Bouquet garni of thyme, bay leaves, and sage, tied with a string.

The bouquet garni [bukɛ ɡaʁni] (French for "garnished bouquet") is a bundle of herbs usually tied together with string and mainly used to prepare soup, stock, and various stews. The bouquet is cooked with the other ingredients, but is removed prior to consumption.

There is no generic recipe for bouquet garni, but most recipes include parsley, thyme and bay leaf. Depending on the recipe, the bouquet garni may also include basil, burnet, chervil, rosemary, peppercorns, savory and tarragon. Vegetables such as carrot, celery (leaves or stem), celeriac, leek, onion and parsley root are sometimes included in the bouquet.

Sometimes, the bouquet is not bound with string, and its ingredients are filled into a small sachet, a net, or even a tea strainer, instead. Traditionally, the aromatics are bound within leek leaves, though a coffee filter (or cheesecloth) and butcher twine can be used, instead.

In Devon, thyme is rarely used in the recipe.

Dishes made with a bouquet garni include:

• Boeuf bourguignon
• Pot au feu
• Brown Windsor soup
• Poule au pot
• Carbonnade flamande
• Lapin chasseur
• Blanquette de veau
• Ossobuco
• Bouillabaisse
• Court-bouillon
• French onion soup
• Cassoulet

References[link]

Coordinates: 40°07′10″N 44°43′23″E / 40.11944°N 44.72306°E / 40.11944; 44.72306

Garni Գառնի
Garni Village as seen from the Shrine of Saint Sargis
Garni Գառնի
Coordinates: 40°07′10″N 44°43′23″E / 40.11944°N 44.72306°E / 40.11944; 44.72306
Country	Armenia
Marz	Kotayk
Government
• Mayor	Ashot Vardanyan
Area
• Total	33.42 km2 (12.90 sq mi)
Elevation	1,400 m (4,600 ft)
Population (2008)
• Total	7,415
Time zone	GMT +4 (UTC+4)
• Summer (DST)	GMT+5 (UTC+5)

Garni (Armenian: Գառնի, also Romanized as Garrni) is a village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia, situated approximately 28 km southeast from Yerevan.

History[link]

The settlement has an ancient history, and is best known for the Hellenistic Garni temple. The area was first occupied in the 3rd millennium BC along easily defensible terrain at one of the bends of the Azat River. In the 8th century BC the area was conquered by the Urartian King Argishti I. The fortification at Garni was erected probably sometime in the 3rd century BC as a summer residence for the Armenian Orontid and Artaxiad royal dynasties. Later around the 1st century BC the fortress of Garni became the last refuge of King Mithridates of Armenia and where he and his family were assassinated by his son-in-law and nephew Rhadamistus. The fortress was eventually sacked in 1386 by Timur Lenk. In 1679 an earthquake devastated the area destroying the temple.

Much of the population descends from people settled in the population exchange of 1829–1830 that followed the Treaty of Turkmenchay between Russia and Persia.

Monuments and landmarks[link]

Garni is notable for its fortress complex with the 1st century AD Garni Temple, Surb Astvatsatsin Church, Mashtots Hayrapet Church, a ruined 4th century single-aisle church, a ruined Tukh Manuk Shrine, Saint Sargis Shrine, and a Queen Katranide Shrine.

Nearby is the Garni Gorge with well preserved basalt columns, carved out by the Goght River. This portion of the gorge is typically referred to as the "Symphony of the Stones". It is most easily reached via a road that leads left down the gorge just before reaching the temple of Garni. Another road leads to the gorge through the village, down a cobblestone road, and into the valley.

Once in the valley, turning right will lead to Garni Gorge, an 11th century medieval bridge, and the "Symphony of the Stones". Taking a left will lead along the river past a fish hatchery, up to the Khosrov State Reserve, and a little further Havuts Tar Monastery (which may be seen from the temple). Within the reserve is also Aghjots Vank of the 13th c., a church of S. Stepanos and the fortress of Kakavaberd. Garni lies along the road to the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Geghard Monastery (further 7 km southeast).

Gallery[link]

• 

  Map of Garni and the surrounding area.

• 

  Garni Temple

• 

  Mashtots Hayrapet Church of the 12th c.

• 

  Garni Gorge "Symphony of the Stones"

• 

  The Havuts Tar Monastic Complex located across the gorge from Garni.

• 

  Aghjots Vank of the 13th c. located within the Khosrov State Reserve.

References[link]

• Garni at GEOnet Names Server
• World Gazeteer: Armenia – World-Gazetteer.com
• Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census, National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia
• Kiesling, Brady (2005), Rediscovering Armenia: Guide, Yerevan, Armenia: Matit Graphic Design Studio 
• Brady Kiesling, Rediscovering Armenia, p. 51-53; original archived at Archive.org, and current version online on Armeniapedia.org.

External links[link]

• Armeniapedia.org: Garni Village
• Wikitravel.org: Garni

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Garni

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This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2008)

Alain Ducasse

Alain at Identità Golose Conference 2010
Born	(1956-09-13) 13 September 1956 (age 55) Orthez, France
Rating(s) Michelin stars
Current restaurant(s) Plaza Athénée in Paris Jules Verne Restaurant located in the Eiffel Tower Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester Mix in Las Vegas
Previous restaurant(s) Essex House, New York City
Official website
http://www.alain-ducasse.com/

Alain Ducasse (pronounced: [alɛ̃ dykas]) (born 13 September 1956) is a Monégasque chef. He formerly held French nationality. He operates a number of restaurants including Alain Ducasse at The Dorchester which holds three stars (the top ranking) in the Michelin Guide.

