Benge is the 'Poison Oracle' used by the Azande of Central Africa, mainly in Southern Sudan, in which a decision is determined by whether or not a fowl survives being administered a poison. The outcome of the oracle can be taken as law in certain circumstances when a Zande Chief is present. The practice is increasingly rare since colonial times.

The Azande Tribe believed that witchcraft was inherited and grew with age. To tribe members, everyday ailments or events could be explained by witchcraft. Enchantments were gender specific, meaning that a woman could only bewitch another woman and a man could only bewitch another man. If someone was ill, they would go to an oracle who would feed poison to a chicken. If the chicken died after the name of a certain tribe member was called, then that person was considered the witch. Azande believed people could be witches without knowing it, and once the tribe member learned he or she was a witch they would stop unknowingly cursing the other members of their tribe with bad thoughts.

This occult-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Claude Gordon, the "King of Brass", was a trumpet virtuoso, band director, educator, lecturer, and author. He was born on April 15, 1916 in Helena, Montana. His father was a clarinet soloist as well as an orchestral director. Claude's mother was a concert pianist. His other brothers and sisters were also musically inclined and they all worked together to form a family orchestra led by their father. They performed as the staff orchestra for a local radio station. Claude was given his first cornet at the age of five and three years later, while in fifth grade, he was featured as a soloist playing with the Helena High School Band! While he was still in his early teens, Claude was already a professional player and was teaching for both cornet and accordion. He became Herbert L. Clarke's protégé from 1936 until Clarke died in 1945. During the era of live radio and television, Claude distinguished himself as one of the most successful studio trumpet players and gained a reputation as "the trumpet player who never misses." He performed with the studio orchestras on many popular shows including, Amos and Andy, and I Love Lucy. In 1939, Claude was cast as the gypsy accordion player in the Universal Studio's motion picture musical, An Old Spanish Custom, later renamed In Rhumba Land. During the 1950s Gordon emerged as one of Hollywood's frequently sought-after jazz trumpet soloists. Claude later formed his own big band which was named the "Best New Band in America" in 1959. He also helped to design custom versions of the Benge trumpet with a 468 bore trumpet. However, since Benge refused to produce a 470 bore trumpet, which Gordon considered to be the ideal trumpet bore size, he later helped to design the Selmer 470 bore Claude Gordon trumpet. Gordon also designed his own mouthpieces. Claude felt that the majority of problems that young trumpet players faced were a result of a lack of basic physical development. Since playing a brass instrument is dependent on the lungs, Claude emphasized the need for brass players to do physical exercise to stay in shape and prescribed daily breathing exercises to develop "wind-power". He considered brass players to be athletes that needed to practice to stay in shape. The methods that he taught and practiced were built upon the knowledge that he gained from Herbert L. Clarke and others. His students appreciated the great knowledge that he had as well as the friendly, down-to-earth attitude he demonstrated. Claude died from cancer on May 16, 1996, but his legacy continues with the six method books that he authored and the lessons he passed on to his students. The "Claude Gordon Method" has influenced most of today's top trumpet players. The Claude Gordon Personal Papers and Music Instrument Collection, 1888-1992, consists of music, correspondence with Herbert L. Clarke and other notable trumpet artists, educational material, publicity and memorabilia, and performance contracts, and is housed at the Sousa Archives and Center for American Music at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Quotes[link]

• "Big breath, chest up!"
• "Hit it hard, and wish it well."
• "Brass playing is no harder than deep breathing."
• "Watch the tongue."
• "The air does the work. The tongue channels the pitch."
• "Let the air save your lip."
• "Let the air do the work."
• "Rest as much as you play."
• "Lift fingers high, strike valves hard."
• "Don't stop where I have, but go further."
• "You could have a lip strong enough to lift that piano and still not be able to play a low C!"

