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The Mingo are an Iroquoian group of Native Americans made up of peoples who migrated west to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century. Anglo-Americans called these migrants mingos, a corruption of mingwe, an Eastern Algonquian name for Iroquoian-language groups in general. Mingos have also been called "Ohio Iroquois" and "Ohio Seneca". Most migrated to Kansas and later Indian Territory (Oklahoma) under Indian Removal programs. Their descendants reorganized as a tribe recognized in 1937 by the federal government as the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma.

History[link]

Statue of Logan, a famous Mingo leader, in Logan, West Virginia.

Statue of Mingo, Greetings to Wayfarers, in Wheeling, West Virginia.

Statue of Mingo, Greetings to Wayfarers, in Wheeling, West Virginia.

The Mingos were an independent group in the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy: Cayuga nation, Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca nation in Western New York State, Tuscarora, and Onondaga and were mostly Senecas and Cayugas. The etymology of the name Mingo derives from the Delaware Indian's Algonquian word mingwe or Minque, meaning treacherous. The Mingos were noted for having a bad reputation and were sometimes referred to as Blue Mingos or Black Mingos for their misdeeds. The people who became known as Mingos migrated to the Ohio Country in the mid-eighteenth century, part of a movement of various Native American tribes to a region that had been sparsely populated for decades but controlled as a hunting ground by the Iroquois.

After the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the Cayuga moved to Ohio, where the British granted them a reservation along the Sandusky River. They were joined there by the Shawnee of Ohio and the rest of the Mingo confederacy. Their villages were increasingly an amalgamation of Iroquoian Seneca, Wyandot and Susquehannock; and Algonquian-language Shawnee and Delaware migrants.

Although the Iroquois Confederacy had claimed hunting rights and sovereignty over much of the Ohio River Valley since the late 17th century, these people increasingly acted independently. When Pontiac's Rebellion broke out in 1763, many Mingo joined with other tribes in the attempt to drive the British out of the Ohio Country. At that time, most of the Iroquois nations were closely allied to the British. The Mingo-Seneca Chief Guyasuta (c. 1725–c. 1794) was one of the leaders in Pontiac's War.

Another famous Mingo leader was Chief Logan (c. 1723–1780), who had good relations with neighouring white settlers. Logan was not a war chief, but a village leader. In 1774, as tensions between whites and Indians were on the rise due to a series of violent conflicts, a band of white outlaws murdered Logan's family. Local chiefs counseled restraint, but acknowledged Logan's right to revenge. Logan exacted his vengeance in a series of raids with a dozen followers, not all of whom were Mingos. His vengeance satisfied, he did not participate in the resulting Lord Dunmore's War, and was probably not at the climactic Battle of Point Pleasant. Rather than participate in the peace conference, he expressed his thoughts in "Logan's Lament." His speech was printed and widely distributed. It is one of the most well-known examples of Native American oratory.

By 1830, the Mingo were flourishing in western Ohio, where they had improved their farms and established schools and other civic institutions. After the US passed the Indian Removal Act in that same year, the government pressured the Mingo to sell their lands and migrate to Kansas in 1832. In Kansas, the Mingo joined other Seneca and Cayuga bands, and the tribes shared the Neosho Reservation.

In 1869, after the American Civil War, the US government pressed for Indian removal to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). The three tribes moved to present-day Ottawa County, Oklahoma. In 1881, a band of Cayuga from Canada joined the Seneca Tribe in Indian Territory. In 1902, shortly before Oklahoma became a state, 372 members of the joint tribe received individual land allotments under a federal program to decrease common tribal land holdings and encourage assimilation to the European-American model.

In 1937 after the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, the tribes reorganized. They identified as the Seneca-Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma and became federally recognized. Today, the tribe numbers over 5,000 members. They continued to maintain cultural and religious ties to the Six Nations of the Iroquois.

Legacy[link]

• Logan, West Virginia was named for the leader called Chief Logan.
• Mingo County, West Virginia was named for the Mingo Native American people.
• NBC's 1960s television series Daniel Boone had a character named Mingo who was born to a Cherokee mother and an English father.

References[link]

• Cobb, William H., Andrew Price and Hu Maxwell (1921), History of the Mingo Indians, Cumberland, Md.: F.B. Jenvy, printer.
• Hoxie, Frederick E., editor (1996), Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 380–381. ISBN 0-395-66921-9.
• McConnell, Michael N. (1992), A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724–1774. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-3142-3.

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2011)

Alex Lee
Alex Lee performing with Placebo for a televised performance in 2007
Background information
Birth name	Alex Lee
Born	(1970-03-16) 16 March 1970 (age 42)
Origin	Bristol, England
Genres	Alternative rock
Occupations	Musician
Instruments	Guitar, Keyboards, Bass, Lap Steel, Harmonica, Musical Saw
Associated acts	Goldfrapp, Suede, Placebo, Strangelove, Lupine Howl, The Blue Aeroplanes

Alex Lee (born 16 March 1970, Bristol) is an English musician. Lee is a multi-instrumentalist who has played guitar and keyboards for Goldfrapp, Strangelove, Suede, Placebo and The Blue Aeroplanes amongst others. During his tenure with Suede, he was a live session player during the 1999 Head Music tour, and was later taken on as a full member of the band for their final album, 2002's A New Morning, on which he has songwriting credits.

Biography[link]

Lee joined the Blue Aeroplanes in 1989, around the time that they signed to Ensign Records.^[1] He played on the hit album Swagger.^[1] He played with The Jazz Butcher and then formed Strangelove with Patrick Duff in 1991, staying with the band until 1998, and recording three albums.^[1]

In 2001 he joined Suede, replacing Neil Codling, and played on the album A New Morning.^[1]

In January 2006 Lee was recruited for Placebo's live line-up and played shows with them on their Meds world tour which finished in September 2007. He contributed guitar to five tracks on Seventh Tree by Goldfrapp (2008), their fourth album, and three tracks on 2010 album Head First. He played guitar in the live shows to promote Seventh Tree.

He has worked on numerous soundtracks as a composer for TV and films, including the score for Channel 4's acclaimed, ground-breaking documentary series Alone in the Wild in September 2009. Lee has also worked extensively as a session musician, songwriter and producer on a variety of different recordings ranging from pop music to more experimental & avant garde projects. In 2009 he recorded a session playing the musical saw for former Strangelove singer Patrick Duff's second solo album The Mad Straight Road.

In February/March 2010, Lee worked for The Royal Shakespeare Company as Musical Director and guitarist in the play, Dunsinane at Hampstead Theatre, London which garnered rave reviews from The Times, The Independent & The Daily Telegraph amongst others. The play is a modern day sequel to Shakespeare's Macbeth written by David Greig.

In 2010, he played in the live premiere of a specially commissioned soundtrack for Carl Theodor Dreyer's classic 1928 film The Passion of Joan of Arc. The score was composed by Adrian Utley of Portishead and Will Gregory of Goldfrapp and was accompanied by a live performance of the new piece by an eclectic group of musicians including Lee as one of six electric guitarists alongside members of the Monteverdi Choir, harp, percussion, horns and keyboards.

With co-composer Nick Powell, Alex Lee has written the music for controversial BBC Three drama Lip Service which was first aired on Oct 12th 2010.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Alex Lee performing with Goldfrapp live 2008
• Alex Lee playing harmonica for Suede on Obsessions
• Placebo live at Rock am Ring 2006
• Dunsinane, The Times Review
• The Passion Of Joan Of Arc Guardian review