeated, and Sima fled to Chen. To prevent Yuchi's headquarters at Yecheng to be used again as a base of opposition against him, Yang Jian had Yecheng (Northern Qi's old capital) torn down.
During Yuchi's campaign, Yuwen Zhao made an attempt to assassinate Yang, but failed. In response, Yang put Yuwen Zhao and his brother Yuwen Sheng (宇文盛) the Prince of Yue to death, and after Yuchi was defeated, he began to slaughter the Yuwen clan in earnest. He also had Emperor Jing promote his titles quickly, and he changed his surname back to Yang. Around the new year 581, his title was promoted to Prince of Sui 隨王). In spring 581, he had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing Sui Dynasty, as its Emperor Wen. (His use of "Sui" as his new dynasty name was typical of Chinese historical dynastic transitions—using the old fief name as the new dynasty's name—but he, believing that the character for his fief Sui (隨) to contain a "辶" radical, denoting "walking" and therefore a lack of permanence in the regime, removed "辶" from the character, rendering it "隋".)
[edit] Early Kaihuang era
Emperor Wen abolished Northern Zhou's governmental organization of six departments, instead establishing five main bureaus—executive bureau (Shangshu Sheng (尚書省)), examination bureau (Menxia Sheng (門下省)), legislative bureau (Neishǐ Sheng (內史省)), archival bureau (Mishu Sheng (秘書省)), and eunuch bureau (Neishì Sheng (內侍省—note different tone and character versus 'legislative bureau')), with two additional independent agencies, 11 other independent departments, and 12 military commands. He posthumously honored his father Yang Zhong and mother Lady Lu as emperor and empress. He created his wife Duchess Dugu empress and their oldest son Yang Yong crown prince; he created his brothers and his other sons imperial princes. He initially created Northern Zhou's Emperor Jing the Duke of Jie, but soon slaughtered all grandsons of Yuwen Tai, and eventually put the Duke of Jie to death as well. He entrusted most of the important governmental matters to his officials Gao Jiong, Yang Su, and Su Wei. Agreeing with some officials' assertions that Northern Zhou fell because its imperial princes lacked power to protect the central government, he sent his sons out to key provinces with broad powers. He further commissioned the official Pei Zheng (裴政) to carry out a project of simplifying the penal code and decrease the penalty from the harsh laws—a reform that was later largely accepted by the succeeding dynasties.
Emperor Wen did not maintain as submissive of a relationship with Tujue, which brought resentment from Tujue's Shabolüe Khan Ashina Shetu, and Ashina Shetu's wife, Northern Zhou's Princess Qianjin (Yuwen Zhao's daughter) particularly hated Emperor Wen for destroying Northern Zhou. Ashina Shetu therefore carried out a series of border attacks against Sui, allied with Gao Baoning (高寶寧), the former Northern Qi general who was still holding Ying Province (營州, roughly modern Zhaoyang, Liaoning). In response, Emperor Wen, under advice from the general Zhangsun Sheng (長孫晟), Emperor Wen carried out the strategy of placating Ashina Shetu's subordinate khans—his uncle Datou Khan Ashina Dianjue (阿史那玷厥), cousin Abo Khan Ashina Daxianbian (阿史那大暹便), and brother Ashina Chuluohou (阿史那處羅侯) – to create dissension within Tujue, and gradually, the strategy worked, causing Tujue to be unable to take unified actions against Sui.
In 581, Emperor Wen commissioned a major attack on Chen, and while it was initially successful, Emperor Wen withdrew the attack in spring 582 after hearing that Emperor Xuan of Chen had died and believing it wrongful to attack a state whose emperor had just died.
In 582, believing that Chang'an was too small of a city, Emperor Wen built a new capital nearby, which he named Daxing, and in spring 583 he moved the capital to Daxing. (From that point forward, Daxing and Chang'an became interchangeable names, although by the time of succeeding Tang Dynasty, the new capital was known again just as Chang'an.)
Also in 582, Emperor Wen, thankful for the refusal by the vassal Emperor Ming of Western Liang to support Yuchi Jiong in 580, withdrew his forces from Western Liang's capital Jiangling, permitting Western Liang a degree of self-governance. He also took Emperor Ming's daughter as the wife and princess to his son, Yang Guang the Prince of Jin. (After Emperor Ming's death in 585 and succession by his son Emperor Jing of Western Liang, however, Emperor Wen reestablished the post of commandant of Jiangling and again put Western Liang territory under military control.)
By spring 583, Tujue's internal dissension had become serious enough that Emperor Wen felt comfortable enough to commission his brother Yang Shuang (楊爽) the Prince of Wei to command a major attack against Ashina Shetu. Yang Shuang achieved a great victory, and part of his army, commanded by the general Yin Shou (陰壽), defeated Gao, forcing Gao to try to flee to the Qidan, but on the way, Gao was killed by his own subordinates, ending the very last bit of Northern Qi resistance. After the defeat, the various subordinate khans further engaged in battles among themselves and against Ashina Shetu, with Sui watching by, refusing to give aid to any side. By 584, Ashina Shetu submitted to Sui, and even the resentful Princess Qianjin referred to Emperor Wen as "father." He created her the Princess Dayi.
In summer 584, believing that the Wei River, on account of its sandbars and treacherous waters, was becoming too difficult of a route for food transport to Daxing, commissioned the official Yuwen Kai (宇文愷) to construct a canal between Daxing and Tong Pass, parallel to the Wei River, named the Guangtong Canal (廣通渠), greatly easing the transport of food and other supplies to the capital region Guanzhong. Nevertheless, on account of a famine in Guanzhong in fall 584, Emperor Wen briefly took up residence in Luoyang.
In 586, the officials Liang Shiyan (梁士彥) the Duke of Cheng, Yuwen Xin (宇文忻) the Duke of Qi, and Liu Fang the Duke of Shu—all three of whom were friends of Emperor Wen but all of whom believed that they had been slighted by Emperor Wen—were accused of plotting rebellion, and all three were executed.
In spring 587, continuing his canal-building regime, Emperor Wen built the Shanyang Canal (山陽瀆) between the Yangtze River and the Huai River to improve the transport of material between those two rivers.
In fall 587, Emperor Wen summoned Western Liang's Emperor Jing to Chang'an to meet him. Emperor Jing complied with the direction. While Emperor Jing was away, however, Emperor Wen, believing that Jiangling would not be guarded well, sent his general Cui Hongdu (崔弘度) to Jiangling. Emperor Jing's uncle Xiao Yan (蕭巖) the Prince of Anping and Xiao Huan (蕭瓛) the Prince of Yixing instead believed that Cui was intending to attack the city, and they took the populace of the city and surrendered to the Chen general Chen Huiji (陳慧紀), the cousin to Chen's emperor Chen Shubao. In response, Emperor Wen abolished Western Liang, directly seizing its territory, while creating Emperor Jing the Duke of Ju. Emperor Wen, who had been planning to conquer Chen for years, now further enhanced his planning in earnest. In spring 588, Emperor Wen publicly announced a campaign against Chen, commanded by Yang Guang, another of his sons Yang Jun the Prince of Qin, and Yang Su, with Yang Guang in overall command. Gao Jiong served as Yang Guang's assistant.
In spring 589, the Sui general Heruo Bi (賀若弼) crossed the Yangtze at Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), and the Sui general Han Qinhu (韓擒虎) crossed the Yangtze at Caishi (采石, in modern Ma'anshan, Anhui). Meanwhile, Yang Su was advancing from the west down the Yangtze, and Yang Jun was stationed in the middle Yangtze region, cutting off any Chen forces that might have been able to come to the aid of Chen's capital Jiankang. Heruo soon defeated and captured the Chen general Xiao Mohe, who was making a final attempt to repel Heruo and Han's forces from Jiankang, and Jiankang fell immediately after. Chen Shubao was captured but not harmed. Rather, he and his clan members were transported to Chang'an, where Emperor Wen treated them as honored guests. Some Chen generals briefly resisted, but soon the Sui had control. The Southern and Northern Dynasties period was over, and Sui had united China. Much as how he had torn down Yecheng after Yuchi defeat, Emperor Wen tore down Jiankang, establishing only a minor garrison at the nearby Shitou as Jiang Province (蔣州).
[edit] Late Kaihuang era
In 590, apparently jealous of the talent of the official Li Delin, who had been key in his takeover of power as regent and who had contributed to the strategies in conquering Chen, Emperor Wen, believing in several false accusations against Li, removed Li from his office and made him a provincial governor. Li would not return to the central government for the rest of his life.
After Chen was conquered, Sui began to apply its laws over Chen's former territory—which brought resentment from the gentry, as they had been treated preferencially under Chen and its predecessor dynasties in the south. Su Wei further wrote a work known as the Five Teachings (五教, Wu Jiao) which is no longer extant but thought to be a work about loyalty to Sui and ordered that all former Chen subjects read and memorize it, leading to further resentment. When a rumor spread that Sui would move Chen subjects into the Guanzhong region in 590, nearly all of former Chen realm rose in rebellion, but in an unorganized manner. Emperor Wen sent Yang Su to quell the rebellions, and the rebels were no match for Yang Su; within the year, the rebellions were put down.
In 591, Tuyuhun sought peace and, as per custom, its khan Murong Shifu (慕容世伏) offered his daughter to be a concubine for Emperor Wen. Emperor Wen accepted the peace offer but declined the offer of Murong Shifu's daughter. (It was, however, around this time that he did take Chen Shubao's sister and another woman from Jiankang, Consort Cai, as concubines, although it appeared likely that Consort Cai was never able to have sexual relations with Emperor Wen while Empress Dugu was alive; Consort Chen, as the sister of a submissive former sovereign, might have had sexual relations with Emperor Wen on an infrequent basis, but it is not clear.)
In spring 592, the official He Tuo (何妥), who, despite his senior status over Su Wei's son Su Kui (蘇夔), was losing out against Su Kui over a debate as to the designation of official music styles for Sui. In anger, He Tuo accused Su Wei of factionalism, and after investigation by Emperor Wen's son Yang Xiu and the official Yu Qingze (ted zhang), Su Wei was removed from office. After Su Wei's removal, Yang Su and Gao Jiong became effectively the co-prime ministers. When Heruo Bi, who believed that he should have been prime minister, complained, Emperor Wen removed him from his post as well and stripped him of his ducal title, but restored the ducal title a year later. (Su Wei, however, was back in his post at the latest by 595.)
Also in 592, Emperor Wen, reacting to an overflowing abundance of food and silk in the governmental stores, reduced the taxes heavily, and he also sent messengers around central China, redistributing land to give the poor farming land.
In 593, Emperor Wen commissioned a summer vacation palace, Renshou Palace (仁壽宮, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), away from Chang'an, with Yang Su in charge of the project. The palace was far more luxurious than Emperor Wen expected, and its construction cost many lives. (When it was completed in spring 595 and Emperor Wen visited the palace, he was initially very displeased with Yang Su, but Empress Dugu persuaded him that Yang Su knew that he had little other entertainment, and she awarded Yang Su much treasure to show appreciation.)
Also in 593, knowing that the Princess Dayi was still resentful of him, Emperor Wen had the official Pei Ju inform the cousin and subordinate khan to Tujue's Dulan Khan, Ashina Yongyulü, the Tuli Khan Ashina Rangan (son of Ashina Chuluohou) that he would let Ashina Rangan marry a Sui princess if Ashina Rangan was able to get Princess Dayi killed. Ashina Rangan, in response, accused Princess Dayi of adultery, and Ashina Yongyulü killed her and requested another marriage with Sui. Instead, Emperor Wen agreed to marry a princess to Ashina Rangan, in order to create greater friction between them.
In 594, in response to another famine in the Guanzhong region, Emperor Wen again temporarily took up residence in Luoyang. He also, to share in some of his people's suffering, abstained from meat for a year.
Late in 594, Yang Guang submitted a petition that Emperor Wen carry out the ancient ceremonies of worshipping the heaven and earth gods at Mount Tai. Emperor Wen declined to carry out a full set of ceremonies due to its costs, but in spring 595] carried out an abbreviated version to seek blessings from the gods due to the ongoing drought.
Also in spring 595, Emperor Wen ordered that no weapons be held by private individuals and that all of them be collected and destroyed, although he exempted the border provinces from this edict.
In 596, Emperor Wen created a daughter of a clansman the Princess Guanghua and married her to Murong Shifu, to cement the peaceful relations with Tuyuhun.
In 597, Cuan Wan (爨翫), the chief of the Nanning Tribe (南寧夷, located in modern Qujing, Yunnan), rebelled. Emperor Wen sent the general Shi Wansui (史萬歲) the Duke of Taiping against Cuan, forcing him to surrender. Initially, Shi was to take Cuan to Chang'an to be presented to Emperor Wen, but Cuan bribed Shi, and so Shi allowed him to stay. Also in 597, Li Guangshi (李光仕), the chief of the aborigine people in Gui Province (桂州, roughly modern Guilin, Guangxi), also rebelled. Emperor Wen sent the generals Wang Shiji (王世積) and Zhou Fashang (周法尚) against Li, and Zhou was able to defeat and kill Li. However, in the fall, Li Shixian (李世賢), who might have been related to Li Guangshi, rebelled at Gui Province, and Emperor Wen sent Yu Qingze the Duke of Lu to attack Li Shixian; Yu was successful in suppressing the rebellion. Subsequently, however, Yu's brother-in-law Zhao Shizhu (趙什住), who had an affair with Yu's concubine, falsely accused Yu of treason, and around the new year 598, Yu was executed.
