Bite
Classification and external resources
Military working dog training to attack by biting.
ICD-10	T14.1
ICD-9	E906.5
MeSH	D001733

A bite is a wound received from the mouth (and in particular, the teeth) of an animal, including humans. Animals may bite in self-defense, in an attempt to predate food, as well as part of normal interactions. Other bite attacks may be apparently unprovoked. Self inflicted bites occur in some genetic illnesses such as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Biting is an act that occurs when an animal uses its teeth to pierce another object, including food, flesh and inanimate matter. A person bitten by an animal potentially carrying parvovirus or rabies virus should consult a medical doctor immediately. A bite victim may also incur serious bacterial infections of the bone called osteomyelitis which can become life threatening if untreated, whether or not the animal has parvovirus or rabies virus.

Classification[link]

A mosquite bite

Bites are usually classified by the type of creature causing the wound. Many different creatures are known to bite humans.

Arthropods[link]

• Spider bite
• Insect bites and stings
  • Flea bites are responsible for the transmission of bubonic plague.
  • Mosquito bites are responsible for the transmission of dengue fever and malaria.

Vertebrates other than humans[link]

• Bites from dogs are commonplace, with children the most common victims and the face the most common target.^[1] About 4.7 million dog bites are reported annually in the United States.^[2]
• Other companion animals, including cats, ferrets, and parrots, may bite humans.
• Wildlife may sometimes bite humans. The bites of various mammals such as bats, rabbits, wolves, raccoons, etc. may transmit rabies, which is almost always fatal if left untreated.^{[citation needed]}

Human bites[link]

Injuries from human bites present a particular risk to other humans, with a major risk of sepsis from infection by human oral ecology and the possibility of transmission of blood-borne diseases including, syphilis and hepatitis.

Involuntary biting injuries due to closed-fist injuries from fists striking teeth (referred to as reverse bite injuries) are a common consequence of fist fights. These have been termed "fight bites". Injuries in which the knuckle joints or tendons of the hand are bitten into tend to be the most serious.

In spite of their name, love bites are not biting injuries (they involve bruising from sucking, and the skin is not broken), although actual biting injuries are sometimes seen as the result of fetishistic activities.

Other[link]

• Snakebite
• Leech bite

Signs and symptoms[link]

Bite wounds raise a number of medical concerns for the physician or first aider including:

• Generalized tissue damage due to tearing and scratching.
• Serious hemorrhage if major blood vessels are pierced.
• Infection by bacteria or other pathogens, including rabies.
• Introduction of venom into the wound by venomous animals such as some snakes.
• Introduction of other irritants into the wound, causing inflammation and itching.

Treatment[link]

Bite wounds should be cleaned and debrided as necessary but not closed. Ampicillin/sulbactam is indicated as HACEK endocarditis is the most worrying complication. A punctate wound over a joint surface should be regarded as an open joint injury until proven otherwise.

Treatment[link]

Bite wounds are washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water. The injury is then loosely bandaged, but is not sutured due to risk of infection.

Antibiotics[link]

Antibiotics prophylaxis is recommended for dog and cat bites of the hand^[3] and human bites if they are more than superficial.^[4] Evidence for the need for antibiotic prophylaxis for bites in other areas inconclusive.^[5]

For empirical therapy, the first choice is amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, and if the person is penicillin allergy doxycycline and metronidazole.^[4] The anti-staphylococcal penicillins (e.g., cloxacillin, nafcillin, flucloxacillin) and the macrolides (e.g., erythromycin, clarithromycin) are not used for empirical therapy, because they do not cover Pasteurella species.^[4]

Rabies[link]

Animal bites inflicted by some animals, including carnivorans and bats can transmit rabies. The animal is caught alive or dead with its head preserved, so the head can later be analyzed to detect the disease. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behavior, and red eyes. If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then it is probable that no infection has occurred.

If the animal cannot be captured, prophylactic rabies treatment is recommended in most places. Certain places, such as Hawaii, Australia and the United Kingdom, are known not to have native rabies. Treatment is generally available in North America and the Northern European states.

