A freshman (US) or fresher (UK, India, Ireland) (or sometimes fish, freshie, fresher, prep; slang plural frosh, freshmeat or pichones) is a first-year student in secondary school, high school, college or university. The term first year can also be used as a noun, to describe the students themselves (e.g. They are first years).

Scotland & Ireland[link]

In Ireland, Northern Ireland and Scotland, the term "first year" refers to the first years of either secondary school or university. In the case of university students, the term "fresher" is also used as in the United Kingdom.

New Zealand[link]

The term first year is used within New Zealand universities, primarily to describe students in their first year of tertiary education direct from secondary school.

Portugal[link]

In the Portuguese Praxe, the whole of the student and academic traditions of Portuguese universities, a major part of it is the hazing of freshmen (in Portuguese, Caloiros). It is accompanied by a series of music festivals and partying.

There is an actual "Praxe Code" that describes the entire set of traditions, including the Freshman's rights. These include "The Freshman has NO rights" so he must obey. One of the traditions includes to force the freshman to sing university songs and paint their faces and nails with several colors and play several games. The tradition says that the haze must not involve harmful content or dangerous games. It is also tradition to host friendly dinners to the freshman so they can meet other people from their course. Usually are the third year students who guide the freshmen, and there´s a symbolic ceremony where the freshmen must choose a Godmother or Godfather from the third year to be his guidance through university years. When the ceremony takes place, the freshman no longer can be hazed unless his godparent gives permission. Most of times it is required that third year students must wear their university traditional outfit to the ceremonies with the freshmen. Usually the sophomores are not allowed to practice haze to freshmen or to join third year students and they are not allowed to wear the university traditional outfit on the first semester.

England & Wales[link]

The term first year is occasionally used in the pre-University and college English education system, and in schools it is no longer in official usage. In England and Wales a student's school career (not including pre-school nursery education) now begins with Reception, usually at the age of four, and continues up to either Year 11 or Year 13 depending on whether the student is going on to further education. However, in informal usage the term "first year" is still very common. Before the introduction of the "Year [number]" in most secondary schools in September 1990, the first year or first form almost always referred to the first year of secondary education. Years 12 and 13 are known as Sixth Form or "lower sixth" and "upper sixth" respectively.

In English universities, new students are referred to as "freshers", but not "freshmen" or "freshwomen". They are, of course, first-years, but generally only called "fresher" early in the first year. At some universities (such as Cambridge) certain students may continue to be referred to as "freshers" until they have sat their first examination.

Scotland[link]

In Scotland, the first year of compulsory education is Primary 1 (P1). The first year of secondary school is known as S1 but one can freely use first year.

At the four ancient Scottish universities the traditional name students for the four years at university Bejant/Bejantine (1st), semi (2nd), Tertian (3rd) and Magistrand (4th), though all Scottish universities will have a "freshers' week" and the term is as widely used with more traditional terms.

United States[link]

In the United States, freshman, rather than being a slang term, is officially used by most high schools and universities.

Freshman is commonly in use as an US English idiomatic term to describe a beginner or novice, someone who is naive, a first effort, instance, or a student in the first year of study (generally referring to high school or university study).^[1]

New members of Congress in their first term are referred to as freshmen senators or freshman congressman, no matter how experienced they were in previous government positions.

High School first year students are almost exclusively referred to as Freshmen, or in some cases by their grade year, 9th graders. Second year students are Sophomores, or 10th graders, then Juniors or 11th graders, and finally Seniors or 12th graders.

At College or University Freshman denotes students in their first year of study. The grade designations of high school are not used, but the terms Sophomores, Juniors, and Seniors are kept at most schools. Some Women's colleges in the US do not use the term Freshman, but use the perceived gender neutral term: First Year, instead. Some liberal arts colleges do not use the terms Freshman, Sophomore, etc. at all, but rather stick to First Year, Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year designations.^[2] Beyond the fourth year, students are simply classified as fifth years, sixth years, etc. Some institutions use the term freshman for specific reporting purposes.^[3]

See also[link]

• Freshman fifteen
• Sophomore
• Junior (education)
• Senior (education)

References[link]

The Verve Pipe is an American rock band from East Lansing, Michigan. It was formed in 1992 by Brian and Brad Vander Ark, Brian Stout and Donny Brown.^[2]

History[link]

In November 1992, working with producer/engineer Jonathan Frazer, they released their first album, I've Suffered a Head Injury. The original 10-song version of the CD is no longer available. A 7-song version, without the original recording of "The Freshmen" was later released as an EP. The band, known for its energetic live performances, built strong followings during its early years, especially in the college towns of Kalamazoo and East Lansing.

