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An entrepreneur (ⁱ/ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜr/) is an owner or manager of a business enterprise who makes money through risk and/or initiative.^{[1][note 1]} The term was originally a loanword from French and was first defined by the Irish-French economist Richard Cantillon. Entrepreneur in English is a term applied to a person who is willing to help launch a new venture or enterprise and accept full responsibility for the outcome. Jean-Baptiste Say, a French economist, is believed to have coined the word "entrepreneur" in the 19th century - he defined an entrepreneur as "one who undertakes an enterprise, especially a contractor, acting as intermediatory between capital and labour".^{[note 2]}

Profession[link]

Entrepreneurs become what they are for several reasons. Many, depending on the person, choose to do so to avoid workplace drama, discrimination, being taken advantage of, or just to be their own boss.^[2] Another reason people become entrepreneurs is to avoid unemployment and attain job security. When an individual cannot find work, he or she may see starting a business enterprise as a suitable alternative and a good way to ensure he or she is never fired.

Leadership attributes[link]

The entrepreneur leads the firm or organization and also demonstrates leadership qualities by selecting managerial staff. Management skill and strong team building abilities are essential leadership attributes for successful entrepreneurs. Scholar Robert. B. Reich considers leadership, management ability, and team-building as essential qualities of an entrepreneur. This concept has its origins in the work of Richard Cantillon in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en (1755) and Jean-Baptiste Say ^{[note 3]} in his Treatise on Political Economy.

Entrepreneurs emerge from the population on demand, and become leaders because they perceive opportunities available and are well-positioned to take advantage of them. An entrepreneur may perceive that they are among the few to recognize or be able to solve a problem. Joseph Schumpeter saw the entrepreneur as innovators and popularized the uses of the phrase creative destruction to describe his view of the role of entrepreneurs in changing business norms. Creative destruction encompasses changes entrepreneurial activity makes every time a new process, product or company enters the markets.

Influences, personality traits, and characteristics[link]

The most significant influence on an individual's decision to become an entrepreneur is workplace peers and the social composition of the workplace.^{[citation needed]} The ability of entrepreneurs to innovate relates to innate traits such as extroversion and a proclivity for risk-taking. According to Schumpeter (1934), the capabilities of innovating, introducing new technologies, increasing efficiency and productivity, or generating new products or services, are characteristics of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are catalysts for economic change. Research has found entrepreneurs to be highly creative with a tendency to imagine new solutions by finding opportunities for profit or reward.^[3] An Examination of the Impact of Selected Personality Traits on the Innovat

There is a complexity and lack of cohesion between research studies that explore the characteristics and personality traits of, and influences on, the entrepreneur. Most studies, however, agree that there are certain entrepreneurial traits and environmental influences that tend to be consistent. Although certain entrepreneurial traits are required, entrepreneurial behaviours are dynamic and influenced by environmental factors. Shane and Venkataraman (2000) argue the entrepreneur is solely concerned with opportunity recognition and exploitation; although, the opportunity that is recognised depends on the type of entrepreneur which Ucbasaran et al. (2001) argue there are many different types dependent on their business and personal circumstances. However, it should also be noted that there are approaches that appear highly critical against valorized conceptions of entrepreneurs. For example, there are views that attribute pertinent conceptions to scholarly prejudices, such as unrealistically voluntaristic preconceptions on how a "normal" economic agent ought to behave (Ramoglou, 2011; Gartner, 2001).

Psychological studies show that the psychological propensities for male and female entrepreneurs are more similar than different. Perceived gender differences may be due more to gender stereotyping. There is a growing body of work that shows that entrepreneurial behavior is dependent on social and economic factors. For example, countries which have healthy and diversified labor markets or stronger safety nets show a more favorable ratio of opportunity-driven rather than necessity-driven women entrepreneurs. Empirical studies suggest that men entrepreneurs possess strong negotiating skills and consensus-forming abilities.

Types of entrepreneurs[link]

The literature has distinguished among a number of different types of entrepreneurs, for instance:

Social entrepreneur[link]

A social entrepreneur is motivated by a desire to help, improve and transform social, environmental, educational and economic conditions. Key traits and characteristics of highly effective social entrepreneurs include ambition and a lack of acceptance of the status quo or accepting the world "as it is". The social entrepreneur is driven by an emotional desire to address some of the big social and economic conditions in the world, for example, poverty and educational deprivation, rather than by the desire for profit. Social entrepreneurs seek to develop innovative solutions to global problems that can be copied by others to enact change. ^[4]

Social entrepreneurs act within a market aiming to create social value through the improvement of goods and services offered to the community. Their main aim is to help offer a better service improving the community as a whole and are predominately run as non profit schemes. Zahra et al. (2009: 519) said that “social entrepreneurs make significant and diverse contributions to their communities and societies, adopting business models to offer creative solutions to complex and persistent social problems”.

