Look up francophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The adjective francophone means French-speaking, typically as primary language, whether referring to individuals, groups, or places. Often, the word is used as a noun to describe a natively French-speaking person.^[1][2]

Linguistic nuance[link]

In a narrower sense, the notion of "francophone" reaches beyond the dictionary definition of "French language speaker". The term specifically refers to people whose cultural background is primarily associated with French language, regardless of ethnic and geographical differences. The francophone culture beyond Europe is the legacy of the French and Belgian colonial empires. This is sometimes referred to as the francosphere.

Geography[link]

Mainly or partially francophone or francosphere countries include France, Belgium (Wallonia is almost entirely francophone, and there is a large French-speaking community in the Brussels-Capital Region and a few bordering municipalities), Canada (the province of Quebec is francophone, and there are large French-speaking communities in Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and other Canadian provinces), United States (South/Central Louisiana and parts of Maine), Switzerland, Haiti, the French West Indies and several countries in Africa, including Congo, Burundi and Rwanda, that are former French or Belgian colonies. These countries are members of the Francophonie organization.^[3]

Map of the francophone[link]

  native language

  administrative language

  cultural language or Creole

   Francophone minorities

See also[link]

• List of countries where French is an official language
• French language: Geographic distribution
• List of French possessions and colonies

References[link]

Pauline Marois BA MBA, MNA
Leader of the Opposition (Quebec)
Incumbent
Assumed office December 9, 2008
Preceded by	Mario Dumont
MNA for La Peltrie
In office 1981–1985
Preceded by	new riding
Succeeded by	Lawrence Cannon
MNA for Taillon
In office 1989–2006
Preceded by	Claude Filion
Succeeded by	Marie Malavoy
MNA for Charlevoix
Incumbent
Assumed office 2007
Preceded by	Rosaire Bertrand
Personal details
Born	(1949-03-29) March 29, 1949 (age 63) Quebec City, Quebec
Political party	Parti Québécois
Spouse(s)	Claude Blanchet
Residence	Île-Bizard, Quebec
Occupation	social worker, civil servant
Religion	Roman Catholic

Pauline Marois (French pronunciation: [pɔlin maʁwa]; born March 29, 1949) is the current leader of the Parti Québécois in the province of Quebec, since June 27, 2007 and current Leader of the Official Opposition of the National Assembly of Quebec, representing the riding of Charlevoix. In a political career spanning some 30 years, she has held a total of 15 ministerial titles.

She is married to Claude Blanchet, former head of Quebec's Société générale de financement, and is the mother of four children (Catherine, Félix, François-Christophe and Jean-Sébastien).

Early life, education, and career[link]

Marois was born in Quebec City, the daughter of Marie-Paule (née Gingras) and Grégoire Marois.^[1] She holds a bachelor's degree in social work from Université Laval, as well as a master's degree in business administration (MBA) from HEC Montréal. During the 1970s she gained experience with several community organizations, before working as press attachée for then-finance minister Jacques Parizeau. She also served as chief of staff for Lise Payette, minister responsible for the condition of women, and taught for some time at Université du Québec en Outaouais.

Marois was first elected to the National Assembly of Quebec in the 1981 election as the Parti Québécois (PQ) Member of the National Assembly (MNA) for La Peltrie. She immediately joined the government of René Lévesque as Minister for the Status of Women. In 1983, she was promoted to Minister of Labour and Income Security and Minister responsible for the Outaouais region.

Second leadership race[link]

She quickly started to organize her leadership bid following the PQ electoral defeat. Her close supporters founded Groupe Reflexion Quebec, which served as a think tank. Her key organizors were Danielle Rioux, Nicole Léger, Nicolas Girard, Nicole Stafford, Joseph Facal and Pierre Langlois.

Marois announced her candidacy in the election for the leadership of the PQ following the sudden resignation of Landry in June 2005. She won 30.6% of the vote placing second to André Boisclair.

Marois retired from the National Assembly in March 2006, stating that after 25 years in elected politics it was time for her to pursue other interests. She vowed to remain active in the PQ, and reaffirmed her confidence in Boisclair's leadership. She was succeeded as MNA for Taillon by Marie Malavoy.

Third leadership race[link]

In the March 26, 2007 Quebec provincial election, the Parti Québécois was reduced to third place in the National Assembly, behind both the governing Quebec Liberal Party and the opposition Action démocratique du Québec. Following this disappointing result, PQ leader André Boisclair announced his resignation as leader on May 8, 2007. Marois was considered a leading candidate to replace Boisclair, especially following federal Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe's withdrawal from the race.^[2]

On May 11, 2007, she announced that she would run again for leader of the PQ for the third time.^[3]

No other candidate stepped forward to contest the election, and Marois was acclaimed leader on June 27, 2007. She led the party from outside the National Assembly until winning the Charlevoix by-election on September 24.