In the fall of 1993, the band released a second album, Pop Smear again working with Frazer that helped them gain a devoted following in their native state of Michigan and their eventual signing with RCA Records in 1995. A.J. Dunning replaced Stout on guitar for the recording of Pop Smear and remained in the band for their three RCA records. This album featured the popular tracks "Spoonful of Sugar" and "Victoria".

Their first major label release was 1996's Villains, which was a minor hit and launched two respectably selling singles, first "Photograph" then the #5 Billboard Hot 100 hit "The Freshmen", which was their one and only hit. They came back with a new album, The Verve Pipe, in 1999. The album, however, failed to contain the commercial appeal of its predecessor.

The band's 2001 release Underneath, contained the song "Colorful", which was featured on the soundtrack of the film, Rock Star and "Happiness Is" featured on the soundtrack of the film "Joe Somebody".

On September 15, 2009, Brian Vander Ark announced on his website that the band will be releasing a new album called A Family Album in October, 2009. The band had been approached to contribute a song for a compilation album called Calling All Kids, which led to them creating an "entire album of family friendly songs". It was also noted in the announcement that a new album of rock material would follow the family album.^[3] Immediately after the release of the family album, the band undertook a series of small-venue performances, mostly around Michigan and the East Coast.^[4]

Timeline[link]

 id:Lead           value:green legend:Vocals,Guitar
 id:Drums          value:gray(0.4)       legend:Drums,Vocals
 id:Bass           value:blue legend:Bass
 id:Guitar         value:red legend:Guitar
 id:Keyboard       value:yellow        legend:Keyboards
 id:Harmonica      value:orange legend:Harmonica
 id:Lines          value:black     legend:Albums
 id:grid1          value:gray(0.3)
 id:Tours          value:gray(0.5)

 at:11/19/1992 color:black layer:back
 at:12/09/1993 color:black layer:back
 at:03/26/1996 color:black layer:back
 at:07/27/1999 color:black layer:back
 at:09/25/2001 color:black layer:back
 at:12/18/2007 color:black layer:back
 at:10/06/2009 color:black layer:back

 bar:BVA text:"Brian Vander Ark"
 bar:DB text:"Donny Brown"
 bar:BVA2 text:"Brad Vander Ark"
 bar:BS text:"Brian Stout"
 bar:AJD text:"AJ Dunning"
 bar:DC text:"Doug Corella"
 bar:CG text:"Craig Griffith"
 bar:JF text:"Joel Ferguson"
 bar:DM text:"Dan Matheny"
 bar:JC text:"John Connors"
 bar:LM text:"Lou Musa"
 bar:RS text:"Randy Sly"
 bar:AR text:"Andy Reed"

 width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:BVA from:01/01/1992 till:end color:Lead
 bar:DB from:01/01/1992 till:end color:Drums
 bar:BVA2 from:01/01/1992 till:08/01/2001 color:Bass
 bar:BS from:01/01/1992 till:03/31/1993 color:Guitar
 bar:AJD from:04/01/1993 till:05/31/2002 color:Guitar
 bar:AJD from:08/01/2008 till:04/17/2009 color:Guitar
 bar:DC from:01/01/1994 till:02/01/2010 color:Keyboard
 bar:CG from:01/01/2002 till:end color:Harmonica 
 bar:JF from:01/04/2001 till:12/31/2007 color:Bass
 bar:DM from:06/01/2002 till:06/30/2008 color:Guitar
 bar:JC from:06/01/2005 till:08/26/2010 color:Bass
 bar:LM from:04/30/2009 till:end color:Guitar
 bar:RS from:02/01/2010 till:end color:Keyboard
 bar:AR from:09/01/2010 till:end color:Bass

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• Pop Smear (December 1993)
• Villains (March 1996) #24 U.S. RIAA Platinum
• The Verve Pipe (July 1999) #158 U.S.
• Underneath (September 2001)
• A Family Album (October 2009)^[2]

EPs

• I've Suffered a Head Injury (November 19, 1992)^[2]
• A Homemade Holiday (December 18, 2007)

Compilation albums

• Platinum & Gold Collection (March 2004)
• Super Hits (2007)

Singles[link]

^[2]

Compilation appearances[link]