Serial entrepreneur[link]

A serial entrepreneur is one who continuously comes up with new ideas and starts new businesses.^[5] In the media, the serial entrepreneur is represented as possessing a higher propensity for risk, innovation and achievement.^[6]

Lifestyle entrepreneur[link]

A lifestyle entrepreneur places passion before profit when launching a business in order to combine personal interests and talent with the ability to earn a living. Many entrepreneurs may be primarily motivated by the intention to make their business profitable in order to sell to shareholders.^{[examples needed]} In contrast, a lifestyle entrepreneur intentionally chooses a business model intended to develop and grow their business in order to make a long-term, sustainable and viable living working in a field where they have a particular interest, passion, talent, knowledge or high degree of expertise.^[7] A lifestyle entrepreneur may decide to become self-employed in order to achieve greater personal freedom, more family time and more time working on projects or business goals that inspire them. A lifestyle entrepreneur may combine a hobby with a profession or they may specifically decide not to expand their business in order to remain in control of their venture. Common goals held by the lifestyle entrepreneur include earning a living doing something that they love, earning a living in a way that facilitates self-employment, achieving a good work/life balance and owning a business without shareholders.^{[further explanation needed]} Many lifestyle entrepreneurs are very dedicated to their business and may work within the creative industries or tourism industry,^[8] where a passion before profit approach to entrepreneurship often prevails. While many entrepreneurs may launch their business with a clear exit strategy, a lifestyle entrepreneur may deliberately and consciously choose to keep their venture fully within their own control. Lifestyle entrepreneurship is becoming increasing popular as technology provides small business owners with the digital platforms needed to reach a large global market.^[9] Younger lifestyle entrepreneurs, typically those between 25 and 40 years old, are sometimes referred to as Treps.^[10]

Cooperative entrepreneur[link]

A cooperative entrepreneur doesn't just work alone, but rather collaborates with other cooperative entrepreneurs to develop projects, particularly cooperative projects. Each cooperative entrepreneur might bring different skill sets to the table, but collectively they share in the risk and success of the venture.

Theory-based Typologies[link]

Recent advances in entrepreneurship research indicate that the differences in entrepreneurs and heterogeneity in their behaviors and actions can be traced back to their the founder's identity. For instance, Fauchart and Gruber (2011, Academy of Management Journal) have recently shown that -based on social identity theory - three main types of entrepreneurs can be distinguished: Darwinians, Communitarians and Missionaries. These types of founders not only diverge in fundamental ways in terms of their self-views and their social motivations in entrepreneurship, but also engage fairly differently in new firm creation.

18th century entrepreneurs[link]

• Samuel Crompton (Spinning Mule), UK
• Thomas Newcomen (Steam Engine), UK
• James Watt (Steam Engine), UK
• Robert Lee (Candy Maker), USA

19th century entrepreneurs[link]

• Sam M. Walton (Retail), USA
• John Jacob Astor (Real estate), New York, USA
• Andrew Carnegie (Steel), Pittsburgh, USA
• James Buchanan Duke (Tobacco), Durham, North Carolina, USA
• Charles T. Hinde (shipping), (railroad), (hotels), California, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky
• J. P. Morgan (Finance), New York, USA
• John D. Rockefeller (Oil), USA
• Leland Stanford (Railroads), California, USA
• Joseph Seligman (Banking), USA
• Cornelius Vanderbilt (Railroads), USA

20th century entrepreneurs[link]

• Oprah Winfrey (Entertainment), USA
• Steve Jobs (Computers), USA
• Coco Chanel (Fashion), France
• Otto Beisheim (Retail), Germany
• Madam C.J. Walker (Retail, Philanthropy), USA
• Sir Richard Branson (Media and Transportation), UK
• Larry Ellison (Computers), USA
• Bill Gates (Computers), Seattle, USA
• Carlos Slim (Telecommunications), Mexico
• Anita Roddick (Retail), UK
• Ingvar Kamprad (Retail), Sweden
• Henry Hu (Technology), Hong Kong
• Mary Kay Ash (Cosmetics), USA
• Henry Ford (automobile, manufacturing) USA
• Dhirubhai Ambani (Reliance industries,Various) India
• Estée Lauder (Cosmetics), USA