Also in 597, Emperor Wen felt that the punishment for official misconduct was too light, and authorized that supervising officials would be permitted to batter their subordinates with large canes if they felt that the legally prescribed punishment was too light in comparison to the degree of misconduct. Further, also believing that there was too much theft and robbery throughout the realm, he increased the punishment for theft to death—a law that he subsequently abolished.
Also in 597, Emperor Wen's son Yang Jun the Prince of Qin, the commandant at Bing Province (并州, roughly Taiyuan, Shanxi), was poisoned, but not to death, by his jealous wife Princess Cui. After Yang Jun was taken back to Chang'an for treatment, Emperor Wen discovered that Yang Jun had been wasteful at his post, and removed him from all of his offices, allowing him to only retain the title of imperial prince. When Princess Cui's poisoning was discovered, Emperor Wen ordered Yang Jun to divorce her, and subsequently ordered her to commit suicide. When Liu Sheng (劉昇) and Yang Su suggested that the punishment against Yang Jun was overly severe, Emperor Wen responded to Yang Su:
- I am the father of just five sons, not the father of all people over the land. If I agreed with you, does that mean I have to draft a Penal Code for the Emperor's Sons? Even a man as kind as the Duke of Zhou executed his brothers, the lords of Guan and Cai, for their crimes. I am nowhere as capable as the Duke of Zhou, so I can break my own laws?
Also in 597, Ashina Rangan arrived at Chang'an, and Emperor Wen gave him the daughter of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Anyi, to be his wife, and awarded Ashina Rangan with much treasure, to try to break the bond between him and Ashina Yongyulü. From this point on, whenever Ashina Yongyulü would prepare to attack, Ashina Rangan would report his plans to Emperor Wen, allowing Sui forces to become prepared.
In 598, King Yeong-yang of Goguryeo attacked Ying Province, and while the governor of Ying Province, Wei Chong (韋沖), fought off the Goguryeo attack, Emperor Wen was angered. He sent his son Yang Liang the Prince of Han and Wang Shiji to serve as commanding generals, with Gao Jiong serving as Yang Liang's assistant, and the former Chen general Zhou Luohou (周羅睺) serving as the commander of the navy, to attack Goguryeo. However, the forces ran into food supply problems, and the ships ran into a storm and suffered great losses. Both at sea and on the ground, Goguryeo forces inflicted heavy losses on the Sui forces. Nevertheless, King Yeong-yang ceased his raids into China and so Emperor Wen called off the campaign against Goguryeo, unable to commit yet another enormous force to punish Goguryeo after the recent losses. As King Wideok of Baekje offered assistance to Sui during the campaign, this precipitated a conflict between Goguryeo and Baekje.
Also in 598, Cuan Wan rebelled again, and Yang Xiu accused Shi of accepting bribes from Cuan earlier. Emperor Wen considered executing Shi, but ultimately chose only to remove him from his posts, and it appeared soon after Shi was restored to his post.
In 599, after Ashina Rangan reported that Ashina Yongyulü was planning to attack, Emperor Wen took preemptive action and had Gao Jiong, Yang Su, and Yan Rong (燕榮) command a three-pronged attack against Ashina Yongyulü, with Yang Liang in nominal command but not at the frontline. In response, Ashina Yongyulü and Ashina Dianjue made a joint attack against Ashina Rangan, defeating him and largely seizing his tribe. Ashina Rangan fled to Sui, and Emperor Wen treated him as an honored guest. Subsequently, both Gao Jiong and Yang Su engaged Tujue forces and repelled them.
Also in 599, with Wang Shiji's subordinate Huangfu Xiaoxie (皇甫孝諧) accusing Wang of treason after Wang refused to shield Huangfu after he committed crimes, Emperor Wen believed Huangfu and executed Wang.
By this point, Yang Yong the Crown Prince had lost the favor both Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, over his being overly wasteful (which displeased Emperor Wen) and having many concubines (which displeased Empress Dugu). They therefore considered deposing him and replacing him with Yang Guang. When Empress Dugu hinted as such, Gao Jiong stated clear opposition. Meanwhile, Emperor Wen himself had engaged in sexual relations with Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter, who had been made a servant after her grandfather's defeat—and when Empress Dugu found out, she had Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter killed. Emperor Wen was exceedingly angry and rode away from the palace on a horse, returning to the palace only at the urging of Gao and Yang Su—but with Gao further angering Empress Dugu when Gao referred to her as "a woman." In 599, Gao was accused of associating with Wang Shiji and removed from his posts. Subsequently, Gao was accused of cursing Emperor Wen, but when the sentence of death was recommended, Emperor Wen commented that he could not kill Gao soon after killing Yu and Wang, and therefore only reduced Gao to commoner rank.
In winter 599, Emperor Wen created Ashina Rangan Qimin Khan, and commissioned Zhangsun Sheng to build the city of Dali (大利, in modern Hohhot) to house Ashian Rangan's people, and also sent an army to protect Ashina Rangan. By now, the Princess Anyi had died, and Emperor Wen married another daughter of a clansman, whom he created the Princess Yicheng, to marry Ashina Rangan. Soon thereafter, Ashina Yongyulü was assassinated, and Ashina Dianjue declared himself Bujia Khan. In summer 600, Ashina Dianjue attacked Ashina Rangan, and Sui forces fought off Ashina Dianjue's attack, further causing Ashina Rangan to be grateful to Sui.
In fall 600, with Yang Guang and Yang Su forming a faction, with tacit support of Empress Dugu, they had Yang Yong's associate Ji Wei (姬威) falsely accuse Yang Yong of plotting treason. Emperor Wen deposed Yang Yong and replaced him with Yang Guang. Emperor Wen also put a number of officials whom he believed to be part of Yang Yong's faction, including Shi and Yuan Min (元旻) the Duke of Wuyuan, to death.
[edit] Renshou era
In 602, Empress Dugu died, and Emperor Wen was greatly saddened. Thereafter, he began to engage in sexual relations with his concubines, favoring Consorts Chen and Cai.
Also in 602, Yang Guang, believing that Yang Xiu would eventually create trouble for him, had Yang Su collect evidence of Yang Xiu's wastefulness and use of items that were only appropriate for emperors. Yang Su submitted the evidence to Emperor Wen, and Emperor Wen, in anger, recalled Yang Xiu to the capital. After Yang Xiu arrived at the capital, Yang Guang further manufactured evidence that Yang Xiu had cursed Emperor Wen and Yang Liang. In anger, Emperor Wen reduced Yang Xiu to commoner rank and put him under house arrest.
In 603, Ashina Dianjue, faced with rebellions from the Tiele and Pugu (僕骨) tribes, surrendered to Ashina Rangan. By now, Ashina Rangan became the undisputed khan of the Tujue.
In spring 604, Emperor Wen, as per his custom, went to Renshou Palace to avoid the heat, despite warnings from the sorcerer Zhangchou Taiyi (章仇太翼) that if he went, he would never return. While there, he grew ill, and in fall 604, he died. He was buried with Empress Dugu, but not in the same burial chamber.
How Emperor Wen died, however, is a matter of historical controversy. Most traditional historians relay and believe an account in which, while Emperor Wen was ill, Yang Guang tried to rape Consort Chen. When she reported the attempted rape to Emperor Wen, he became angry and had the officials Liu Shu (柳述, the husband of his daughter Yang Awu (楊阿五) the Princess Lanling) and Yuan Yan (元巖) the Duke of Longgu summon Yang Yong, intending to restore him. When Yang Guang found out, he, in association with Yang Su, had Liu and Yuan arrested, and then sent his associate Zhang Heng (張衡) to kill Emperor Wen, and Zhang did so. Soon thereafter, he forced Consorts Chen and Cai to become his concubines and had Yang Yong put to death, and only then announced Emperor Wen's death and took the throne (as Emperor Yang).
The historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, borrowing parts of analyses from the Book of Sui and the History of the Northern Dynasties, opined:
- Gaozu [Emperor Wen's temple name] was by nature cautious and solemn, and he always made sure that his orders are carried out, whether it be an order for an affirmative act or for a prohibition. He got up early in the morning to host imperial gatherings, and he would not appear tired even after noon. Although he was himself stingy, but he did not hold back his awards when rewarding the people with accomplishments. He gave much compensation to the families of soldiers who died in battle, and sent messengers to comfort them. He loved his people, encouraging them to till the field and grow mulberries, and decreasing their labor and tax burdens. He himself lived simply and frugally, and the vessels and clothes he used, even after they became worn out, continued to be patched and used. Except at feasts, his meals would contain a single meat dish. The clothes of the palace women were continued to be used even after they were washed. Based on his influence, during his reign, men only wore cotton and cloth, not silk, and their decorations were made of copper, iron, bones, and horns, not gold, silver, or gemstones. There were bountiful productions of food and textile, so much so that the storage was insufficient for them. At the start of his reign, the census rolls only had less than four million households, but at the end of his reign, there were almost nine million households, and Ji Province [(冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei)] by itself contained one million households. However, he was suspicious, critical, and picky, believing many alienating words of his officials. Therefore, even of those with the most accomplishments and his old friends, not one was able to maintain the relationship from start to end. He even treated his own sons as enemies. These were his faults.
Wendi also established seven orchestras comprising musicians from across Asia at his court; these orchestras were expanded to nine by his son Emperor Yang of Sui.
Personal information[link]
- Maternal Grandfather
- Lü Shangzhou (呂雙週), posthumously elevated to the rank of Zhuguo (追贈上柱國)
- Maternal Grandmother
- Lady Yao (姚氏), created Lady of Qi (齊郡夫人)
- Father
- Yang Zhong (楊忠), Duke Huan of Sui (507-568)
- Mother
- Lü Gutao (呂苦桃), presumably Yang Zhong's wife
- Wife
- Empress Dugu Qieluo (created 581), mother of all of Emperor Wen's children
- Major Concubines
- Consort Chen (577-605), daughter of Emperor Xuan of Chen
- Consort Cai
- Sons
- Yang Yong 楊勇, the Crown Prince (created 581, deposed 600, executed by Emperor Yang of Sui 604)
- Yang Guang 楊廣 (569 – 10 April 618), initially the Duke of Yanmen, later the Prince of Jin (created 581), later the Crown Prince (created 600), later Emperor Yang of Sui
- Yang Jun 楊俊 (571–600), Prince Xiao of Qin (created 581, d. 600)
- Yang Xiu 楊秀 (573–618), initially the Prince of Yue (created 581), later the Prince of Shu (created 581, reduced to commoner rank 602, killed by Yuwen Huaji 618)
- Yang Liang 楊諒 (575–605), the Prince of Han (created 581, reduced to commoner rank 604)
- Daughters
- Yang Lihua 楊麗華 (561–609), empress to Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou; later the Princess Leping
- Princess Xiangguo, married Li Changya (李長雅)
- Princess Guangping, married Yuwen Jingli (宇文靜禮), son of Yuwen Qing (宇文慶)
- Princess Wan'an, married Dou Rong, Duke of Chen (陳國公竇榮) and had a son Dou Kang (竇抗)
- Yang Awu 楊阿五 (573–604), the Princess Lanling; married firstly Wang Fengxiao (王奉孝); remarried after Wang's death to Liu Shu (柳述), who later became Minister of Defense under Emperor Yang
References[link]
- ^ Temple name: Taizu (太祖)
Posthumous name: Wu Yuan (武元)
|
Emperor Wen of Sui
Born: 541 Died: 604 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou Emperor Jing of Western Liang Chen Shubao |
Emperor of China Sui 581–604 |
Succeeded by Emperor Yang of Sui |
| Chinese royalty | ||
| Preceded by Himself as Duke of Sui |
Prince of Sui 581 |
Merge into the Crown |
| Chinese nobility | ||
| Unknown | Duke of Chengji 555–557 |
Unknown |
| Unknown | Duke of Daxing 557–568 |
Unknown |
| Preceded by Yang Zhong |
Duke of Sui 568–581 |
Succeeded by Himself as Prince of Sui |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wen, Emperor Of Sui |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Sui Dynasty emperor |
| Date of birth | 541 |
| Place of birth | Chang'an, Northern Zhou |
| Date of death | 604 |
| Place of death | Renshou Palace, Baoji, Sui China |
http://wn.com/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Sui Wendi
http://id.wn.com/Wen dari Sui
http://es.wn.com/Yang Jian
http://ru.wn.com/Ян Цзянь (Суй Вэнь-ди)
http://nl.wn.com/Sui Wendi
http://pt.wn.com/Yang Jian
http://pl.wn.com/Sui Wendi
http://fr.wn.com/Sui Wendi
http://de.wn.com/Sui Wendi
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with The Stooges.