Tetanus[link]

Tetanus toxoid is indicated for virtually any bite that punctures the epidermis and tetanus immune globulin is indicated in patients with more than 10 years since prior vaccination. Tetanus boosters (Td) should be given every ten years.

TT = Tetanus Toxoid; TIG: Tetanus Immune globulin

Mosquito bites[link]

Antihistamines are effective treatment for the symptoms from bites.^[6] Many diseases such as malaria are transmitted by mosquitoes.

Behavior[link]

Biting is an age appropriate behavior and reaction for children 2.5 years and younger. Conversely children above this age have verbal skills to explain their needs and dislikes and biting is not age appropriate. Biting may be prevented by methods including redirection, changing the environment and responding to biting by talking about appropriate ways to express anger and frustration. School age children, those older than 2.5 years, who habitually bite may require professional help. ^[7]

Biting is also a behavior found in many adult animals (including humans), often as part of sexual arousal. Some discussion of human biting appears in The Kinsey Report on Sexual Behavior in the Human Female.

See also[link]

• Bite force quotient
• The Bite Fight
• Wilderness first aid

References[link]

External links[link]

• Treating human bites
• Human bite wounds - Orthopaedia.com

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It Bites are an English progressive rock and pop fusion band, formed in Egremont, Cumbria, England in 1982^[1] and best known for their 1986 single "Calling All The Heroes", which gained them a Top 10 UK Singles Chart hit.^[2] Initially fronted by Francis Dunnery, the band split in 1990, eventually returning in 2006 with new frontman John Mitchell.

Sound[link]

Described as "a British band with blues and metal aspirations, but also a strong art-rock tendency" by Allmusic,^[3] It Bites are better described as a band composed of voracious pop fans with a parallel taste for progressive rock. The band's musical development can be split into four clear phases - their The Big Lad in the Windmill phase (in which they embraced various varieties of contemporary pop, funk, sophisti-pop, and Queen-style glam rock and processed it through their progressive rock influences); the Once Around the World phase (in which they produced 1970s style progressive rock with a 1980s contemporary producer-pop gloss); the Eat Me in St. Louis phase (during which they produced detailed hard rock songs with elements of heavy metal and glam rock); and the current reunion phase (in which they play a more measured melodic progressive rock similar to that of the Once Around The World phase).

The band have historically incorporated and quoted from a wide variety of additional styles including jazz fusion, sea shanty, soul, children's songs, reggae, go-go, classical, music hall, and swing. Cited influences included progressive rock bands such as Genesis, Yes and UK, but also soul musicians such as Steve Arrington and songwriters such as Joni Mitchell. Francis Dunnery has repeatedly stated his admiration for The Smiths and Morrissey.

History[link]

It Bites lineup 1 - 1982-1990[link]

Early years: 1982-1985[link]

Originally formed by drummer Bob Dalton, bass player Dick Nolan and guitarist/singer Francis Dunnery, It Bites started out in early 80s playing covers of bands like Level 42 and Haircut One Hundred^{[citation needed]} in the village of Egremont in Cumbria, UK. Keyboard player John Beck from Whitehaven joined the group later in 1982, and for a short period of time It Bites also featured saxophonist Howard "H" Smith,^[4] a period in which the band worked playing gigs at nightclubs around Cumbria.^[1]

The band then split up at 1983, when Dalton and Nolan moved to Birmingham, Dunnery to London and Beck to Manchester. One year later, It Bites reunited in 1984 after a meetup in Egremont, and this time opted to relocate entirely to London.^[1]

All four members moved into a squat in Peckham and spent a year living hand-to-mouth and writing original material. Bob Dalton later commented "it was actually the perfect situation because all we could afford to do was write songs 24/7. All that time was the making of us. We became strong writers and strong players."^[1][5] Their demo tape eventually secured them a management deal with Martyn Mayhead (at WEA Records), and shortly afterwards a recording contract with Virgin Records.^[4]