21st century entrepreneurs[link]

• Mark Zuckerberg (Internet), USA
• Wu Yajun (Property developer), China
• Drew Houston (Internet), USA
• Jack Dorsey (Internet), USA
• Kevin Rose (Internet), USA
• Jan Cameron (Retail), Australia
• Larry Page & Sergey Brin (Internet), USA
• Elon Musk (Internet, Space, Energy), USA
• David Karp (Internet), USA
• Steve Huffman & Alexis Ohanian (Internet), USA
• Sara Blakely (Retail), USA

See also[link]

• Business oligarch
• Businessperson
• Captain of industry
• Entrepreneurship education
• Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs
• Factors of production
• Female entrepreneur
• Financier
• Infopreneur
• Investor
• Internet entrepreneur
• Media proprietor
• Real estate entrepreneur
• Robber baron (industrialist)
• Operational risk
• Venture capitalist

Notes[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Deakins, D.; Freel, M. (2009). Entrepreneurship and Small Firms, 5th Edition. McGraw Hill.
• Fauchart, E.; Gruber, M. (2011). "Darwinians, Communitarians and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 54, No. 5/2011, pp. 935 – 957.
• Gartner, William B. (2001). "Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development.(Business research)", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer 2001.
• Minniti, Maria; Lévesque, Moren. (2010). "Entrepreneurial types and economic growth", Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 25, issue 3, pages 305-314.
• Ramoglou, S. (2011). "Who is a 'non-entrepreneur'? Taking the 'others' of entrepreneurship seriously", International Small Business Journal, OnlineFirst December 2011.
• Shane, S.; Venkataraman, S. (2000). "The Promise of Entrepreneurship as A Field of Research", Academy of Management Review, Vol 25 (1), 217-226.
• Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., and Wright, M., (2001). "The Focus of Entrepreneurial Research: Contextual and Process Issues", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Summer 2001.
• Zahra, Gedajlovic, Neubaum, Shulman (2009). "A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges", Journal of Business Venturing, 24 (5), pp. 519–532.

Entrepreneurship at Wikibooks The Wiktionary entry for entrepreneur

Véronique Genest 2009

Véronique Genest (born 26 June 1957)^[1] is a French actress.^[2] She was born Véronique Combouilhaud in Meaux, Seine-et-Marne. She is principally known for her lead role in the French television series Julie Lescaut.^[2]

Selected filmography[link]

• 1980 : La Banquière
• 1982 : Guy de Maupassant
• 1982 : Légitime violence
• 1983 : Adam et Ève
• 1983 : J'ai épousé une ombre
• 1983 : Debout les crabes, la mer monte !
• 1984 : Tango
• 1985 : Ça n'arrive qu'à moi
• 1985 : La Baston
• 1986 : Triple sec (short-film)
• 1986 : Chère canaille
• 1986 : Suivez mon regard
• 1987 : Strike
• 1987 : Association Of Wrongdoers
• 1989 : Un père et passe
• 1990 : Le grand ruban
• 1991 : On peut toujours rêver
• 1992 : Et demain ... Hollywood !
• 1991 : Les Secrets professionnels du Dr Apfelglück
• 1997 : Droit dans le mur

Television[link]

• 1981 : Nana (TV series)
• 1988 : Sueurs froides
• 1992 : Julie Lescaut (TV series debut)
• 1995 : Sixième classique
• 1998 : Un amour de cousine
• 2000 : On n'est pas là pour s'aimer
• 2003 : Une femme si parfaite
• 2005 : Un transat pour huit
• 2006 : La dame d'Izieu

Awards[link]

• 2004 : Decorated with the Légion d'honneur by French president Jacques Chirac.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Véronique Genest

• Véronique Genest at the Internet Movie Database

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Paco de Lucía
Paco de Lucía in 2007
Background information
Birth name	Francisco Gustavo Sánchez Gómez
Born	(1947-12-21) December 21, 1947 (age 64)
Origin	Algeciras, Andalusia Spain
Genres	Flamenco music, classical music, jazz
Occupations	Composer, Guitarist
Instruments	Guitar
Years active	1958–present
Associated acts	Joaquín Rodrigo, John McLaughlin, Al Di Meola, Larry Coryell, Paco de Lucía Sextet, Ricardo Modrego, Camaron de la Isla
Website	Paco de Lucía

Paco de Lucía, born Francisco Gustavo Sánchez Gómez (in Algeciras, Cádiz on December 21, 1947), is a Spanish flamenco guitarist and composer. Author Dorien Ross claims in his book "Return to "A" that de Lucía is one of the finest guitarists in the world and the greatest guitarist of the flamenco genre.^[1][2] He is noted in particular for his dexterity, technique and strength in his right hand, capable of executing extremely fast and fluent picados.