For the 2012 Farrelly brothers film, see The Three Stooges (film).
| The Three Stooges | |
|---|---|
 The Three Stooges in 1938's Healthy, Wealthy and Dumb. L to R: Moe Howard, Curly Howard, Larry Fine |
|
| Also known as | "Ted Healy and His Southern Gentlemen" "Ted Healy and His Stooges" "Ted Healy and His Three Lost Souls" |
| Genre | Slapstick comedy |
| Format | Short subject Feature film |
| Created by | Ted Healy |
| Starring | Moe Howard Curly Howard Larry Fine Shemp Howard Joe Besser Joe DeRita |
| Country of origin | United States |
| Language(s) | English |
| External links | |
| threestooges.net | |
The Three Stooges were an American vaudeville and comedy act of the early to mid–20th century best known for their numerous short subject films. Their hallmark was physical farce and extreme slapstick. In films, the Stooges were commonly known by their first names: "Moe, Larry, and Curly" or "Moe, Larry, and Shemp," among other lineups. They started as "Ted Healy and his Southern Gentlemen" which comprised Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Shemp Howard. This original trio did one feature film entitled Soup to Nuts after which Shemp left the group to pursue a solo career, and was replaced by his brother Curly Howard. This incarnation of the team was the first to be known on film as The Three Stooges.
Shemp rejoined the group after Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946, reinstating the original line-up until November 1955, when Shemp died of a heart attack. In order to complete four Shemp-era shorts, film actor Joe Palma was used as a temporary body double to Shemp, before Joe Besser became the long-term replacement as the third Stooge. Ultimately, Joe DeRita (nicknamed "Curly Joe") replaced Joe Besser by 1958. The act regained momentum throughout the 1960s as popular kiddie fare until Larry Fine's paralyzing stroke in January 1970 effectively marked the end of the act proper. Moe tried, unsuccessfully, one final time to revive the Stooges with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka filling in for Larry. Larry ultimately succumbed to a series of additional strokes in January 1975, followed by Moe, who died of lung cancer in May 1975.
History[link]
Ted Healy and his stooges[link]
The Three Stooges started in 1925 as part of a raucous vaudeville act called 'Ted Healy and His Stooges' (a.k.a. 'Ted Healy and His Southern Gentlemen', 'Ted Healy and His Three Lost Souls' and 'Ted Healy and His Racketeers'—the moniker 'Three Stooges' was never used during their tenure with Healy). In the act, lead comedian Healy would attempt to sing or tell jokes while his noisy assistants would keep "interrupting" him. Healy would respond by verbally and physically abusing his stooges. Brothers Moe and Shemp were joined later that year by violinist-comedian Larry Fine, and Fred Sanborn joined the group as well.[1]
File:Souptonuts.jpg
The original Three Stooges in their film debut, Soup to Nuts. Shemp Howard (far left) was the original third Stooge before his youngest brother Curly Howard assumed the role.
In 1930, Ted Healy and His Stooges (including Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, Soup to Nuts, released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract minus Healy. This enraged the prickly Healy, who told studio executives that the Stooges were his employees. The offer was withdrawn, and after Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the reason, they left Healy to form their own act, which quickly took off with a tour of the theatre circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board.[2] Healy tried to save his act by hiring replacement stooges, but they were inexperienced and not as well-received as their predecessors.[2] In 1932, with Moe now acting as business manager, Healy reached a new agreement with his former Stooges, and they were booked in a production of Jacob J. Shubert's The Passing Show of 1932. During rehearsals, Healy received a more lucrative offer and found a loophole in his contract allowing him to leave the production.[2] Shemp, fed up with Healy's abrasiveness,[2] decided to quit the act and found work almost immediately, in Vitaphone movie comedies produced in Brooklyn, New York.[1]
With Shemp gone, Healy and the two remaining stooges (Moe and Larry) needed a replacement, so Moe suggested his younger brother Jerry Howard. Healy reportedly took one look at Jerry, who had long chestnut red locks and a handlebar mustache, and remarked that he did not look like he was funny.[2] Jerry left the room and returned a few moments later with his head shaved (though his mustache remained for a time), and then quipped "Boy, do I look girly." Healy heard "Curly," and the name stuck.[1] (There are varying accounts as to how the Curly character actually came about.)
In 1933, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) signed Healy and his Stooges to a movie contract. They appeared in feature films and short subjects, either together, individually, or with various combinations of actors. The trio was featured in a series of musical comedy shorts, beginning with Nertsery Rhymes. The short was one of a few shorts to be made with an early two-strip Technicolor process, including one featuring Curly without Healy or the other Stooges, Roast Beef and Movies (1934). The shorts themselves were built around recycled film footage of production numbers cut from MGM musicals, such as Children of Pleasure, Lord Byron of Broadway, and the unfinished March of Time (all 1930), which had been filmed in early Technicolor. Soon, additional shorts followed (sans the experimental Technicolor), including Beer and Pretzels (1933), Plane Nuts (1933), and The Big Idea (1934).[1]
Healy and company also appeared in several MGM feature films as comic relief, such as Turn Back the Clock (1933), Meet the Baron (1933), Dancing Lady (1933), Fugitive Lovers (1934), and Hollywood Party (1934). Healy and the Stooges also appeared together in Myrt and Marge for Universal Pictures.[1]
In 1934, the team's contract with MGM expired, and the Stooges parted professional company with Healy. According to Moe Howard's autobiography,[3] the Stooges split with Ted Healy in 1934 once and for all because of Healy's alcoholism and abrasiveness. Their final film with Healy was MGM's 1934 film, Hollywood Party. Both Healy and the Stooges went on to separate successes, with Healy dying under mysterious circumstances in 1937.[1]
The Columbia years[link]
Moe, Larry and Curly[link]
In 1934, the trio – now officially christened "The Three Stooges" – signed on to appear in two-reel comedy short subjects for Columbia Pictures. In Moe's autobiography, he said they each got $600 per week on a one-year contract with a renewable option;[3] in the Ted Okuda–Edward Watz book The Columbia Comedy Shorts, the Stooges are said to have received $1,000 among them for their first Columbia effort, Woman Haters, and then signed a term contract for $7,500 per film (equal to $130,299 today), to be divided among the trio.[4]
Within their first year at Columbia, the Stooges became wildly popular. Realizing this, Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn used the Stooges as leverage, as the demand for their films was so great that Columbia eventually refused to supply exhibitors with the trio's shorts unless they also agreed to book some of the studio's mediocre B movies. Cohn also saw to it that the Stooges remained ignorant of their popularity. During their 23 years spent at Columbia, the Stooges were never completely aware of their amazing drawing power at the box office. As their contracts with the studio included an open option that had to be renewed every year, Cohn would tell the boys that the short subjects were in decline, which was not a complete fabrication (Cohn's yearly mantra was "the market for comedy shorts is dying out, fellas.") Thinking their days were numbered, the Stooges would sweat it out each and every year, with Cohn renewing their contract for another year at the eleventh hour. This cruel deception kept the insecure Stooges unaware of their true value, resulting in them having second thoughts about asking for a better contract without a yearly option. Cohn's scare tactics worked for all 23 years the Stooges were at Columbia; the team never once asked for — nor were they ever given — a salary increase. It was not until after they stopped making the shorts in December 1957 did Moe learn of Cohn's underhanded tactics, what a valuable commodity the Stooges had been for the ailing studio, and how many millions more the act could have earned.[4]
The Stooges were required to churn out up to eight short films per year within a 40-week period; for the remaining 12 or so weeks, they were free to pursue other employment. Usually, the Stooges would either spend this time with their families or tour the country promoting their live act.[5] The Stooges appeared in 190 film shorts and five features while at Columbia. Del Lord directed more than three dozen Stooge films; Jules White directed dozens more, and his brother Jack White directed several under the pseudonym "Preston Black". Silent film star Charley Chase also shared directorial responsibilities with Lord and White, with more than pleasing results.[4]
The Stooge films made between 1935–1941 captured the team at the peak, according to film historians Ted Okuda and Edward Watz, authors of The Columbia Comedy Shorts. Nearly every film produced became a classic in its own right. 1935's Hoi Polloi utilized the classic premise of a stuffy professor waging a bet that he can transform the uncultured trio into refined gentlemen; the plotline worked so well that it was reused twice, as Half-Wits Holiday and Pies and Guys. Three Little Beers featured the team employed at a brewery who then run amuck on a local golf course to win prize money. 1936's Disorder in the Court is considered a quintessential entry in the series, featuring the team as star witnesses to a murder trial. 1938's Violent is the Word for Curly was a quality Chase-directed short that featured the musical interlude, "Swingin' the Alphabet". In the 1940 film A Plumbing We Will Go, the trio were cast as inadvertent plumbers who nearly destroy a socialite's mansion, causing water to exit every appliance in the home.[4] Other entries of the era, like Uncivil Warriors, A Pain in the Pullman, False Alarms, Grips, Grunts and Groans, The Sitter Downers, Dizzy Doctors, Tassels in the Air, We Want Our Mummy, Nutty but Nice, An Ache in Every Stake and In the Sweet Pie and Pie are considered among the team's finest work.[4]
File:Stooge-curly.jpeg
The Stooges during their prime years with Curly Howard on board, as seen in this promotional photo from Wee Wee Monsieur
With the onset of World War II, the Stooges released several entries that poked fun at the rising Axis powers. You Nazty Spy! and its sequel I'll Never Heil Again burlesqued Hitler and the Nazis at a time when America was still neutral and resolutely isolationist. Moe is cast as "Moe Hailstone", an Adolf Hitler-like character, with Curly playing a Hermann Göring character (replete with medals), and Larry a Ribbentrop-type ambassador. Though revered by Stooge fans, as well as the Stooges themselves (Moe, Larry and director Jules White considered You Nazty Spy! their best film),[6] the efforts indulged in a deliberately formless, non-sequitur style of verbal humor that was not the Stooges' forte, according to Okuda and Watz. Other wartime entries, like They Stooge to Conga, Higher Than a Kite, Back From the Front, Gents Without Cents and the controversial The Yoke's on Me have their moments, but taken in bulk, the wartime films are decidedly substandard.[4] No Dough Boys ranks as the best of these farces. The team, made up as Japanese soldiers for a photo shoot, is mistaken for genuine saboteurs by a Nazi ringleader (Vernon Dent). The highlight of the film features the Stooges engaging in nonsensical gymnastics (the real spies are renowned acrobats) for a skeptical group of enemy agents.[4]
The Stooges made occasional guest appearances in feature films, though generally they stuck to short subjects. Columbia offered theater owners an entire program of two-reel comedies (15 to 25 titles annually) featuring such stars as Buster Keaton, Andy Clyde, Charley Chase, and Hugh Herbert, but the Three Stooges shorts were the most popular of all.[2]
The World War II era also brought on rising production costs that resulted in a reduced number of elaborate gags and outdoor sequences, Del Lord's stock and trade; as such, the quality of the teams' films (particularly those directed by Lord) began to slip after 1942. According to Okuda and Watz, entries like Loco Boy Makes Good, What's the Matador?, Sock-A-Bye Baby, I Can Hardly Wait and A Gem of a Jam are considered to be less quality work than previous efforts, and in a different class than their earlier films.[4] The 1943 film Spook Louder, a remake of Mack Sennett's The Great Pie Mystery, is often cited as their worst film. The story of a phantom pie-thrower (later revealed to be the detective on the case) is repetitious and relying on the same jokes, which many Stooge fans consider to be far less humorous than their past work.[4] Three Smart Saps, a film considered to be an improvement, features a reworking of a routine from Harold Lloyd's The Freshman, in which Curly's loosely basted suit begins to come apart at the seams while he is on the dance floor.[4]
Film critics and stooge fans alike have cited Curly as the most popular member of the team.[2] His childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm (he had no previous acting experience) made him a hit with audiences, particularly children and women (the latter usually finding the trio's humor juvenile and uncouth). The fact that Curly had to shave his head for the act led him to feel unappealing to women. To mask his insecurities, Curly ate and drank excessively and caroused whenever the Stooges made personal appearances, which was approximately seven months out of the year. His weight ballooned in the 1940s, and his blood pressure was dangerously high.[1] His wild lifestyle and constant drinking eventually caught up with him in 1945, and his performances suffered. In his last dozen shorts (ranging from 1945's If a Body Meets a Body through 1947's Half-Wits Holiday), he was seriously ill, struggling to get through even the most basic scenes.[2]
It was during the final day of filming Half-Wits Holiday on May 6, 1946, that Curly suffered a debilitating stroke on the set, ending his 14-year career. Curly's health necessitated a temporary retirement from the act, and while the Stooges hoped for a full recovery, Curly never starred in a film again, except for one brief cameo appearance in the third film after Shemp returned to the trio, Hold That Lion! It was the only film that contained all four of the original Stooges (the three Howard brothers and Larry) on screen simultaneously; Jules White recalled Curly visiting the set one day, and White had him do this bit for fun. (Curly's cameo appearance was recycled in the 1953 remake Booty and the Beast.)[3] In 1949, Curly was supposed to play a cameo role in the Stooge comedy Malice in the Palace, but he was physically unable to perform. His chef role was played by Larry.[1]
Shemp returns[link]
Moe Howard turned to his older brother Shemp Howard to take Curly's place. Shemp, however, was hesitant to rejoin the Stooges, as he had a successful solo career at the time of Curly's untimely illness. However, he realized that Moe and Larry's careers would be finished without the Stooge act. Shemp wanted some kind of assurance that his rejoining was indeed temporary, and that he could leave the Stooges once Curly recovered. Curly remained gravely ill after 1950, dying of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by additional strokes on January 18, 1952.[1]
Shemp appeared with the Stooges in 76 more shorts and a quickie Western comedy feature titled Gold Raiders.