Success - 1986-1988[link]

In March 1986, It Bites released their first single "All In Red",^[1] which only charted modestly. Their second single, "Calling All The Heroes", was released in June 1986 and became a big hit, reaching #6 in the UK Singles Chart and gaining the band a huge amount of radio play and many television appearances (including Top of the Pops, Wogan, and The Old Grey Whistle Test).^[1] The third single, "Whole New World", also charted, but not at such a high position.^[1][4] All three singles appeared on the first It Bites album The Big Lad In The Windmill (produced by Alan Shacklock), which was released in the summer of 1986 but met with only moderate commercial success, despite charting at number 35.^[1]

The band toured with Go West and Marillion in late 1987, played major European outdoor festivals (including the Montreaux Jazz Festival, broadcast live across Europe by Swiss TV) and supported Robert Plant in early 1988.^[1][6] This diverse set of support slots revealed a problem in marketing the band which would last throughout their career. It Bites' blend of contemporary 1980s producer-pop, progressive rock and hard rock (setting glossy keyboards and massed harmony vocals against heavy drumming, complex time signatures and Allan-Holdsworth-inspired guitar solos) would draw criticism from some music press writers who accused the band of failing to settle on a coherent direction.^[7][8] Despite this, the band forged a loyal and enthusiastic following in the UK.

The band began recording their second album Once Around The World with producer Mark Wallis in mid-1987. Footage of this process was broadcast on Channel 4 TV's "Equinox" programme Twang, Bang, Kerrang! (which documented the history of the electric guitar. Francis Dunnery featured prominently in the programme, comparing his Japanese and American Fender Stratocaster guitars and discussing technique and equipment.^[6]

Once Around The World was released in March 1988^[1] and signaled a departure from the more directly pop-oriented sound of It Bites' first album, something demonstrated explicitly by a fourteen-minute title track in full progressive rock style.^[1][9] Virgin Records had insisted on some more pop-orientated sessions with producer Steve Hillage which resulted in the minor hit singles "Kiss Like Judas" (February 1988) and "Midnight" (April 1988). A third single "Old Man And The Angel" (a heavily-edited version of a lengthy track from the Wallis sessions) fared less well. Despite its split nature, the final album was consistent in tone and sound and was popular with fans. During this period, Dunnery also gained some press attention for his invention of the Tapboard, an instrument based on two paired guitar necks and using a ten-finger tapping technique to create exceptionally fast and clear melodic runs and chording.^{[9][10][11][12]}

The shift towards hard rock - 1989[link]

The third album, Eat Me in St. Louis was recorded in early 1989 at Musicland Studios in Munich, Germany, produced by Reinhold Mack (best known for work with Queen and The Rolling Stones). The album featured a harder-edged, more guitar-orientated sound than before, with shorter, punchier songs and the direct progressive rock influences cut back. In contemporary interviews, Dunnery claimed to have become dissatisfied with the more technical and virtuosic side of It Bites' music as demonstrated on the previous album - "That was very important to us at the time. We wanted to say to people, Look, but aren't we very clever? I can't be bothered now to write all them long sections, I just wanna see some good songs... Instead of flying around at 9,000 miles an hour, I've been playing tunes that people can remember."^[9] However, the band also chose to commission the artwork for Eat Me in St. Louis and its early single releases from the infamous progressive rock sleeve artist Roger Dean, in what Dunnery admitted was a calculated attempt to play on their own "progressive rock" reputation and to "annoy people."^[9]

On its release, Eat Me In St. Louis scored excellent reviews in rock magazines Kerrang! and RAW^[1] and spawned the minor hit single "Still Too Young To Remember".^[6] During this period, Virgin made strong attempts to break the band as a serious hard rock act with several re-releases and video shoots for "Still Too Young To Remember" and the follow-ups "Underneath Your Pillow" and "Sister Sarah".^[4] Although Virgin's efforts to boost the band's commercial profile were ultimately unsuccessful, the band still proved themselves popular as a live act, playing sell-out gigs across the UK, US and Japan, and touring with Jethro Tull and the Beach Boys. Certain band members also participated in outside projects - Nolan recording with Tony Banks (on his 1989 Bankstatement album) and Dunnery singing backing vocals on the debut Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe album during the same year.^[6]