• Yikes! Records: So This Is East Lansing Vol. 1 - "Spoonful of Sugar" (original mix) (1993)
• Aware Vol. 2 - "Spoonful of Sugar" and "What You Wanted" (1994)
• Jensen International Sampler - "Spoonful Of Sugar"
• Westwood One Entertainment Play Station Sampler (PSX)- "Drive You Mild" (remix) (1995)
• Yikes! Records Vol. 5...So This is a Compilation...Best of Michigan - "Blue Beret" (XTC) (1995)
• A Testimonial Dinner — The Songs of XTC - "Wake Up!" (XTC) (Thirsty Ear Records) (1995)
• CMJ New Music Monthly Sampler - "Photograph" (1996)
• WGRD RadioactivII - "Veneer" (live)
• EdgeFest 1996 (Dayton, Ohio) - "Photograph" (live) and "Cup Of Tea" (live)
• LAUNCH CD-ROM (vol. 8) - Interview & "Villains" (live)
• WKLQHometown Music Search III - "Villains" and "Reverend Girl" (live) (1996)
• Aris' Big Disc 3 - "Villains" and "Reverend Girl" (live) (1996)
• SuperSnax Summer '96 - "Cup Of Tea"
• SuperSnax Winter '96 - "Photograph"
• Singles Mix 1 Volume 33 - "Photograph"
• FMBQ Modern Rock Sampler 3/96 - "Photograph"
• Pulse Cuts Vol.1 - "Cup of Tea"
• Groove Wallet - "Cup of Tea"
• Album Network's Rock Tune-Up #151 1996 - "Cup Of Tea"
• Virtually Alternative 70 - "Cup Of Tea"
• Virtually Alternative - "Villains"
• 81 Disc A - "Villains"
• RCA Summer/Fall 1996 Sampler - "The Freshmen" (album version) and "Penny is Poison"
• FMBQ Vol. 25 Morning Sickness '96 - "The Freshmen" (mix 1) and "The Freshmen" (album edit)
• All-Star Cover Songs 4/28/97 - "Strawberry Fields" (live)
• Hit Zone (BMG) - "The Freshmen"
• Hits Post Modern Syndrome - "The Freshmen"
• Airwalk Sno-Core Tour '97 - "The Freshmen"
• WBCN Naked Disc - "The Freshmen" (acoustic live in studio performance) (1997)
• WGRD RadioActiv3 - "Cup of Tea" (acoustic live in studio performance) (1997)
• KNDD The End Sessions - "The Freshmen" (acoustic live in studio performance)
• Sam Goody/Musicland Class Of '97 - A Year In Review Sampler - "Photograph"
• MuchMusic Big Shiny Tunes Vol. 2 - "The Freshmen"
• Y-100FM Sonic Sessions - "The Freshmen" (live in studio performance) (1997)
• Sweet Digizine CD-ROM Vol. 1, Issue 2 (retail version)
• Great Expectations (soundtrack) - "Her Ornament" (1998)
• MTV 120 Minutes Live - "Villains" (live) (1998)
• The Avengers (soundtrack) - "Blow You Away" (1998)
• Clay Pigeons (soundtrack) - "1229 Sheffield" (1998)
• Best Of Rockline - "Drive You Mild" (live in studio performance) (1999)
• Rock Star (soundtrack) - "Colorful" (2001)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• The Verve Pipe on Myspace
• Brian Vander Ark's official website
• Brian Vander Ark on Myspace
• The Verve Pipe collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Jay Brannan
Brannan performs in Edinburgh, Scotland, in August 2008
Background information
Born	(1982-03-29) March 29, 1982 (age 30)[1]
Occupations	singer-songwriter
Instruments	singing, guitar
Years active	2006–present
Labels	Great Depression Records Nettwerk[2]
Website	jaybrannan.com

Jay Brannan (born March 29, 1982) is an American singer-songwriter and actor. He was born in Texas and briefly studied in Ohio, but moved to California to become an actor. Brannan appeared in the 2006 movie Shortbus, which included one of his songs in its soundtrack, and began to build a fan base by performing on YouTube. He released an EP and acted in Holding Trevor in 2007. Since then, he has toured and released two albums.