During this period, Moe, Larry, and Shemp made a pilot for a Three Stooges television show called Jerks of All Trades in 1949. The series was never picked up, although the pilot is currently in the public domain and is available on home video, as is an early television appearance from around the same time on a vaudeville-style comedy series, Camel Comedy Caravan, originally broadcast live on CBS-TV on March 11, 1950, and starring Ed Wynn. Also available commercially is a kinescope of Moe, Larry, and Shemp's appearance on The Frank Sinatra Show, broadcast live over CBS-TV on January 1, 1952. Frank Sinatra was reportedly a big fan of the Stooges and slapstick comedy in general. On this broadcast, the Stooges are joined by one of their longtime stock-company members, Vernon Dent, who plays "Mr. Mortimer", a party-goer who requests a drink. The Stooges oblige with disastrous results.[1]
Columbia's short-subject division downsized in 1952. Producer Hugh McCollum was discharged and director Edward Bernds resigned out of loyalty to McCollum, leaving only Jules White to both produce and direct the Stooges' remaining Columbia comedies. Almost overnight, the quality of the Stooge shorts declined. Production was significantly faster, with the former four-day filming schedules now tightened to two or three days. In another cost-cutting measure, White would create a "new" Stooge short by borrowing footage from old ones, setting it in a slightly different storyline, and filming a few new scenes often with the same actors in the same costumes. White was initially very subtle when recycling older footage: he would reuse only a single sequence of old film, re-edited so cleverly that it was not easy to detect. The later shorts were cheaper and the recycling more obvious, with as much as 75% of the running time consisting of old footage. White came to rely so much on older material that he could film the "new" shorts in a single day. Plus, any new footage filmed in order to link older material suffered from White's wooden directing and his penchant for telling his actors how to act. Shemp in particular disliked working with White.[4]
Three years after Curly's death, Shemp died of a sudden heart attack at age 60 on November 22, 1955. Recycled footage of Shemp, combined with new footage utilizing Columbia supporting player Joe Palma as Shemp's double (only filmed from the back), were used to complete the last four films originally planned with Shemp: Rumpus in the Harem, Hot Stuff, Scheming Schemers, and Commotion on the Ocean.[1]
Main article: Fake Shemp
Joe Besser replaces Shemp[link]
Joe Besser replaced Shemp in 1956, appearing in 16 shorts. Besser, noting how one side of Larry Fine's face seemed "calloused",[7] had a clause in his contract specifically prohibiting him from being hit too hard (though this restriction was later lifted). Besser was the only "third" Stooge that dared to hit Moe back in retaliation and get away with it; Larry Fine was also known to hit Moe on occasion, but always with serious repercussions. "I usually played the kind of character who would hit others back," Besser recalled.[8]
File:Stooges-joe.jpeg
Larry and Joe Besser, as "The Original Two-Man Quartet," serenade Moe in the 1957 short Guns a Poppin!.
At that time, the Stooge films began to resemble sitcoms. Sitcoms, though, were now available for free. Television was the new popular medium, and by the time Besser joined the act, the Stooges were generally considered throwbacks to an obsolete era. The Besser films have long been considered the worst of the Stooge films. Though Besser was a very funny comedian (he was very popular on The Abbott and Costello Show), his whining mannerisms ("Not so harrrrd!") did not quite jell with the roughneck Stooge humor. However, Besser was not solely to blame for the lackluster quality of these final entries: the scripts were tired rehashes of earlier efforts (7 of the 16 films were remakes) and Moe and Larry's performances lacked energy. Both comedians were growing older, and could no longer perform pratfalls and physical comedy as they once had.[4]
The final Stooge films had few bright moments, according to Okuda and Watz: Hoofs and Goofs, A Merry Mix Up, Rusty Romeos and Oil's Well That Ends Well are amusing, while the musical Sweet and Hot (long detested by fans) deserves some credit for straying from the norm. Muscle Up a Little Closer most resembled the sitcoms of the era, while Pies and Guys was a scene-for-scene remake of both Hoi Polloi and Half-Wits Holiday. The space craze also took hold of the American public at the time, resulting in three entries focusing on space travel: Space Ship Sappy, Outer Space Jitters and Flying Saucer Daffy.[4]
The inevitable occurred soon enough. Columbia was the last studio still producing shorts, and the market for such films had all but dried up. As a result, the studio opted not to renew the Stooges' contract when it expired in late December 1957. The final comedy produced was Flying Saucer Daffy, filmed on December 19–20, 1957.[5] Several days later, the Stooges were unceremoniously fired from Columbia Pictures after 24 years of making low-budget shorts. Joan Howard Maurer, daughter of Moe, wrote the following in 1982:
The boys' careers had suddenly come to an end. They were at Columbia one day and gone the next—no 'Thank yous,' no farewell party for their 24 years of dedication and service and the dollars their comedies had reaped for the studio. Moe Howard recalled that a few weeks after their exit from Columbia, he drove to the studio to say goodbye to several studio executives when he was stopped by a guard at the gate (obviously, not a Stooges fan) and, since he did not have the current year's studio pass, was refused entry. For the moment, it was a crushing blow.[1]
Although the Stooges were no longer working for Columbia, the studio had enough completed films on the shelf to keep releasing new comedies for another 18 months, and not in the order they were produced. The final Stooge release, Sappy Bull Fighters, did not reach theaters until June 4, 1959. With no active contract in place, Moe and Larry discussed plans for a personal appearance tour; meanwhile, Besser's wife had a minor heart attack, and he preferred to stay local, leading him to withdraw from the act. For the first time in nearly 30 years, the Stooges hit a dead end.[1]
The comeback: Larry, Moe and Curly Joe[link]
Seeing the success of how television, in its early years, allowed movie studios to unload a backlog of short films thought unmarketable, the Stooge films seemed perfect for the burgeoning genre. ABC television had even expressed interest as far back as 1949, purchasing exclusive rights to 30 of the trio's shorts.[9] However, the success of television revivals for such names as Laurel and Hardy, Woody Woodpecker, Tom and Jerry and the Our Gang series in the late 1950s led Columbia to cash in again on the Stooges. In January 1958, Columbia's television subsidiary Screen Gems offered a package consisting of 78 Stooge shorts (mainly from the Curly era), which were well received.[10] Almost immediately, an additional 40 shorts hit the market, and by 1959, all 190 Stooge shorts were airing regularly. Due to the massive quantity of Stooge product available for broadcast, the films were broadcast Monday through Friday, leading to heavy exposure aimed squarely at children. This led parents to watch alongside of their offspring, and before long, Howard and Fine found themselves in high demand.[4] Moe quickly signed movie and burlesque comic Joe DeRita for the "third Stooge" role; DeRita adopted first a crew cut and then a completely shaven hairstyle and became "Curly Joe" because of his resemblance to the original Curly Howard (also to make it easier to distinguish him from Joe Besser, the earlier Stooge called Joe).
File:Stooges-cj.jpeg
The Three Stooges with Curly Joe DeRita filling the role of the third stooge. From the 1961 feature film Snow White and the Three Stooges.
This Three Stooges lineup went on to make a series of popular full-length films from 1959 to 1965, most notably Have Rocket, Will Travel, The Three Stooges Meet Hercules and The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze. The films were aimed at the kiddie-matinee market, and most were farce outings in the Stooge tradition, with the exception of Snow White and the Three Stooges, a children's fantasy in Technicolor. They also appeared as firemen (the role that helped make them famous in Soup to Nuts) in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. Throughout the 1960s, The Three Stooges were one of the most popular and highest-paid live acts in America.[8]
The Stooges also tried their hand at another weekly television series in 1960 titled The Three Stooges Scrapbook. Filmed in color and with a laugh track, the first episode, "Home Cooking," featured the boys rehearsing for a new television show. Like Jerks of All Trades, the pilot did not sell. However, Norman Maurer was able to reuse the footage (reprocessed in black and white) for the first 20 minutes of the feature film The Three Stooges in Orbit.[1]
The trio also filmed 41 short comedy skits for The New Three Stooges, which features a series of 156 animated cartoons produced for television. The Stooges appeared in live-action color footage, which preceded and followed each animated adventure in which they voiced their respective characters.[1]
Final years[link]
In 1969, the Three Stooges filmed a pilot episode for a new TV series entitled Kook's Tour, a combination travelogue-sitcom that had the "retired" Stooges traveling around the world, with the episodes filmed on location.[1]
On January 9, 1970, during production of the pilot, Larry suffered a paralyzing stroke, ending his acting career, as well as plans for the television series.[1]
File:Emilstooge.jpg
A proposed incarnation of the Three Stooges. A promotional picture taken after Larry Fine's death in 1975 features a very ill Moe Howard (who died shortly thereafter) flanked by Curly Joe DeRita to the left and Emil Sitka to the right.
Plans were in the works for longtime foil Emil Sitka to replace Larry as the "Middle Stooge" in 1971, but nothing ever came of that idea other than the proposed publicity still reproduced here.[1] Three years later, just before Christmas of 1974, Larry Fine suffered yet another stroke at the age of 72 and four weeks later, suffered a more massive one. Slipping into a coma, he died a week later of a stroke-induced cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 1975.[1]
Devastated by his friend's death, Moe nevertheless decided that the Three Stooges should continue. Several movie ideas were considered, one of which according to critic and movie historian Leonard Maltin, (who also uncovered a pre-production photo) was entitled Blazing Stewardesses. Before pre-production could begin, Moe fell ill from lung cancer, and died three months later on May 4, 1975.[3]
However, Blazing Stewardesses, the last film idea that the Three Stooges had ever seriously considered, was eventually made, starring the last of the surviving Ritz Brothers comedy troupe and released to moderate acclaim later that year.[1]
Joe DeRita continued to perform live into the mid-1970s with Mousie Garner and Frank Mitchell as "The New Three Stooges" enjoying recognition well into old age, before retiring by 1979.
Of the remaining "original-replacement" Stooges, Joe Besser died of heart failure on March 1, 1988, followed by Joe DeRita of pneumonia on July 3, 1993.
Legacy and perspective[link]
Over half a century since their last short film was released, the Three Stooges remain wildly popular with audiences. Their films have never left the television airwaves since first appearing in 1958, and they continue to delight old fans while attracting a new legion of fervent admirers. A hard-working group of working-class comedians who were never the critic's darlings, the durable act endured several personnel changes in their careers that would have permanently sidelined a less persistent act.[4] The Stooges would not have lasted as long as they did as a unit without Moe Howard's guiding hand.[1]
The Ted Okuda/Edward Watz-penned book The Columbia Comedy Shorts puts the Stooges legacy in critical perspective:
Many scholarly studies of motion picture comedy have overlooked the Three Stooges entirely—and not without valid reasoning. Aesthetically, the Stooges violated every rule that constitutes "good" comedic style. Their characters lacked the emotional depth of Charlie Chaplin and Harry Langdon; they were never as witty or subtle as Buster Keaton. They were not disciplined enough to sustain lengthy comic sequences; far too often, they were willing to suspend what little narrative structure their pictures possessed in order to insert a number of gratuitous jokes. Nearly every premise they have employed (spoofs of westerns, horror films, costume melodramas) has been done to better effect by other comedians. And yet, in spite of the overwhelming artistic odds against them, they were responsible for some of the finest comedies ever made. Their humor was the most undistilled form of low comedy; they were not great innovators, but as quick laugh practitioners, they place second to none. If public taste is any criterion, the Stooges have been the reigning kings of comedy for over fifty years.[4]
Beginning in the 1980s, the Stooges finally began to receive long-overdue critical recognition. The release of nearly all their films on DVD by 2010 has allowed critics of Joe Besser and Joe DeRita—often the recipients of significant fan backlash—to appreciate the unique style of comedy both comedians brought to the Stooges. In addition, the DVD market in particular has allowed fans to view the entire Stooge film corpus as distinct periods in their long, distinguished career instead of comparing one Stooge to the other (the Curly vs. Shemp debate continues to this day[11][12][13]).