Departure of Francis Dunnery - mid-1990[link]

It Bites showcased some new post-Eat Me in St. Louis material on an eight-date UK tour during March and April 1990.^[6] In June 1990, the band travelled to Los Angeles, to start writing and recording their fourth album. This was intended to be the record to break the American market, and Dunnery promised simpler songs with "a stronger taste of blues." ^[13] However, tensions within the band reached breaking point during the pre-rehearsal period, and it was confirmed to the band's fanclub in November 1990 that the band had parted company with Francis Dunnery.^[14] Dunnery is rumoured to have demanded full band leadership and control over material,^[6][14] and it's also claimed that he clashed with former creative foil John Beck to the extent that he demanded Beck's expulsion from the band.^[5]

It Bites lineup 2 (Lee Knott briefly replaces Francis Dunnery) - 1990[link]

Now minus Dunnery, the remaining trio initially stayed on in Los Angeles, continuing to write and auditioning new singers (at this point, John Beck also switched from keyboards to guitar). Returning to England, they recruited Lee Knott as the new It Bites singer. Knott had previously fronted the band Innocence Lost, who had played support slots to It Bites on previous UK dates.^[6] Beck would later recall that "at the time I think we were all sick of what was happening and wanted a total change. I was playing guitar, and a little bit of keyboards, but mainly guitar. It was a change for me, and Bob & Dick were happy doing that..."^[15]

A new It Bites album was initially scheduled for early 1991. This was ultimately replaced by a live album covering the Francis Dunnery years, Thank You And Goodnight, which was mostly drawn from Eat Me in St. Louis tour recordings and released in August 1991.^[1]

In an attempt to refresh their identity, the Knott-fronted It Bites renamed themselves as Navajo Kiss and played several gigs under that name. The concerts featured new material plus a vigorous cover of "Murder Of the Planet Earth" (from Eat Me in St. Louis). A second name-change - to Sister Sarah - followed, but the band split quietly within the year due to lack of enthusiasm from audiences. John Beck would later admit "we found out pretty soon that people weren’t about to go along with such a change in direction."^[15] The various band members went their separate ways but remained in touch.

Post-split (sessions, Superior, Unicorn Jones and Dunnery solo) - 1990-2003[link]

After the split of It Bites, Beck and Dalton joined John Wetton's band for a Japanese tour and a live album, Chasing The Dragon, with Beck moving on to become one of the keyboard players for the Alan Parsons Project.^[1] Nolan (who also worked for the Alan Parsons Project) eventually established himself as Ray Davies' bass player of choice. Dalton played drums for Chris Norman and Ray Davies and moved into teaching at the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford.^[1][6] Lee Knott spent some time in management (Portishead, Tricky, Underworld), and briefly resurfaced as the instrumental half of Superior (who released a couple of singles - "Being You" and "Coma" - on Virgin Records in 1998). Francis Dunnery, now based permanently in the US, re-emerged in 1991 to begin a successful solo career which continues to this day.^[when?]

A partial It Bites reunion appeared in 1996 in the shape of the band Unicorn Jones. This project featured John Beck, Dick Nolan and singer David Banks (who'd once auditioned for It Bites and who'd previously been part of the band Mummy Calls, whose song "Beauty Has Her Way" appeared on the soundtrack to the film "The Lost Boys"). Banks had approached Beck and Nolan to help him record an album of Burt Bacharach covers, but the trio had been sidetracked into recording a bizarre cover of Motörhead's "Ace Of Spades" (in which they described themselves as having "replac(ed) Lemmy's timeless vocal with David's crooner voice and transform(ed) the heavy metal trash into a dark deranged groove"). This cover version spawned the Unicorn Jones band, which recorded one album - 1996's 'A Hundred Thousand Million Stars' - but did not play live.^[16][17]

