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Tapas

Origin
Place of origin	Spain
Details
Course	Appetizer or snack
Serving temperature	Warm or cold
Main ingredient(s)	Various

Tapas (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtapas]) are a wide variety of appetizers, or snacks, in Spanish cuisine. They may be cold (such as mixed olives and cheese) or warm (such as chopitos, which are battered, fried baby squid). In select bars in Spain, tapas have evolved into an entire, and sometimes sophisticated, cuisine. In Spain, patrons of tapas can order many different tapas and combine them to make a full meal. In some Central American countries, such snacks are known as bocas.

The serving of tapas is designed to encourage conversation because people are not so focused upon eating an entire meal that is set before them.^{[citation needed]} Also, in some countries it is customary for diners to stand and move about while eating tapas.^{[citation needed]}

History[link]

Tapas bar and restaurant at Plaza Mayor, Madrid

The word "tapas" is derived from the Spanish verb tapar, "to cover".

According to legend^{[citation needed]}, the tapas tradition began when king Alfonso X of Castile recovered from an illness by drinking wine with small dishes between meals. After regaining his health, the king ordered that taverns would not be allowed to serve wine to customers unless it was accompanied by a small snack or "tapa".

According to The Joy of Cooking, the original tapas were the slices of bread or meat which sherry drinkers in Andalusian taverns used to cover their glasses between sips. This was a practical measure meant to prevent fruit flies from hovering over the sweet sherry. The meat used to cover the sherry was normally ham or chorizo, which are both very salty and activate thirst. Because of this, bartenders and restaurant owners began creating a variety of snacks to serve with sherry, thus increasing their alcohol sales.^[1] The tapas eventually became as important as the sherry.

Tapas have evolved through Spanish history by incorporating ingredients and influences from many different cultures and countries. Most of the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Romans, who introduced the olive^{[citation needed]} and irrigation methods. The invasion of the North African Moors in the 8th century brought almonds, citrus fruits and fragrant spices. The influence of their 700-year presence remains today, especially in Andalusia. The discovery of the New World brought the introduction of tomatoes, sweet and chili peppers, maize (corn) and potatoes. These were readily accepted and easily grown in Spain's microclimates.

Etymology[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Tapa means "lid" or "cover" in Spanish. There are several explanations for why it has come to denote a type of food:

• A commonly cited explanation is that an item, be it bread or a flat card, etc., would often be placed on top of a drink to protect it from fruit flies; at some point it became a habit to top this "cover" with a snack.
• It is also commonly said that since one would be standing while eating a tapa in traditional Spanish bars, they would need to place their plates on top of their drinks to eat, making it a top.
• Some believe the name originated sometime around the 16th century when tavern owners from Castilla-La Mancha found out that the strong taste and smell of mature cheese could help disguise that of bad wine, thus "covering" it, and started offering free cheese when serving cheap wine.
• Another popular explanation says that the king Alfonso XIII stopped by a famous tavern in Cádiz (Andalusian city) where he ordered a cup of wine. The waiter covered the glass with a slice of cured ham before offering it to the king, to protect the wine from the beach sand, as Cádiz is a windy place. The king, after drinking the wine and eating the tapa, ordered another wine "with the cover".^[2]
• The origin of tapas was most likely with Felipe the 3rd (1578-1621 and reigned from 1598 until his death), who passed a law in an effort to curb rowdy drunken behavior, particularly among soldiers and sailors. The law stated that when one purchased a drink, the bartender was to place over the mouth of the mug or goblet a cover or lid containing some small quantity of food as part of the purchase of the beverage. The hope being that the food would slow the effects of the alcohol, and fill the stomach to prevent over imbibing.

Spain[link]

Tapas (pintxos) and Jamón serrano in a San Sebastián's bar

In Spain,^[3] dinner is usually served between 9 and 11 p.m. (sometimes as late as midnight), leaving significant time between work and dinner. Therefore, Spaniards often go "bar hopping" (Spanish: Ir de tapas) and eat tapas in the time between finishing work and having dinner. Since lunch is usually served between 1 and 3 p.m., another common time for tapas is weekend days around noon as a means of socializing before proper lunch at home.