By-election[link]

On August 13, 2007, Marois announced her candidacy for the riding of Charlevoix, after the incumbent, Rosaire Bertrand, retired from politics after 13 years as the MNA.^[4] The by-election was held on September 24, 2007. Marois did not compete against a candidate from the minority governing Liberal party, which chose not to present an opposing candidate,^[5] but did face Action démocratique du Québec candidate Conrad Harvey, who had been a candidate in the same riding against Bertrand in the 2007 general elections, and won with 58.2% of the popular vote.^[6]

Marois's campaign signs displayed her image on a blue-green background along with the slogan: "Chez nous, c'est Pauline." Marois stated at the beginning of the race that she wished to reclaim nous, showing a return to the PQ's ethnic nationalist beginnings.^[7]

Canadian tradition holds that in a by-election, a party leader without a seat runs unopposed by other major parties. Also, opposing party leaders traditionally do not campaign in the riding. Marois herself, however, campaigned for a PQ candidate in a by-election against Liberal party leader Robert Bourassa in 1985, as did PQ leader René Lévesque.^[8][9]

While voter turnout in by-elections is generally low, 13.18 per cent of the 33,156 Charlevoix voters turned up at advance polling and an overall turnout of about 58%.^[10][11]

Zoning controversy[link]

According to a Montreal Gazette newspaper article, there were questionable actions on the part of Marois' husband, Claude Blanchet, which led to protected agricultural land being rezoned to permit him to construct a residence, and to parcels of government land being appropriated by the couple for their own private use. Marcel Turcotte was said to have been paid $500 by an agent of Blanchet after he signed an affidavit to the effect that he had occupied an unheated building on the land (not far from his home) 50% of the time, thereby justifying the zoning change application under a grandfather clause.^[12]

Marois' spokeswoman, Christiane Miville-Deschênes, did not explain if Blanchet held a contract or rented or paid charges on the public acreage and at what time and in what manner he received the right of way. According to the borough of L'Île-Bizard–Sainte-Geneviève, only one area of all government-owned tracts in Île Bizard is rented, and that is a borough-run park.^[13]

Marois confirmed in an interview with TVA news anchor Pierre Bruneau and reporter Paul Larocque, that one parcel of land belongs to the Quebec Crown, and denied having received a free pass on the acquisition of it. She also filed a complaint against the newspaper and, along with her husband, later filed a $2 million lawsuit against the Gazette and one of their journalists.^[14][15]

Although it was initially covered at some length in the official PQ blog, all mention of the chateau scandal has since disappeared from the site.^[16]

Leader of the Parti Québécois[link]

Immediately after being named the new leader of the party, Marois conducted a major shuffle of the shadow cabinet. François Gendron was named the new house leader, replacing Diane Lemieux. Lemieux was offered by Marois the position of caucus chair, but refused and indicated her intention to resign her seat of Bourget.^[17]

Marois stated that the project of holding a referendum on sovereignty would be put on hold indefinitely, indicating that regaining the support of voters for sovereignty would not be her main objective.^[18]

In September 2007, she proposed a strategic plan for helping the forestry sector, which has been hard hit in recent years by the closure of several mills in western and central Quebec. Measures proposed included an increase in protected forest space, an increase of productivity by developing the second and third transformation of wood and incentives to encourage the usage of wood from Quebec for construction projects.^[19]

In November 2007, Mario Dumont, in which his party suggested the elimination of school boards, proposed a motion to topple the government in the wake of poor voting turnouts during the school elections on November 4, 2007. The PQ strongly rejected the motion along with the Liberals citing that it was a lack of judgment made by the ADQ leader. Marois added that she was open for a debate on the structural bases of the school boards.^[20]

Bill 195[link]

On October 18, 2007, Marois proposed Bill 195, the Quebec Identity Act, which included a requirement that immigrants must learn French in order to obtain rights, including a putative Quebec citizenship and the right to run in elections at all levels. The bill also proposed the fundamental values of Quebec should be taken into account in a future constitution, including equality between sexes and the predominance of French ^[21][22]

The idea was met with criticism amongst various minority groups. The Quebec Liberal Party also dismissed some of the measures as divisive and harmful. House Leader Jean-Marc Fournier also made a parallel between the proposed bill and Jacques Parizeau's "Money and the ethnic vote" speech following the 1995 referendum, while Cabinet Minister Benoit Pelletier added that it would violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Many current and past members of the Parti Québécois also rejected this proposal, including Bernard Landry.^[23][24]

Outside of Quebec, several newspapers described the bill as racist.^[25] Don Martin, columnist for the National Post, wrote that the population should try to stop the racism taking place in Quebec.^[26] However, while the vast majority of non-francophones are opposed, it was supported by a bare majority of francophones. However, the Liberals and the ADQ stated that they would defeat Bill 195.^[27][28]

Bill 101[link]

In April 2008, Marois proposed a major rewrite of Bill 101, the Charter of the French Language, in light of concerns of a purported decline of French language in the province—particularly in the Montreal region. Her proposals included more French courses in elementary and secondary schools, a requirement for new arrivals to learn French and for the extension of French Language requirements to be applied to small businesses as well as for more power for the Office québécois de la langue française.^[29]

Controversial position on Montreal anglophones[link]

On July 21, 2011, Pauline Marois was addressing Patrick Lagacé of La Presse newspaper in Montreal, Quebec. When asked what she proposed to do to counter the rising wave of English-speakers to Montreal's West Island where Pauline Marois resides she replied in a jokingly matter by suggesting they be drowned. Marois denies making the comments and says that her words were manipulated.

Leader of the Opposition[link]

Not long after the re-election of the federal Conservatives to a second minority government, and with the global financial crisis increasingly coming to the foreground of current events, Jean Charest precipitated the fall of his own minority government, arguing before the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec that the National Assembly was no longer functional. Obtaining the right to dissolve the parliament, an election was called in Quebec.

The péquiste campaign was largely seen as lacking momentum until Marois’ performance in the televised debate against Charest and Mario Dumont brought new enthusiasm to the party. While the PQ did not win the election or prevent the Liberals from obtaining a majority, their return to the status of official opposition, the unexpectedly large number of seats obtained (51), and the ADQ’s effective marginalization were seen as a moral victory by supporters. Marois thus became the first elected woman Leader of the Official Opposition in Quebec.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pauline Marois

• "Biography" (in French). Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours. National Assembly of Quebec. http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/marois-pauline-79/index.html.