- published: 08 Aug 2012
- views: 16027
- author: Rick Steves Europe
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French Riviera: Cannes and Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 29 May 2013
The French Riviera stretches along the Mediterranean from St-Tropez to the Italian border. Two popular destinations are Cannes and Antibes. With exclusive ho...
http://wn.com/French_Riviera_Cannes_and_Antibes
The French Riviera stretches along the Mediterranean from St-Tropez to the Italian border. Two popular destinations are Cannes and Antibes. With exclusive ho...
Antibes, France
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Shots of Antibes on the Côte d'Azur in Southern France, July 2010, shot on my Flip camera.
http://wn.com/Antibes,_France
Shots of Antibes on the Côte d'Azur in Southern France, July 2010, shot on my Flip camera.
- published: 10 Aug 2010
- views: 24504
- author: Christopher King
Antibes, France - Amateur Traveler #31
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 11 Apr 2013
The Amateur Traveler (http://AmateurTraveler.com) visits Antibes in France (on the French Riviera). This video shows the beach, Fort Carré, the harbor as wel...
http://wn.com/Antibes,_France_Amateur_Traveler_31
The Amateur Traveler (http://AmateurTraveler.com) visits Antibes in France (on the French Riviera). This video shows the beach, Fort Carré, the harbor as wel...
- published: 07 Mar 2008
- views: 24499
- author: Chris Christensen
Cannes & Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 30 Jul 2009
Cannes is one of the most legendary of towns along the Riviera, famous for the International Film Festival held in May and home to several super-deluxe luxury hotels. But surprisingly, the main shopping area and old section are down-to-earth, with normal prices and a friendly atmosphere. The nearby beautiful coastal town of Antibes can easily be explored in a couple of hours. Antibes was once a fortified village, like most of the other old towns in the south of France, and has an ancient fort in the harbor with the original wall running along the shore. After wandering through the old pedestrian section, find your way out to Rue des Revennes, which becomes Rue James Close, the most charming shopping lane in town.
http://wn.com/Cannes_Antibes
Cannes is one of the most legendary of towns along the Riviera, famous for the International Film Festival held in May and home to several super-deluxe luxury hotels. But surprisingly, the main shopping area and old section are down-to-earth, with normal prices and a friendly atmosphere. The nearby beautiful coastal town of Antibes can easily be explored in a couple of hours. Antibes was once a fortified village, like most of the other old towns in the south of France, and has an ancient fort in the harbor with the original wall running along the shore. After wandering through the old pedestrian section, find your way out to Rue des Revennes, which becomes Rue James Close, the most charming shopping lane in town.
- published: 30 Jul 2009
- views: 18158
Antibes, French Riviera, France [HD] (videoturysta.pl)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 03 May 2013
http://videoturysta.pl/en/fr_EN/antibes.html Antibes, French Riviera (Cote d'Azur). The harbour, beach, streets of old town, Provence market, interesting fou...
http://wn.com/Antibes,_French_Riviera,_France_HD_videoturystapl
http://videoturysta.pl/en/fr_EN/antibes.html Antibes, French Riviera (Cote d'Azur). The harbour, beach, streets of old town, Provence market, interesting fou...
- published: 01 Jul 2012
- views: 2059
- author: videoturysta
Antibes - Cote d'Azur France Photography HD by a | Liepa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:12
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Please watch on 720p HD, more sideshows in my channel. Antibes - France Cote d'Azu Photography by © a | Liepa For more photos and info: http://www.aliepa.inf...
http://wn.com/Antibes_Cote_d'Azur_France_Photography_HD_by_a_|_Liepa
Please watch on 720p HD, more sideshows in my channel. Antibes - France Cote d'Azu Photography by © a | Liepa For more photos and info: http://www.aliepa.inf...
- published: 14 Jun 2012
- views: 3084
- author: aLiepaPhotos's channel
Antibes: der französische Nobelort an der Côte dAzur in Frankreich | euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Antibes liegt direkt neben den illustren Jet-Set-Orten Nizza und Cannes in Südfrankreich. Im Schatten der berühmten Nachbarorte hat sich die Stadt ihren ursp...
http://wn.com/Antibes_der_französische_Nobelort_an_der_Côte_dAzur_in_Frankreich_|_euromaxx
Antibes liegt direkt neben den illustren Jet-Set-Orten Nizza und Cannes in Südfrankreich. Im Schatten der berühmten Nachbarorte hat sich die Stadt ihren ursp...
- published: 18 Aug 2010
- author: Deutsche Welle
Antibes Yacht Show 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
http://wn.com/Antibes_Yacht_Show_2013
City: Die südfranzösische Stadt Antibes | euromaxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Antibes war schon früh Treffpunkt der internationalen Kunst- und Kulturszene: direkt neben Nizza und Cannes gelegen, hat die Stadt bis heute ihren Charme bew...
http://wn.com/City_Die_südfranzösische_Stadt_Antibes_|_euromaxx
Antibes war schon früh Treffpunkt der internationalen Kunst- und Kulturszene: direkt neben Nizza und Cannes gelegen, hat die Stadt bis heute ihren Charme bew...
- published: 29 Aug 2011
- views: 1199
- author: Deutsche Welle
Antibes - plażowanie i gastronomia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:12
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Antibes - plażowanie w zatoce milionerów i jedzonko na starym mieście w gustownej restauracji.
http://wn.com/Antibes_plażowanie_i_gastronomia
Antibes - plażowanie w zatoce milionerów i jedzonko na starym mieście w gustownej restauracji.
- published: 21 Jul 2012
- views: 209
- author: Tomasz Kolasa
Antibes - Cote d'Azur - France
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 28 Nov 2012
Antibes (Provençal Occitan: Antíbol in classical norm or Antibo in Mistralian norm) is a resort town in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France...
http://wn.com/Antibes_Cote_d'Azur_France
Antibes (Provençal Occitan: Antíbol in classical norm or Antibo in Mistralian norm) is a resort town in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France...
- published: 20 Feb 2011
- views: 17103
- author: THEWORLDOFTRAVEL
Cote d'Azur - Antibes, Cannes, Monaco, Nizza, St. Tropez - Urlaubsvideo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 25 May 2013
http://www.arch-ing-immobilien.de Cote d'Azur - Antibes, Cannes, Monaco, Nizza, St. Tropez. Urlaubsvideo Juni 2011. Leider kein Stativ dabei gehabt. Aufgenom...
http://wn.com/Cote_d'Azur_Antibes,_Cannes,_Monaco,_Nizza,_St_Tropez_Urlaubsvideo
http://www.arch-ing-immobilien.de Cote d'Azur - Antibes, Cannes, Monaco, Nizza, St. Tropez. Urlaubsvideo Juni 2011. Leider kein Stativ dabei gehabt. Aufgenom...
- published: 20 Jun 2011
- views: 25365
- author: ARCH-ING Citak Immobilien IVD
In the spotlight - Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:18
- Updated: 28 Jun 2012
Uncover the jewel of the French Riviera in the stunning Juan-les-Pins, Antibes. Striving for excellence, preserving its heritage, dedicated to the conservati...
http://wn.com/In_the_spotlight_Antibes
Uncover the jewel of the French Riviera in the stunning Juan-les-Pins, Antibes. Striving for excellence, preserving its heritage, dedicated to the conservati...
- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 868
- author: RendezvousenFrance UK
Marineland - Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 32:11
- Updated: 24 May 2013
Marineland - Antibes (Riweira Francuska) - najwiekszy park rozrywki ze zwierzętami morskimi. Polecam każdemu odwiedzającemu Francję. Film zawiera oryginalną ...
http://wn.com/Marineland_Antibes
Marineland - Antibes (Riweira Francuska) - najwiekszy park rozrywki ze zwierzętami morskimi. Polecam każdemu odwiedzającemu Francję. Film zawiera oryginalną ...
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 7963
- author: Tomasz Kolasa
Storm in Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 24 Oct 2012
Storm in Antibes, France, 5 november 2011.
http://wn.com/Storm_in_Antibes
Cap d'Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 08 May 2013
d'Antibes et à l'est de Juan-les-Pins, sur la Côte d'Azur en France. Le cap d'Antibes géographique est situé au sud de celle-ci près de l'anse de l'Argent Fa...
http://wn.com/Cap_d'Antibes
d'Antibes et à l'est de Juan-les-Pins, sur la Côte d'Azur en France. Le cap d'Antibes géographique est situé au sud de celle-ci près de l'anse de l'Argent Fa...
- published: 07 May 2013
- views: 59
- author: Globetrotteur
Yacht Nirvana / amarrage Port Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 28 May 2013
http://wn.com/Yacht_Nirvana_amarrage_Port_Antibes
Antibes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 06 Apr 2013
Una delle più importanti città della costa azzurra, racchiusa tra le mura fortificate a picco sul mare.
http://wn.com/Antibes
Una delle più importanti città della costa azzurra, racchiusa tra le mura fortificate a picco sul mare.
- published: 04 May 2008
- views: 12401
- author: davdav72
Miles Davis - Live in Antibes, France (1969-07-25)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:05
- Updated: 31 May 2013
July 25th, 1969 at the Juan-les-Pins Jazz Fest Milestones, Footprints, 'Round Midnight Miles Davis - trumpet Wayne Shorter - tenor and soprano saxophones Chi...
http://wn.com/Miles_Davis_Live_in_Antibes,_France_1969-07-25
July 25th, 1969 at the Juan-les-Pins Jazz Fest Milestones, Footprints, 'Round Midnight Miles Davis - trumpet Wayne Shorter - tenor and soprano saxophones Chi...
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 110824
- author: BassLudeman
Luca Betti - Antibes Rally 2012 - TEST PRE-GARA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 13 Oct 2012
http://wn.com/Luca_Betti_Antibes_Rally_2012_TEST_PRE-GARA
Robert Kubica Rally D'Antibes - FINISH- 17.10.2010 part 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 21 May 2011
Rally D'Antibes-FINISH-17.10.2010 part 3-Wywiad z Robertem.
http://wn.com/Robert_Kubica_Rally_D'Antibes_FINISH_17102010_part_3
Rally D'Antibes-FINISH-17.10.2010 part 3-Wywiad z Robertem.
- published: 17 Oct 2010
- views: 4768
- author: bestpeter78
Miles Davis - Spanish Key - Antibes Jazz 1969
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
Miles Davis live at Antibes Jazz Festival, Antibes, France, 1969.
http://wn.com/Miles_Davis_Spanish_Key_Antibes_Jazz_1969
Miles Davis live at Antibes Jazz Festival, Antibes, France, 1969.
- published: 20 Dec 2006
- views: 142755
- author: chieflittlenuts's channel
Antibes : une bijouterie braquée
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:28
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Réagissez avec la communauté soit par un ▷▷▷"J'aime" ou ▷▷▷"Je n'aime pas", un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▷▷▷ http://bit.ly/NZcJvw (19 n...
http://wn.com/Antibes_une_bijouterie_braquée
Réagissez avec la communauté soit par un ▷▷▷"J'aime" ou ▷▷▷"Je n'aime pas", un commentaire et Abonnez-vous à ma chaîne YouTube ▷▷▷ http://bit.ly/NZcJvw (19 n...