Early life and career[link]

Brannan was born 1982 in Texas in a middle-class family and grew up as the son of a petroleum engineer and a teacher.^[3][4][5] He described his family as conservative Baptists and discussed their difficulty with accepting his homosexuality.^[6][7] Brannan went to college for one semester in Cincinnati, Ohio, and went to California, first to Palm Springs and later to Los Angeles, trying to become an actor.^[3][5] In 2002, he was shown a casting notice and, after the end of a relationship, moved to New York City and submitted an audition tape.^[3]

Brannan was cast in 2003 for the movie Shortbus, which featured him in an explicit sex scene, and worked as a proofreader and in other jobs to support himself.^[8] He contributed the song "Soda Shop" to the film's soundtrack, which he stated was his "first professionally recorded track".^[8] The song was also released on Team Love Records.^[9] Brannan began to record sparse music videos for YouTube, accompanying himself on the guitar, and built an international fan base without corporate sponsorship, using MySpace and Blogspot.^[10][11] In 2007, he appeared in the movie Holding Trevor as the promiscuous best friend of the protagonist, and released a limited-edition EP with fours songs named disasterpiece or Unmastered, adding two additional songs for a 2008 re-release.^[4][12]

In July 2008, Brannan released the album Goddamned through his own label, Great Depression Records, and toured ten dates, a departure from his previous practice of short tours of about four concerts.^[10][13] The same year, Brannan left his proofreading job and sustained himself with earnings from concerts and merchandise.^[11] His second album, In Living Cover, was released in 2009 and reached number ten on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart for the week of July 25, 2009.^[14] Brannan promoted the album in an interview on ABC News's Now in July 2009.^[15]

Style[link]

Jay Brannan in Hamburg, Germany, in 2009

Brannan is a tenor.^[3] Allmusic described his style as contemporary singer-songwriter and compared him to female artists, including Ani DiFranco, Lisa Loeb, Sinéad O'Connor, and Liz Phair.^[4] Goddamned was described as lo-fi and Brannan compared his concerts to intimate performances in his home.^[11][16] He has performed with Terra Naomi and both were compared in style and described as performing indie folk.^[16] The New York Times stated in 2006 that Brannan was sometimes compared to singer-songwriter Rufus Wainwright and that Brannan saw himself as echoing the angry and sad sound of female singers like Tracy Chapman and Joni Mitchell.^[3]

Discography[link]

EPs

• Unmastered (aka disasterpiece) (2007, re-released 2008 with additional tracks)

Albums

• Goddamned (2008)
• In Living Cover (2009)
• Rob Me Blind (2012)^[17]

Songs

• "Soda Shop" (track on the 2006 Shortbus soundtrack)
• "Lower My Gun" (track on the 2008 Holding Trevor soundtrack)
• "My Love, My Love" and "Takeoff" (two tracks on the 2011 Cloudburst soundtrack)^[18]

Filmography[link]

• Shortbus as Ceth (2006)
• Holding Trevor as Jake (2007)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jay Brannan

• jaybrannan.com. Official website.
• Jay Brannan's channel on YouTube
• Jay Brannan at Allmusic
• Jay Brannan at the Internet Movie Database
• Jay Brannan at AllRovi
• Works by or about Jay Brannan in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Jeffery Johnson Jr. (born April 2, 1990), better known by his stage name Roscoe Dash, is an American rapper from Atlanta, Georgia.

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Johnson started composing rap lyrics at the age of 12, after his older brother Snooki introduced him into the world of hip-hop.^[1] In high school, he and his brother Snooki put together a rap group that consisted of four young men who went by the name of “Black Out Boiz aka B.O.B.”, where his original stage name “ATL” came into play and also where his eccentric use of the "mohawk" hairstyle became as he thought popular. Though the group had been receiving positive notoriety, ATL (Johnson) would eventually leave “Black Out Boiz aka B.O.B.” and get started in his pursuit of solo projects.^[2] He continued recording in his basement and making mixtapes to network himself, and this hard work led Johnson to come across his cousin, Torrey “YT” Hood, who happened to be a sponsor of a local rap group who called themselves Travis Porter.^[3] He let them listen to a song he had recorded at the time called “All the Way Turnt Up”,^[4] and the group automatically wanted to be a part of it. Since Travis Porter was already an established local group, he handed the song over to them and was featured on the track. It was featured on Travis Porter’s next mixtape,” I’m a Differenter 2”^[5] The hit became very popular, but most people labeled the song as being Travis Porter’s. The song was accredited as “Travis Porter featuring YT and "ShadowFade.” He felt as if he wasn’t getting enough credit for the song that he had created. This caused conflicts between Johnson and Travis Porter. Johnson soon recognized that he had to create a new identity other than “Shadowfade” to restart his career, and be acknowledged for his own work.^[6] He “Googled” names of comic book heroes, and came across the name “Roscoe Dash.” Johnson says, “I needed something more marketable. I felt Shadowfade would have given my secret identity away. Plus it put me in that box of an Atlanta rapper so I needed something that would catch the ears and eyes of whoever was listening or reading the name Roscoe Dash and make them want to do research on Roscoe Dash.”^[7]

