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Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free (Greece) - LIVE - 2013 Semi-Final (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 07 Jun 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Greece: Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Semi-Final (2)
http://wn.com/Koza_Mostra_feat_Agathon_Iakovidis_Alcohol_Is_Free_Greece_LIVE_2013_Semi-Final_2
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Greece: Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Semi-Final (2)
Into the Fire - The Hidden Victims of Austerity in Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:58
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Embed this film: http://intothefire.org/embed Also see our other coverage of the Greek crisis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBPCUcZJAlk&list;=PLC4D6A1D7718F...
http://wn.com/Into_the_Fire_The_Hidden_Victims_of_Austerity_in_Greece
Embed this film: http://intothefire.org/embed Also see our other coverage of the Greek crisis: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBPCUcZJAlk&list;=PLC4D6A1D7718F...
- published: 20 Apr 2013
- views: 86546
- author: ReelNews
Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free (Greece) - LIVE - 2013 Grand Final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Greece: Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Grand Final.
http://wn.com/Koza_Mostra_feat_Agathon_Iakovidis_Alcohol_Is_Free_Greece_LIVE_2013_Grand_Final
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Greece: Koza Mostra feat. Agathon Iakovidis - Alcohol Is Free live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Grand Final.
- published: 18 May 2013
- views: 544823
- author: Eurovision Song Contest
Greece grapples with new drug menace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
Greece's economic crisis has made many young people vulnerable to a dangerous new drug called Shisha. Known as cocaine for the poor, it is a variant of cryst...
http://wn.com/Greece_grapples_with_new_drug_menace
Greece's economic crisis has made many young people vulnerable to a dangerous new drug called Shisha. Known as cocaine for the poor, it is a variant of cryst...
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 4367
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Intelligence Squared Greece - Active Engagement: Νέοι & Πολιτική
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 132:42
- Updated: 28 May 2013
Η Intelligence Squared Greece και η Στέγη Γραμμάτων και Τεχνών διοργανώνουν ανοιχτό φόρουμ με θέμα «Active Engagement: Νέοι & Πολιτική», την Τρίτη 28 Μαΐου, ...
http://wn.com/Intelligence_Squared_Greece_Active_Engagement_Νέοι_Πολιτική
Η Intelligence Squared Greece και η Στέγη Γραμμάτων και Τεχνών διοργανώνουν ανοιχτό φόρουμ με θέμα «Active Engagement: Νέοι & Πολιτική», την Τρίτη 28 Μαΐου, ...
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 3
- author: ΣΚΑΪ
Latest World News - Greece grapples with new drug menace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 29 May 2013
http://www.youtube.com/AllNewsPlace
All News Place
يرجى الاشتراك للحصول على آخر المستجدات
مكان الأخبار جميع
Greece's economic crisis has made many young people vulnerable to a dangerous new drug called Shisha. Known as cocaine for the poor, it is a variant of crystal meth and has the potential to send users into a state of mindless violence. Drug experts say Shisha has spread rapidly over three years, because it's unlike traditional drugs. Al Jazeera's John Psaropoulos reports from Athens.
http://wn.com/Latest_World_News_Greece_grapples_with_new_drug_menace
http://www.youtube.com/AllNewsPlace
All News Place
يرجى الاشتراك للحصول على آخر المستجدات
مكان الأخبار جميع
Greece's economic crisis has made many young people vulnerable to a dangerous new drug called Shisha. Known as cocaine for the poor, it is a variant of crystal meth and has the potential to send users into a state of mindless violence. Drug experts say Shisha has spread rapidly over three years, because it's unlike traditional drugs. Al Jazeera's John Psaropoulos reports from Athens.
- published: 29 May 2013
- views: 1
Unemployment in Greece at 27 percent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
Latest figures show that 27 percent of Greece's workforce are unemployed, with youth unemployment reaching 62 percent, the highest in the European Union. The...
http://wn.com/Unemployment_in_Greece_at_27_percent
Latest figures show that 27 percent of Greece's workforce are unemployed, with youth unemployment reaching 62 percent, the highest in the European Union. The...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 3857
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Complete News - Greece grapples with new drug menace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:48
- Updated: 29 May 2013
http://www.youtube.com/CompleteNews
Complete News
Plz Subscrib for Latest News
Greece's economic crisis has made many young people vulnerable to a dangerous new drug called Shisha. Known as cocaine for the poor, it is a variant of crystal meth and has the potential to send users into a state of mindless violence. Drug experts say Shisha has spread rapidly over three years, because it's unlike traditional drugs. Al Jazeera's John Psaropoulos reports from Athens.
http://wn.com/Complete_News_Greece_grapples_with_new_drug_menace
http://www.youtube.com/CompleteNews
Complete News
Plz Subscrib for Latest News
Greece's economic crisis has made many young people vulnerable to a dangerous new drug called Shisha. Known as cocaine for the poor, it is a variant of crystal meth and has the potential to send users into a state of mindless violence. Drug experts say Shisha has spread rapidly over three years, because it's unlike traditional drugs. Al Jazeera's John Psaropoulos reports from Athens.