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 388
- author: ReportageTube
photo: Creative Commons / Xabier Eskisabel
30 May 2013
Syria has already received the first shipment of an advanced Russian air defence system, Syria's President Bashar al-Assad is reported to have said in a Lebanese TV interview. Russia vowed to go ahead with sending the weapons soon after an EU decision not to renew an arms embargo on Syria. Mr Assad is also reported to have told Hezbollah-linked Al Manar TV that also said the tide of the war was turning ... Hezbollah ... Type ... Source ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Hussein Malla
31 May 2013
Although the death toll in this war has reached into the tens of thousands and uncollaborated reports indicate the government forces have started using chemical weapons against rebel controlled territories, almost nothing will justify the United States aiding either side in this war ... America must depend on the Israelis who are not ruling out an attack into Syria in order to destroy the missile batteries ... Suggested by the author. ... Tweet....(size: 6.3Kb)
photo: AP / Nigerian Army
31 May 2013
Nigerian authorities have have arrested three Lebanese men in northern Nigeria on suspicion of being members of the Lebanese movement Hezbollah. Soldiers uncovered a hidden arms cache that authorities believe belonged to members of the Shia political party and armed group, the military and secret police said on Thursday ... All suspects reportedly admitted to being members of Hezbollah under questioning ... News....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: US Army
30 May 2013
So-called killer robots are due to be discussed at the UN Human Rights Council, meeting in Geneva. A report presented to the meeting will call for a moratorium on their use while the ethical questions they raise are debated ... They include ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
photo: US Army / Staff Sgt. Russell Klika
30 May 2013
- Fawzi Koofi, an Afghan MP, was left out to die under the sun the day she was born, according to a story she recounts in her autobiography. She is now set to run in Afghanistan's presidential elections next year. . Among Westerners, she is regarded as a champion for Afghan women. In Afghanistan, her record is more mixed ... A widowed mother of two, Koofi's has earned her considerable Western media attention ... News....(size: 12.5Kb)
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Huffington Post
31 May 2013
The Cannes Film Festival finished off this week, and the fashion was better than ever, as many celebs down in France landed on our best-dressed list ... The Victoria's Secret Angel went for a bold color that complimented her skin tone, and she belted the look to define her tiny waist Antibes, May 21st Photo Credit ... Cap D'Antibes, May 23rd Photo Credit ... Cap D'Antibes, May 23rd Photo Credit ... Cap D'Antibes, May 23rd Photo Credit ... WOW ... Like. 42k ... ....(size: 17.7Kb)
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Huffington Post
31 May 2013
This week's worst-dressed list saw busy dresses and a little too much volume. Both Rita Ora and Kelly Osbourne struggled to make a prints work on the red carpet, as they made the cardinal mistake of over accessorizing. Meanwhile, Marion Cotillard wore a drop crotch jumpsuit that created extra bulk in her nether regions ... Cap D'Antibes, May 23rd Photo Credit ... Cap D'Antibes, May 23rd Photo Credit ... Cap D'Antibes, May 23rd Photo Credit ... Ever ... ....(size: 13.5Kb)
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The Irish Times
31 May 2013
If you’re talking to Michael Douglas about playing Liberace the wrong place to meet would be a tattered bus shelter on the outskirts of a sink estate. You need somewhere with a bit of glamour. We could not have hoped for better than the Hôtel du Cap in Antibes on the French Riviera ... A Travel Tavern it is not ... Yachts the size of frigates (literally, for all I know) jostle for space in a sea the colour of lapis lazuli ... His hands were huge....(size: 3.5Kb)
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Huffington Post
29 May 2013
Actress Sharon Stone speaks to photographers as she arrives at amfAR Cinema Against AIDS benefit at the Hotel du Cap-Eden-Roc, during the 66th international film festival, in Cap d'Antibes, southern France, Thursday, May 23, 2013 ... Singer Kylie Minogue arrives at amfAR Cinema Against AIDS benefit at the Hotel du Cap-Eden-Roc, during the 66th international film festival, in Cap d'Antibes, southern France, Thursday, May 23, 2013 ... Like ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
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PR Newswire
29 May 2013
Featuring Tahiti, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, Latin America, and Europe Itineraries ... Maiden ports include ... New ports include. Mahon, Menorca, Spain; Palamos, Spain; Villefranche, France; Sanary-sur-Mer, France; Antibes, France; Ponza, Italy; San Remo, Italy; San Blas, Panama; Isla Gamez , Panama; Golfito, Costa Rica; Drake Bay , Costa Rica; Quepos, Costa Rica; and Isla Tortuga /Curu Wildlife Reserve, Costa Rica ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
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National Public Radio
29 May 2013
"It was the film of the festival," critic John Powers tells Fresh Air's Terry Gross about Blue Is the Warmest Color, this year's Palme d'Or winner at the Cannes Film Festival ... Enlarge image i ... Vittorio Zunino Celotto/Getty Images ... Vittorio Zunino Celotto/Getty Images ... This year it was at the hotel Cap d'Antibes and you turn up where hundreds of people are dressed in black tie, including me — I was very James Bond, I must tell everyone ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
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Star Telegram
28 May 2013
TCU golfer Julien Brun scoffs at the idea of a sophomore slump. Not only has he backed up his stellar freshman season with an equally impressive sophomore year, but he also improved on it. Brun, who hails from Antibes, France, has won three tournaments this year, doubling his career tally, which was already an all-time TCU record, to six ... 3 in college rankings by Golfstat ... So far, it was a good year.” ... @FollowtheFrogs ....(size: 3.0Kb)
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The Examiner
27 May 2013
On Thursday, May 23, 2013, the amfAR 20th Annual Cinema Against AIDS Benefit took place at Cap d’Antibes, France and in every sense of the word, it was a star-studded evening. Glamour took to the Red Carpet in breathtaking jewels, emerald and sapphire necklaces, diamond cuff bracelets and stunning earrings worth their weight in diamonds adorned on celebrities such as Paris Hilton and Alessandra Ambrosio.View slideshow ... Tweet. 0 Email ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
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Huffington Post
26 May 2013
US actress and producer Selita Ebanks poses on May 23, 2013 as she arrives for the amfAR's 20th Annual Cinema Against AIDS during the 66th Annual Cannes Film Festival at Hotel du Cap-Eden-Roc in Cap d'Antibes, southern France ... Cinema Against AIDS during the 66th Annual Cannes Film Festival at Hotel du Cap-Eden-Roc in Cap d'Antibes, southern France....(size: 7.4Kb)
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The Times of India
26 May 2013
Behind the scenes at the Cannes Film Festival, which wraps on Sunday after a 12-day run.. ADIEU, LEGOLAS. Blood, sex, blood, drugs, booze, blood, and then more blood... Bloom co-stars with Forest Whitaker as two detectives tracing the source of a new methamphetamine drug that is causing havoc in the slums around Cape Town ... BITING DRAMA ... "I try to get invitations for the parties at the Eden Roc hotel" in nearby Antibes, she says ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
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The Miami Herald
26 May 2013
CANNES, France -- In a May 24 Cannes Notebook item about jewelry at the Cannes Film Festival, The Associated Press reported erroneously that the Swavorski earrings Milla Jovovich wore cost $321,000. They cost $321. A corrected version of the story is below.. Seen and heard at the Cannes Film Festival. At the Cannes Film Festival ... By The Associated Press ... A second theft was reported this week nearby Cannes at a posh resort in Cap D'Antibes....(size: 3.7Kb)
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (December 2008) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating.
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| Country | France |
| Region | Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur |
| Department | Alpes-Maritimes |
| Arrondissement | Grasse |
| Intercommunality | Sophia Antipolis |
| Mayor | Jean Leonetti (2008–2014) |
| Statistics | |
| Elevation | 0–163 m (0–535 ft) (avg. 9 m or 30 ft) |
| Land area1 | 26.48 km2 (10.22 sq mi) |
| Population2 | 76,994 (2008) |
| - Density | 2,908 /km2 (7,530 /sq mi) |
| INSEE/Postal code | 06004/ 06600 |
| 1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. | |
| 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once. | |
Coordinates: 43°34′51″N 7°07′26″E / 43.5808°N 7.1239°E / 43.5808; 7.1239
Antibes (
/ɒnˈtiːb/, French: [ɑ̃. tib]; Provençal Occitan: Antíbol in classical norm or Antibo in Mistralian norm) is a resort town in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.
It lies on the Mediterranean in the Côte d'Azur, located between Cannes and Nice. The town of Juan-les-Pins is within the commune of Antibes. The Sophia-Antipolis technology park is northwest of Antibes.
Contents |
History[link]
Further information: Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
Antibes was founded as a 5th century BC Greek colony settled by Phocaeans from Massilia,[1] called Ἀντίπολις, Antípolis (literally, the "city across"). Due to its naturally protected port, the town of Antibes has long been an important trading centre.
Rome gradually increased its hold over the Mediterranean coast and in 43 BC, Antipolis was officially incorporated in the propraetorial (senatorial from 27 BC) province of Gallia Narbonensis in which it remained for the next 500 years. Antipolis grew into the largest town in the region and a main entry point into Gaul. Roman artifacts such as aqueducts, fortified walls and amphoræ can still be seen today.
After the Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 AD various barbarian tribes seized Antibes. This resulted in destruction and a long period of instability. In the 10th century, Antibes found a protector in Seigneur Rodoart, who built extensive fortified walls around the town and a castle in which to live. For the next 200 years, the town experienced a period of renewal.
Prosperity was short-lived, as the whole region fell into disarray for several centuries. The inhabitants of Antibes stayed behind their strong city walls as a succession of wars and epidemics ravaged the countryside. By the end of the 15th century, the region was under the protection and control of King Louis XI of France. Relative stability returned, but the small port of Antibes fell into obscurity.
From around the middle of the 19th century the area around Antibes regained its popularity as wealthy people from around Europe discovered the its natural beauty and built luxurious homes here.
In 1926, the old Château Grimaldi in Antibes was bought by the local municipality and later restored for use as a museum. Pablo Picasso came to the town in 1946, having visited his friend and fellow painter Gerald Murphy and his wife Sara there in 1923, and was invited to stay in the castle. During his six month stay Picasso painted and drew as well as crafting ceramics and tapestries. When he departed Picasso left a number of his works to the municipality. The castle has since become the Picasso Museum.
Population[link]
| Year | 1793 | 1800 | 1806 | 1821 | 1831 | 1836 | 1841 | 1846 | 1851 | 1856 | 1861 | 1866 | 1872 | 1876 | 1881 | 1886 | 1891 | 1896 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 4135 | 5270 | 4792 | 5095 | 5565 | 5939 | 5615 | 5976 | 6163 | 6657 | 6829 | 6064 | 6843 | 6752 | 5923 | 6461 | 7401 | 9329 |
| Year | 1901 | 1906 | 1911 | 1921 | 1926 | 1931 | 1936 | 1946 | 1954 | 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 10,947 | 11,753 | 12,198 | 12,768 | 20,456 | 26,071 | 25,014 | 23,574 | 27,064 | 35,439 | 47,547 | 55,960 | 62,859 | 70,005 | 72,454 | 76,994 |
Twenty-five percent of the town's inhabitants are under the age of 25.
Climate[link]
Antibes enjoys a Mediterranean climate.
Culture[link]
Sport is an important part of the local culture; the town hosts the National Training Centre for basketball. On 25 May 1999 the town was the first in the départment to sign the State Environment Charter, which pledges to actively conserve the natural environment.
Sights[link]
Beaches[link]
File:The Beach at Antibes.jpg
The rocky beaches of Antibes
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There are 48 beaches along the 25 km of coastline that surround Antibes and Juan les Pins.
Museums[link]
- Archaeology Museum
This museum sits atop the Promenade Amiral de Grasse in the old Bastion St Andre, a 17th century fortress. The museum's collection focuses on the classical history of Antibes. Many artifacts, sculptures and amphorae found in local digs and shipwrecks from the harbour are displayed here. The views of the sea and mountains from the promenade are also spectacular.
- Naval Museum of Napoleon
Housed in a 17th century stone fort and tower, this museum presents a collection of Napoleonic memorabilia, paintings and naval models. Several wall paintings show historic moments in Napoleon's reign and there are also pieces of his clothing such as one of the hats he once wore.
- Picasso Museum
This museum houses one of the world's greatest Picasso collections: 24 paintings, 44 drawings, 32 lithographs, 11 oils on paper, 80 pieces of ceramics, 2 sculptures and 5 tapestries.
- La Tour Museum
This small museum in the centre of town brings the contemporary history of Antibes to life through its exhibit of costumes, tools, photographs and other objects used by the local people.
- Absinthe Museum
The Absinthe Museum is located in a basement in the Roman foundations of Old Antibes. It is dedicated to the manufacture and appreciation of this green liqueur.
Parks and Gardens[link]
- The Exflora Park
The Exflora Park is a five hectare garden open to the public. Next to the large olive grove, there are different styles of Mediterranean gardens, from ancient Rome to the exuberant Riviera of the 19th century. Fountains and ponds stretch along the terrace, making a waterway 500m long. Antibes is renowned for rose production, and rose bushes line the path leading to the sea. The luxuriance of the exotic garden and palm grove is reminiscent of the belle époque, when English gardeners succeeded in planting flowers that bloom in winter, the season when the aristocracy visited the Côte d'Azur. A little further on is the Théâtre de Verdure, inspired by Italian gardens, and a panoramic viewpoint with a glorious view of the sea and the Iles des Lerins. In the style of Provençal gardens of the 18th century, there is a maze with sculpted hedges. Further on, Islamic gardens are featured, with an orange grove where the ground is patterned with terracotta irrigation pipes similar to those in the celebrated Seville Cathedral in Spain. The vegetable gardens and orchards in the Arsat are planted in hollows as in Morocco to protect them from the sun and maximise shadow and humidity. A representation of a Moroccan house pays homage to the painter MAJORELLE, creator of the beautiful blue garden in Marrakesh. In another area, the winter garden contains plants that flower in winter, such as mimosa and camellias.
- The Eilenroc Gardens
Villa Eilenroc was built on a rock in the middle of a virtual desert. The area was transformed into a glorious garden through the patience and talent of Jacques Greber, landscape architect and consultant to the Great Exhibition in New York in 1939. He was commissioned by Mr Beaumont to create this luxuriant park of 11 hectares. The gardens with all their luxuriant vegetation lie thirty metres above the sea with a view across the bay of the Cap. Planted with traditional mediterranean species such as marine and parasol pines, Alep and Canary pines, Cyprus, oaks, olive trees, arbutus, lavender, thyme, rosemary, eucalyptus, ficus, etc., as well as three km of pittosporum hedges, a whole part of the park has been created with plants found in the Antibes area in 1920.
- Thuret Park
In 1857, Gustave Thuret discovered the wonderful, unspoilt Cap d'Antibes and bought five hectares of land where he built a villa and began the creation of a glorious park. Bequeathed to the state by his heirs, the Jardin botanique de la Villa Thuret is now managed by the INRA (National Institute of Agronomic Research). The superb collection of trees and exotic plants, and the rich earth, provide many opportunities for learning, and the cross-fertilisation of plant species that grow on the mediterranean coast.
Garoupe Lighthouse[link]
The old lighthouse of Antibes provides one of the best views in the region from its lofty hilltop. To get here, you must walk about one kilometre up the Chemin de Calvaire from the Plage de la Salis. It makes for a nice half-day stroll.
Church of the Immaculate Conception[link]
The central church in Antibes was first built in the 11th century with stones used from earlier Roman structures. Its current façade was constructed in the 18th century and blends Latin classical symmetry and religious fantasy. The interior houses some impressive pieces such as a Baroque altarpiece and life-sized wooden carving of Christ's death from 1447.
Hôtel du Cap-Eden Roc[link]
This villa, set in "a forest" at the tip of the Cap d'Antibes peninsula, re-creates a nineteenth-century château. Since 1870 the glamorous white-walled Hotel du Cap on the French Riviera has been one of the most storied and luxurious resorts in the world. Guests who flocked there included Marlene Dietrich, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor and Winston Churchill. Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton conducted an affair and honeymooned there.
Ports[link]
There are many yachting harbours which provide moorings for a range of ships ranging from fishing vessels to full sized yachts.
- Port Vauban: The largest yachting harbour in Europe, with more than 2,000 moorings, can accommodate craft of more than 100 metres. This old port was the heart of the ancient Greek city of Antipolis and has a long and colourful history which includes Ligurians, Romans and Crusaders on their way to the Holy Land. Today, it is the largest marina in Europe, serving both local fishing boats and luxury yachts.
- Port Galice: 542 moorings
- Port de la Salis: 233 moorings
- Port du Croûton: 390 moorings
- Port de l'Olivette: Situated in the sheltered cove of the same name, this is a harbour for sailors and their wooden fishing boats who enjoy the old marine, provencal traditions.
Culture[link]
File:Château Grimaldi, Antibes, Alpes-Maritimes, France.jpg
The view of Antibes
File:Antibes, Alpes Maritimes, France.jpg
The view of the Gulf of Antibes
Theatre and music[link]
The Theatre Antibea, Theatre des Heures Bleues and Café Theatre La Scene sur Mer all offer a variety of performances from orchestra music to dramatic plays. Music of all types, from live jazz to DJs spinning techno, can be found in the bars and nightclubs and there are a number of festivals and special outdoor concerts during the summer. Jazz is still the specialty around here, and the Juan les Pins Jazz Festival is one of the best in the world.
Festivals[link]
Antibes and Juan les Pins host a number of festivals, mainly during the summer months. There's not much in the way of traditional cultural festivals in Antibes; most of the festivals focus on music and contemporary activities.
- Jazz à Juan remains one of the top jazz festivals in the world. Since its inception in 1960, it has attracted many famous Jazz artists each year to play outdoors.(July).
- Antibes Yacht Show
- The Antique Show of Antibes attracts thousands of collectors for two weeks in April. It's one of the largest shows of its kind in France (April).
- Voiles d'Antibes is one of the world's biggest gatherings of old teak and brass sailing vessels. They converge on the port for one of the most regal regattas in the Mediterranean (June).
- The Festival of Saint Peter is the annual celebration of the patron saint of fishermen. A colourful procession through the town is followed by all the local fishermen adorning their boats and floating along the coast (June).