Major label success[link]

Roscoe Dash released a song All the Way Turnt Up! was originally recorded with Travis Porter, and released on their mixtape I'm a Differenter. Dash was only credited as a featured artist. According to Travis Porter, this was just a mistake.^[8]

Later, he recorded the song again, featuring Soulja Boy Tell 'Em. The song turned into a club hit, and Roscoe Dash signed with Interscope. He then recorded the album Ready Set Go, but in his opinion, the album was released unfinished. So, it currently has no release date after a couple pushbacks^[9]. He therefore refers to the following EP J.U.I.C.E. as his first album.^[10]

In 2012 Dash was featured on the cover of XXL as part of their annual "Top 10 Freshmen list" along with fellow rappers French Montana, Machine Gun Kelly, Hopsin, Iggy Azalea and Danny Brown.^[11]

Personal life[link]

Johnson is the oldest of his siblings. He has a brother, two half-sisters, and two stepbrothers. Johnson also has a daughter, she was born August 13, 2005, which he had at age 15.

Discography[link]

Studio Albums

• Ready Set Go! (TBA)

Extended plays

• J.U.I.C.E. (2011)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Roscoe Dash at Allmusic

George Kelly Barnes
Mugshot of George "Machine Gun Kelly" Barnes
Born	(1895-07-18)July 18, 1895 Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	July 18, 1954(1954-07-18) (aged 59) Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S.
Charge(s)	Conspiracy to kidnap and bank robbing
Occupation	Gangster, bootlegger and businessman
Spouse	Kathryn Kelly

George Celino Barnes (July 18, 1895 – July 18, 1954), better known as "Machine Gun Kelly", was an American gangster during the prohibition era.^[1][2] His nickname came from his favorite weapon, a Thompson submachine gun. His most famous crime was the kidnapping of oil tycoon and businessman Charles Urschel in July 1933 for which he, and his gang, earned $200,000 ransom. Unfortunately, their victim had collected and left considerable evidence that assisted the subsequent FBI investigation that eventually led to Kelly's arrest in Memphis, Tennessee on September 26, 1933.^[2] His crimes also included bootlegging and armed robbery.

Career[link]

During the Prohibition era of the 1920s and 1930s Kelly worked as a bootlegger for himself as well as a colleague. After a short time, and several run-ins with the local Memphis police, he decided to leave town and head west with his girlfriend. To protect his family and escape law enforcement officers, he changed his name to George R. Kelly.^[3] He continued to commit smaller crimes and bootlegging. He was arrested in Tulsa, Oklahoma, for smuggling liquor onto an Indian Reservation in 1928 and sentenced for three years to Leavenworth Penitentiary, Kansas, beginning February 11, 1928. He was reportedly a model inmate and was released early. Shortly thereafter, Kelly married Kathryn Thorne, who purchased Kelly’s first machine gun and went to great lengths to familiarize his name in the underground crime circles. She was known to hand out the expended .45cal cartridge casings from his Tommy Gun as souvenirs. Some historians claim that Kathryn even went so far as to plot some small bank robberies.^{[citation needed]}

George "Machine Gun" Kelly is led from Shelby County Jail enroute to the Memphis airport and Oklahoma City for his trial for the kidnapping of Charles F. Urschel, October 2, 1933

Nonetheless, Kelly’s last criminal activity proved disastrous when he kidnapped a wealthy Oklahoma City resident, Charles F. Urschel and his friend Walter R. Jarrett. Urschel, having been blindfolded, made sure to foil his kidnappers by noting all possible evidence of his experience such as background sounds, counting footsteps and leaving fingerprints on every surface in reach. This in turn proved invaluable for the FBI in their investigation, as they learned that Urschel had been held in Paradise, Texas.