Beck and Dalton reunited in 2005 as members of the band Kino, a progressive rock band which also featured Marillion bass player Pete Trewavas and British prog scene regular John Mitchell (Arena and others) on lead vocals and guitar ^[6] (and in which Dalton replaced former Porcupine Tree drummer Chris Maitland).^[1] Kino's album 'Picture' was well-received on the British prog rock scene during 2005,^[4] and the band performed versions of the It Bites songs "Kiss Like Judas" and "Plastic Dreamer" at live concerts.

Reunion of It Bites lineup 1 (the Union Chapel performance and subsequent writing sessions) - 2003-2006[link]

On 30 August 2003, during a solo concert at the Union Chapel in London, Francis Dunnery was joined onstage by his old It Bites band-mates for the first time since 1990.^[1][4] John Beck joined Dunnery for a duet on the It Bites song "Hunting The Whale", following which Dick Nolan and Bob Dalton also joined in for a gig finale of "Still Too Young To Remember". Following this, it was announced that It Bites would be getting back together to write and record a new album followed by a tour. Although some writing and initial recording did take place, the full reunion of the original lineup never materialised (apparently due to Dunnery's hectic schedule back in the United States, which affected his ability to commit to the band).^[1][6] The brief reunion did, however, act as a spur for some archive It Bites releases - the Live At Montreux album (originally recorded in 1987) and the DVD Live In Tokyo (featuring footage dating from the Eat Me In St Louis period.) Both were released by Bob Dalton on behalf of the band.

It Bites lineup 3 (John Mitchell replaces Francis Dunnery) - 2006-2009[link]

In 2006, It Bites opted to formally reunite, but with Beck and Dalton's Kino bandmate John Mitchell replacing Dunnery as lead singer and guitarist.^[1] According to an interview on francisdunnery.com, dated 15 October 2008, Dunnery said Bob Dalton called him out of the blue and said he was no longer wanted in the band. Dalton explained to Dunnery that they already had someone to replace him.^[18] Mitchell had been an enthusiastic It Bites fan since his teens, and was happy to take on the role.^[4][15] John Beck commented "I’ve met guitarists that could manage Frank’s licks but weren’t singers, or the other way around. John’s the first to do both. It’s all been so natural, I don’t even remember agreeing to do this; it took on a life of its own." ^[19]

The new It Bites made their live debut for a well-received tour in winter 2006, playing material from the original three It Bites albums as well as premiering three new songs - "Memory Of Water", "Playground" and "Lights".^[20] The tour also spawned a live album called When The Lights Go Down, released in 2007. The band began recording material for a new album (predominantly written by Mitchell and Beck)^[15] between 2006 and 2008, opting to self-produce. Recording sessions were completed in May 2008.

It Bites lineup 4 (Lee Pomeroy replaces Dick Nolan) - 2009-present[link]

On 23 June 2008 the band announced a further change to their line-up with the departure of another founder member, bass player Dick Nolan (earlier in the year, Nolan had failed to show up for a performance at a Classic Rock Society concert, and there had been rumours of his dissatisfaction with the project). The band's statement revealed that all bass playing on the forthcoming album had in fact been performed by either John Mitchell or John Beck - in what the band referred to as "Genesis-style", a reference to the 1978 Genesis album ...And Then There Were Three... - and that It Bites had reluctantly parted company with Nolan due to his lack of involvement and commitment.^[21] Nolan was replaced by Lee Pomeroy, an established British session bass guitarist and multi-instrumentalist who'd played with Take That, Mike Oldfield and Rick Wakeman's New English Rock Ensemble and shared It Bites' appreciation of English progressive rock musicians.^[21][22] Pomeroy had apparently been originally recommended to the band by Nolan.^[23]

It Bites' comeback album - The Tall Ships - was pre-released to members of the It Bites internet forum on 21 July 2008, with a full release following on Inside Out Music in October 2008. The album generally gained good reviews and was considered an excellent comeback ranking with the best of the band's previous work.^{[24] [25][26]} With Pomeroy installed, It Bites supported Status Quo at the latter's Whitehaven concert on 2 August 2008^[27] and went on to their own headline tour around the UK between 26 September and 7 October 2008 with neo-prog rock newcomers Touchstone as support.