- The Festival of Sacred Music takes place in Antibes Cathedral, which has renowned acoustics. Sacred music is the theme of this popular festival, which attracts huge crowds each year (January).
Transport[link]
The Gare d'Antibes is the railway station serving the town, offering connections to Nice, Cannes, Marseille, Paris and several other destinations. The railway station is in the centre of town. The nearest airport is Nice Côte d'Azur Airport.
Personalities[link]
- Flocke and Rasputin (aka Flocon et Rasputine), polar bears living at Marineland
- Graham Greene lived in a small apartment in Antibes in his later years
- M83, electronic band
- Guillaume Musso, writer
- Halima Soussi, basketball player
- Nicolas de Stael, painter
- Luc-Arthur Vebobe, basketball player
- Gloria Guinness then Princess Fakhry married Thomas "Loel" Guinness in April 1951
- Pablo Picasso, painter
Twin cities[link]
Ålborg, Denmark
Bodrum, Turkey
Desenzano del Garda, Italy
Eilat, Israel
Kinsale, Ireland
Newport Beach, California, United States
Olympia, Greece
Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
Krasnogorsk, Russia
See also[link]
- Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department
- Fort Carré
- Juan-les-Pins
- Route Napoléon
- Stade du Fort Carré
References[link]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links[link]
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| Miles Davis | |
|---|---|
 Photo of Davis in 1955 taken by Tom Palumbo |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Miles Dewey Davis III |
| Born | (1926-05-26)May 26, 1926 Alton, Illinois, United States |
| Died | September 28, 1991(1991-09-28) (aged 65) Santa Monica, California, United States |
| Genres | Jazz, hard bop, bebop, cool jazz, modal, fusion, third stream, jazz-funk, jazz rap[1][2] |
| Occupations | Bandleader, composer, trumpeter, artist |
| Instruments | Trumpet, flugelhorn, piano, organ |
| Years active | 1944–1975, 1980–1991 |
| Labels | Capitol Jazz/EMI, Columbia/CBS, Warner Bros. |
| Associated acts | Billy Eckstine, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis Quintet, Gil Evans |
| Website | www.milesdavis.com |
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and composer. Widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century,[3] Miles Davis was, with his musical groups, at the forefront of several major developments in jazz music, including bebop, cool jazz, hard bop, modal jazz, and jazz fusion.
Contents
|
Biography[link]
Early life (1926–44)[link]
Miles Dewey Davis was born on May 26, 1926, to an affluent African American family in Alton, Illinois. His father, Dr. Miles Henry Davis, was a dentist. In 1927 the family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois. They also owned a substantial ranch in northern Arkansas, where Davis learned to ride horses as a boy.
Davis' mother, Cleota Mae (Henry) Davis, wanted her son to learn the piano; she was a capable blues pianist but kept this fact hidden from her son. His musical studies began at 13, when his father gave him a trumpet and arranged lessons with local musician Elwood Buchanan. Davis later suggested that his father's instrument choice was made largely to irk his wife, who disliked the trumpet's sound. Against the fashion of the time, Buchanan stressed the importance of playing without vibrato; he was reported to have slapped Davis' knuckles every time he started using heavy vibrato.[4] Davis would carry his clear signature tone throughout his career. He once remarked on its importance to him, saying, "I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a round voice with not too much tremolo and not too much bass. Just right in the middle. If I can’t get that sound I can’t play anything."[5] Clark Terry was another important early influence.[citation needed]
By age 16, Davis was a member of the music society and playing professionally when not at school. At 17, he spent a year playing in Eddie Randle's band, the Blue Devils. During this time, Sonny Stitt tried to persuade him to join the Tiny Bradshaw band, then passing through town, but Davis' mother insisted that he finish his final year of high school. He graduated from East St. Louis Lincoln High School in 1944.
In 1944, the Billy Eckstine band visited East St. Louis. Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker were members of the band, and Davis was brought in on third trumpet for a couple of weeks because the regular player, Buddy Anderson, was out sick. Even after this experience, once Eckstine's band left town, Davis' parents were still keen for him to continue formal academic studies.
New York and the bebop years begin (1944–48)[link]
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In the fall of 1944, following graduation from high school, Davis moved to New York City to study at the Juilliard School of Music.
Upon arriving in New York, he spent most of his first weeks in town trying to get in contact with Charlie Parker, despite being advised against doing so by several people he met during his quest, including saxophonist Coleman Hawkins.[4]
Finally locating his idol, Davis became one of the cadre of musicians who held nightly jam sessions at two of Harlem's nightclubs, Minton's Playhouse and Monroe's. The group included many of the future leaders of the bebop revolution: young players such as Fats Navarro, Freddie Webster, and J. J. Johnson. Established musicians including Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke were also regular participants.
Davis dropped out of Juilliard, after asking permission from his father. In his autobiography, Davis criticized the Juilliard classes for centering too much on the classical European and "white" repertoire. However, he also acknowledged that, while greatly improving his trumpet playing technique, Juilliard helped give him a grounding in music theory that would prove valuable in later years.
Davis began playing professionally, performing in several 52nd Street clubs with Coleman Hawkins and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis. In 1945, he entered a recording studio for the first time, as a member of Herbie Fields's group. This was the first of many recordings to which Davis contributed in this period, mostly as a sideman. He finally got the chance to record as a leader in 1946, with an occasional group called the Miles Davis Sextet plus Earl Coleman and Ann Hathaway—one of the rare occasions when Davis, by then a member of the groundbreaking Charlie Parker Quintet, can be heard accompanying singers.[6] In these early years, recording sessions where Davis was the leader were the exception rather than the rule; his next date as leader would not come until 1947.
Around 1945, Dizzy Gillespie parted ways with Parker, and Davis was hired as Gillespie's replacement in his quintet, which also featured Max Roach on drums, Al Haig (replaced later by Sir Charles Thompson and Duke Jordan) on piano, and Curley Russell (later replaced by Tommy Potter and Leonard Gaskin) on bass.
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With Parker's quintet, Davis went into the studio several times, already showing hints of the style for which he would become known. On an oft-quoted take of Parker's signature song, "Now's the Time", Davis takes a melodic solo, whose unbop-like quality anticipates the "cool jazz" period that would follow. The Parker quintet also toured widely. During a stop in Los Angeles, Parker had a nervous breakdown that landed him in the Camarillo State Mental Hospital for several months, and Davis found himself stranded. He roomed and collaborated for some time with bassist Charles Mingus, before getting a job on Billy Eckstine's California tour, which eventually brought him back to New York.[7] In 1948, Parker returned to New York, and Davis rejoined his group.
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The relationships within the quintet, however, were growing tense. Parker's erratic behavior (attributable to his well-known drug addiction) and artistic choices (both Davis and Roach objected to having Duke Jordan as a pianist[4] and would have preferred Bud Powell) became sources of friction. In December 1948, disputes over money (Davis claims he was not being paid) began to strain their relationship even further. Davis finally left the group following a confrontation with Parker at the Royal Roost.
For Davis, his departure from Parker's group marked the beginning of a period in which he worked mainly as a freelancer and as a sideman in some of the most important combos on the New York jazz scene.
Birth of the Cool (1948–49)[link]
In 1948 Davis grew close to the Canadian composer and arranger Gil Evans. Evans' basement apartment had become the meeting place for several young musicians and composers such as Davis, Roach, pianist John Lewis, and baritone sax player Gerry Mulligan who were unhappy with the increasingly virtuoso instrumental techniques that dominated the bebop scene. Evans had been the arranger for the Claude Thornhill orchestra, and it was the sound of this group, as well as Duke Ellington's example, that suggested the creation of an unusual line-up: a nonet including a French horn and a tuba (this accounts for the "tuba band" moniker that was to be associated with the combo).
Davis took an active role in the project,[8] so much so that it soon became "his project". The objective was to achieve a sound similar to the human voice, through carefully arranged compositions and by emphasizing a relaxed, melodic approach to the improvisations.
The nonet debuted in the summer of 1948, with a two-week engagement at the Royal Roost. The sign announcing the performance gave a surprising prominence to the role of the arrangers: "Miles Davis Nonet. Arrangements by Gil Evans, John Lewis and Gerry Mulligan". It was, in fact, so unusual that Davis had to persuade the Roost's manager, Ralph Watkins, to allow the sign to be worded in this way; he prevailed only with the help of Monte Kay, the club's artistic director.
The nonet was active until the end of 1949, along the way undergoing several changes in personnel: Roach and Davis were constantly featured, along with Mulligan, tuba player Bill Barber, and alto saxophonist Lee Konitz, who had been preferred to Sonny Stitt (whose playing was considered too bop-oriented). Over the months, John Lewis alternated with Al Haig on piano, Mike Zwerin with Kai Winding on trombone (Johnson was touring at the time), Junior Collins with Sandy Siegelstein and Gunther Schuller on French horn, and Al McKibbon with Joe Shulman on bass. Singer Kenny Hagood was added for one track during the recording
The presence of white musicians in the group angered some black jazz players, many of whom were unemployed at the time, but Davis rebuffed their criticisms.[9]
A contract with Capitol Records granted the nonet several recording sessions between January 1949 and April 1950. The material they recorded was released in 1956 on an album whose title, Birth of the Cool, gave its name to the "cool jazz" movement that developed at the same time and partly shared the musical direction begun by Davis' group.
For his part, Davis was fully aware of the importance of the project, which he pursued to the point of turning down a job with Duke Ellington's orchestra.[4]
The importance of the nonet experience would become clear to critics and the larger public only in later years, but, at least commercially, the nonet was not a success. The liner notes of the first recordings of the Davis Quintet for Columbia Records call it one of the most spectacular failures of the jazz club scene. This was bitterly noted by Davis, who claimed the invention of the cool style and resented the success that was later enjoyed—in large part because of the media's attention—by white "cool jazz" musicians (Mulligan and Dave Brubeck in particular).
This experience also marked the beginning of the lifelong friendship between Davis and Gil Evans, an alliance that would bear important results in the years to follow.
Hard bop and the "Blue Period" (1950–54)[link]
The first half of the 1950s was, for Davis, a period of great personal difficulty. At the end of 1949, he went on tour in Paris with a group including Tadd Dameron, Kenny Clarke (who remained in Europe after the tour), and James Moody. Davis was fascinated by Paris and its cultural environment, where black jazz musicians, and African Americans in general, often felt better respected than they did in their homeland. While in Paris, Davis began a relationship with French actress and singer Juliette Gréco.
Many of his new and old friends (Davis, in his autobiography, mentions Clarke) tried to persuade him to stay in France, but Davis decided to return to New York. Back in the States, he began to feel deeply depressed. The depression was due in part to his separation from Gréco, in part to his feeling underappreciated by the critics (who were hailing Davis' former collaborators as leaders of the cool jazz movement), and in part to the unraveling of his liaison with a former St. Louis schoolmate who was living with him in New York and with whom he had two children.
These are the factors to which Davis traces a heroin habit that deeply affected him for the next four years. Though Davis denies it in his autobiography, it is also likely that the environment in which he was living played a role. Most of Davis' associates at the time, some of them perhaps in imitation of Charlie Parker, had drug addictions of their own (among them, sax players Sonny Rollins and Dexter Gordon, trumpeters Fats Navarro and Freddie Webster, and drummer Art Blakey). For the next four years, Davis supported his habit partly with his music and partly by living the life of a hustler.[10] By 1953, his drug addiction was beginning to impair his ability to perform. Heroin had killed some of his friends (Navarro and Freddie Webster). He himself had been arrested for drug possession while on tour in Los Angeles, and his drug habit had been made public in a devastating interview that Cab Calloway gave to Down Beat.[11]
Realizing his precarious condition, Davis tried several times to end his drug addiction, finally succeeding in 1954 after returning to his father's home in St. Louis for several months and literally locking himself in a room until he had gone through a painful withdrawal. During this period he avoided New York and played mostly in Detroit and other midwestern towns, where drugs were then harder to come by. A widely-related story, attributed to Richard (Prophet) Jennings[12][13] was that Davis, while in Detroit playing at the Blue Bird club as a guest soloist in Billy Mitchell's house band along with Tommy Flanagan, Elvin Jones, Betty Carter, Yusef Lateef, Barry Harris, Thad Jones, Curtis Fuller and Donald Byrd stumbled into Baker's Keyboard Lounge out of the rain, soaking wet and carrying his trumpet in a paper bag under his coat, walked to the bandstand and interrupted Max Roach and Clifford Brown in the midst of performing Sweet Georgia Brown by beginning to play My Funny Valentine, and then, after finishing the song, stumbled back into the rainy night. Davis was supposedly embarrassed into getting clean by this incident. In his autobiography, Davis disputed this account, stating that Roach had requested that Davis play with him that night, and that the details of the incident, such as carrying his horn in a paper bag and interrupting Roach and Brown, were fictional and that his decision to quit heroin was unrelated to the incident.[14]
Despite all the personal turmoil, the 1950–54 period was actually quite fruitful for Davis artistically. He made quite a number of recordings and had several collaborations with other important musicians. He got to know the music of Chicago pianist Ahmad Jamal, whose elegant approach and use of space influenced him deeply. He also definitively severed his stylistic ties with bebop.[15]
In 1951, Davis met Bob Weinstock, the owner of Prestige Records, and signed a contract with the label. Between 1951 and 1954, he released many records on Prestige, with several different combos. While the personnel of the recordings varied, the lineup often featured Sonny Rollins and Art Blakey. Davis was particularly fond of Rollins and tried several times, in the years that preceded his meeting with John Coltrane, to recruit him for a regular group. He never succeeded, however, mostly because Rollins was prone to make himself unavailable for months at a time. In spite of the casual occasions that generated these recordings, their quality is almost always quite high, and they document the evolution of Davis' style and sound. During this time he began using the Harmon mute, held close to the microphone, in a way that grew to be his signature, and his phrasing, especially in ballads, became spacious, melodic, and relaxed. This sound was to become so characteristic that the use of the Harmon mute by any jazz trumpet player since immediately conjures up Miles Davis.
The most important Prestige recordings of this period (Dig, Blue Haze, Bags' Groove, Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants, and Walkin') originated mostly from recording sessions in 1951 and 1954, after Davis' recovery from his addiction. Also of importance are his five Blue Note recordings, collected in the Miles Davis Volume 1 album.
With these recordings, Davis assumed a central position in what is known as hard bop. In contrast with bebop, hard bop used slower tempos and a less radical approach to harmony and melody, often adopting popular tunes and standards from the American songbook as starting points for improvisation. Hard bop also distanced itself from cool jazz by virtue of a harder beat and by its constant reference to the blues, both in its traditional form and in the form made popular by rhythm and blues.[16] A few critics[5] go as far as to call Walkin' the album that created hard bop, but the point is debatable, given the number of musicians who were working along similar lines at the same time (and of course many of them recorded or played with Davis).