It is very common for a bar or a small local restaurant to have eight to 12 different kinds of tapas in warming trays with glass partitions covering the food. They are often very strongly flavored with garlic, chilies or paprika, cumin, salt, pepper, saffron and sometimes in plentiful amounts of olive oil. Often, one or more of the choices is seafood (mariscos), often including anchovies, sardines or mackerel in olive oil, squid or others in a tomato-based sauce, sometimes with the addition of red or green peppers or other seasonings. It is rare to see a tapas selection not include one or more types of olives, such as Manzanillo or Arbequina olives. One or more types of bread are usually available to eat with any of the sauce-based tapas.

In Madrid, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Asturias, Extremadura, and in parts of Andalucia, when one goes to a bar and orders a drink, often a tapa will be served with it for free. As a drink, it is usual to ask for a caña (small beer), a chato (glass of wine) or a mosto (grape juice). In several cities, entire zones are dedicated to tapas bars, each one serving its own unique dish. In León, one can find the Barrio Húmedo, in Logroño Calle Laurel and in Burgos Calle de la Sombrerería and Calle de San Lorenzo.

Sometimes, especially in northern Spain, they are also called pinchos (pintxos in Basque) in Asturias, in Navarre, in La Rioja (Spain), the Basque Country, Cantabria and in some provinces, such as Salamanca, because many of them have a pincho or toothpick through them. The toothpick is used to keep whatever the snack is made of from falling off the slice of bread and to keep track of the number of tapas the customer has eaten. Differently priced tapas have different shapes or have toothpicks of different sizes. The price of a single tapa ranges from one to two euros. Another name for them is banderillas (diminutive of bandera "flag"), in part because some of them resemble the colorful spears used in bullfighting.

Tapas can be "upgraded" to bigger portions, equivalent to half a dish (media ración) or a whole one (ración). This is generally more economical when a tapas are being ordered by more than one person. The portions are usually shared by diners, and a meal made up of raciones resembles a Chinese dim sum, Korean banchan or Middle Eastern mezze.

Common Spanish tapas[link]

