User's eye view of the “VCS 3”;^{[# 1]} top left, three main oscillators; bottom left, patch panel; bottom right, joystick. External keyboard not shown.
Note: it has printed logo “VCS 3”.

The VCS 3 (or VCS3; an initialism for Voltage Controlled Studio with 3 oscillators) is a portable analog synthesiser with a flexible semi-modular voice architecture, by Electronic Music Studios (London) Limited (EMS) in 1969. ^{[# 1]}

Note this product was called with various names, by EMS. For example, the printed logo written to the front left of products are: “VCS 3” on the earlier version, “The Synthi (VCS 3) II” or “The Putney (VCS 3) II” on the later version (Synthi VCS 3 II).^{[# 2]} (See details on below photographs)

Synthi VCS 3 II with printed logo “The Synthi (VCS 3) II”

Synthi VCS 3 II with printed logo “The Putney (VCS 3) II”

History[link]

It was created in 1969 by Peter Zinovieff's EMS company. The electronics were largely designed by David Cockerell and the machine's distinctive visual appearance was the work of electronic composer Tristram Cary. The VCS3 was more or less the first portable commercially available synthesiser—portable in the sense that the VCS 3 was housed entirely in a small, wooden case, unlike previous machines from American manufacturers such as Moog Music, ARP and Buchla which were housed in large cabinets and were known to take up entire rooms.

Significantly, it retailed for just under £330 in 1969 in the UK. Allegedly, (including the synthesiser enthusiast Gordon Reid in his articles on the EMS company for Sound on Sound magazine in 2000 ^[1]) many people considered it to be somewhat hopeless as a melodic instrument due to its inherent instability. This was a common attitude, due to the then-current electronic method of exponential conversion of voltage to oscillator frequency, and this included Moog synthesizers; however, the VCS 3 is renowned as an extremely powerful generator of electronic effects and processor of external sounds.

Artists looking to evoke a quaint, synthesised sound began to make the VCS3 popular, and thus, prices for the synthesiser reached as much as £3000 and even more for famous ones—higher even than when they were first released. ^{[note 1]}

The VCS3 was quite popular among progressive rock bands and was used on recordings by The Alan Parsons Project, Jean Michel Jarre, Hawkwind, Brian Eno (with Roxy Music), King Crimson, The Who, Gong, and Pink Floyd, among many others. Well-known examples of its use are on The Who tracks "Baba O' Riley" and "Won't Get Fooled Again" from Who's Next and Pink Floyd's "On the Run" from The Dark Side of the Moon.

The routing matrix on the VCS3

Description[link]

The VCS3 has three oscillators (in reality, the first 2 oscillators are normal oscillators and the 3rd an LFO or Low Frequency Oscillator), a noise generator, two input amplifiers, a ring modulator, a 18dB/octave (pre-1974) or 24dB/octave (after 1974) voltage controlled low pass filter (VCF),^{[citation needed]} a trapezoid envelope generator, joy-stick controller, voltage controlled spring reverb unit and 2 stereo output amplifiers. Unlike most modular synthesiser systems which use cables to link components together, the VCS3 uses a distinctive patch board matrix into which pins are inserted in order to connect its components together.

Keyboards controller

Keyboard controller connected to Synthi A

Although the VCS3 is often used for generating sound effects due to lack of built-in keyboard, there were external keyboard controllers for melodic play. The DK1 in 1969 was a earliest velocity sensitive monophonic keyboard for VCS3 with a extra VCO and VCA.^{[# 3]} Later it was extended for duophonic play, as DK2, in 1972.^{[# 4]} Also in 1972, Synthi AKS was released, and its digital sequencer with a touch-sensitive flat keyboard, KS sequencer^{[# 5]}, and its mechanical keyboard version, DKS,^{[# 6]} were also released.