Also in this period Davis gained a reputation for being distant, cold, and withdrawn and for having a quick temper. Among the several factors that contributed to this reputation were his contempt for the critics and specialized press and some well-publicized confrontations with the public and with fellow musicians. (One occasion, in which he had a near fight with Thelonious Monk during the recording of Bags' Groove, received wide exposure in the specialized press.)[17]
The "nocturnal" quality of Davis' playing and his somber reputation, along with his whispering voice,[18] earned him the lasting moniker of "prince of darkness", adding a patina of mystery to his public persona.[19]
First great quintet and sextet (1955–58)[link]
Main article: Miles Davis Quintet
Back in New York and in better health, in 1955 Davis attended the Newport Jazz Festival, where his performance (and especially his solo on "'Round Midnight") was greatly admired and prompted the critics to hail the "return of Miles Davis". At the same time, Davis recruited the players for a formation that became known as his "first great quintet": John Coltrane on tenor saxophone, Red Garland on piano, Paul Chambers on bass, and Philly Joe Jones on drums.
None of these musicians, with the exception of Davis, had received a great deal of exposure before that time; Chambers, in particular, was very young (19 at the time), a Detroit player who had been on the New York scene for only about a year, working with the bands of Bennie Green, Paul Quinichette, George Wallington, J. J. Johnson, and Kai Winding. Coltrane was little known at the time, in spite of earlier collaborations with Dizzy Gillespie, Earl Bostic, and Johnny Hodges. Davis hired Coltrane as a replacement for Sonny Rollins, after unsuccessfully trying to recruit alto saxophonist Julian "Cannonball" Adderley.
The repertoire included many bebop mainstays, standards from the Great American Songbook and the pre-bop era, and some traditional tunes.[20] The prevailing style of the group was a development of the Davis experience in the previous years—Davis playing long, legato, and essentially melodic lines, while Coltrane, who during these years emerged as a leading figure on the musical scene, contrasted by playing high-energy solos.
With the new formation also came a new recording contract. In Newport, Davis had met Columbia Records producer George Avakian, who persuaded him to sign with his label. The quintet made its debut on record with the extremely well received 'Round About Midnight. Before leaving Prestige, however, Davis had to fulfill his obligations during two days of recording sessions in 1956. Prestige released these recordings in the following years as four albums: Relaxin' with the Miles Davis Quintet, Steamin' with the Miles Davis Quintet, Workin' with the Miles Davis Quintet, and Cookin' with the Miles Davis Quintet. While the recording took place in a studio, each record of this series has the structure and feel of a live performance, with several first takes on each album. The records became almost instant classics and were instrumental in establishing Davis' quintet as one of the best on the jazz scene.
The quintet was disbanded for the first time in 1957, following a series of personal problems that Davis blames on the drug addiction of the other musicians.[21] Davis played some gigs at the Cafe Bohemia with a short-lived formation that included Sonny Rollins and drummer Art Taylor, and then traveled to France, where he recorded the score to Louis Malle's film Ascenseur pour l'échafaud. With the aid of French session musicians Barney Wilen, Pierre Michelot, and René Urtreger, and American drummer Kenny Clarke, he recorded the entire soundtrack with an innovative procedure, without relying on written material: starting from sparse indication of the harmony and a general feel of a given piece, the group played by watching the movie on a screen in front of them and improvising.
Returning to New York in 1958, Davis successfully recruited Cannonball Adderley for his standing group. Coltrane, who in the meantime had freed himself from his drug habits, was available after a highly fruitful experience with Thelonious Monk and was hired back, as was Philly Joe Jones. With the quintet re-formed as a sextet, Davis recorded Milestones, an album anticipating the new directions he was preparing to give to his music.
Almost immediately after the recording of Milestones, Davis fired Garland and, shortly afterward, Jones, again for behavioral problems; he replaced them with Bill Evans——a young white pianist with a strong classical background——and drummer Jimmy Cobb. With this revamped formation, Davis began a year during which the sextet performed and toured extensively and produced a record (1958 Miles, also known as 58 Sessions). Evans had a unique, impressionistic approach to the piano, and his musical ideas had a strong influence on Davis. But after only eight months on the road with the group, he was burned out and left. He was soon replaced by Wynton Kelly, a player who brought to the sextet a swinging, bluesy approach that contrasted with Evans' more delicate playing.
Recordings with Gil Evans (1957–63)[link]
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Davis recorded a series of albums with Gil Evans, often playing flugelhorn as well as trumpet. The first, Miles Ahead (1957), showcased his playing with a jazz big band and a horn section arranged by Evans. Songs included Dave Brubeck's "The Duke," as well as Léo Delibes's "The Maids of Cadiz," the first piece of European classical music Davis had recorded. Another distinctive feature of the album was the orchestral passages that Evans had devised as transitions between the different tracks, which were joined together with the innovative use of editing in the post-production phase, turning each side of the album into a seamless piece of music.[22]
In 1958, Davis and Evans were back in the studio to record Porgy and Bess, an arrangement of pieces from George Gershwin's opera of the same name. The lineup included three members of the sextet: Paul Chambers, Philly Joe Jones, and Julian "Cannonball" Adderley. Davis called the album one of his favorites.[citation needed]
Sketches of Spain (1959–1960) featured songs by contemporary Spanish composer Joaquin Rodrigo and also Manuel de Falla, as well as Gil Evans originals with a Spanish flavor. Miles Davis at Carnegie Hall (1961) includes Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez, along with other compositions recorded in concert with an orchestra under Evans' direction.
Sessions with Davis and Evans in 1962 resulted in the album Quiet Nights, a short collection of bossa novas that was released against the wishes of both artists: Evans stated it was only half an album, and blamed the record company; Davis blamed producer Teo Macero, whom he didn't speak to for more than two years.[23] This was the last time Evans and Davis made a full album together; despite the professional separation, however, Davis noted later that "my best friend is Gil Evans."[24]
[edit] Kind of Blue (1959–64)
In March and April 1959, Davis re-entered the studio with his working sextet to record what is widely considered his magnum opus, Kind of Blue. He called back Bill Evans, months away from forming what would become his own seminal trio, for the album sessions, as the music had been planned around Evans' piano style.[25] Both Davis and Evans were personally acquainted with the ideas of pianist George Russell regarding modal jazz, Davis from discussions with Russell and others before the Birth of the Cool sessions, and Evans from study with Russell in 1956.[26] Davis, however, had neglected to inform current pianist Kelly of Evans' role in the recordings; Kelly subsequently played only on the track "Freddie Freeloader" and was not present at the April dates for the album.[27] "So What" and "All Blues" had been played by the sextet at performances prior to the recording sessions, but for the other three compositions, Davis and Evans prepared skeletal harmonic frameworks that the other musicians saw for the first time on the day of recording, to allow a fresher approach to their improvisations. The resulting album has proven to be both highly popular and enormously influential. According to the RIAA, Kind of Blue is the best-selling jazz album of all time, having been certified as quadruple platinum (4 million copies sold). .[28]In December 2009, the US House of Representatives voted 409–0 to pass a resolution honoring the album as a national treasure.[29][30]
The trumpet Davis used on the recording is currently displayed in the music building on the campus of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. It was donated to the school by Arthur "Buddy" Gist, who met Davis in 1949 and became a close friend. The gift was the reason why the jazz program at UNCG is named the "Miles Davis Jazz Studies Program."[31]
In 1959, the Miles Davis Quintet was appearing at the famous Birdland nightclub in New York City. After finishing a 27 minute recording for the armed services, Davis took a break outside the club. As he was escorting an attractive blonde woman across the sidewalk to a taxi, Davis was told by Patrolman Gerald Kilduff to "move on."[32] Davis explained that he worked at the nightclub and refused to move.[33] The officer said that he would arrest Davis and grabbed him as Davis protected himself.[32] Witnesses said that Kilduff punched Davis in the stomach with his nightstick without provocation.[32] Two nearby detectives held the crowd back as a third detective, Don Rolker, approached Davis from behind and beat him about the head. Davis was then arrested and taken to jail where he was charged with feloniously assaulting an officer. He was then taken to St. Clary Hospital where he received five stitches for a wound on his head.[32] Davis attempted to pursue the case in the courts, before eventually dropping the proceedings in a plea bargain in order to recover his suspended Cabaret Card, enabling him to return to work in New York clubs.
Davis persuaded Coltrane to play with the group on one final European tour in the spring of 1960. Coltrane then departed to form his classic quartet, although he returned for some of the tracks on Davis' 1961 album Someday My Prince Will Come. After Coltrane, Davis tried various saxophonists, including Jimmy Heath, Sonny Stitt, and Hank Mobley. The quintet with Hank Mobley was recorded in the studio and on several live engagements at Carnegie Hall and the Black Hawk jazz club in San Francisco. Stitt's playing with the group is found on a recording made in Olympia, Paris (where Davis and Coltrane had played a few months before) and the Live in Stockholm album.
In 1963, Davis' longtime rhythm section of Kelly, Chambers, and Cobb departed. He quickly got to work putting together a new group, including tenor saxophonist George Coleman and bassist Ron Carter. Davis, Coleman, Carter and a few other musicians recorded half the tracks for an album in the spring of 1963. A few weeks later, seventeen-year-old drummer Tony Williams and pianist Herbie Hancock joined the group, and soon afterward Davis, Coleman, and the new rhythm section recorded the rest of Seven Steps to Heaven.
The rhythm players melded together quickly as a section and with the horns. The group's rapid evolution can be traced through the Seven Steps to Heaven album, In Europe (July 1963), My Funny Valentine (February 1964), and Four and More (also February 1964). The quintet played essentially the same repertoire of bebop tunes and standards that earlier Davis bands had played, but they tackled them with increasing structural and rhythmic freedom and, in the case of the up-tempo material, breakneck speed.
Coleman left in the spring of 1964, to be replaced by avant-garde saxophonist Sam Rivers, on the suggestion of Tony Williams. Rivers remained in the group only briefly, but was recorded live with the quintet in Japan; this configuration can be heard on Miles in Tokyo! (July 1964).
By the end of the summer, Davis had persuaded Wayne Shorter to leave Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers and join the quintet. Shorter became the group's principal composer, and some of his compositions of this era (including "Footprints" and "Nefertiti") have become standards. While on tour in Europe, the group quickly made their first official recording, Miles in Berlin (September 1964). On returning to the United States later that year, ever the musical entrepreneur, Davis (at Jackie DeShannon's urging) was instrumental in getting The Byrds signed to Columbia Records.[citation needed]
Second great quintet (1964–68)[link]
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By the time of E.S.P. (1965), Davis's lineup consisted of Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock (piano), Ron Carter (bass), and Tony Williams (drums). The last of his acoustic bands, this group is often referred to as the second great quintet.
A two-night Chicago performance in late 1965 is captured on The Complete Live at the Plugged Nickel 1965, released in 1995. Unlike their studio albums, the live engagement shows the group still playing primarily standards and bebop tunes. It is reasonable to point out, though, that while some of the titles remain the same as the tunes employed by the 1950s quintet, the speed and distance of departure from the framework of the standards bears no comparison. It could even be said that the listening experience to these standards as live performances is as much of a radical take on the jazz of the time as the new compositions of the studio albums listed below.
The recording of Live at the Plugged Nickel was not issued anywhere in the 1960s, first appearing as a Japan-only partial issue in the late 1970s, then as a double-LP in the USA and Europe in 1982. It was followed by a series of studio recordings: Miles Smiles (1966), Sorcerer (1967), Nefertiti (1967), Miles in the Sky (1968), and Filles de Kilimanjaro (1968). The quintet's approach to improvisation came to be known as "time no changes" or "freebop," because they abandoned the more conventional chord-change-based approach of bebop for a modal approach. Through Nefertiti, the studio recordings consisted primarily of originals composed by Shorter, with occasional compositions by the other sidemen. In 1967, the group began to play their live concerts in continuous sets, each tune flowing into the next, with only the melody indicating any sort of demarcation. Davis's bands would continue to perform in this way until his retirement in 1975.
Miles in the Sky and Filles de Kilimanjaro, on which electric bass, electric piano, and electric guitar were tentatively introduced on some tracks, pointed the way to the subsequent fusion phase of Davis's career. Davis also began experimenting with more rock-oriented rhythms on these records. By the time the second half of Filles de Kilimanjaro had been recorded, bassist Dave Holland and pianist Chick Corea had replaced Carter and Hancock in the working band, though both Carter and Hancock would occasionally contribute to future recording sessions. Davis soon began to take over the compositional duties of his sidemen.
Electric Miles (1968–75)[link]
The guru-manipulator shifted gears at will in his early-'70s music, orchestrating moods and settings to subjugate the individual musical inspirations of his young close-enough-for-funk subgeniuses to the life of a single palpitating organism that would have perished without them—no arrangements, little composition, and not many solos either, although at any moment a player could find himself left to fly off on his own.
Davis's influences included 1960s acid rock and funk artists such as Sly and the Family Stone, James Brown, and Jimi Hendrix,[36] many of whom he met through Betty Mabry (later Betty Davis), a young model and songwriter Davis married in September 1968 and divorced a year later. The musical transition required that Davis and his band adapt to electric instruments in both live performances and the studio. By the time In a Silent Way had been recorded in February 1969, Davis had augmented his quintet with additional players. At various times Hancock or Joe Zawinul was brought in to join Corea on electric keyboards, and guitarist John McLaughlin made the first of his many appearances with Davis. By this point, Shorter was also doubling on soprano saxophone. After recording this album, Williams left to form his group Lifetime and was replaced by Jack DeJohnette.