He is a leading proponent of the Modern Flamenco style, and is one of the very few flamenco guitarists who has also successfully crossed over into other genres of music such as classical and jazz. He is the winner of the 2004 Prince of Asturias Awards in Arts and in 2010 was awarded an honorary doctorate by Berklee College of Music in Boston.^[3]

Biography[link]

Paco de Lucía was born Francisco Gustavo Sánchez Gómez in Algeciras,^[4] a city in the province of Cádiz, at the southernmost tip of Spain directly in front of the Rock of Gibraltar. The youngest of the five children of flamenco guitarist Antonio Sánchez, and brother of flamenco singer Pepe de Lucía and flamenco guitarist Ramón de Algeciras. In the documentary Paco de Lucía-Light and Shade: A Portrait he tells how, when he was playing in the streets as a young boy, there were many Pacos and Pablos so in order to distinguish them people would add the name of the boy's mother. This is how he came to have the name Paco de Lucia. (Paco de Lucía album)|Luzia]] .^[5]

Paco de Lucía and Camarón de la Isla.

His father introduced him to the guitar at a very young age and was extremely strict in his upbringing, forcing him to practice up to 12 hours a day, every day.^[1] At one point his father took him out of school to concentrate solely on his guitar development. Combined with natural talent, he soon excelled and in 1958, at age 11, he made his first public appearance on Radio Algeciras. A year later he was awarded a special prize in the Jerez flamenco competition. In 1961, he toured with the flamenco troupe of dancer José Greco. In 1964, he met Madrileño guitarist Ricardo Modrego with whom he recorded three albums: Dos guitarras flamencas, Dos guitarras flamencas en stereo, and Doce canciones de Federico García Lorca para guitarra. Between 1968 and 1977, he enjoyed a fruitful collaboration with fellow New Flamenco cantaor (Flamenco singer) Camarón de la Isla. The two recorded 10 albums together.

De Lucía made a cameo appearance, dressed as a Mexican guitarist, in the 1971 western Hannie Caulder, playing the melody of Ken Thorne's main theme over a string section.

His 1976 album Almoraima was a success and featured notable tracks such as "Almoraima" and "Río Ancho", the latter track of which has been covered by other guitarists such as Al Di Meola. In 1979, de Lucía, John McLaughlin, and Larry Coryell formed The Guitar Trio and together made a brief tour of Europe and released a video recorded at London's Royal Albert Hall entitled Meeting of the Spirits. Coryell was later replaced by Al Di Meola, and since 1981, the trio has recorded three albums. De Lucía's own band, the Paco de Lucía Sextet (which includes his brothers Ramón and Pepe) released the first of its three albums that same year. He has released several albums encompassing both traditional and modern flamenco styles.

L to R: Al Di Meola, John McLaughlin, and Paco de Lucía

In 1995, he recorded with Bryan Adams the hit song and video "Have You Ever Really Loved A Woman" on the soundtrack for the movie Don Juan DeMarco. Through his wide discography he has advanced the technical and musical boundaries of his instrument. The University of Cadiz recognized de Lucía's musical and cultural contributions by conferring on him the title of Doctor Honoris Causa on March 23, 2007.

Until asked to perform and interpret Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez in 1991, de Lucía was not proficient at reading musical notation. As a flamenco guitarist, he claimed in Paco de Lucía-Light and Shade: A Portrait that he gave greater emphasis to rhythmical accuracy in his interpretation of the Concierto at the expense of the perfect tone preferred by classical guitarists. Joaquín Rodrigo has apparently said that the performance was "beautiful, exotic and inspired".^[6]