Early life and career[link]

Ducasse was born in Orthez, but educated on a farm in Castel-Sarrazin in southwestern France. In 1972, when he was sixteen, Ducasse began an apprenticeship at the Pavillon Landais restaurant in Soustons and at the Bordeaux hotel school. After this apprenticeship, he began work at Michel Guérard’s restaurant in Eugénie-les-Bains while also working for Gaston Lenôtre during the summer months. In 1977, Ducasse started working as an assistant at Moulin de Mougins under legendary chef Roger Vergé, creator of Cuisine du Soleil, and learned the Provençal cooking methods for which he was later known.

Ducasse's first position as chef came in 1980 when he took over the kitchens at L’amandier in Mougins. One year later, he assumed the position of head chef at La Terrasse in the Hôtel Juana in Juan-les-Pins. In 1984, he was awarded two stars in the Michelin Red Guide. In that same year, Ducasse was the only survivor of a Learjet crash that nearly took his life.

Career as chef[link]

Alain Ducasse (center) at the Congresso italiano di cucina d'autore

In 1986, Ducasse was offered the Chef position at the Hotel de Paris in Monte Carlo, with management including the hotel's Le Louis XV. After assuring himself that the Hotel's other restaurant operations were operating well, Ducasse continued to run management.

In 1988, Ducasse expanded beyond the restaurant industry and opened La Bastide de Moustiers, a twelve-bedroom country inn in Provence and he began attaining financial interests in other Provence hotels. On 12 August 1996, the Alain Ducasse restaurant opened in Le Parc – Sofitel Demeure Hôtels in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. The Red Guide awarded the restaurant three stars just eight months after opening.

Ducasse came to the United States and in June 2000 opened the Alain Ducasse restaurant in New York City's Essex House hotel at 160 Central Park South, receiving the Red Guide's three stars in December 2005, in the first Red Guide for NYC. That restaurant closed in 2007 when Ducasse chose to open a restaurant in Las Vegas named Mix, which later went on to earn one star in the Michelin Red Guide. In early 2008, Ducasse opened Adour, at the St. Regis Hotel on 16th and K Street in Washington, DC, and has also opened a more casual Bistro Benoit New York, at 60 West 55th Street.^[1]

Recognition[link]

Ducasse became the first chef to own restaurants carrying three Michelin Stars in three cities. The New York restaurant was dropped from the 2007 Michelin Guide because the restaurant was scheduled to close. Ducasse has become known through his writing and influences. Ducasse is also the only chef to hold 19 Michelin stars throughout his career (Masterchef 2010)

Nationality[link]

Ducasse was a French citizen by birth. However, on 17 June 2008, he became a naturalized citizen of Monaco.^[2] He chose Monegasque citizenship in order to take advantage of the principality's very low tax rates.^[3]

Restaurants and operations[link]

Alain Ducasse's restaurants, cooking schools, cookbooks, and consulting activities had revenues of $15.9 million in 2002.^[4] Since that time, Ducasse has been expanding his reach. Alain Ducasse has also opened a cooking school for the general public in Paris and another for chefs (ADF), which also works for the European Space Agency to develop astronaut meals to be taken into space.^[5] Ducasse has also authored numerous books, with the most famous being Alain Ducasse Culinary Encyclopedia.

In 2005, Ducasse opened his first Asian restaurant in Tokyo, Japan. Ducasse's restaurants include:

• 59 Poincaré (Paris, France)
• Adour (New York, USA)
• Adour (St. Regis, Washington D.C., USA)
• Alain Ducasse at the Dorchester (London)
• Aux Lyonnais (Paris, France)
• Bar & Boeuf (Monaco)
• Be (BoulangEpicerie)
• Beige (Tokyo, Japan)
• Benoit (Paris, France) - bistro
• Benoit (Tokyo, Japan) - bistro
• Benoit (New York, USA) - bistro
• Esprit - bistro
• La Cour Jardin (Paris, France)
• Mix (Las Vegas, USA)
• La Terrasse du Parc
• Le Rech
• Le Louis XV (Monaco)
• Le Relais du Parc (Paris, France)
• Le Relais Palza (Paris, France)
• La Bastide de Moustier (Moustier Ste Marie, France)
• Tamaris (Beirut, Lebanon)
• Spoon (Paris, Saint-Tropez, Beirut, Carthago, Gstaadt, Mauritius, Hong-Kong)
• Trattoria Toscana (Castiglione della Pescaia, Italy)
• Alain Ducasse opens new Caribbean project in 2010

In 2004 Alain Ducasse opened a restaurant in a resort near Biarritz, in the French Basque Country. However, after several bombing attacks by Irrintzi, an armed Basque nationalist organization, which accused him of being a speculator and of "folkloring" the Basque Country, Ducasse decided to leave the Basque Country.^[6]

See also[link]

• List of Michelin three starred restaurants

References[link]