Six months later an even larger group of musicians, including Jack DeJohnette, Airto Moreira, and Bennie Maupin, recorded the double LP Bitches Brew, which became a huge seller, reaching gold status by 1976. This album and In a Silent Way were among the first fusions of jazz and rock that were commercially successful, building on the groundwork laid by Charles Lloyd, Larry Coryell, and others who pioneered a genre that would become known as jazz-rock fusion. During this period, Davis toured with Shorter, Corea, Holland, and DeJohnette. The group's repertoire included material from Bitches Brew, In a Silent Way, and the 1960s quintet albums, along with an occasional standard.[citation needed]
In 1972, Davis was introduced to the music of Karlheinz Stockhausen by Paul Buckmaster, leading to a period of new creative exploration. Biographer J. K. Chambers wrote that "the effect of Davis' study of Stockhausen could not be repressed for long... Davis' own 'space music' shows Stockhausen's influence compositionally."[37] His recordings and performances during this period were described as "space music" by fans, by music critic Leonard Feather, and by Buckmaster, who described it as "a lot of mood changes—heavy, dark, intense—definitely space music."[38][39] Both Bitches Brew and In a Silent Way feature "extended" (more than 20 minutes each) compositions that were never actually "played straight through" by the musicians in the studio.[citation needed] Instead, Davis and producer Teo Macero selected musical motifs of various lengths from recorded extended improvisations and edited them together into a musical whole that exists only in the recorded version. Bitches Brew made use of such electronic effects as multi-tracking, tape loops, and other editing techniques.[40] Both records, especially Bitches Brew, proved to be big sellers. Starting with Bitches Brew, Davis's albums began to often feature cover art much more in line with psychedelic art or black power movements than that of his earlier albums. He took significant cuts in his usual performing fees in order to open for rock groups like the Steve Miller Band, Grateful Dead, Neil Young, and Santana[citation needed]. Several live albums were recorded during the early 1970s at these performances: Live at the Fillmore East, March 7, 1970: It's About That Time (March 1970), Black Beauty (April 1970), and Miles Davis at Fillmore: Live at the Fillmore East (June 1970).[36]
By the time of Live-Evil in December 1970, Davis's ensemble had transformed into a much more funk-oriented group. Davis began experimenting with wah-wah effects on his horn. The ensemble with Gary Bartz, Keith Jarrett, and Michael Henderson, often referred to as the "Cellar Door band" (the live portions of Live-Evil were recorded at a Washington, DC, club by that name), never recorded in the studio, but is documented in the six-CD box set The Cellar Door Sessions, which was recorded over four nights in December 1970.[citation needed] In 1970, Davis contributed extensively to the soundtrack of a documentary about the African-American boxer heavyweight champion Jack Johnson. Himself a devotee of boxing, Davis drew parallels between Johnson, whose career had been defined by the fruitless search for a Great White Hope to dethrone him, and Davis's own career, in which he felt the musical establishment of the time had prevented him from receiving the acclaim and rewards that were due him.[citation needed] The resulting album, 1971's A Tribute to Jack Johnson, contained two long pieces that featured musicians (some of whom were not credited on the record) including guitarists John McLaughlin and Sonny Sharrock, Herbie Hancock on a Farfisa organ, and drummer Billy Cobham. McLaughlin and Cobham went on to become founding members of the Mahavishnu Orchestra in 1971.
As Davis stated in his autobiography, he wanted to make music for the young African-American audience. On the Corner (1972) blended funk elements with the traditional jazz styles he had played his entire career. The album was highlighted by the appearance of saxophonist Carlos Garnett. Critics were not kind to the album; in his autobiography, Davis stated that critics could not figure out how to categorize it, and he complained that the album was not promoted by the "traditional" jazz radio stations.[citation needed] After recording On the Corner, Davis put together a new group, with only Michael Henderson, Carlos Garnett, and percussionist Mtume returning from the previous band. It included guitarist Reggie Lucas, tabla player Badal Roy, sitarist Khalil Balakrishna, and drummer Al Foster. It was unusual in that none of the sidemen were major jazz instrumentalists; as a result, the music emphasized rhythmic density and shifting textures instead of individual solos. This group, which recorded in Philharmonic Hall for the album In Concert (1972), was unsatisfactory to Davis. Through the first half of 1973, he dropped the tabla and sitar, took over keyboard duties, and added guitarist Pete Cosey. The Davis/Cosey/Lucas/Henderson/Mtume/Foster ensemble would remain virtually intact over the next two years. Initially, Dave Liebman played saxophones and flute with the band; in 1974, he was replaced by Sonny Fortune.
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Big Fun (1974) was a double album containing four long improvisations, recorded between 1969 and 1972. Similarly, Get Up With It (1974) collected recordings from the previous five years. Get Up With It included "He Loved Him Madly", a tribute to Duke Ellington, as well as one of Davis's most lauded pieces from this era, "Calypso Frelimo". It was his last studio album of the 1970s. In 1974 and 1975, Columbia recorded three double-LP live Davis albums: Dark Magus, Agharta, and Pangaea. Dark Magus captures a 1974 New York concert; the latter two are recordings of consecutive concerts from the same February 1975 day in Osaka. At the time, only Agharta was available in the US; Pangaea and Dark Magus were initially released only by CBS/Sony Japan. All three feature at least two electric guitarists (Reggie Lucas and Pete Cosey, deploying an array of Hendrix-inspired electronic distortion devices; Dominique Gaumont is a third guitarist on Dark Magus), electric bass, drums, reeds, and Davis on electric trumpet and organ. These albums were the last he was to record for five years. Davis was troubled by osteoarthritis (which led to a hip replacement operation in 1976, the first of several), sickle-cell anemia, depression, bursitis, ulcers, and a renewed dependence on alcohol and drugs (primarily cocaine), and his performances were routinely panned by critics throughout late 1974 and early 1975. By the time the group reached Japan in February 1975, Davis was nearing a physical breakdown and required copious amounts of alcohol and narcotics to make it through his engagements. Nonetheless, as noted by Richard Cook and Brian Morton, during these concerts his trumpet playing "is of the highest and most adventurous order."[citation needed]
After a Newport Jazz Festival performance at Avery Fisher Hall in New York on July 1, 1975, Davis withdrew almost completely from the public eye for six years. As Gil Evans said, "His organism is tired. And after all the music he's contributed for 35 years, he needs a rest."[citation needed] In his memoirs, Davis is characteristically candid about his wayward mental state during this period, describing himself as a hermit, his house as a wreck, and detailing his drug and sex addictions.[4] In 1976, Rolling Stone reported rumors of his imminent demise. Although he stopped practicing trumpet on a regular basis, Davis continued to compose intermittently and made three attempts at recording during his exile from performing; these sessions (one with the assistance of Paul Buckmaster and Gil Evans, who left after not receiving promised compensation) bore little fruit and remain unreleased. In 1979, he placed in the yearly top-ten trumpeter poll of Down Beat. Columbia continued to issue compilation albums and records of unreleased vault material to fulfill contractual obligations. During his period of inactivity, Davis saw the fusion music that he had spearheaded over the past decade enter into the mainstream. When he emerged from retirement, Davis's musical descendants would be in the realm of New Wave rock, and in particular the styling of Prince.
Last decade (1981–91)[link]
By 1979, Davis had rekindled his relationship with actress Cicely Tyson. With Tyson, Davis would overcome his cocaine addiction and regain his enthusiasm for music. As he had not played trumpet for the better part of three years, regaining his famed embouchure proved to be particularly arduous. While recording The Man with the Horn (sessions were spread sporadically over 1979–1981), Davis played mostly wahwah with a younger, larger band.
The initial large band was eventually abandoned in favor of a smaller combo featuring saxophonist Bill Evans and bass player Marcus Miller, both of whom would be among Davis's most regular collaborators throughout the decade. He married Tyson in 1981; they would divorce in 1988. The Man with the Horn was finally released in 1981 and received a poor critical reception despite selling fairly well. In May, the new band played two dates as part of the Newport Jazz Festival. The concerts, as well as the live recording We Want Miles from the ensuing tour, received positive reviews.
By late 1982, Davis's band included French percussionist Mino Cinelu and guitarist John Scofield, with whom he worked closely on the album Star People. In mid-1983, while working on the tracks for Decoy, an album mixing soul music and electronica that was released in 1984, Davis brought in producer, composer and keyboardist Robert Irving III, who had earlier collaborated with him on The Man with the Horn. With a seven-piece band, including Scofield, Evans, keyboardist and music director Irving, drummer Al Foster and bassist Darryl Jones (later of The Rolling Stones), Davis played a series of European gigs to positive receptions. While in Europe, he took part in the recording of Aura, an orchestral tribute to Davis composed by Danish trumpeter Palle Mikkelborg.
You're Under Arrest, Davis's next album, was released in 1985 and included another brief stylistic detour. Included on the album were his interpretations of Cyndi Lauper's ballad "Time After Time", and "Human Nature" from Michael Jackson. Davis considered releasing an entire album of pop songs and recorded dozens of them, but the idea was scrapped. Davis noted that many of today's accepted jazz standards were in fact pop songs from Broadway theater, and that he was simply updating the "standards" repertoire with new material. 1985 also saw Davis guest-star on the TV show Miami Vice as pimp and minor criminal Ivory Jones in the episode titled "Junk Love" (first aired November 8, 1985).[43]
You're Under Arrest also proved to be Davis's final album for Columbia. Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis publicly dismissed Davis's more recent fusion recordings as not being "'true' jazz", comments Davis initially shrugged off, calling Marsalis "a nice young man, only confused". This changed after Marsalis appeared, unannounced, onstage in the midst of Davis's performance at the inaugural Vancouver International Jazz Festival in 1986. Marsalis whispered into Davis's ear that "someone" had told him to do so; Davis responded by ordering him off the stage.[44]
Davis grew irritated at Columbia's delay releasing Aura. The breaking point in the label-artist relationship appears to have come when a Columbia jazz producer requested Davis place a goodwill birthday call to Marsalis. Davis signed with Warner Bros. Records shortly thereafter.
Davis collaborated with a number of figures from the British new wave movement during this period, including Scritti Politti.[45] At the invitation of producer Bill Laswell, Davis recorded some trumpet parts during sessions for Public Image Ltd.'s Album, according to Public Image's John Lydon in the liner notes of their Plastic Box box set. In Lydon's words, however, "strangely enough, we didn't use (his contributions)." (Also according to Lydon in the Plastic Box notes, Davis favorably compared Lydon's singing voice to his trumpet sound.)[46]
Having first taken part in the Artists United Against Apartheid recording, Davis signed with Warner Brothers records and reunited with Marcus Miller. The resulting record, Tutu (1986), would be his first to use modern studio tools—programmed synthesizers, samples and drum loops—to create an entirely new setting for his playing. Ecstatically reviewed on its release, the album would frequently be described as the modern counterpart of Sketches of Spain and won a Grammy in 1987.
He followed Tutu with Amandla, another collaboration with Miller and George Duke, plus the soundtracks to four movies: Street Smart, Siesta, The Hot Spot (with bluesman John Lee Hooker), and Dingo. He continued to tour with a band of constantly rotating personnel and a critical stock at a level higher than it had been for 15 years. His last recordings, both released posthumously, were the hip hop-influenced studio album Doo-Bop and Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux, a collaboration with Quincy Jones for the 1991 Montreux Jazz Festival in which Davis performed the repertoire from his 1940s and 1950s recordings for the first time in decades.
In 1988 he had a small part as a street musician in the film Scrooged, starring Bill Murray. In 1989, Davis was interviewed on 60 Minutes by Harry Reasoner. Davis received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1990.
In early 1991, he appeared in the Rolf de Heer film Dingo as a jazz musician. In the film's opening sequence, Davis and his band unexpectedly land on a remote airstrip in the Australian outback and proceed to perform for the stunned locals. The performance was one of Davis's last on film.
Miles Davis died on September 28, 1991 from the combined effects of a stroke, pneumonia and respiratory failure in Santa Monica, California at the age of 65.[36] He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.[47]
Legacy and influence[link]
Miles Davis is regarded as one of the most innovative, influential and respected figures in the history of music. He has been described as “one of the great innovators in jazz”.[48] The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll noted "Miles Davis played a crucial and inevitably controversial role in every major development in jazz since the mid-'40s, and no other jazz musician has had so profound an effect on rock. Miles Davis was the most widely recognized jazz musician of his era, an outspoken social critic and an arbiter of style—in attitude and fashion—as well as music".[49] His album Kind of Blue is the best-selling album in the history of jazz music. On November 5, 2009, Rep. John Conyers of Michigan sponsored a measure in the United States House of Representatives to recognize and commemorate the album on its 50th anniversary. The measure also affirms jazz as a national treasure and "encourages the United States government to preserve and advance the art form of jazz music."[50] It passed, unanimously, with a vote of 409–0 on December 15, 2009.[51]
Many well-known musicians rose to prominence as members of Davis's ensembles, including saxophonists Gerry Mulligan, John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, George Coleman, Wayne Shorter, Dave Liebman, Branford Marsalis and Kenny Garrett; trombonist J. J. Johnson; pianists Horace Silver, Red Garland, Wynton Kelly, Bill Evans, Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Chick Corea, Keith Jarrett and Kei Akagi; guitarists John McLaughlin, Pete Cosey, John Scofield and Mike Stern; bassists Paul Chambers, Ron Carter, Dave Holland, Marcus Miller and Darryl Jones; and drummers Elvin Jones, Philly Joe Jones, Jimmy Cobb, Tony Williams, Billy Cobham, Jack DeJohnette, and Al Foster.[citation needed]
As an innovative bandleader and composer, Miles Davis has influenced many notable musicians and bands from diverse genres. These include Wayne Shorter,[52] Cannonball Adderley,[53] Herbie Hancock,[54] Cassandra Wilson,[55] Lalo Schifrin,[56] Tangerine Dream,[57] Brand X, Mtume, Benny Bailey, Joe Bonner, Don Cherry, Urszula Dudziak, Sugizo, Bill Evans, Bill Hardman, The Lounge Lizards, Hugh Masekela, John McLaughlin, King Crimson, Steely Dan, Frank Zappa, Nile Rodgers, Duane Allman, Pink Floyd, Neil Young, Radiohead, The Flaming Lips, Lydia Lunch, Talk Talk, Michael Franks, Sting,[58] Lonnie Liston Smith, Jiří Stivín, Tim Hagans, Julie Christensen, Jerry Garcia, David Grisman, Vassar Clements, Snooky Young, Prince, and Christian Scott.
Miles' influence on the people who played with him has been described by music writer and author Christopher Smith as follows:
Miles Davis' artistic interest was in the creation and manipulation of ritual space, in which gestures could be endowed with symbolic power sufficient to form a functional communicative, and hence musical, vocabulary. [...] Miles' performance tradition emphasized orality and the transmission of information and artistic insight from individual to individual. His position in that tradition, and his personality, talents, and artistic interests, impelled him to pursue a uniquely individual solution to the problems and the experiential possibilities of improvised performance.
His approach, owing largely to the African American performance tradition that focused on individual expression, emphatic interaction, and creative response to shifting contents, had a profound impact on generations of jazz musicians.[59]
In 1986, the New England Conservatory awarded Miles Davis an Honorary Doctorate for his extraordinary contributions to music.[60] Since 1960 the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences (NARAS) has honored him with eight Grammy Awards, a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and three Grammy Hall of Fame Awards. In 2010, Moldejazz premiered a play called Driving Miles, which focused on a landmark concert Davis performed in Molde, Norway, in 1984.