The team appeared in 220 films. In the end, it is the durability of the 190 timeless short films the Stooges made at Columbia Pictures that acts as an enduring tribute to the comedy team. Their continued popularity worldwide has proven to even the most skeptical critics that their films—quite simply—are funny.[4] American television personality Steve Allen went on record in the mid-1980s saying "though they never achieved widespread critical acclaim, they achieved exactly what they had always intended to do: they made people laugh."[14]
Line-ups[link]
| Years | Moe | Shemp | Larry | Curly | Joe | Curly Joe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1925–1932 (7) |  Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| 1932–1946 (14) | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| 1946–1955 (9) | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| 1956–1958 (2) | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| 1958–1971 (13) | Y |
Y |
Y |
Moe Howard
Real Name: Moses Harry Horwitz
Born: (1897-06-19)June 19, 1897
Died: May 4, 1975(1975-05-04) (aged 77)
Stooge years: 1922–1975
Larry Fine
Real Name: Louis Feinberg
Born: (1902-10-05)October 5, 1902
Died: January 24, 1975(1975-01-24) (aged 72)
Stooge years: 1925–1971
Curly Howard
Real Name: Jerome Lester Horwitz
Born: (1903-10-22)October 22, 1903
Died: January 18, 1952(1952-01-18) (aged 48)
Stooge years: 1932–1946
Shemp Howard
Real Name: Samuel Horwitz
Born: (1895-03-11)March 11, 1895
Died: November 22, 1955(1955-11-22) (aged 60)
Stooge years: 1922–1932, 1946–1955
Joe Besser
Born: (1907-08-12)August 12, 1907
Died: March 1, 1988(1988-03-01) (aged 80)
Stooge years: 1956–1958
Joe DeRita ("Curly Joe")
Real Name: Joseph Wardell
Born: (1909-07-12)July 12, 1909
Died: July 3, 1993(1993-07-03) (aged 83)
Stooge years: 1958–1975
Shorts[link]
Main article: The Three Stooges filmography
The Three Stooges appeared in 220 films throughout their career. Of those 220, 190 short films were made for Columbia Pictures between 1934 and 1959, for which the trio are best known. Their contract was extended each year from 1934 until the final one expired on December 31, 1957. The last 8 of the 16 shorts with Joe Besser were released soon afterward.
C3 Entertainment, Inc.[link]
Throughout their career, Moe acted as both their main creative force and business manager. Comedy III (C3) was formed by Moe, Larry and Joe DeRita in 1959 to manage all business and merchandise transactions for the team. C3 was basically in the background, with Moe's son-in-law Norman Maurer managing the comedy teams' film interests under Normandy Productions, and merchandising affairs under Norman Maurer Productions (NMP). Norman Maurer died of cancer in 1986.
In 1994, the heirs of Larry Fine and Joe DeRita filed a breach-of-contract lawsuit against Moe's family, particularly Joan Howard Maurer and her son Jeffrey, who had inherited the NMP/Normandy business. The lawsuit alleged that the Howards had cheated the DeRita and Fine families out of their share of royalties. Howard was ordered to pay $2.6 million in damages; $1.6 million was for compensatory damages to Jean DeRita, while the remaining $1 million was divided between four of Fine's grandchildren. The Fine and DeRita families were represented by California attorney Bela G. Lugosi. Jr.[15]
The resulting 1994 lawsuit led to the reestablishment of C3 as a three-way interest of Fine/[Moe]Howard/DeRita. The DeRita heirs received the proxy to the Howard share, giving them majority control on the company's management. Joe DeRita's stepsons, Robert and Earl Benjamin, became the senior management of C3, with Lugosi, Jr. serving as an executive board member for several years. The Benjamins later incorporated the company, and C3 is currently the owner of all Three Stooges trademarks and merchandising. Larry's grandson Eric Lamond is the representative of the Fines' one-third interest in the company.[16]
Since 1995, C3 has authorized and provided the services of veteran actors Jim Skousen, Alan Semok, and Dave Knight (as Moe, Larry, and Curly respectively) for numerous "personal appearances" by the Stooge characters for a variety of merchandising and promotional events. This latter day trio has also provided voices for the characters in a variety of radio spots, merchandising tie-ins, and most recently for the first new Three Stooges short in fifty years. A CGI animation by Famous Frames Mobile Interactive, a first-wave "new media" company, entitled The Grate Debate, has Moe, Larry and Curly running for President.
Television broadcasts and rights issues[link]
A handful of Three Stooges shorts first aired on television in 1949, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network. It was not until 1958 that Screen Gems packaged 78 shorts for national syndication; the package was gradually enlarged to encompass the entire library of 190 shorts. In 1959, KTTV in Los Angeles purchased the Three Stooges films for air, but by the early 1970s, rival station KTLA began airing the Stooges films, keeping them in the schedule until early 1994. The Family Channel (now ABC Family) ran the shorts as part of their Stooge TV block from February 19, 1996, to January 2, 1998. In the late 1990s, AMC had held the rights to the Three Stooges shorts, originally airing them under the Stooges Playhouse block, but replacing it in 1999 with N.Y.U.K. (New Yuk University of Knuckleheads). Featuring host Leslie Nielsen in the form of a college instructor, the block aired several shorts often grouped by a theme, such as similar schtick used in different films. Although the block was discontinued after AMC revamped their format in 2002, the network still ran Stooges shorts occasionally. The AMC run ended when Spike TV picked them up in 2004, airing them in their Stooges Slap-Happy Hour. By 2007, the network had discontinued the block. Although Spike did air Stooges shorts for a brief period of time after the block was canceled, as of late April 2008, Three Stooges has disappeared from the network's schedule entirely. The Three Stooges returned on December 31, 2009, on AMC, starting with the "Countdown with the Stooges" New Year's Eve marathon. AMC planned to put several episodes on their website in 2010.
Since the 1990s Columbia and its television division's successor, Sony Pictures Television, has preferred to license the Stooges shorts to cable networks, precluding the films from being shown on local broadcast TV. Two stations in Chicago and Boston, however, signed long-term syndication contracts with Columbia years ago and have declined to terminate them. Thus, WMEU-CA in Chicago currently airs all 190 Three Stooges shorts on Stooge-a-Palooza, hosted by Rich Koz, and WSBK-TV in Boston airs Stooge shorts and feature films. KTLA in Los Angeles dropped the shorts in 1994, but brought them back in 2007 as part of a special retro-marathon commemorating the station's 60th anniversary. Since that time, the station's original 16mm Stooges film prints have aired occasionally as part of mini-marathons on holidays. Antenna TV, a network broadcasting on the digital subchannels of local broadcast stations (owned by Tribune Broadcasting, who also owns KTLA), began airing the Stooges shorts upon the network's January 1, 2011 launch, which run in multi-hour blocks on weekends; most of the Three Stooges feature films are also broadcast on the network, through Antenna TV's distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Entertainment (whose Columbia Pictures subsidiary released most of the films).
Some of the Stooge films have been colorized by two separate companies. The first colorized DVD releases, distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, were prepared by West Wing Studios in 2004. The following year, Legend Films colorized the public domain shorts Malice in the Palace, Sing a Song of Six Pants, Disorder in the Court and Brideless Groom. Disorder in the Court and Brideless Groom also appears on two of West Wing's colorized releases. In any event, the Columbia-produced shorts (aside from the public domain films) are handled by Sony Pictures Entertainment, while the MGM Stooges shorts are owned by Warner Bros. via their Turner Entertainment division. Sony offers 21 of the shorts on their web platform Crackle, along with eleven Minisodes. Meanwhile, the rights to the Stooges' feature films rests with the studios that originally produced them (Columbia/Sony for the Columbia films, and 20th Century Fox for the Fox films).
International airings[link]
Home video release and public reception[link]
Between 1984 and 1985, RCA Columbia Pictures Home Video released a total of thirteen Three Stooges volumes on VHS, Beta and Laserdisc, each containing three shorts. These titles were later reissued on VHS by its successor, Sony Pictures Entertainment, between 1995 and 1997, with a DVD reissue between 2000 and 2004.
[edit] The Three Stooges Collection
On October 30, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two-disc DVD set entitled The Three Stooges Collection, Volume One: 1934–1936. The set contains shorts from the first three years the Stooges worked at Columbia Pictures, marking the first time ever that all 19 shorts were released in their original theatrical order to DVD. Additionally, every short was remastered in high definition, a first for the Stooge films. Previous DVD releases were based on themes (wartime, history, work, etc.), and sold poorly. Fans and critics alike praised Sony for finally giving the Stooges the proper DVD treatment. One critic states "the Three Stooges on DVD has been a real mix'n match hodgepodge of un-restored titles and illogical entries. This new...boxset...seems to be the first concerted effort to categorize their huge body of work chronologically with many shorts seeing the digital light for the first time."[17] Videolibrarian.com critic added "finally, the studio knuckleheads got it right! The way that the Three Stooges have been presented on home video has been a real slap in the face and poke in the eye to fans. They've been anthologized, colorized, and public domain-ed, as their shorts have been released and re-released in varying degrees of quality. Highly recommended."[18] Critic James Plath of DVDtown.com added, "Thank you, Sony, for finally giving these Columbia Pictures icons the kind of DVD retrospective that they deserve. Remastered in High Definition and presented in chronological order, these short films now give fans the chance to appreciate the development of one of the most successful comedy teams in history."[19]
The chronological series proved very successful and wildly popular, and Sony wasted little time preparing the next set for release. Volume Two: 1937–1939 was released on May 27, 2008, followed by Volume Three: 1940–1942' three months later on August 26, 2008. Demand exceeded supply, proving to Sony that they had a hit on their hands. In response, Volume Four: 1943–1945 was released on October 7, 2008, a mere two months after its predecessor.[20] The global economic crisis slowed down the release schedule after Volume Four, and Volume Five: 1946–1948 was belatedly released on March 17, 2009. Volume Five is the first in the series to feature Shemp Howard with the Stooges.[21] Volume Six: 1949–1951 was released June 16, 2009,[22] and Volume Seven: 1952–1954 was released on November 10, 2009.[23] The eighth and final volume was released on June 1, 2010, bringing the series to a close. For the first time in history, all 190 Three Stooges short subjects became available to the public, uncut and unedited.
A new 20-disc DVD boxed set entitled The Three Stooges: The Ultimate Collection, reported to include all 190 shorts from volumes 1-8 and additional bonus material, is scheduled to be released in June 2012.
Music[link]
- Several instrumental tunes were played over the opening credits at different times in the production of the short features. The most commonly used themes were:
- The verse portion of the Civil War era song "Listen to the Mockingbird", played in a comical way, complete with sounds of birds and such. This was first used in Pardon My Scotch, their ninth short film, in 1935. (Prior to that comedic short, the opening theme varied and was typically connected to the storyline in some fashion.)
- "Three Blind Mice", beginning in 1939 as a slow but straightforward presentation (dubbed the "sliding strings" version), often breaking into a "jazzy" style before ending. In mid-1942, another more driving version, complete with accordion was played fast all the way through.
- The Columbia short subject Woman Haters was done completely in rhyme, mostly recited (not sung), in rhythm with a Jazz-Age underscore running throughout the film, but with some key lines sung. It was sixth in a Musical Novelties short subject series, and appropriated its musical score from the first five films. The memorable "My Life, My Love, My All," was originally "At Last!" from the film Um-Pa.
- "Swinging the Alphabet" (a.k.a. B-A-bay, B-E-be, B-I-bicky-bi…) from Violent Is the Word for Curly is perhaps the best-known song performed by the Stooges on film.
- The Stooges broke into a three-part harmonized version of "Tears" ("You'll Never Know Just What Tears Are") in Horses' Collars, A Ducking They Did Go (in which the melody was sung by Bud Jamison) and Half Shot Shooters. The song, which was written by Moe, Larry, Shemp, and one-time Ted Healy Stooge Fred Sanborn, first appeared in the 1930 feature film Soup to Nuts.
- The "Lucia Sextet" (Chi mi frena in tal memento?), from the opera Lucia di Lammermoor by Gaetano Donizetti (announced by Larry as "the Sextet from Lucy"), is played on a record player and lip-synched by the Stooges in Micro-Phonies. The same melody re-appears in Squareheads of the Round Table as the tune of "Oh, Elaine, can you come out tonight?". Micro-Phonies also includes the Johann Strauss II waltz "Voices of Spring" ("Frühlingsstimmen") Op. 410. Another Strauss waltz, "The Blue Danube", is featured in Ants in the Pantry and Punch Drunks.
- The song "Fredric March" (named after the actor) was a favorite of director Jules White; it appeared in at least seven different Columbia shorts:
- Termites of 1938 – The Stooges "play" this song on a violin, flute, and string bass at a dinner party in an attempt to attract mice.
- Dutiful But Dumb – Curly is hidden inside a floor-standing radio, and plays the song on a modified harmonica.
- Three Little Twirps – Heard as background music at the circus while Moe and Curly sell tickets.
- Idle Roomers – Curly plays the song on a trombone to calm a wolf man.
- Gents Without Cents – Three girls perform acrobatics on stage while this song is playing.
- Gents in a Jam – Shemp and Moe have a problem with a radio that will not stop playing this song.
- Pardon My Backfire – The song plays on a car radio.