External links[link]

• Claude Gordon Music Enterprise
• Claude Gordon: Master Teacher by Jeff Purtle, published October 2008 in The Brass Herald
• Claude Gordon Practice Routines by Jeff Purtle, published December 2008 in The Brass Herald
• Claude Gordon and Herbert L. Clarke and Their Teaching by Jeff Purtle, published February 2009 in The Brass Herald
• Trumpet Playing and Brass Playing Articles by Claude Gordon student Jeff Purtle
• Claude Gordon Memorial Brass Conference and Trumpet Symposium by Jeff Purtle
• O.J.'s Trumpet Page
• The Development of the Benge Claude Gordon Model Trumpet
• The Trumpet Gearhead: Have we adequately mourned the fate of Benge?
• Claude Gordon Lecture and Brass Camp Recordings
• Church Brass website Check out "John's Blog" to read on the travails of a trumpeters studying Gordon's "Systematic Approach"
• Finding Aid for Claude Gordon Personal Papers and Music Instrument Collection, 1888-1992 | The Sousa Archives and Center for American Music

Resources[link]

• "Brass Playing Is No Harder Than Deep Breathing" by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Systematic Approach to Daily Practice for Trumpet" by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Systematic Approach to Daily Practice" in Bass Clef by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Daily Trumpet Routines" by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Herbert L. Clarke's Technical Studies" in Bass Clef by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Physical Approach to Elementary Brass Playing" by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in 1977
• "Physical Approach to Elementary Brass Playing" in Bass Clef by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Tongue Level Exercises" by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Tongue Level Exercises" in Bass Clef by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Thirty Velocity Studies" by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "Thirty Velocity Studies" in Bass Clef by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "St. Jacome Method" with restored original text and annotation by Claude Gordon, published by Carl Fischer in
• "A Master Class with Claude Gordon: The Seven Natural Elements of Brass Playing" original 110 minute VHS tape done in DVD in 2006
• "CG Benge" trumpet made from ????-???? and was the best selling Benge trumpet
• "CG Selmer" trumpet made from ????-???? made in both Bb and limited numbers of C trumpets

Ernest Page Lee (1862–1932) was a New Zealand politician of the Reform Party.

Early life[link]

Born in Teignmouth, England, he emigrated to New Zealand in 1886. He was a barrister in Oamaru, and in 1895 married Miss de Lambert. His sister, Leah Lee, was married to the French poet Jules Laforgue.

Political career[link]

He was the Member of Parliament for Oamaru from 1911 to 1922,^[1] when he was defeated in the 1922 election. The 1922 Oamaru election result was invalidated due to irregularities, but Lee lost the subsequent 1923 by-election again to John MacPherson of the Liberal Party.^[2] He won the electorate from MacPherson in 1925,^[1] but again lost it to MacPherson in 1928.^[2]

He was the Minister of Justice (3 April 1920 – 13 January 1923), Minister of External Affairs (17 May 1920 – 13 January 1923) and Minister of Industries and Commerce (22 June 1920 – 13 January 1923) in the Reform Government.^[3]

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Scholefield, Guy H. (1925), Who’s who in New Zealand and the western Pacific. 1925 (2nd ed.), Masterton, [N.Z.]: Guy H. Scholefield 
• Scholefield, Guy Hardy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand parliamentary record, 1840-1949. Wellington: Govt. Printer. 

This article about a New Zealand politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Jochen Mass

Born	(1946-09-30) 30 September 1946 (age 65)
Formula One World Championship career
Nationality	German
Active years	1973-1980, 1982
Teams	Surtees, McLaren, ATS, Arrows, March
Races	114 (105 starts)
Championships	0
Wins	1
Podiums	8
Career points	71
Pole positions	0
Fastest laps	2
First race	1973 Argentine Grand Prix
First win	1975 Spanish Grand Prix
Last win	1975 Spanish Grand Prix
Last race	1982 French Grand Prix

Mass with Ford Capri Turbo at Nürburgring in 1980

Jochen Richard Mass^[1] (born September 30, 1946 in Dorfen, Bavaria) is a former race car driver from Germany.

He participated in 114 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on July 14, 1973 at the British Grand Prix. He won one GP race (1975 Spanish Grand Prix), secured no pole positions, achieved 8 podiums, and scored a total of 71 championship points.

Mass is perhaps best known for his blameless part in the death of Gilles Villeneuve. On May 8, 1982, with only 10 minutes left until the end of the qualifying session for the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder, Villeneuve collided with Mass while attempting to overtake him. Just as the pair rounded a super-fast left turn, (Mass ahead, Villeneuve behind) Jochen moved to the right hand side of the track to let Villeneuve through. Unfortunately, Villeneuve had already committed to the right hand side, and the two cars touched wheels, launching the helpless Canadian skyward. Villeneuve's car hit the ground violently and nose-first. His seat was dislodged and he was flung from his car, landing heavily among the catch fencing at the opposite side of the track. Villeneuve was taken off life-support later that evening.