Awards[link]
- Winner; Down Beat Reader's Poll Best Trumpet Player 1955
- Winner; Down Beat Reader's Poll Best Trumpet Player 1957
- Winner; Down Beat Reader's Poll Best Trumpet Player 1961
- Grammy Award for Best Jazz Composition Of More Than Five Minutes Duration for Sketches of Spain (1960)
- Grammy Award for Best Jazz Performance, Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group for Bitches Brew (1970)
- Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist for We Want Miles (1982)
- Sonning Award for Lifetime Achievement In Music (1984; Copenhagen, Denmark)
- Doctor of Music, honoris causa (1986; New England Conservatory)
- Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist for Tutu (1986)
- Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Soloist for Aura (1989)
- Grammy Award for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Big Band for Aura (1989)
- Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award (1990)
- Australian Film Institute Award for Best Original Music Score for Dingo, shared with Michel Legrand (1991)
- Knighted into the Legion of Honor (July 16, 1991; Paris)
- Grammy Award for Best R&B Instrumental Performance for Doo-Bop (1992)
- Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance for Miles & Quincy Live at Montreux (1993)
- Hollywood Walk of Fame Star (February 19, 1998)
- Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction (March 13, 2006)
- Hollywood's Rockwalk Induction (September 28, 2006)
- RIAA Quadruple Platinum for Kind of Blue
- St. Louis Walk of Fame
Discography[link]
Main article: Miles Davis discography
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Credited as | Role | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composer | Performer | Actor | ||||
| 1958 | Elevator to the Gallows | Yes | Yes | — | ||
| 1972 | Imagine | Yes | Himself | Cameo, uncredited | ||
| 1985 | Miami Vice | Yes | Ivory Jones | TV series (1 episode - "Junk Love") | ||
| 1986 | Crime Story | Yes | Jazz musician | Cameo, TV series (1 episode - "The War") | ||
| 1987 | Siesta | Yesa | Yes | — | ||
| 1988 | Scrooged | Yes | Yes | Street musician | Cameo | |
| 1992 | Dingo | Yesb | Yes | Yes | Billy Cross | One of Davis' last performances on film |
^a Only one song is composed by Miles Davis in cooperation with Marcus Miller ("Theme For Augustine").
^b Soundtrack is composed by Miles Davis in cooperation with Michel Legrand.
References[link]
- ^ Fadoir, Nick, "Jazz and Hip Hop: You Know, for Kids", The Big Green, Michigan State University, October 15, 2009.
- ^ Considine, J.D., "Jazz And Rap A Jarring Mix", The Baltimore Sun, July 6, 1992
- ^ Gerald Lyn, Early (1998). Ain't but a place: an anthology of African American writings about St. Louis. Missouri History Museum. p. 205. ISBN 1-883982-28-6.
- ^ a b c d e Miles Davis and Quincy Troupe, Miles: The Autobiography, Simon and Schuster, 1989, ISBN 0-671-63504-2.
- ^ a b Kahn, Ashley, Kind of Blue: The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece, Da Capo Press, 2001.
- ^ "See the Plosin session database". Plosin.com. 1946-10-18. http://www.plosin.com/milesAhead/Sessions.aspx?s=461018. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ On this occasion, Mingus bitterly criticized Davis for abandoning his "musical father" (see Autobiography).
- ^ "Miles, the bandleader. He took the initiative and put the theories to work. He called the rehearsals, hired the halls, called the players, and generally cracked the whip." Gerry Mulligan "I hear America singing"
- ^ "So I just told them that if a guy could play as good as Lee Konitz played—that's who they were mad about most, because there were a lot of black alto players around—I would hire him every time, and I wouldn't give a damn if he was green with red breath. I'm hiring a motherfucker to play, not for what color he is." Miles Davis, Autobiography
- ^ In his autobiography Davis recalls exploiting prostitutes and getting money from most of his friends.
- ^ In his autobiography, Davis says he never forgave Calloway for that interview. He also says that African Americans were being unfairly singled out as drug users among the larger community of jazz musicians who used drugs at the time.
- ^ Crawford, Mark, "Miles Davis: Evil genius of jazz", ''Ebony'' (January 1961) pp.69–74. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=GyvbN5PqVCAC&pg=PA74&dq=Miles+Davis+Baker's+Keyboard+Lounge&hl=en&ei=UGxITf-0Ooeg9ASw7vTXCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Miles%20Davis%20Baker's%20Keyboard%20Lounge&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ Neisenson, Eric, ''Round About Midnight: A Portrait of Miles Davis'' Da Capo Press, 1996 ISBN 0-306-80684-3, ISBN 978-0-306-80684-1 pp 88–89. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=_-MMx7OGSrQC&pg=PA88&dq=Miles+Davis+Baker's+Keyboard+Lounge&hl=en&ei=jWVITc-lDInE8ASAg-ThCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ Davis, Miles and Troup, Quincy, ''Miles, the Autobiography'', Simon and Schuster, 1990 ISBN 0-671-72582-3, ISBN 978-0-671-72582-2 pp 173–174. Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=xgAVXHhuNYgC&pg=PA173&dq=Miles+Davis+Baker's+Keyboard+Lounge&hl=en&ei=jWVITc-lDInE8ASAg-ThCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ "Back in bebop, everybody used to play real fast. But I didn't ever like playing a bunch of scales and shit. I always tried to play the most important notes in the chord, to break it up. I used to hear all them musicians playing all them scales and notes and never nothing you could remember." Miles Davis, The Autobiography.
- ^ Open references to the blues in jazz playing were fairly recent. Until the middle of the 1930s, as Coleman Hawkins declared to Alan Lomax (The Land Where the Blues Began. New York: Pantheon, 1993), African American players working in white establishments would avoid references to the blues altogether.
- ^ Davis had asked Monk to "lay off" (stop playing) while he was soloing. In the autobiography, Davis says that Monk "could not play behind a horn". Charles Mingus reported this, and more, in his "Open Letter to Miles Davis".
- ^ Acquired by shouting at a record producer while still ailing after a recent operation to the throat – Autobiography
- ^ Davis began to be referred to as "the Prince of Darkness" in liner notes of the records of this period, and the moniker persists to this day; see, for instance, his obituary in The Nation, and countless references in DVD [1], movies [2] and print articles [3].
- ^ Some inspired by Ahmad Jamal: see, for instance, the performance of "Billy Boy" on Milestones.
- ^ Especially Jones and Coltrane, whom Davis both fired. Davis – Autobiography.
- ^ Cook, op. cit.
- ^ Carr, Ian (1999). Miles Davis: the definitive biography. Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 192–93. ISBN 978-1-56025-241-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=BmtRIbly1RIC&pg=PA192.
- ^ Lees, Gene. You Can't Steal a Gift: Dizzy, Clark, Milt, and Nat. Yale University Press (2001), p. 24
- ^ Khan, Ashley. Kind of Blue: The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece. New York: Da Capo Press, 2000; ISBN 0-306-81067-0, p. 95.
- ^ Khan, Ashley. Kind of Blue: The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece. New York: Da Capo Press, 2000; ISBN 0-306-81067-0, , pp. 29–30, 74.
- ^ Khan, Ashley. Kind of Blue: The Making of the Miles Davis Masterpiece. New York: Da Capo Press, 2000; ISBN 0-306-81067-0, p. 95.
- ^ RIAA database – Gold & Platinum search item Kind of Blue. Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on October 17, 2008.
- ^ US politicians honour Miles Davis album. Radio Netherlands Worldwide
- ^ "US House of Reps honours Miles Davis album – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 16, 2009. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/12/16/2773218.htm. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ "Taking care of Buddy : News-Record.com : Greensboro & the Triad's most trusted source for local news and analysis". News-Record.com. http://www.news-record.com/content/2009/10/17/article/taking_care_of_buddy. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Was Miles Davis beaten over blonde?". Baltimore Afro-American. September 1, 1959. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5JslAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SfUFAAAAIBAJ&dq=was%20miles%20davis%20beaten%20over%20blonde&pg=3151%2C5145962. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- ^ "Jazz Trumpeter Miles Davis In Joust With Cops". Sarasota Journal. August 26, 1959. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3PQeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4ooEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2499,2153156&dq=miles-davis+arrested&hl=en. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
- ^ Waters, Keith (2011). The Studio Recordings of the Miles Davis Quintet, 1965–68. Oxford University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-0-19-539383-5.
- ^ Christgau, Robert. Robert Christgau: CG: Miles Davis. Robert Christgau. Retrieved on 2011-07-03.
- ^ a b c "Miles Davis". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc.. http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/miles-davis. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Chambers, J. K. (1998). Milestones: The Music and Times of Miles Davis. Da Capo Press. pp. 246.. ISBN 0-306-80849-8.
- ^ Carr, Ian (1998). Miles Davis: The Definitive Biography. Thunder's Mouth Press. pp. 284, 303, 304, 306. ISBN 1-56025-241-3.
- ^ Tingen, Paul (Thursday, April 17, 2008 5:02:21 pm). "Miles Beyond: The Making of Bitches Brew". http://www.miles-beyond.com/bitchesbrew.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2009.
- ^ Freeman, Philip (November 1, 2005). Running the Voodoo Down: The Electric Music of Miles Davis. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-87930-828-5.
- ^ Kolosky, Walter (December 31, 2008). Miles Davis: Go Ahead John (part two C) – Jazz.com | Jazz Music – Jazz Artists – Jazz News. Jazz.com. Retrieved on April 3, 2011.
- ^ Freeman, Phil (2005). Running the Voodoo Down: The Electric Music of Miles Davis. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 92. ISBN 0-87930-828-1.
- ^ "Miami Vice" Junk Love (1985) at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Miles: The Autobiography, Picador, p. 364.
- ^ Intro.de article (in German).
- ^ "Fodderstompf". Fodderstompf. March 10, 2009. http://www.fodderstompf.com/DISCOGRAPHY/LP/3albumLP.html. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ Latest activity 5 hours ago. "Dark Magus: The Jekyll and Hyde Life of Miles Davis (9780879308759): Gregory Davis, Les Sussman, Clark Terry: Books". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0879308753. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
- ^ The Complete Jack Johnson Sessions Review. BBC
- ^ Miles David Biography. Rolling Stone Magazine
- ^ Associated Press article published December 15, 2009[dead link]
- ^ "House Resolution H.RES.894". Clerk.house.gov. 2009-12-15. http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll971.xml. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
- ^ Wayne Shorter: Artist Profile. Rolling Stone
- ^ Cannonball Adderley: Artist Profile. Rolling Stone
- ^ Herbie Hancock: Artist Profile. Rolling Stone
- ^ Traveling Miles. Jazz Times
- ^ Lalo Schifrin Biography. Allmusic
- ^ Tangerine Dream Biography. Allmusic
- ^ Sting Biography. Allmusic
- ^ Christopher Smith, "A Sense of the Possible. Miles Davis and the Semiotics of Improvised Performance". TDR, Vol. 39, No. 3 (Autumn, 1995), pp. 41–55.
- ^ NEC Honorary Doctor of Music Degree. New England Conservatory
Bibliography[link]
- Carr, Ian. Miles Davis. ISBN 0-00-653026-5.
- Chambers, Jack. Milestones: The Music and Times of Miles Davis. ISBN 0-306-80849-8.
- Cole, George. The Last Miles: The Music of Miles Davis 1980–1991. ISBN 1-904768-18-0.
- Cook, Richard (2007). "It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off Record". Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-532266-8
- Cook, Richard, and Brian Morton. Entry "Miles Davis" in Penguin Guide to Jazz, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-017949-6.
- Davis, Miles & Troupe, Quincy. Miles: The Autobiography. ISBN 0-671-63504-2.
- Davis, Gregory. Dark Magus: The Jekyll & Hyde Life of Miles Davis. ISBN 978-0-87930-875-9.
- Early, Gerald. Miles Davis and American Culture. ISBN 1-883982-37-5 cloth, ISBN 1-883982-38-3, paper.
- Szwed, John. So What: The Life of Miles Davis. ISBN 0-434-00759-5.
- Tingen, Paul. Miles Beyond: The Electric Explorations of Miles Davis, 1967–1991. ISBN 0-8230-8360-8. [4]
- Mandel, Howard (2007). Miles, Ornette, Cecil: Jazz Beyond Jazz. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-96714-7.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Miles Davis |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Miles Davis |
- Miles Davis at Find A Grave
- Miles Davis – official website.
- Miles Davis – official Sony Music website.
- Miles Davis at Allmusic
- Miles Davis collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Miles Davis collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Works by or about Miles Davis in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Miles Davis's '70s: The Excitement! The Terror! — Robert Christgau, The Village Voice
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Davis, Miles Dewey Davis III |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Jazz trumpeter |
| Date of birth | May 26, 1926 |
| Place of birth | Alton, Illinois |
| Date of death | September 28, 1991 |
| Place of death | Santa Monica, California |
http://wn.com/Miles_Davis
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Robert Kubica at the 2010 Malaysian Grand Prix |
|
| Born | (1984-12-07) 7 December 1984 (age 27) |
|---|---|
| Formula One World Championship career | |
| Nationality |  Polish |
| Active years | 2006–2010 |
| Teams | BMW Sauber, Renault |
| Races | 76 |
| Championships | 0 |
| Wins | 1 |
| Podiums | 12 |
| Career points | 273 |
| Pole positions | 1 |
| Fastest laps | 1 |
| First race | 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix |
| First win | 2008 Canadian Grand Prix |
| Last win | 2008 Canadian Grand Prix |
| Last race | 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix |
Robert Józef Kubica (Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɔbɛrt kuˈbit͡sa] (
listen); born 7 December 1984 in Kraków, Poland) is the first Polish racing driver to compete in Formula One. Between 2006 and 2009 he drove for the BMW Sauber F1 team, promoted from test driver to race driver during 2006. In June 2008, Kubica took his maiden F1 victory in the Canadian Grand Prix, becoming the 99th driver to win a World Championship race.
On 6 February 2011, Kubica was seriously injured in a crash at the Ronde di Andora rally, in which his forearm was partially severed.[1] He was taking part in the rally for personal enjoyment.[2] The Renault driver told Italian newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport in a bedside interview that he could feel the fingers in his right hand, and is determined to make a swift return to Formula One in 2011.[3][4] Kubica had to miss the whole 2011 season, and although he is expected to fully recover from his injuries, his future in Formula One racing for the long term remained unclear. In November 2011, Kubica confirmed that he would not be ready for the start of the 2012 season.[1][5]
Contents |
Career[link]
Pre-Formula One[link]
Karting[link]
Kubica developed his love for all kinds of cars at the young age of four when he spotted a small off-road vehicle, powered by a 4 bhp (3.0 kW) petrol engine. After long talks with his parents, his father, Artur, bought him the car and young Kubica spent long hours driving around plastic bottles. When he got older it became apparent that he needed better equipment, so his father bought him a go-kart. However, Kubica was too young to start racing in the Polish Karting Championship as he was under the age of ten. When he entered the championship, he won six titles in three years. After his third season, Kubica decided to switch to a more competitive league in Italy. In 1998 Kubica became the first foreigner to win the International Italian Junior Karting Championship.