- The Moe–Larry–Curly Joe lineup of the Stooges recorded several musical record albums in the early 1960s. Most of their songs were adaptations of nursery rhymes. Among their more popular recordings were "Making a Record" (a surreal trip to a recording studio built around the song "Go Tell Aunt Mary"), "Three Little Fishes", "All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth", "Wreck the Halls with Boughs of Holly", "Mairzy Doats" and "I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas".
- In 1983, a group called the Jump 'N the Saddle Band recorded a track called "The Curly Shuffle", which featured the narrator singing about his love of the Stooges mixed with a chorus of many of Curly's catchphrases and sound effects. In the mid-1980s, the song became a popular mid-game hit for New York Mets fans in the Shea Stadium bleachers, who would dance in small groups to the tune whenever the song was played between innings. The music video, which featured clips of the classic Stooges shorts, was also included as a bonus feature on one of the 1984 VHS releases.
Feature motion pictures[link]
For a list of their 190 short films, see The Three Stooges filmography.
The Three Stooges also made appearances in many feature length movies in the course of their careers:
| Film | Year | Moe | Larry | Curly | Shemp | Joe | Curly Joe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soup to Nuts | 1930 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Turn Back the Clock | 1933 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Meet the Baron | 1933 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Dancing Lady | 1933 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Broadway to Hollywood | 1933 | Y |
Y |
||||
| Myrt and Marge | 1933 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Fugitive Lovers | 1934 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Hollywood Party (cameos) | 1934 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| The Captain Hates the Sea (cameos) | 1934 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Start Cheering | 1938 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Time Out for Rhythm | 1941 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| My Sister Eileen (cameos) | 1942 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Rockin' in the Rockies | 1945 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Swing Parade of 1946 | 1946 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Gold Raiders | 1951 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Have Rocket, Will Travel | 1959 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Stop! Look! and Laugh! (compilation) | 1960 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Snow White and the Three Stooges | 1961 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| The Three Stooges Meet Hercules | 1962 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| The Three Stooges in Orbit | 1962 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze | 1963 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (cameos) | 1963 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| 4 for Texas (cameo) | 1963 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| The Outlaws Is Coming | 1965 | Y |
Y |
Y |
|||
| Kook's Tour (TV pilot) | 1970 | Y |
Y |
Y |
Joe Besser never appeared with the Stooges in a feature film.
Three feature-length Columbia releases were actually packages of older Columbia shorts. Columbia Laff Hour (introduced in 1956) was a random assortment that included the Stooges among other Columbia comedians like Andy Clyde, Hugh Herbert, and Vera Vague; the content and length varied from one theater to the next. Three Stooges Fun-o-Rama (introduced in 1959) was an all-Stooges show capitalizing on their TV fame, again with shorts chosen at random for individual theaters. The Three Stooges Follies (1974) was similar to Laff Hour, with a trio of Stooge comedies augmented by Buster Keaton and Vera Vague shorts, a Batman serial chapter, and a Kate Smith musical.
Museum[link]
Gary Lassin, grandson-in-law of Larry Fine, opened the Stoogeum in 2004, in a renovated architect's office in Spring House, Pennsylvania, 25 miles (40 km) north of Philadelphia. The museum-quality exhibits fill three stories 10,000 square feet (930 m2), including an 85-seat theater.[24] Peter Seely, editor of the book Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges said that the Stoogeum has "more stuff than I even imagined existed." 2,500 people visit it yearly, many during the annual Three Stooges Fan Club gathering in April.[25]
In other media[link]
Comic books[link]
Over the years, several Three Stooges comics were produced.
- St. John Publications published the first Three Stooges comics in 1949 with 2 issues, then again in 1953–54 with 7 issues.
- Dell Comics published a Three Stooges series first as one-shots in their Four Color Comics line for five issues, then gave them a numbered series for four more issues (#6–9). With #10, the title would be published by Gold Key Comics. Under Gold Key, the series lasted through issue #55 in 1972.
- Gold Key Comics then published the Little Stooges series (7 issues, 1972–74) with story and art by Norman Maurer, Moe's son-in-law. This series featured the adventures of three fictional sons of the Three Stooges, as sort of modern-day teen-age versions of the characters.
- Eclipse Comics published the Three-D Three Stooges series (3 issues, 1986–1987) which reprinted stories from the St. John Publications series.[26]
- Malibu Comics did a couple of one-shot comics, reprinting stories from the Gold Key Comics in 1989 and 1991.
- Bluewater Comics issued a biographical comic in 2011 which followed the lives and careers of the group.
Music[link]
Beginning in 1959, the Three Stooges began to appear in a series of novelty records. Their first recording was a 45 rpm single of the title song from Have Rocket, Will Travel. The trio released additional singles and LPs on the Golden and Coral labels, mixing comedy adventure albums and off-beat renditions of children's songs. Their final recording was the 1966 Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No, which incorporated the Three Stooges into the cast of the Yogi Bear cartoons.[1]
The Stooges are referenced in the video for Weird Al Yankovic's "Like a Surgeon" with a hospital PA system asked for "Dr. Howard, Dr. Fine, Dr. Howard."
Radio[link]
Sirius XM Radio aired a special about the Stooges hosted by Tom Bergeron on Friday, July 31, 2009, at 2:00PM on the Sirius Howard 101 channel. Bergeron had conducted the interviews at the age of 17 back when he was still in high school in 1971. The television host had the tapes in storage for many years and was convinced on-air during an interview with Howard Stern to bring them in and turn it into a special.
After finding "the lost tapes," Bergeron brought them into Stern's production studio. He stated that the tapes were so old that the tapes with the Larry Fine interviews began to shred as Stern's radio engineers ran them through their cart players. They only really had the one shot, and fortunately for Three Stooges fans, the tapes were saved.
"The Lost Stooges Tapes" was hosted by Tom Bergeron, with modern commentary on the almost 40-year-old interviews that he had conducted with Larry Fine and Moe Howard. At the times of these interviews, Moe was still living at home and Larry had suffered a stroke and was living in a Senior Citizen's home.
Television[link]
In addition to the unsuccessful television series pilots Jerks of All Trades, The Three Stooges Scrapbook, and the incomplete Kook's Tour, the Stooges appeared in a show called The New Three Stooges which ran from 1965 to 1966. This series featured a mix of thirty-nine live-action segments which were used as wraparounds to 156 animated Stooges shorts. The New Three Stooges became the only regularly scheduled television show in history for the Stooges.[1] Unlike other films shorts that aired on television, like the Looney Tunes, Tom and Jerry, and Popeye, the film shorts of the Stooges never had a regularly scheduled national television program to air in, neither on network nor syndicated. When Columbia/Screen Gems licensed the film library to television, the shorts aired in any fashion the local stations chose (examples: late-night "filler" material between the end of the late movie and the channel's sign-off time; in "marathon" sessions running shorts back-to-back for one, one-and-a-half, or two hours; etc.)
In the October 13, 1967 "Who's Afraid of Mother Goose?" episode of ABC's "World-of-Disney"-like anthology series Off to See the Wizard, the Three Stooges made a short appearance as "the three men in a tub".
Two episodes of Hanna-Barbera's The New Scooby-Doo Movies aired on CBS featuring animated Stooges as guest stars: the premiere, "Ghastly Ghost Town" (September 9, 1972) and "The Ghost of the Red Baron" (November 18, 1972). There also was a short-lived animated series, also produced by Hanna-Barbera, titled The Robonic Stooges, originally seen as a featured segment on The Skatebirds (CBS, 1977–1978), featuring Moe, Larry, and Curly (voiced by Paul Winchell, Joe Baker and Frank Welker, respectively) as bionic cartoon superheroes with extendable limbs, similar to the later Inspector Gadget. The Robonic Stooges later aired as a separate half-hour series, retitled The Three Robonic Stooges (each half-hour featured two segments of The Three Robonic Stooges and one segment of Woofer And Whimper, Dog Detectives, the latter re-edited from episodes of Clue Club, an earlier Hanna-Barbera cartoon series). There are also many Stooges references in the sitcom ALF.
In the episode "Beware The Creeper" of The New Batman Adventures. the Joker retreats to his hide-out after a quick fight with Batman. He yells out for his three henchmen "Moe? Larr? Cur?" only to find that they are not there. Shortly after that, Batman comes across these three goons in a pool hall; they have distinctive accents and hair styles similar to those of Moe, Larry, and Curly. These henchmen are briefly seen throughout the rest of the season.
2000 television film[link]
In spring of 2000, longtime Stooge fan Mel Gibson executive-produced a TV film (The Three Stooges[27]) about the lives and careers of the comedians. Playing Moe was Paul Ben-Victor, Evan Handler was Larry, John Kassir was Shemp and Michael Chiklis was Curly. It was filmed in Australia and was produced for and broadcast on ABC. It was based on Michael Fleming's authorized biography of the Stooges, "The Three Stooges: From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons". Its unflattering portrayal of Ted Healy led Healy's son to give media interviews calling the film inaccurate. Additional error of fact included the hint that Moe Howard was down on his luck later in life and worked as a gofer (go fer...); someone who goes and gets stuff, at the studio, where he, his brothers and Larry had formerly worked as actors. Moe was the most careful with his money, which he invested well. He and his wife Helen owned a comfortable house in Toluca Lake in which they raised their children.
The film regularly runs on the American Movie Classics (AMC) channel.
Feature film revival[link]
Main article: The Three Stooges (film)
A film about the Three Stooges, simply titled The Three Stooges, started production on March 14, 2011 with 20th Century Fox[28] and will be directed by the Farrelly brothers. The film had been in what one critic has dubbed "development hell".[29] The Farrellys, who have wanted to make this film since 1996, said that they were not going to do a biopic or remake, but instead new Three Stooges episodes set in the present day. The plot of the episodes is an adventure that revolves around the Stooges characters.[30]
Casting players for the title characters proved difficult for the studio. Originally slated were Sean Penn to play Larry, Benicio del Toro to play Moe and Jim Carrey to play Curly. Both Sean Penn and Benicio del Toro left the project but returned while no official confirmation had been made about Jim Carrey. When del Toro was interviewed on MTV News for The Wolfman, he spoke about playing Moe. He was later asked who was going to play Larry and Curly in the film and commented that he still thought that Sean Penn and Jim Carrey were going to play them, though he added "Nothing is for sure yet."[31][32] A story in The Hollywood Reporter stated that Will Sasso would play Curly in the upcoming comedy and that Hank Azaria was the front runner to play Moe.[33] Sasso was ultimately cast as Curly; Sean Hayes of Will & Grace was cast as Larry Fine,[34] while Chris Diamantopoulos was cast as Moe.[35] Jane Lynch later joined the cast, playing a nun.[36] The film was released on April 13, 2012.
Video games[link]
Main articles: The Three Stooges (arcade game) and The Three Stooges (video game)
In 1984 Gottlieb released an arcade game featuring the Stooges trying to find three kidnapped brides. Later in 1987, game developers Cinemaware released a successful Three Stooges computer game, available for Apple IIGS, Amiga, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Based on the Stooges earning money by doing odd jobs to prevent the foreclosure of an orphanage, it incorporated audio from the original films and was popular enough to be reissued for the Game Boy Advance in 2002, as well as for PlayStation in 2004.[37]
In foreign languages[link]
In most other languages, the Three Stooges are known by their English name. However, in Chinese, the trio is known as Sānge Chòu Píjiàng (三個臭皮匠)[38] or Huóbǎo Sānrénzǔ (活寶三人組). Sānge Chòu Píjiàng, literally "Three Smelly Shoemakers", derives from a saying in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: Sāngè chòu píjiàng shèngguò yīgè Zhūgě Liàng (三個臭皮匠，勝過一個諸葛亮) or "Three smelly shoemakers (are enough to) overcome one Zhuge Liang [a hero of the story]", i.e. three inferior people can overpower a superior person when they combine their strength. Huóbǎo Sānrénzǔ translates as "Trio of Buffoons".[39]
In Japanese they are known as San Baka Taishō (三ばか大将)[40] meaning "Three Idiot Generals" or "Three Baka Generals". The Japanese term baka (馬鹿, "fool" or "idiot", lit. "horse deer") is associated with the Chinese idiom zhǐlù wéimǎ (指鹿為馬; lit. "point at a deer and call it a horse", in Japanese shika o sashite uma to nasu [鹿を指して馬と為す]) meaning "deliberate misrepresentation for ulterior purposes". In Spanish they are known as Los tres chiflados[41] or, roughly, "The Three Crackpots". In French and German usage, the name of the trio is partially translated as Les Trois Stooges and Die drei Stooges respectively. In Thai, the trio is known as 3 สมุนจอมป่วน (3 Samunčhǭmpūan; IPA: [sà mun tɕɔːm pùːan]) or 3 พี่น้องจอมยุ่ง (Phīnǭngčhǭmyung; IPA: [pʰîː nɔ́ːŋ tɕɔːm jûŋ]). In Portuguese, they are known as Os Três Patetas in Brazil, and Os Três Estarolas in Portugal, being "estarola" a direct translation to "stooge", while "pateta" being more related to "goofy".