Machine Gun Kelly's hideout at 1408 Rayner Street in Memphis, Tennnessee (2010)

An investigation conducted at Memphis disclosed that after 56 days on the run, the Kellys were staying at the residence of J.C. Tichenor. Special Agents from Birmingham, Alabama, headed by Special Agent in Charge, William "ash" Rorer, were immediately dispatched to Memphis on the orders of J. Edgar Hoover, where, in the early morning hours of September 26, 1933 a raid was conducted, led by agent Rorer. George and Kathryn Kelly were taken into custody and Memphis police officers Sergeant William Raney and officer Thomas Waterson. Caught without a weapon, George Kelly supposedly cried, "Don’t shoot, G-Men! Don’t shoot, G-Men!" as he surrendered to FBI Agents. The term (which had applied to all federal investigators, meaning simply 'Government Men') became synonymous with FBI Agents. Reports of the raid, however, indicate that George Kelly came to the door, dropped his pistol and said, "Okay, boys, I’ve been waiting for you all night." Recent research revealed a 1933 newspaper interview with one of the federal agents at the arrest. He commented that, upon their arrest, Kathryn Kelly put her arms around George and said, "These G-men will never leave us alone." The FBI press machine generated the G-Man story to build its own reputation.^[4] The arrest of the Kellys, however, was overshadowed by the escape of John Dillinger's gang from Michigan City, Indiana.

In October 1933, George and Kathryn Kelly were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. The trial was held at the Post Office, Courthouse and Federal Office Building in Oklahoma City. Kathryn Kelly and her mother had all charges dropped and were released in 1958 from prison in Cincinnati.

The kidnapping of Urschel and the two trials that resulted were historic in several ways: 1) they were the only federal criminal trials in the United States in which moving cameras were allowed to film; 2) the first kidnapping trials after the passage of the so-called Lindbergh Law, which made kidnapping a federal crime; 3) the first major case solved by J. Edgar Hoover’s evolving and powerful FBI. For that, Kelly got sent into Alcatraz; 4) the first crime in which defendants were transported by airplane. At the time, it was the largest ransom ever paid in the United States.

Death[link]

His gravestone marked "George B. Kelley"

Machine Gun Kelly spent his remaining 21 years in prison. During his time at Alcatraz he got the nickname "Pop Gun Kelly." This was in reference, according to a former prisoner, to the fact that Kelly was a model prisoner and was nowhere near the tough, brutal gangster his wife made him out to be. He spent 17 years on Alcatraz, working in the prison industries, and was quietly transferred back to Leavenworth in 1951. He died of a heart attack at Leavenworth Federal Prison, Kansas on July 18, 1954, his 59th birthday. He is buried at Cottondale Texas Cemetery with a small headstone marked "George B. Kelley 1954".^[5]

In popular culture[link]

• Crime novelist Ace Atkins' 2010 book Infamous is based on the Urschel kidnapping and subsequent multi-state misadventures of George and Kathryn Kelly as they attempted to flee both the FBI and other gangsters eager to claim the Urschel ransom money.
• Machine Gun Kelly and Kathryn Kelly were the inspiration for "Machine Gun Kelly" (1970), a song written by Danny "Kootch" Kortchmar and recorded by James Taylor on his 1971 Album Mud Slide Slim and the Blue Horizon.
• Machine Gun Kelly and his crimes were (loosely) portrayed in the 1958 film Machine-Gun Kelly starring Charles Bronson.
• Machine Gun Kelly is a central character in the 1974 TV film Melvin Purvis: G-Man.
• Kelly is (along with Pretty Boy Floyd and Baby Face Nelson) one of the main characters of the comic book series Pretty, Baby, Machine.
• Punk band the Angelic Upstarts released a single in 1984 titled Machine Gun Kelly.
• Machine Gun Kelly is referenced in the film So I Married an Axe Murderer by Phil Hartman's character while touring Alcatraz.
• In the song "MVP" by the late Harlem rapper Big L, he says: "I run up like Machine Gun Kelly, with a black skully, put one in your belly, leave you smelly, then take your Pelle Pelle."
• In the song "Bluesman" by Harry Chapin, there's a line that goes "No! A fool plays the blues like Machine Gun Kelly, Five hundred notes to the bar...".
• Female Rapper Foxy Brown refers to "Machine Gun Kelly" in her song "Massacre"
• Mentioned in These Animal Men's I'm Not Your Babylon: "Machine Gun Kelly was the first to crack".
• Rapper of the same name from Cleveland, Ohio. See Machine Gun Kelly (rapper).

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Machine Gun Kelly

Further reading[link]

• Hamilton, Stanley (2003). Machine Gun Kelly's Last Stand. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1247-5. 
• Atkins, Ace (2010). Infamous. G.P. Putnam's Sons. 
• Dowd, James (April 26, 2010). Book tells tale of capturing infamous Machine Gun Kelly. Memphis Commercial Appeal (newspaper). http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2010/apr/26/capturing-kelly/. 

External links[link]

• Machine Gun Kelly at Find a Grave
• FBI file on George "Machine Gun Kelly" Barnes