Kubica also scored second place in the European Junior Karting Championship and won the Junior Monaco Kart Cup held on part of the Formula One Grand Prix track. A year later, he defended his title in Italy and also competed in the International German Karting Championship. He also won the Monaco Kart Cup for the second time in a row, as well as the Margutti Trophy and Elf Masters races. In 2000, his last season in karting, Kubica scored fourth places in both the European and World Championships.
Junior formulae[link]
Kubica started his professional career in 2000, as a test driver for a Formula Renault 2000 car. During his first professional season in Formula Renault, Kubica scored his maiden pole position and also became a member of Renault's driver development programme. In 2002 Kubica won four races and scored a second place in the Italian Formula Renault 2000. He was also seventh in the Formula Renault Eurocup. At the end of the year he took part in a Brazilian Formula Renault 2000 race held at the Interlagos circuit. This one-off appearance resulted in a dominant win.
After Formula Renault, Kubica moved to the Formula Three Euro Series. However, his move was delayed by a road accident which left him with a broken arm, and titanium screws holding it together. At his delayed debut at Norisring, Kubica, driving with a plastic brace and 18 titanium bolts in his arm, won the race. He finished the season in 12th place. At the end of the year, Kubica won a street race in Sardinia and came fifth in races held in Macau and Korea. He ended his second season in the Formula 3 Euro Series, spent with the factory Mercedes team, in 7th position. In November 2004, he scored pole position in the Macau F3 Grand Prix, where he broke the lap record, but finished second in the race.
In 2005 he won the World Series by Renault championship with the Epsilon Euskadi team, earning Formula One tests with Renault.
Formula One (2006–present)[link]
BMW Sauber (2006–2009)[link]
2006[link]
In 2006, Kubica became the official reserve driver for the BMW Sauber Formula One team.[6] His results in both Friday testing and private test sessions, along with the words of BMW Sauber team principal Mario Theissen, led to speculation that he would become Poland's first ever Formula One racing driver in 2007. In August 2006, Kubica's teammate, Jacques Villeneuve, complained about headaches after his accident during the German Grand Prix; he was deemed unfit to race by the team, against his own belief, and Kubica was chosen by the team management to replace him at the Hungarian Grand Prix.[7] Kubica qualified ninth, beating his more experienced teammate Nick Heidfeld. In the race, he finished in seventh place, but was disqualified after the race for having an underweight car.[8] Villeneuve decided to leave the BMW Sauber team soon after the race,[9] and Kubica's position in the team for the remainder of the season was confirmed by BMW.[10]
Kubica had a more disappointing race at the Turkish Grand Prix, finishing in 12th place after a mistake in tyre choice. Heidfeld, who was delayed in a first-corner accident, placed behind Kubica. In his third race, the Italian Grand Prix, Kubica finished in third position, and became the first Polish driver to appear on a Formula One podium, as well as the first Polish driver to lead a Grand Prix. He was the first driver since Alexander Wurz in 1997 to finish on the podium within his first three Formula One starts.
In China, he finished 13th, again after a mistake in tyre choice. After going off track at the first turn of the race, he moved from 17th position to fifth, before pitting. He was the first to change from intermediate tyres to dry tyres after the wet track started to dry. This decision was made too early: a very slow next lap in extremely wet and slippery conditions and another pit stop to change back to intermediates cost him his place in the points.
2007[link]
File:Kubica crash.jpg
Kubica's violent crash at the 2007 Canadian Grand Prix
Kubica performed well during the 2007 season, finishing consistently in point scoring positions. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica had a serious crash approaching the hairpin on lap 27, in which his car made contact with Jarno Trulli's Toyota, and hit a hump in the grass which lifted the car's nose into the air and left him unable to brake or steer. The car then hit the concrete retaining wall and rolled as it came back across the track, striking the opposite wall on the outside of the hairpin and coming to rest on its side.[11] The speed measured when his car clipped the barrier was 300.13 km/h (186.49 mph), at a 75-degree angle, subjecting Kubica to an average deceleration of 28 g. After data from the onboard accident data recorder had been analysed it was found that he had been subjected to a peak G-force of 75 G.[12] Under safety car conditions, Kubica was removed from the car and taken to the circuit's medical centre, where he was announced to be "stable", although no information regarding potential injuries was known at this time. Shortly afterwards, his manager Daniele Morelli said Kubica was conscious and talking.[13] It was initially reported that Kubica could have a broken leg.[14] However, Mario Theissen later confirmed that he was not seriously injured.[15][16] Further reports from late evening on race day, directly from the hospital, confirmed that Kubica had suffered a light concussion alongside a sprained ankle. After being kept in overnight for observation, Kubica left hospital the following day.[17] On 14 June it was announced that as a precaution, Kubica would not race at the United States Grand Prix and would be replaced by test driver Sebastian Vettel.[18] After missing Indianapolis, he returned for the French Grand Prix where he qualified and finished in fourth place, receiving ITV broadcaster Martin Brundle's driver of the day award. He then went on to finish fourth again at the British Grand Prix.
2008[link]
Kubica's retention as race driver for 2008 was confirmed on 21 August 2007.[19] Over the first half of the season, Kubica qualified and finished strongly, including his and BMW Sauber's first pole position at the Bahrain Grand Prix and second place finishes at the Malaysian and Monaco Grands Prix.
On 8 June 2008 at the Canadian Grand Prix, Kubica achieved his first Formula 1 victory. He started second on the grid and passed race leader Lewis Hamilton in the first round of pitstops after the BMW Sauber pit crew completed a faster pitstop. On leaving the pits, Kubica and Kimi Räikkönen's Ferrari halted at the pit lane exit, waiting for the red pit exit light to change. Hamilton, running immediately behind them, missed the light and crashed into Räikkönen's Ferrari, eliminating both cars from the race. Kubica rejoined the race well positioned for the eventual victory. He passed Heidfeld's sister BMW Sauber, running one refuelling stop to Kubica's two stop strategy, and gained the necessary 24 seconds over Heidfeld to ensure that he maintained the lead after his second stop 22 laps later. The BMW Saubers remained first and second to the end of the race.[20] Kubica later joked that he should thank Hamilton for electing to crash into Räikkönen instead of him.[21] The win gave Kubica the lead in the drivers' championship.
BMW Sauber's results were weaker over the second half of the season. At the French Grand Prix at Magny-Cours, Kubica finished 5th, reporting that this was a lost race, complaining about aerodynamic problems with the car.[citation needed] Kubica's strongest result of the latter part of the year was in Japan where he qualified sixth. At the start, several drivers braked too late for the first corner. Kubica took an inside line overtaking several cars and emerged in the lead. He led for 16 laps, but lost his lead to Fernando Alonso at the first round of pit stops. Kubica finished second after defending his position towards the end of the race against Räikkönen in a faster Ferrari (his fastest race lap was 0.6 seconds quicker than the Pole's)[22][23] Apart from that, Kubica achieved podiums in the Street race in Valencia and in the rain affected race at Monza. Kubica finished the year fourth in the drivers' championship.
2009[link]
At the 2009 season opener in Melbourne, Kubica managed to qualify fourth on the grid. During the race, he was in third place and closing the gap to the front two cars before making contact with Sebastian Vettel while trying to overtake him. After the incident, Kubica continued briefly, but crashed into a wall at the next corner because his front wing had become stuck under the car.[24] Vettel was later deemed responsible for the accident, and given a 10-place penalty on the grid for the next race in Malaysia.[25]
BMW motorsport director, Mario Theissen, claimed that Kubica would have won the race ahead of Jenson Button had it not been for Vettel.[26]
At the Malaysian Grand Prix, Kubica qualified in eighth place, but was promoted to sixth following Vettel's ten-place grid penalty for causing the crash in Australia, and Rubens Barrichello's five-place grid drop for changing his gearbox. However, he retired very early in the race with engine problems. The next two races, the Chinese Grand Prix and the Bahrain Grand Prix were disappointing for the BMW Sauber team as both Kubica and his teammate Heidfeld finished outside the points with a non-competitive car. For the next race in Barcelona, BMW Sauber prepared a modified version of the F1.09. The car proved more competitive but a mistake in fitting the tyres to Kubica's car during Q3 meant he could only qualify in 10th position. In the race, after a bad start (due to a clutch issue)[27] he finished once more out of the points. Kubica suffered from an engine failure during second practice in Monaco, and retired from the Grand Prix due to a brake issue. At the Turkish Grand Prix, the team introduced the double diffuser. The car's performance improved and Kubica managed to score his first points of the season with a 7th place. In the next 3 races both BMW Sauber drivers finished outside the points again, but during the European and Belgian Grands Prix again proved to be competitive, scoring 8th and 4th positions respectively. In Italy, Kubica suffered engine trouble in qualifying and then retired from the race due to an oil leak. At the Singapore Grand Prix, Kubica finished 8th, defending his position from Kazuki Nakajima and Räikkönen in the last laps. He later stated it was "the most difficult point I have ever scored".[28][29] At the Brazilian Grand Prix, Kubica scored his first podium of the season despite engine temperature problems by finishing in 2nd place, 7.6 seconds behind winner Mark Webber. The podium was BMW's second of the season.
On 29 July 2009, BMW announced that they would leave Formula One at the end of 2009, which made Kubica a free agent for the 2010 season.[30][31] For the 2010 season, it was announced that he had signed for Renault F1, the team he tested for during his junior career.[32]
Renault (2010–2011)[link]
2010[link]
Kubica moved to the Renault team for 2010. His position was briefly put in doubt, however, by the team evaluating its future in the sport following the 2009 season in the wake of the "Crashgate" scandal and the parent company's financial problems. This resulted in a Luxembourg-based investment firm, Genii Capital, taking a 75% stake in the team; Renault retaining the remaining 25%.[33] Eric Boullier was also appointed as the new team manager. Kubica said he might not stay with Renault, as his contract was only valid if the parent company had a controlling stake in the team, but he then decided to remain with them.[34][35] On 31 January 2010, it was announced that Vitaly Petrov was to be Kubica's team-mate.
It was reported in Autosport that Ferrari driver Felipe Massa had until the 2010 British Grand Prix to prove the Maranello outfit that he is worth hanging onto or Kubica could take his seat in 2011.[36] However Ferrari re-signed Massa for 2011, leaving Kubica without a seat at the Italian team.
On 7 July 2010, it was confirmed that Kubica had extended his contract with Renault to 2012.[37]
At the opening race of the 2010 season in Bahrain, Kubica was tagged by Adrian Sutil and spun on the opening lap but recovered to 11th. At the next race in Australia, he finished second after starting in ninth position. Fourth in Malaysia and fifth in China left him in seventh place in the drivers' championship, 20 points behind championship leader Jenson Button. Kubica felt that had there not been a second safety car period in China he could have finished on the podium. In Spain he finished eighth, but followed this up with another podium in Monaco, holding third throughout after losing second at the start to Sebastian Vettel. At the Turkish Grand Prix, he was held up behind Nico Rosberg for the second time in the season after Malaysia, and finished sixth.
In Canada, Kubica finished seventh after an eventful race and problems with tyre degradation which made his race difficult,[38] but did set the first fastest lap of his career in the race's closing stages. He added a fifth in Valencia and seventh in Germany before taking his third podium of the season in Belgium. He was competitive throughout the weekend, qualifying third, and only a bungled pitstop cost him second to Mark Webber. In Singapore, he qualified eighth in front of Schumacher. During the late stages of the race, he was forced to pit from sixth place due to a puncture. He was released from the pits to twelfth place, but with the help from superior grip and a series of overtaking moves—his move against Sutil was favourably compared to the incident between Webber and Hamilton—was able to claim seventh place, ultimately gaining a place from his qualifying result. In Suzuka, he managed to trail the Red Bulls throughout the weekend and translated it into a strong third place in qualifying. However, despite getting a good start and overtaking Webber at the start of the race, but would retire during the safety car period after losing one of his rear tyres.
Formula One journalist Mark Hughes remarked that Kubica is currently "arguably the best driver", considering the season so far. He emphasised Kubica's strong showing in tracks where Hughes believes that the differences in driver skills are able to overwhelm the differences in the capability of the cars; namely, Monaco, Spa and Suzuka.[39] Kubica managed to finish on the podium behind the Red Bulls except in Suzuka where he was strong throughout the weekend nevertheless, despite retiring from the race through no fault of his own.
2011[link]
Kubica was retained by Renault – rebranded as Lotus Renault GP through Lotus Cars sponsorship – into the 2011 season, again partnered by Vitaly Petrov.[40] He tested the team's new car, the Renault R31, for the first time in Valencia on 2 February.[40] On the last day of testing in Valencia he set the fastest time of the session.[41]
On 6 February 2011, Kubica was injured in a crash on the first stage of the Ronde di Andora rally. He was driving a Super 2000-specification Škoda Fabia,[42] in Testico when his car left the road at high speed and hit a crash barrier,[43] near the church of San Sebastiano.[44][45] Kubica was trapped in the car for more than an hour before rescue workers were able to extricate him.[46] He was flown by helicopter to Santa Corona Hospital in Pietra Ligure[47] near Savona, where it was confirmed that he had suffered partial amputation of his forearm, compound fractures to his right elbow, shoulder and leg, as well as significant loss of blood.[46][48][49] The severity of his injuries was the result of the crash barrier penetrating the car's cockpit, and hitting Kubica, while leaving his co-driver unscathed. Kubica underwent a seven hour operation by seven doctors split into two teams, without complications.[46] Two more lengthy operations to repair fractures to his leg, shoulder and arm were performed successfully a few days later.[50][51] The condition of his hand was not clear for some time and as a result he missed the 2011 season.[52][53][54] As he was unable to start the season, Lotus Renault signed Nick Heidfeld as his replacement on 16 February, while Kubica still remained signed with the team for the 2011 season.[55] Bruno Senna replaced Heidfeld later in the season, at the Belgian Grand Prix. Kubica was released from hospital to begin his rehabilitation on 24 April 2011.[56] In November 2011 it was announced that Kubica would not be ready for the beginning of the 2012 season, forcing Renault to begin the season with two other drivers, Kimi Räikkönen and Romain Grosjean.[57]
His recovery was dealt another setback after he re-broke his right leg, when he reportedly slipped on ice near his home in Italy, on 11 January 2012.[58]
Racing record[link]
Career summary[link]
| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup | RC Motorsport | 10 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 46 | 14th |
| Formula Renault 2000 Italy | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 13th | ||
| 2002 | Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup | RC Motorsport | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 80 | 7th |
| Formula Renault 2000 Italy | 10 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 188 | 2nd | ||
| Formula Renault 2000 Brazil | RS2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | NC† | |
| 2003 | Formula Three Euroseries | Prema Powerteam | 13 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 31 | 12th |
| British Formula Three | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | NC† | ||
| Masters of Formula Three | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 33rd | ||
| Macau Grand Prix | Target Racing[59] | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | NC | |
| F3 Korea Super Prix | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 6th | ||
| 2004 | Formula Three Euroseries | Mücke Motorsport | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 53 | 7th |
| Macau Grand Prix | Manor Motorsport | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | |
| 2005 | Formula Renault 3.5 Series | Epsilon Euskadi | 17 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 11 | 154 | 1st |
| Macau Grand Prix | Carlin Motorsport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 2nd | |
| Formula One | Renault F1 Team | Test driver | |||||||
| 2006 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 16th |
| 2007 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39 | 6th |
| 2008 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 18 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 75 | 4th |
| 2009 | Formula One | BMW Sauber F1 Team | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 17 | 14th |
| 2010 | Formula One | Renault F1 Team | 19 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 136 | 8th |
† As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.
Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | RC Motorsport | MOZ Ret |
BRN Ret |
MAG 15 |
SIL 21 |
ZOL Ret |
HUN 6 |
SPI Ret |
NÜR 12 |
JAR 6 |
EST 2 |
14th | 46 |
| 2002 | RC Motorsport | MAG 2 |
SIL 4 |
JAR 13 |
AND 3 |
OSC 10 |
SPA Ret |
IMO 27 |
DON | EST 4 |
7th | 80 |
Complete Formula Three Euroseries results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Prema Powerteam | Dallara F303/022 | Spiess-Opel | HOC1 1 |
HOC1 2 |
ADR 1 |
ADR 2 |
PAU 1 |
PAU 2 |
NOR 1 1 |
NOR 2 2 |
LMS 1 27 |
LMS 2 7 |
NÜR 1 9 |
NÜR 2 6 |
A1R 1 11 |
A1R 2 Ret |
ZAN 1 7 |
ZAN 2 24 |
HOC2 1 24 |
HOC2 2 10 |
MAG 1 4 |
MAG 2 8 |
12th | 31 |
| 2004 | Mücke Motorsport | Dallara F302/032 | HWA-Mercedes | HOC1 1 6 |
HOC1 2 7 |
EST 1 9 |
EST 2 23 |
ADR 1 17 |
ADR 1 Ret |
PAU 1 3 |
PAU 2 2 |
NOR 1 19 |
NOR 1 4 |
MAG 1 9 |
MAG 2 5 |
NÜR 1 5 |
NÜR 2 2 |
ZAN 1 8 |
ZAN 2 5 |
BRN 1 10 |
BRN 2 8 |
HOC2 1 4 |
HOC2 2 7 |
7th | 53 |
Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | DC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | Epsilon Euskadi | ZOL 1 3 |
ZOL 2 1 |
MON 1 5 |
VAL 1 2 |
VAL 2 16 |
LMS 1 3 |
LMS 2 2 |
BIL 1 1 |
BIL 2 8 |
OSC 1 1 |
OSC 2 1 |
DON 1 3 |
DON 2 6 |
EST 1 2 |
EST 2 3 |
MNZ 1 Ret |
MNZ 2 Ret |
1st | 154 |
Complete Formula One results[link]
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Entrant | Chassis | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | WDC | Points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.06 | BMW P86 2.4 V8 | BHR TD |
MAL TD |
AUS TD |
SMR TD |
EUR TD |
ESP TD |
MON TD |
GBR TD |
CAN TD |
USA TD |
FRA TD |
GER TD |
HUN DSQ |
TUR 12 |
ITA 3 |
CHN 13 |
JPN 9 |
BRA 9 |
16th | 6 | |
| 2007 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.07 | BMW P86/7 2.4 V8 | AUS Ret |
MAL 18 |
BHR 6 |
ESP 4 |
MON 5 |
CAN Ret |
USA | FRA 4 |
GBR 4 |
EUR 7 |
HUN 5 |
TUR 8 |
ITA 5 |
BEL 9 |
JPN 7 |
CHN Ret |
BRA 5 |
6th | 39 | ||
| 2008 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.08 | BMW P86/8 2.4 V8 | AUS Ret |
MAL 2 |
BHR 3 |
ESP 4 |
TUR 4 |
MON 2 |
CAN 1 |
FRA 5 |
GBR Ret |
GER 7 |
HUN 8 |
EUR 3 |
BEL 6 |
ITA 3 |
SIN 11 |
JPN 2 |
CHN 6 |
BRA 11 |
4th | 75 | |
| 2009 | BMW Sauber F1 Team | BMW Sauber F1.09 | BMW P86/9 2.4 V8 | AUS 14 |
MAL Ret |
CHN 13 |
BHR 18 |
ESP 11 |
MON Ret |
TUR 7 |
GBR 13 |
GER 14 |
HUN 13 |
EUR 8 |
BEL 4 |
ITA Ret |
SIN 8 |
JPN 9 |
BRA 2 |
ABU 10 |
14th | 17 | ||
| 2010 | Renault F1 Team | Renault R30 | Renault RS27-2010 2.4 V8 | BHR 11 |
AUS 2 |
MAL 4 |
CHN 5 |
ESP 8 |
MON 3 |
TUR 6 |
CAN 7 |
EUR 5 |
GBR Ret |
GER 7 |
HUN Ret |
BEL 3 |
ITA 8 |
SIN 7 |
JPN Ret |
KOR 5 |
BRA 9 |
ABU 5 |
8th | 136 |
Footnotes[link]
- ^ a b "Robert Kubica to miss start of 2012 season". BBC Sport (BBC). 23 November 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/formula_one/15853406.stm. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ "Kubica undergoes emergency surgery after rally crash in Italy". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System). 6 February 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/motorsport/02/06/f1.crash/index.html. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "F1 ace Kubica 'much better' after rally crash in Italy". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System). 7 February 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/motorsport/02/07/motorsport.f1.crash.kubica/index.html?iref=NS1. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ "Formula 1 driver Kubica targets quick return". The Sydney Morning Herald (Fairfax Media). 11 February 2011. http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/formula-1-driver-kubica-targets-quick-return-20110212-1aqv9.html?iref=NS1. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ^ Cary, Tom (23 November 2011). "Kubica confirms he is not ready to return to F1". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/8908825/Robert-Kubica-confirms-he-is-not-ready-to-return-to-F1-despite-encouraging-progress-after-near-fatal-accident.html. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ BMW snaps up Kubica ITV-F1.com. Reported on site 22 December 2005, 01:33
- ^ "Villeneuve feels let down by BMW". GPUpdate.net. 7 August 2006. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/126870/villeneuve-feels-let-down-by-bmw/. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ Kubica disqualified, Schumacher scores Formula1.com. Retrieved Unknown
- ^ Villeneuve parts company with BMW news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved Unknown
- ^ "Kubica to finish season with BMW". GPUpdate.net. 10 August 2006. http://www.gpupdate.net/en/f1-news/127106/kubica-to-finish-season-with-bmw/. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ "Reaction: Toyota, Red Bull and Honda". sportinglife.com. 2007-06-10. http://www.sportinglife.com/formula1/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=formula1/07/06/10/manual_223115.html. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
- ^ "Kubica's crash data disclosed". autosport.com. 2007-06-20. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/59988. Retrieved 2007-06-20.
- ^ Benson, Andrew; Orlovac, Mark (2007-06-10). "Canadian Grand Prix". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6738963.stm. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "UPDATE: Kubica has broken leg". crash.net. 2007-06-10. http://www.crash.net/news_view~cid~1~id~149373.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
- ^ "Unhurt Kubica to leave hospital on Monday". homeofsport.com. 2007-06-10. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20070929101307/http://www.homeofsport.com/f1/news/item.aspx?id=19326. Retrieved 2007-06-10.
- ^ "Kubica 'feels ready for US race'". BBC Sport (BBC). 13 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6747525.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Kubica leaves hospital after crash in Montreal". iht.com. 2007-06-11. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/06/11/sports/NA-SPT-CAR-F1-Kubica-Injury.php. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
- ^ "Vettel to replace Kubica at Indianapolis". autosport.com. 2007-06-14. http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/59765. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ "Heidfeld and Kubica stay at BMW". news.bbc.co.uk. 2007-08-21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/6956299.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
- ^ "Kubica targets F1 title after win". BBC News. 2008-06-08. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7443153.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Tremayne, David (2008-06-09). "Kubica celebrates first win as Hamilton rues pit-stop shunt". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/motor-racing/kubica-celebrates-first-win-as-hamilton-rues-pitstop-shunt-842880.html. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ "2008 Formula 1 Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix – Fastest Laps". www.formula1.com. http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2008/802/6574/fastest_laps.html. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2008-10-12). "Japanese Grand Prix". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7665745.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
- ^ "Australian GP – Sunday – Team quotes". grandprix.com. 29 March 2009. http://www.grandprix.com/race/r804sunquotes.html. Retrieved 13 April 2009.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (2009-03-29). "Vettel gets grid penalty for Malaysia". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/74059. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
- ^ "Vettel gets 10-place grid penalty". BBC Sport (BBC). 2009-03-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/7970668.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
- ^ "Spanish Grand Prix – selected driver quotes". formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 2009-05-10. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/5/9340.html. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (2009-09-27). "Kubica: The most difficult point ever". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/78976. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Beer, Matt (2009-10-07). "Kubica joins Renault for 2010". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79319. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (2009-07-29). "BMW will quit F1 at the end of 2009". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77400. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo; Lostia, Michele (2009-07-30). "Manager says Kubica now on the market". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77430. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Strang, Simon (2009-08-20). "Kubica "open-minded" on 2010 options". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/77795. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2009-12-10). "Deal struck to keep Renault in F1". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8407138.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2009-12-16). "Kubica may not stay with Renault". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8416180.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (2010-01-04). "Kubica to stay with Renault team". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8439373.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ Straw, Edd (2010-04-08). "Massa fights for Ferrari future". Autosport (Haymarket Publications) 200 (2): pp. 10–11.
- ^ Collantine, Keith (2010-07-07). "Kubica extends Renault deal to 2012". F1 Fanatic (Keith Collantine). http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2010/07/07/robert-kubica-signs-for-two-more-years-with-renault/. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (2010-06-14). "Kubica eyes step forward in Valencia". autosport.com (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/84508. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
- ^ Hughes, Mark (2010-10-12). "Why Robert Kubica is arguably the best driver in F1". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9080455.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
- ^ a b "Petrov to sample new Renault first". crash.net (Crash Media Group). 26 January 2011. http://www.crash.net/f1/news/166115/1/petrov_to_sample_new_renault_first.html. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
- ^ "Renault's Kubica leads field as test ends". Formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 3 February 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/2/11707.html. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ Beer, Matt; Noble, Jonathan (6 February 2011). "Kubica hospitalised after rally crash". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89309. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Andava veloce ma ero convinto non sbandasse" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 10 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11020899. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Testico Gli Abitanti: Come ex voto potrebbe riparare il tetto della Chiesa "San Sebastiano l'ha salvato"" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 10 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11020908. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Una sequenza di sei curve pericolose" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 8 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11015773. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ a b c Strang, Simon; Lostia, Michele (7 February 2011). "Kubica to undergo second surgery". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89323. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Pietra Ligure il pilota migliora dopo il lungo intervento di Venerdi' Riabilitazione al simulatore del S. Corona Lo staff di Kubica ha visionato e "promosso" il sistema robotico di Unita' spinale" (in Italian). La Stampa (Editrice La Stampa). 13 February 2011. http://archivio.lastampa.it/LaStampaArchivio/main/History/tmpl_viewObj.jsp?objid=11027366. Retrieved 27 February 2011.
- ^ "Formula 1 driver Robert Kubica injured in rally crash". BBC Sport (BBC). 6 February 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/9388940.stm. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (6 February 2011). "Kubica suffers multiple fractures". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89312. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Elizalde, Pablo (17 February 2011). "Kubica undergoes final surgery". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89514. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
- ^ Lostia, Michele; Beer, Matt (12 February 2011). "Kubica requires one more operation". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89439. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
- ^ "Robert Kubica faces elbow surgery as fears grow he may lose use of hand". Metro (Associated Newspapers). 14 February 2011. http://www.metro.co.uk/sport/855520-robert-kubica-faces-elbow-surgery-as-fears-grow-he-may-lose-use-of-hand. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan; Lostia, Michele (6 February 2011). "Kubica could be sidelined for 2011". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89315. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ Noble, Jonathan (7 February 2011). "Kubica's condition is 'stable but serious'". Autosport (Haymarket Publications). http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/89316. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
- ^ "Renault confirm Heidfeld as Kubica stand-in". formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 16 February 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/2/11750.html. Retrieved 16 February 2011.
- ^ "Kubica discharged from Italian hospital". formula1.com (Formula One Administration). 24 April 2011. http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2011/4/11965.html. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Benson, Andrew (11 January 2012). "Robert Kubica breaks right leg in accident". BBC Sport (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/16521193.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "Robert Kubica breaks right leg in accident". BBC News. 11 January 2012. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/formula_one/16521193.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
- ^ "2003 Macau Formula 3 Grand Prix Entry List". macau.grandprix.gov.mo. Macau Grand Prix. http://www.macau.grandprix.gov.mo/mgpc/public_html/gp50/en/index.php?cat=entry&race=MGP.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
References[link]
All Formula One race and championship results are taken from:
- Official Formula 1 Website. Archive: Results for 2006 – Present seasons Formula1.com. Retrieved 22 August 2006
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robert Kubica |
- Robert Kubica f1.com
- Official web site
- Career details
- Kubica statistics in Formula One
- Robert Kubica at the Internet Movie Database
- Pictures of his rally car after the 2011 crash
| Sporting positions | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Heikki Kovalainen |
World Series by Renault Champion 2005 |
Succeeded by Alx Danielsson |
| Awards | ||
| Preceded by Felipe Massa |
Lorenzo Bandini Trophy 2008 |
Succeeded by Sebastian Vettel |
| Preceded by Adam Małysz |
Polish Sportspersonality of the Year 2008 |
Succeeded by Justyna Kowalczyk |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Kubica, Robert |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Polish Formula One driver |
| Date of birth | 7 December 1984 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Robert_Kubica
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