After leaving the Formula One circuit, Mass enjoyed great success in sports car racing, gaining international prominence with his performance during the European Touring Car Championship in the early 1970s. In 1972, he teamed up with Hans-Joachim Stuck to drive a Ford Capri RS2600 to victory at the Spa 24 Hours endurance race in Belgium. He went on to win that year's World Sportscar Championship. He finished second to Clay Regazzoni and Arturo Merzario in a November 1972 9-hour race at the Kyalami Circuit, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Mass' co-driver in a Chevron B-21 was Gerry Birrell.^[2] Mass, driving a Surtees TS-15, tied with Jean Pierre Beltoise in qualifying for the Jim Clark Memorial Formula Two auto race in April 1973 held at Hockenheim, both drivers recording times of 2 minutes, 2.8 seconds, for an average of 124.3 miles per hour.^[3]

Mass placed second to Jean-Pierre Jarier in a Formula Two race at Nivelles, in June 1973. He had finished second in the first heat and third in the second.^[4] He completed his first Formula One race at the 1973 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring. Mass came in seventh in a Surtees.^[5] He drove a McLaren-Ford to third place in the 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos.^[6]

Mass won the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix after leader, Rolf Stommelen's car hit a protective barrier, exploded into flames, and catapulted into the crowd at the Montjuich circuit. Four spectators were killed and twelve were injured. Stommelen suffered multiple fractures and was in a critical condition after the accident. Mass was declared the winner in his Texaco McLaren-Ford, when the race was stopped immediately after the accident.^[7]

Merzario and Mass led an Alfa Romeo sweep of the first two positions in the 1975 Coppa Florio manufacturers championship automobile race at Pergusa.^[8] Mass was third in the 1975 French Grand Prix at Le Castellet. On lap 44 he broke the record set by Denny Hulme, clocking a time of 1:50.60 over the 3.61-mile circuit.^[9] Mass and Jacky Ickx teamed in a Porsche to claim victory in the Dijon Six-Hour Race.^[10] Mass won the eighth and final race of the 1976 World Sports Car Championship series. He completed the 4.2 kilometer, Salzburg course in 1 hour, 28 minutes, 25.24 seconds, with an average speed of 125 m.p.h.^[11]

Mass and Ickx drove a Porsche 935 in the 1977 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race. Mass was clocked at 126.477 m.p.h. around the 3.84 mile Daytona road course.^[12] Mass won both 20-lap heats of the 1977 Jim Clark Memorial race in Hockenheim. He drove a March-BMW.^[13] Mass' Arrows turned over several times at the 1980 Austrian Grand Prix at Zeltweg. He bruised his neck and wrenched a vertebra but was able to leave the hospital.^[14]

Mass was convinced to stop racing Formula One cars after an accident with Mauro Baldi at the 1982 French Grand Prix at Paul Ricard. His March and the Arrows of Baldi touched at maximum speeds, both cars flying off the track and through a containment fence. Mass' car continued, hitting a tire-lined guardrail. The March finally came to rest upside down and on fire, almost halfway into a spectator area. Amazingly he escaped with light burns only, and Baldi was uninjured.^[15]

Among his many victories, in 1985 he won the Circuito del Mugello 1000 km race in Italy driving a Porsche 962C and in 1987 partnered with Bobby Rahal to claim victory at the 1987 12 Hours of Sebring race. Mass and Bobby Rahal combined to win the Champion Spark Plug Grand Prix at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course in Lexington, Ohio. Driving a Porsche 962, they inherited the lead 18 laps from the end.^[16] In 1989, he won the most prestigious endurance race of all, the 24 hours of Le Mans, with the Sauber-entered Mercedes-Benz.

Jochen Mass now drives the Mercedes-Benz museum's historic cars. In the 2004 Mille Miglia, he drove the original Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR that Stirling Moss had driven to victory in the 1955 race. To raise money for charity, the passenger seat next to him was auctioned off to the highest bidder.

From 1994 to 1998, he also announced the Formula 1 races for German broadcaster RTL.

Complete Formula One World Championship results[link]

(key) (races in italics indicate fastest lap)

^‡ Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed.

Complete Formula One Non Championship results[link]

(key) (races in italics indicate fastest lap)

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jochen Mass