Tapas (pintxos) in San Sebastián

Pimientos de Padrón, deep-fried chili peppers, here served in a bar in Madrid

Banderillas, skewer with pickles

A tapa of calamares a la romana

Papas arrugadas with red mojo sauce

Tapa of Russian salad

• Aceitunas - olives, sometimes with a filling of anchovies or red bell pepper
• Albóndigas - meatballs with sauce
• Alioli - "garlic and oil" in Catalan^{[citation needed]}, the classic ingredients are only garlic, oil and salt, but the most common form of it includes mayonnaise and garlic, served on bread or with boiled or grilled potatoes, fish, meat or vegetables.
• Bacalao - salted cod loin sliced very thinly, usually served with bread and tomatoes
• Banderillas, or pinchos de encurtidos, are cold tapas made from small food items pickled in vinegar and skewered together. They are also known as gildas or piparras and consist of pickled items, like olives, baby onions, baby cucumbers, chiles (guindilla) with pieces of pepper and other vegetables. Sometimes they include an anchovy.^[4]
• Boquerones - white anchovies served in vinegar (boquerones en vinagre) or deep fried
• Calamares or rabas - rings of battered squid
• Carne mechada - slow-cooked, tender beef^[5]
• Chopitos - battered and fried tiny squid, also known as puntillitas
• Cojonuda (superb female)- a kind of pincho, it consists of a slice of Spanish morcilla with a fried quail egg over a slice of bread. It is very common in Burgos, because the most well-known and widespread Spanish morcilla is from there. It can also be prepared with a little strip of red, spicy pepper.
• Cojonudo (superb male) - a kind of pincho, it consists of a slice of Spanish chorizo with a fried quail egg over a slice of bread.
• Chorizo al vino - chorizo sausage slowly cooked in wine
• Chorizo a la sidra - chorizo sausage slowly cooked in cider
• Croquetas - a common sight in bar counters and homes across Spain, served as a tapa, a light lunch, or a dinner along with a salad
• Empanadillas - large or small turnovers filled with meats and vegetables^[6]
• Ensaladilla rusa - "(little) Russian salad", made with mixed boiled vegetables with tuna, olives and mayonnaise
• Gambas - prawns sauteed in salsa negra (peppercorn sauce), al ajillo (with garlic), or pil-pil (with chopped chili peppers)
• Mejillones rellenos - stuffed mussels, called tigres ("tigers") in Navarre because of the spicy taste
• Papas arrugadas or papas con mojo (see Canarian wrinkly potatoes) (Canary Islands) - very small, new potatoes boiled in salt water similar to sea water, then drained, slightly roasted and served with mojo sauce, a garlic, Spanish paprika, red pepper, cumin seed, olive oil, wine vinegar, salt and bread miga (fresh bread crumbs without the crust) to thicken it
• Patatas bravas or papas bravas - fried potato dices (sometimes parboiled and then fried, or simply boiled) served with salsa brava a spicy tomato sauce, sometimes served also with mayo or aioli
• Pimientos de Padrón - small green peppers originally from Padrón (a municipality in the province of A Coruña, Galicia) that are fried in olive oil or served raw, most are mild, but a few in each batch are quite spicy.
• Pulpo a la gallega (Galician-style octopus) or polbo á feira (octopus in the trade fair style) in Galicia, is cooked in boiling water (preferably in a copper cauldron or pan) and served hot in olive or vegetable oil. The octopus pieces are seasoned with substantial amounts of paprika, giving it its recognisable red color, and sea salt for texture and flavour.
• Pincho moruno (Moorish spike) - a stick with spicy meat, made of pork, lamb or chicken
• Puntillitas (Andalusia) or chopitos (central Spain) - battered and fried tiny squid
• Queso con anchoas - Castilla or Manchego cured cheese with anchovies on top
• Rajo - pork seasoned with garlic and parsley, with added paprika, called zorza
• Setas al Ajillo - fresh mushrooms sauteed with olive oil and garlic.^[7]
• Solomillo a la castellana - fried pork scallops, served with an onion and/or Cabrales cheese sauce
• Solomillo al whisky - fried pork scallops, marinated using whisky, brandy or white wine and olive oil
• Tortilla de patatas (Spanish omelette) or tortilla española - a type of omelet containing fried chunks of potatoes and sometimes onion
• Tortilla paisana - a tortilla containing vegetables and chorizo (similar to frittata)
• Tortillitas de camarones (Andalusia) - battered prawn fritters
• Zamburiñas - renowned Galician scallops (Chlamys varia), often served in a marinera, tomato-based sauce

Regional variations[link]

The term tapas narrowly refers to a type of Spanish cuisine, but it is also used more broadly to refer to any similar format dining. This is referred to more formally as small plates, but tapas is common. Such dishes are traditionally common in many parts of the world, and have become increasingly popular in the English-speaking world since about 2000, particularly under the influence of Spanish tapas.

North America and the United Kingdom[link]

A tapas restaurant in Leeds, England

Upmarket tapas restaurants and tapas bars are common in many cities of the United States, Mexico, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom. As with any cuisine exported from its original country, significant differences occur between the original Spanish dishes and the dishes as they are served abroad.

Argentina[link]

Picada is a type of tapas eaten in Argentina, usually involving only cold dishes, such as olives, ham, salami and different types of cheese.

Venetian cicchetti[link]

Cicchetti are small tapas-like dishes served in cicchetti bars in Venice. Venetians typically eat cicchetti for lunch or as late-afternoon snacks.

Asia[link]

In Korea, drinking establishments often serve anju (안주) of various types, including meat, seafood, and vegetables. In Japan, izakaya are drinking establishments that serve accompaniments similar to tapas. In the Philippines, the term tapa has come to refer to a traditional dish of salt-cured beef served at breakfast.

See also[link]

• Dim sum
• Banchan
• Hors d'œuvre
• Mezze
• Pu pu platter
• Antipasto

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up tapas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• About.com Guide to Tapas in Spain.
• El mundo de las Tapas. History and recipes in Spanish and English
• Spanish National Contest of Bar Snacks and Tapas The kingdom of Spanish tapas joins with the kingdom of Spanish vine: Ribera del Duero, Cigales, Rueda, Toro
• Take a taste of Spanish tapas. (In Spanish)