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Maurer, Joan Howard; Jeff Lenburg, Greg Lenburg (1982). The Three Stooges Scrapbook. Citadel Press. pp. 73, 87, 179–193. ISBN 0-8065-0946-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=iTQXz-zQK5MC&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fleming, Michael (1999). The Three Stooges: An Illustrated History, From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons. Broadway Publishing. pp. 22, 21, 23, 25, 33, 49, 50. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-7679-0556-7|0-7679-0556-7]].
- ^ a b c d Howard, Moe (1977, rev. 1979). Moe Howard and the Three Stooges. Broadway Publishing. pp. 54, 73, 101. ISBN 978-0-8065-0723-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Okuda, Ted; Watz, Edward (1986). The Columbia Comedy Shorts. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. pp. 60–102, 237–239. ISBN 0-89950-181-8.
- ^ a b Solomon, Jon. (2002) The Complete Three Stooges: The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion, pp. 318, 510; Comedy III Productions, Inc., ISBN 0-9711868-0-4
- ^ "Newspaper article about the anti-fascist short You Nazty Spy". http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/01.16.97/cover/stooges3-9703.html.
- ^ archival audio – "E Entertainment", May 2002
- ^ a b Forrester, Jeff (2004). The Three Stooges: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the Most Popular Comedy Team of All Time. Donaldson Books. pp. 121, 135. ISBN 0-9715801-0-3.
- ^ Grossman, Gary H. Saturday Morning TV, Dell Publishing, 1981
- ^ Liberty - Google Books. Books.google.com. 1976. http://books.google.com/?id=xQYAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=%22three+stooges%22+%2B+%22screen+gems%22+%2B+1958#v=onepage&q=%22three%20stooges%22%20%2B%20%22screen%20gems%22%20%2B%201958&f=false. Retrieved 2010-08-02.
- ^ "Curly vs Shemp". Democratic Underground. http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=105x1756874. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ "The Canteen". The Canteen. 1955-11-23. http://www.thecanteen.com/shemp.html. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ "Pop Culture Addict". Pop Culture Addict. http://popcultureaddict.com/movies/shemp-htm/. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ The Making of the Stooges VHS Documentary, narrated by Steve Allen (1984)
- ^ "A Stooge's Heirs Ordered to Pay Heirs of Others". The New York Times. December 8, 1994. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/08/arts/a-stooge-s-heirs-ordered-to-pay-heirs-of-others.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "C3 website". http://www.c3entertainment.com/.
- ^ "dvdbeaver.com review". http://www.dvdbeaver.com/film2/dvdreviews33/3_stooges_collection_vol._1.htm.
- ^ "review". Videolibrarian.com. http://www.videolibrarian.com/dvd.html/. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ "DVDtown.com review". http://www.dvdtown.com/reviews/three-stooges-collection-the-volume-one-1934-1936/5300/.
- ^ The Three Stooges Collection, Vol. 4 Press Release
- ^ "classicflix.com". classicflix.com. 2008-12-30. http://www.classicflix.com/three-stooges-march-special-price-a-396.html?osCsid=959e70f0e1b974f6a67513a67b1498e9. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ "The Three Stooges Collection, Vol. 6 (1949 - 1951)". Classicflix.com. 2009-06-16. http://www.classicflix.com/three-stooges-collection-1949-1951-p-8311.html. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
- ^ "Classicflix.com Blog: The Three Stooges, Vol. 7 in November". Classicflix.blogspot.com. 2009-08-25. http://classicflix.blogspot.com/2009/08/three-stooges-vol-7-in-november.html. Retrieved 2010-07-10.
- ^ "Get your nyuks, nyuks at the Stoogeum". http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/travel/features/nationworld/4868286.html.
- ^ "Yahoo.com, Three Stooges Museum in Pa.". http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap_travel/20070907/ap_tr_ge/travel_brief_three_stooges_museum;_ylt=Ar.kdy3uCdTqwQffAbzPnzas0NUE.
- ^ Three-D Three Stooges at the Grand Comics Database
- ^ The Three Stooges (2000) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Fleming, Mike. "Fox Sets March 14 Start For 'The Three Stooges'". Deadline.com. http://www.deadline.com/2010/12/fox-sets-march-14-start-date-for-the-three-stooges/. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ Eric Ditzian. "Farrelly Brothers' Three Stooges Saga: The 13-Year Backstory". Mtv.com. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1607951/story.jhtml. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
- ^ Arya Ponto. "Three Stooges Movie Not a Biopic, But New Episodes". JustPressPlay.net. http://www.justpressplay.net/articles/39/2061.html. Retrieved October 1, 2007.
- ^ Mark Shanahan; Meredith Goldstein (January 25, 2010). "In search of the proper Curly". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/celebrity/articles/2010/01/25/rocking_this_town_for_charities. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
- ^ Krystal Clark. "Sean Penn Returns to The Three Stooges". screencrave.com. http://screencrave.com/2010-01-05/sean-penn-returns-to-the-three-stooges/. Retrieved January 26, 2010.
- ^ Brendan Bettinger. "Will Sasso Is Curly in THE THREE STOOGES; Hank Azaria and James Marsden the Frontrunners to Play Moe, and Larry will be played by Sean Hayes". collider.com. http://collider.com/will-sasso-hank-azaria-james-marsden-the-three-stooges/82652/. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
- ^ Hitfix Staff. "Former 'Will and Grace' star Sean Hayes will play Larry in 'The Three Stooges'". http://www.hitfix.com/articles/former-will-and-grace-star-sean-hayes-will-play-larry-in-the-three-stooges.
- ^ http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2011/05/24/first-look-at-sean-hayes-chris-diamantopoulos-and-will-sasso-as-the-three-stooges/
- ^ Jane Lynch Joins The Three Stooges
- ^ Craig Harris (2002-04-10). "IGN: The Three Stooges Review". Gameboy.ign.com. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/357/357085p1.html. Retrieved 2011-02-20.
- ^ 約翰尼•德普西恩•潘擬出演《三個臭皮匠》. (Chinese)
- ^ 活宝 entry at the Hanyu Pinyin Dictionary; 三人 entry at the Hanyu Pinyin Dictionary; 组 entry at the Hanyu Pinyin Dictionary
- ^ 「三ばか大将」にポール・ジアマッティ決定、ジム・キャリーは降板. (Japanese)
- ^ Los Tres Chiflados: unos golpes más allá (Spanish)
Further reading[link]
- Besser, Joe (with Lenburg, Jeff, and Lenburg, Greg), Not Just a Stooge (1984) Excelsior Books, Inc. (reissued 1987 as Once a Stooge, Always a Stooge) Roundtable Publications (Autobiography of Joe Besser, including anecdotes about Abbott and Costello and Olsen and Johnson)
- Bruskin, David N., Behind the Three Stooges: The White Brothers: Conversations with David N. Bruskin (1993) Directors Guild of America (In-depth interviews with producer-directors Jules White, Jack White, and Sam White)
- Comedy III Productions, Inc., Pop, You're "Poifect!": A Three Stooges Salute to Dad (2002) Andrews McMeel
- Cox, Steve and Terry, Jim, One Fine Stooge: Larry Fine's Frizzy Life in Pictures (2005) Cumberland House Publishing
- Davis, Lon and Davis, Debra (eds.), Stooges Among Us (2008) BearManor Media ISBN 1-59393-300-2
- Feinberg, Morris, Larry: The Stooge in the Middle (1984) Last Gasp of San Francisco (Biography of Larry Fine, attributed to his brother but actually ghostwritten by Bob Davis)
- Fericano, Paul, Stoogism Anthology (1977) Poor Souls Printing
- Fine, Larry (with Carone, James), Stroke of Luck (1973) Siena Publishing Co. (Larry Fine's autobiography, transcribed from interviews toward the end of his life)
- Flanagan, Bill, Last of the Moe Haircuts (1986) McGraw-Hill/Contemporary Books, Inc.
- Fleming, Michael, The Three Stooges: An Illustrated History, from Amalgamated Morons to American Icons (2002) Broadway Publishing
- Forrester, Jeffrey, The Stoogephile Trivia Book (1982) Contemporary Books, Inc.
- Forrester, Jeffrey, The Stooge Chronicles (1981) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Comprehensive overview of the team's career; also discusses the various Ted Healy stooges)
- Forrester, Tom, with Forrester, Jeff, The Stooges' Lost Episodes (1988) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Discussion of obscure Stooges appearances, including solo films by individual Stooges)
- Forrester, Jeff, with Forrester, Tom, and Wallison, Joe, The Three Stooges: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the Most Popular Comedy Team of All Time (2001) Donaldson Books
- Garner, Paul, Mousie Garner: Autobiography of a Vaudeville Stooge (1999) McFarland & Co.
- Hansen, Tom and Forrester, Jeffrey, Stoogemania: An Extravaganza of Stooge Photos, Puzzles, Trivia, Collectibles and More (1984) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Overview of Three Stooges memorabilia)
- Howard, Moe, Moe Howard and the Three Stooges (1977) Citadel Press (Moe Howard's autobiography, completed and released posthumously by his daughter)
- Koceimba, Bill, with Kaufman, Eric A., and Sack, Steve, The Three Stooges Golf Spoof and Trivia Book (1999) Gazelle, Inc.
- Kurson, Robert, The Official Three Stooges Encyclopedia: The Ultimate Knucklehead's Guide to Stoogedom, from Amalgamated Association of Morons to Ziller, Zeller, and Zoller (1999) McGraw-Hill
- Kurson, Robert, The Official Three Stooges Cookbook (1998) Contemporary Books, Inc.
- Lenburg, Jeff, with Maurer, Joan Howard, and Lenburg, Greg, The Three Stooges Scrapbook (1982, revised 1994, 2000) Citadel Press
- Longley, Maximillian, The Conservative In Spite of Himself: A Reluctant Right-Winger's Thoughts on Life, Law and the Three Stooges (2007) Monograph Publishers
- Maltin, Leonard, The Great Movie Comedians (1978) Crown Books
- Maltin, Leonard, Movie Comedy Teams (1970, revised 1985) New American Library
- Maltin, Leonard, Selected Short Subjects (first published as The Great Movie Shorts, 1972) Crown Books, (revised 1983) Da Capo Press
- McGarry, Annie, The Wacky World of the Three Stooges (1992) Crescent Books
- Maurer, Joan Howard, Curly: An Illustrated Biography of the Superstooge (1985, revised 1988) Citadel Press
- Maurer, Joan Howard (ed.), The Three Stooges Book of Scripts (1984) Citadel Press
- Maurer, Joan Howard and Maurer, Norman (eds.), The Three Stooges Book of Scripts, Volume II (1987) Citadel Press
- Okuda, Ted and Watz, Edward, The Columbia Comedy Shorts (1998) McFarland & Co. (Comprehensive history of the Columbia short subject department; Stooge colleagues Edward Bernds and Emil Sitka are quoted extensively)
- Seely, Peter and Pieper, Gail W., Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges (2007) McFarland & Co.
- Smith, Ronald L., The Stooge Fans' I.Q. Test (1988) Contemporary Books, Inc.
- Solomon, Jon, The Complete Three Stooges: The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion (2000) Comedy III Productions
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: The Three Stooges |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: The Three Stooges |
- Three Stooges Online Filmography at threestooges.net
- The Three Stooges Official Website (sanctioned by C3 Entertainment, Inc. - threestooges.com)
- The Stoogeum (Three Stooges Museum) – stoogeum.com
- A Three Stooges compilation is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
- Portrait (2009) of The Three Stooges (with Shemp) by noted illustrator Drew Friedman
- Interview with Moe Howard on new success with the younger generation from the Ocala Star-Banner – February 22, 1959 accessed via Google News
- The Three Stooges (2012) at the Internet Movie Database
- Dan Barry (April 13, 2012). "Even the Three Stooges Needed Second Fiddles". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/14/movies/the-three-stooges-used-a-lot-of-second-fiddles.html.
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the general under Sun Quan. For the contemporary general with a similar name, see Zhou Yu (Renming).
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) |
| Zhou Yu | |
|---|---|
 Qing Dynasty block print illustration of Zhou Yu |
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| General of Sun Quan | |
| Born | 175 |
| Died | 210 (aged 35) |
| Names | |
| Simplified Chinese | 周瑜 |
| Traditional Chinese | 周瑜 |
| Pinyin | Zhōu Yú |
| Wade-Giles | Chou Yü |
| Style name | Gongjin (公瑾) |
| Other names | "Zhou the Handsome Youth" (美周郎) |
Zhou Yu (175–210)[1] was a military general and strategist who served his close friend, the warlord Sun Ce, during the late Han Dynasty period of Chinese history. After the death of Sun Ce, another prominent warlord, Cao Cao, led a massive force southward with the intention to conquer the Jiangdong region, Zhou Yu was assigned by Sun Ce's brother and successor, Sun Quan, to be the naval commander for the defensive forces and he defeated Cao Cao's forces at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs in 208. The subsequent Battle of Jiangling, which had Lieutenant General (偏將軍) Zhou Yu serving as the commander-in-chief of Sun Quan's forces, solidified the survivability of the future Eastern Wu regime. Thus, Zhou Yu was praised by Sun Quan to be the sole person who enabled him to become an emperor years after Zhou's death.[2]
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life and career[link]
Zhou Yu was born in Lujiang Commandery in an influential family with many members who served in high ranking positions in the government. Zhou Jing (an elder cousin of Zhou Yu's father) and Zhou Jing's son Zhou Zhong both took the post of Grand Commandant in the Han imperial court. Zhou Yu's father, Zhou Yi, was the Chief of Luoyang, the capital.[3] When the coalition against Dong Zhuo was formed, Zhou Yi led his family to migrate to Lujiang. There, Sun Jian's son Sun Ce and Zhou Yu studied together and became lifelong friends. Zhou Yu's uncle later became the governor of Danyang under the warlord Yuan Shu , Zhou went visit his uncle and stayed there, while his best friend, Sun Ce, was planning to establish independence over the soil of Jiangdong.