In summer 2009 It Bites played the Three Rivers Progressive Rock Festival^[28] and also toured Japan, with Level 42's guitarist Nathan King covering for an unavailable Lee Pomeroy as bass player. (King has subsequently been confirmed as It Bites' regular deputising bass player for whenever Pomeroy is unavailable.) The band went on to play further British concerts in autumn 2009.^[29] A live album called This Is Japan - recorded at a Tokyo concert on 3 July 2009, and featuring King - was released in February 2010 (the album had previously been released in Japan only under the title It's Live).

On 28 February 2010, the band released a re-recorded version of their 1986 hit "Calling All The Heroes" in order to raise funds for flood relief following the Cumbrian floods of late 2009. For this release, the band were joined by various guest performers including former members Francis Dunnery and Dick Nolan. Dunnery re-sang the opening lines of the song, with the rest of the vocals handled by John Mitchell, John Wetton (Asia, King Crimson, UK), Jason Perry (A) and Steve Hogarth (Marillion). Further instrumental contributions came from Nolan, Geoff Downes (Asia, Yes, Buggles), Jem Godfrey (Frost*, Atomic Kitten, etc.) and various members of Marillion. It Bites played more UK dates in March 2010 and two more dates in Japan during the same month (with Nathan King once again playing bass guitar for the Japanese concerts).

During 2011, Mitchell and Beck spent time writing for the next It Bites album. Later in the year, the album was recorded at Mitchell's own Outhouse Studios with a full band of Mitchell, Beck, Dalton and Pomeroy. In 2012, the band announced that the album would be called Map of the Past and that it would be a concept album - "inspired by the discovery of an old family photograph, Map of the Past is a highly personal journey that explores love, passion, jealousy, anger, remorse and loss through the eyes of a previous generation against the backdrop of Britain as it enters a new century and one of the most defining periods of its history." The album is scheduled for release on March 26 2012.

Line up[link]

Current[link]

• John Mitchell (lead vocals, guitar)
• John Beck (keyboards, backing vocals)
• Bob Dalton (drums, backing vocals)
• Lee Pomeroy (bass guitar, backing vocals)
• Nathan King (bass guitar, backing vocals - deputises for Lee Pomeroy when the former is unavailable)

Past members[link]

• Francis Dunnery (lead vocals, guitar)
• Lee Knott (lead vocals)
• Dick Nolan (bass guitar, backing vocals)
• Howard "H" Smith (saxophone)

Discography[link]

• The Big Lad in the Windmill (Studio Album, Virgin/Geffen, 1986)
• Once Around the World (Studio Album, Virgin/Geffen, 1988)
• Eat Me in St. Louis (Studio Album, Virgin/Geffen, 1989)
• The It Bites Album (Compilation Album, Virgin Japan, 1990)
• Thank You And Goodnight - Live (Live Album, Virgin, 1991)
• Best Of - Calling All the Heroes (EMI, 2003)
• Live in Montreux (Live CD, 2003)
• Live in Tokyo (Live DVD, 2003)
• When The Lights Go Down (Live CD, May 2007)
• The Tall Ships (Studio Album, InsideOut, October 2008)
• This is Japan (Live CD, 2010)
• It Happened One Night (2011)
• Map of the Past (Studio Album, InsideOut, April 2012)

References[link]

Print[link]

• Article in Kerrang! magazine #128 (1986)^[30]
• Article in Guitarist magazine vol 3 no. 8 (January 1987) - four page article with photos^[31]

On-line[link]

External links[link]

• Official website