Lucía performing in 1983

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Dos guitarras flamencas en stereo (1964) with Ricardo Modrego
• 12 canciones de García Lorca para guitarra (1965) with Ricardo Modrego
• 12 éxitos para 2 guitarras flamencas (1965) with Ricardo Modrego
• La fabulosa guitarra de Paco de Lucía (1967)
• Canciones andaluzas para 2 guitarras (1967) with Ramón de Algeciras
• Dos guitarras flamencas en América Latina (1967) with Ramón de Algeciras
• Fantasía flamenca de Paco de Lucía (1969)
• Paco de Lucía y Ramón de Algeciras en Hispanoamérica (1969) with Ramón de Algeciras
• 12 Hits para 2 guitarras flamencas y orquesta de cuerda (1969) with Ramón de Algeciras
• El mundo del flamenco (1971)
• Recital de guitarra de Paco de Lucía (1971)
• El duende flamenco de Paco de Lucía (1972)
• Fuente y caudal (1973)
• Almoraima (1976)
• Interpreta a Manuel de Falla (1978)
• Castro Marín (1981) with Larry Coryell and John McLaughlin
• Sólo quiero caminar (1981) The Paco de Lucía Sextet
• Passion, Grace and Fire (1983) with Al Di Meola and John McLaughlin
• Siroco (1987)
• Zyryab (1990)
• Concierto de Aranjuez (1991)
• The Guitar Trio (1996) with Al Di Meola and John McLaughlin
• Luzia (1998)
• Cositas buenas (2004)

Live albums[link]

• En vivo desde el Teatro Real (1975)
• Friday Night in San Francisco (1981) with Al Di Meola and John McLaughlin
• Live... One Summer Night (1984) The Paco de Lucía Sextet
• Live recordings (1987) with George Dalaras
• Live in América (1993) The Paco de Lucía Sextet

Compilations[link]

• Entre dos aguas (1975)
• Antología (1995) - 2 cd
• Integral (2003) 26 CD Limited Edition Box Set
• Por Descubrir (2003)

Other contributions[link]

• Composed or contributed to the soundtracks for
  • La Sabina
  • The Hit by Stephen Frears
  • Flamenco, Flamenco (2011), Carmen and Sevillanas by Carlos Saura
  • Montoyas y Tarantos
  • Vicky Cristina Barcelona

• One song contributed to Life Aquatic With Steve Zissou Soundtrack (La Nina de Puerta Oscura) (2004)

• Elegant Gypsy by Al Di Meola (1977) - de Lucía plays a duet with Di Meola on the track "Mediterranean Sundance".

• Shpongle sampled his track "Introduccion y Pantomima" in their song "Around the World in a Tea Daze" from the album Tales of the Inexpressible.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paco de Lucia

Isabel Pantoja
Background information
Birth name	María Isabel Pantoja Martín
Also known as	La Pantoja
Born	(1956-08-04) August 4, 1956 (age 55) Seville, Spain
Occupations	Singer
Website	http://www.isabelpantoja.es

Isabel Pantoja (born August 2, 1956) is a popular contemporary Spanish singer. She is of Romani (Gypsy) origin,^[1] born in the Triana district of Seville, Spain. She has released more than a dozen albums throughout a career spanning many decades, and is known for her distinctive Andalusian style.

Biography[link]

She was born into a family of musicians. Both her father and her grandfather were singers.

Her husband, the bullfighter Francisco Rivera Pérez, known professionally as "Paquirri", died in the bullring on 26 September 1984, at the horns of the now infamous bull Avispado in Pozoblanco, Córdoba. She has a son with Paquirri named Francisco Rivera Pantoja

Discography[link]

• 1974 - Fue por tu voz
• 1975 - Que dile y dile
• 1976 - Niña Isabela
• 1978 - Y no estaba muerto, no, no
• 1979 - 22 Abriles tengo
• 1981 - A la limón!
• 1981 - Amante, amante
• 1982 - ¡Viva Triana!
• 1983 - Cambiar por ti
• 1985 - Marinero de luces
• 1987 - Tú serás mi Navidad
• 1988 - Desde Andalucía
• 1989 - Se me enamora el alma
• 1990 - La canción española
• 1992 - Corazón herido
• 1993 - De nadie
• 1996 - Amor eterno
• 1998 - Veneno
• 1999 - A tu vera
• 2002 - Donde el corazón me lleve
• 2003 - Soy como soy: Grandes éxitos
• 2003 - Mi Navidad flamenca
• 2004 - Buena suerte
• 2005 - By Pumpin' Dolls
• 2005 - Sinfonía de la Copla
• 2005 - Mi canción de Navidad
• 2006 - 10 boleros y una canción de amor
• 2010 - Isabel Pantoja, a mariachi album

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site in Spanish and English
• Isabel Pantoja at the Internet Movie Database

This article about a Spanish singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e