Related models

The VCS3's basic design was reused by EMS in many other of their own products,^{[citation needed]} most notably in the EMS Synthi 100 (1971),^{[# 7]} and the Synthi A (1971)^{[# 8]} and AKS (1972) (essentially a VCS3 housed in a plastic briefcase). The AKS also has a sequencer built into the keyboard in the lid.^{[# 9]}

Also an earlier agent of EMS in the United States, Ionic Industries in the Morristown, Tennessee, have released portable-keyboard version of VCS3 clone. The Ionic Performer in 1973 was designed based on VCS3's circuit, replaced patch board matrix with over hundred of push-buttons, and added built-in keyboard and effects units. ^[2]

Development[link]

The original VCS No.1 was a hand-built rackmount unit with two oscillators, one filter and one envelope designed by Cockerell before the formation of EMS. When a benefactor, Don Banks, asked Zinovieff for a synthesiser, Zinovieff and Cockerell decided to work together on building an instrument that was small, portable, but very powerful and flexible. Thus came the VCS3, an entire new class of musical instrument.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture[link]

A modified EMS VCS3 is presented as the "Harrington 1200" automatic song-writing machine in the "Music" episode of the British comedy Look Around You.

Notable users[link]

The embedded lists in this article may contain items that are not encyclopedic. Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (September 2010)

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Note[link]

1. ^ In August 2010, VCS3 reached £6700 in an eBay auction.

References[link]

• Hinton, Graham (December 2002). "EMS: The Inside Story". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsstory.html. 
• Hinton, Graham (December 2002). "A Guide to the EMS Product Range - 1969 to 1979". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html. 
• Reid, Gordon (2000). "All About EMS, Part 1". Sound on Sound (November 2000). http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov00/articles/retrozone.htm. 
• Reid, Gordon (2000). "All About EMS, Part 2". Sound on Sound (December 2000). http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/dec00/articles/retrozone.asp. 

1. ^ Reid Nov. 2000.
2. ^ Dennis Bathory-Kitsz. "Killer - My Ionic "Performer" Synth (from Ionic Industories, made by Alfred Mayer)". http://www.maltedmedia.com/people/bathory/killer.html. 

models

1. ^ ^{a b} "VCS3 (aka The Putney) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#vcs3. 
2. ^ "Synthi VCS3 II - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#vcs3ii. 
3. ^ "DK1 (aka The Cricklewood) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#dk1. 
4. ^ "DK2 - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#dk2. 
5. ^ "KS - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#ks. 
6. ^ "DKS - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#dks. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Synthi 100 (formerly Digitana, aka the Delaware) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthi100. 
8. ^ ^{a b} "Synthi A (formerly Portabella) - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthia. 
9. ^ ^{a b} "Synthi AKS - The Products". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/emsprods.html#synthiaks. 

External links[link]

official

• "Electronic Music Studios Home Page". Electronic Music Studios (Cornwall). http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/. 
  • "An advertisement for the company, "every nun needs a Synthi"". Electronic Music Studios (London), Ltd. http://www.ems-synthi.demon.co.uk/snaps/everynun.jpg. 
• "EMS Home". EMS Rehberg (Germany). http://www.emsrehberg.de/. 

articles

• "THE EMS SYNTHI BLOG". http://www.thesynthi.de/. 

modification & resources

• Graham Hinton. "A Guide to EMS VCS3 & Synthi A/AKS Modifications & Servicing". Hinton Instruments. http://www.hinton-instruments.co.uk/ems/emsmods.html. 
• "An information on the EMS synthi A, KS and VCS3". http://www.nitrogen.myzen.co.uk/EMS/. 

software emulation

• "Synthi Avs Plug-In". EMS Rehberg. http://www.emsrehberg.de/SYNTHI__s/SYNTHI_Avs_plugin/synthi_avs_plugin.html.  — A (commercial) VST simulation of a VCS3/Synthi A
• "Cynthia". http://www.ninecows.dk/cynthia.  — A free VST based on the architecture of VCS3/Synthi A