Sun Ce, under a commission from Yuan Shu, entered Yang Province to aid his relatives, Wu Jing and Sun Ben, who were attacked by Liu Yao. When Sun was about to cross the Yangtze River to begin his Jiangdong campaign, he sent a letter to Zhou Yu, stating his ambition. In response, Zhou Yu led his troops to Liyang (歷陽, present-day He County, Anhui, China) to catch up with Sun Ce, who exclaimed upon Zhou's arrival, "with you, greatness can be attained!"[4]
Service under Sun Ce[link]
Zhou Yu was involved in the first half of Sun Ce's campaign to unify Yang Province, wherein the focus was to defeat the warlords in the area. He was credited with the capture of Hengjiang (橫江; southeast of present-day He County, Anhui, on the northern shore of the Chang River) and Dangli (當利; east of present-day He County, Anhui). After this, Zhou Yu followed Sun Ce across the Yangtze River and conquered Huji (湖孰; present-day Husu, Jiangning, Jiangsu), Jiangcheng (江乘; near present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), and Qu'e (曲阿; present-day Situ Town, Jiangsu). The area's strongest opponent, the Inspector of Yang Province, Liu Yao, fled from Moling (秣陵; near present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) because Sun Ce's forces had been bolstered by local peasant forces numbering several tens of thousands. Thinking that he could complete his objective with these troops, Sun Ce ordered Zhou Yu back to defend Dangyang.[5]
Fed by Sun Ce's victories, Yuan Shu's became more ambitious, to a point that he wanted to declare himself emperor. Sun Ce sent a letter to Yuan Shu trying to dissuade him from doing so, declaring his loyalty to the Han Emperor Xian, but his counsel fell on deaf ears. Yuan Shu sent his cousin to replace Zhou Shang as Administer of Dangyang and kept him and Zhou Yu in Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui). In order to control Sun Ce, Yuan Shu had Sun Ce and Zhou Yu's families imprisoned. As a result, Zhou persuaded Yuan to grant him the position of Chief of Juchao, with the intention of escaping and returning to Sun Ce via Juchao (present-day Chaohu City, Anhui).
Upon knowledge of this plan, Sun Ce sent Lü Fan to secretly retrieve the families and take them to the southern side of the Yangtze River.[6] Sun Ce severed ties with Yuan Shu and allied with Lü Bu, Cao Cao, and Liu Bei to oppose him. It was during Zhou Yu's journey to Wu that he encountered a wealthy merchant called Lu Su, whom he took to Sun Ce. This merchant would later become a prominent advisor to the Sun family.
Marriage[link]
It was around this time that Zhou Yu and Sun Ce married the Qiao sisters, with Sun Ce marrying the elder Qiao and Zhou Yu the younger. Very soon afterwards, Sun Ce and Zhou Yu pacified most of Yang Province on the south of the Yangtze River and extended their power into the Wu region and north into the Huai River region, defeating Liu Xun and the remnant forces of Yuan Shu in the north as well as Huang Zu and the forces of Liu Biao to the west.
Serving Sun Quan[link]
In 200, Sun Ce was assassinated and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan. Zhou Yu took control of military affairs while Zhang Zhao was in charge of domestic affairs. Around this time, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and demanded that Sun Quan send a family member hostage. Zhou Yu advised against sending a hostage. This raised Zhou Yu's prestige within the Sun family, and he was treated as an older brother by Sun Quan. In 206, Zhou Yu attacked the local bandits and captured over 10,000 people and resettled them. When he was stationed on the border, he repelled an attack by Liu Biao's general, Deng Long, who was captured in the battle.
In 208, Sun Quan ordered an attack on Jiangxia, which was controlled by Huang Zu. Zhou Yu was assigned the Grand Commander, Lü Meng the navy commander, and Ling Tong the vanguard commander for the campaign. Even the battles were harder than expected, Huang Zu was ultimately captured and executed.
Not long later, Cao Cao started a campaign aimed at wiping out all opposition in southern China. As his army conquered Jing Province (covering present-day Hubei and Hunan) and was closing in on Sun Quan, the latter's court was divided upon the issue of whether to surrender or resist. Sun Quan consulted Zhou Yu, who replied: "Although Cao Cao pretends to be a minister of the Han Dynasty, he is actually a thief who is attempting to steal the empire from Han. My lord, with your brilliant talent and your father and brother's military prowess, have ruled and pacified Eastern Wu. The territory stretches thousand of li, the soldiers are well trained, brilliant advisors of great talents are at your disposal. It is the time to get rid of Cao Cao and restore the Han Dynasty. Cao Cao has come down south and presented himself as an opportunity for you, my lord. Now I will analyse for you the dire situation Cao Cao has placed himself into: Even if the north has been completely unified, can Cao Cao's ground based army fight against our superior navy and marines? The truth is that the north has not been completely pacified. Ma Chao will remain a thorn in Cao Cao's flesh. Cao Cao's superior cavalry is useless against the mountainous and watery terrain of the south. Winter is upon us, and yet Cao Cao's large army has to depend on a long supply line halfway across China. Cao Cao's army are mainly composed of northerners, and they are not used to the environment of the south, thus they will easily become sick. With all of these problems, I promise you that with 30,000 men, I can easily defeat him." Greatly relieved, Sun Quan decided to resist Cao Cao's invasion.
The Battle of Red Cliffs ensued. Contrary to popular belief, Zhuge Liang did not contribute much and Zhou Yu was the supreme commander of the united forces against Cao Cao. In this battle, a series of stratagems were employed by Zhou Yu to destroy Cao Cao's naval fleet. Huang Gai proposed a plan in which he pretended to surrender to Cao Cao and infiltrated the enemy camp. There, he set his own ships on fire and rammed them into Cao Cao's ships before jumping into the river. Many of Cao Cao's ships were set ablaze and he was forced to flee back to Xuchang.
Afterwards, Zhou Yu led his army in pursuit of Cao Cao's army and laid siege to Nan Commandery. While on the front lines, Zhou Yu was seriously wounded by a stray arrow and forced to withdraw from the direct command of troops. Cao Ren, the defending general, heard of Zhou Yu's injury and ordered his soldiers to yell insults outside Zhou's camp in an attempt to dishearten his army. Zhou Yu personally inspected his troops to raise their morale. Seeing that the advantages he had hoped to gain were lost, Cao Ren retreated. After a year of siege, Nan Commandery was taken and Zhou Yu was appointed governor of the commandery.
Death[link]
In 210, Zhou Yu proposed to Sun Quan his plan to attack Liu Zhang of Yi Province (covering the Sichuan Basin) and unify all of southern China under Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao in northern China. In addition, he proposed an alliance with Zhang Lu of Hanzhong and Ma Chao of Liang Province (covering present-day Gansu), whom Zhou Yu correctly predicted would soon oppose Cao Cao (Ma Chao rebelled a year later, and Zhang Lu supported him). While preparing for the long campaign, he died at age 35 in Baqiu (present-day Yueyang, Hunan).
Zhou Yu was buried in his ancestral home in Lujiang. Lu Su succeeded him as commander-in-chief of Sun Quan's military, while his oldest son Zhou Xun inherited his title of nobility.
Family[link]
- Great-great-grandfather: Zhou Rong (周榮), served as Imperial Secretary during the reigns of Emperor Zhang and Emperor He
- Father: Zhou Yi (周異), served as Prefect of Luoyang
- Spouse: Xiaoqiao
- Children:
- Zhou Xun, eldest son, married Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luban, served as Cavalry Commandant, died at a young age
- Zhou Yin (周胤), second son, served as Commandant of Xingye, married a woman of the Sun clan, granted title of Marquis of Duxiang, later exiled to Luling Commandery for committing a crime, died of illness
- Lady Zhou (周氏), personal name unknown, married Sun Quan's eldest son Sun Deng
- Other relatives:
- Zhou Jing (周景), elder cousin of Zhou Yi, served as Inspector of Yu Province, Imperial Secretary, and Grand Commandant
- Zhou Zhong (周忠), Zhou Jing's son, served as Administrator of Danyang and Grand Commandant
- Zhou Shang (周尚), Zhou Yu's uncle, served as Grand Commandant
- Zhou Jun (周峻), son of Zhou Yu's elder brother, appointed Lieutenant-General
Appraisal[link]
 |
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (December 2010) |
Zhou Yu was an intelligent young man, who was considered handsome and good-looking by his contemporaries. He was open and made friends with his humility. Cheng Pu, a senior general who had served the Sun family since Sun Jian's time, made fun of Zhou Yu's young age, but Zhou took his remarks stoically and they became friends later. Zhou Yu was also a multi-talented person with interest in poetry and music. There was a saying at that time about Zhou Yu's skill in music, "If the tune has a problem, Zhou Yu will fix it." (曲有誤, 周郎顧).[citation needed] Zhou Yu was also well known for his loyalty towards his lord. Even though Sun Quan regarded him as an older brother, Zhou Yu always respected Sun as his lord and served him with humility and care.
In fiction and popular culture[link]
In Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhou Yu is depicted as a rival of Zhuge Liang. He was extremely jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent and he relentlessly attempted to outwit the latter but never succeeded. His role in the novel was also overshadowed by Zhuge Liang, especially in the events of the Battle of Red Cliffs. Furthermore, Zhou Yu's death was dramatized in the novel and altered to be caused intentionally by Zhuge Liang. Zhou Yu sustained an arrow wound during the earlier Battle of Jiangling, and his condition deteriorated as he was infuriated by Zhuge Liang, who foiled his plans three times. On the third time, he coughed blood and lamented, "If (Zhou) Yu has already been born, why is (Zhuge) Liang to be born?" (既生瑜, 何生亮?), before collapsing and dying.[7]
In Chinese opera, Zhou Yu is cast as a xiaosheng (young man) or wusheng (military dress man), even when he appears together with Zhuge Liang, who was actually younger than he was. In Kun opera, Zhou Yu appears as a zhiweisheng, as in the scene The Swaying Reeds, in which he is captured and later released by Zhang Fei.[citation needed]
Modern references[link]
- In the anime series Ikki Tousen, the character Shuuyu Koukin is roughly based upon Zhou Yu. His cousin and ward, Sonsaku Hakufu, is based on Zhou Yu's close friend Sun Ce. Like his counterpart in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shuuyu Koukin resents Zhuge Liang, though for a different reason.
- In the anime series Koutetsu Sangokushi, Zhou Yu (again in the original Japanese as Shuuyu Koukin) was not able to prevent Sun Ce's assassination, but serves as Sun Quan's level-headed advisor and admiral, as well as something of a story foil to the more impulsive and brash Taishi Ci (known as "Taishiji" in Japanese).
- Zhou Yu is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. He also appears in Koei's Romance of the Three Kingdoms strategy game series.
- In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named "Zhou Yu, Chief Commander" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set.
- Tony Leung played the role of Zhou Yu in the 2008 film Red Cliff.
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1152. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
- ^ (「孤非周公瑾，不帝矣。」) Chen Shou. (c.280). Records of Three Kingdoms, Biography of the Lord of Wu (Sun Quan).
- ^ (從祖父景，景子忠，皆為漢太尉。父異，洛陽令。) Chen Shou. (c.280). Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 54, Biography of Zhou Yu.
- ^ (策大喜曰："吾得卿。諧也。") Chen Shou. (c.280). Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 54, Biography of Zhou Yu.
- ^ (劉繇奔走，而策之眾已數萬矣。因謂瑜曰："吾以此眾取吳會平山越已足。卿還鎮丹楊。"瑜還。)
- ^ (時太妃在江都，策遣范迎之。) Chen Shou. Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 56, Biography of Lü Fan.
- ^ Luo Guanzhong. (c.1321). Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
References[link]
- Chen Shou. (c.280). Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 54, Biography of Zhou Yu.
- Luo Guanzhong. (c.1321). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (A historical novel).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD). Brill. p. 1152. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zhou, Yu |
| Alternative names | 周瑜, Gōngjǐn, 周公瑾, Zhou the fair, 美周郎 |
| Short description | military strategist for Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms era of China |
| Date of birth | 175 |
| Place of birth | Lujiang County, Anhui, China |
| Date of death | 210 |
| Place of death | Baqiu |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