- published: 29 May 2013
- views: 6
PREVIEW Acropolis Rally of Greece 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 04 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/PREVIEW_Acropolis_Rally_of_Greece_2013
Counting the Cost - Greece's hidden riches
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:01
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Hundreds of billions of dollars worth of oil and gas are believed trapped under the seabed around Greece - enough to wipe out the country's debt for good. Bu...
http://wn.com/Counting_the_Cost_Greece's_hidden_riches
Hundreds of billions of dollars worth of oil and gas are believed trapped under the seabed around Greece - enough to wipe out the country's debt for good. Bu...
- published: 16 Mar 2013
- views: 8525
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
FIFA 13 | Nonstop Nationalities | Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 31 May 2013
In today's episode, I create a Greek squad! I hope you guys are enjoying the series, please leave a like, comment and subscribe! *Twitter* http://www.twitter...
http://wn.com/FIFA_13_|_Nonstop_Nationalities_|_Greece
In today's episode, I create a Greek squad! I hope you guys are enjoying the series, please leave a like, comment and subscribe! *Twitter* http://www.twitter...
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 1217
- author: XxsLeEpZxX
Naomi Klein - Shock Doctrine in Greece ( Ναόμι Κλάιν - Το Δόγμα του ΣΟΚ στην Ελλάδα)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:10
- Updated: 28 May 2013
http://wn.com/Naomi_Klein_Shock_Doctrine_in_Greece_Ναόμι_Κλάιν_Το_Δόγμα_του_ΣΟΚ_στην_Ελλάδα
Greece subsidies loss sparks farming overhaul
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
Farmers in Greece are suffering with the rest of the country as the recession deepens.Subsidies to farmers have fallen and many say they can no longer afford...
http://wn.com/Greece_subsidies_loss_sparks_farming_overhaul
Farmers in Greece are suffering with the rest of the country as the recession deepens.Subsidies to farmers have fallen and many say they can no longer afford...
- published: 25 May 2013
- views: 1748
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
EUROVISION 2013 SEMI FINAL GREECE "Alcohol Is Free" -ΗΜΙΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ EUROVISION 2013 ΕΛΛΑΔΑ HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 06 Jun 2013
EUROVISION 2013 SEMI FINAL GREECE -ΗΜΙΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ EUROVISION 2013 ΕΛΛΑΔΑ GREEK 2013 EUROVISION ΑΓΑΘΩΝΑΣ ΚΟΖΑ ΜΟΣΤΡΑ AGATHONAS KOZA MOSTRA "Alcohol Is Free" ERT N...
http://wn.com/EUROVISION_2013_SEMI_FINAL_GREECE_Alcohol_Is_Free_-ΗΜΙΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ_EUROVISION_2013_ΕΛΛΑΔΑ_HD
EUROVISION 2013 SEMI FINAL GREECE -ΗΜΙΤΕΛΙΚΟΣ EUROVISION 2013 ΕΛΛΑΔΑ GREEK 2013 EUROVISION ΑΓΑΘΩΝΑΣ ΚΟΖΑ ΜΟΣΤΡΑ AGATHONAS KOZA MOSTRA "Alcohol Is Free" ERT N...
- published: 16 May 2013
- views: 67212
- author: Xrhstos Ber
Maraveyas - Welcome to Greece @ Block33 (30/11/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 28 May 2013
Από την μοναδική και sold out συναυλία του Maraveya στο Block33 στην Θεσσαλονίκη 30 Νοεμβρίου 2012.
FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/papanaphotography
Βίντεο: Γιάννης Παπαναστασόπουλος
Φωτογραφίες: http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.441834495864040.96323.394858303894993&type;=1
http://wn.com/Maraveyas_Welcome_to_Greece_@_Block33_30_11_12
Από την μοναδική και sold out συναυλία του Maraveya στο Block33 στην Θεσσαλονίκη 30 Νοεμβρίου 2012.
FACEBOOK: http://www.facebook.com/papanaphotography
Βίντεο: Γιάννης Παπαναστασόπουλος
Φωτογραφίες: http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.441834495864040.96323.394858303894993&type;=1
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 3
Nicolas Economides Discusses the Economy of Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 27 May 2013
Anchor Phillip Yin and economist Nicolas Economides discuss the financial state of Greece.
http://wn.com/Nicolas_Economides_Discusses_the_Economy_of_Greece
Anchor Phillip Yin and economist Nicolas Economides discuss the financial state of Greece.
- published: 19 May 2013
- views: 303
- author: BizAsiaAmerica
Austerity Kills: From Greece to U.S., Crippling Economic Policies Causing Global Health Crisis 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:38
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
http://www.democracynow.org - In their new book, "The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills," economist David Stuckler and physician Sanjay Basu examine the hea...
http://wn.com/Austerity_Kills_From_Greece_to_US,_Crippling_Economic_Policies_Causing_Global_Health_Crisis_1_2
http://www.democracynow.org - In their new book, "The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills," economist David Stuckler and physician Sanjay Basu examine the hea...
- published: 21 May 2013
- views: 1514
- author: democracynow
Anahata in Greece Cairo by Night Festival, Al Eh biseloyni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 28 May 2013
Anahata in Greece Cairo by Night Festival, Al Eh biseloyni http://www.orijentalniples-anahata.rs/
http://wn.com/Anahata_in_Greece_Cairo_by_Night_Festival,_Al_Eh_biseloyni
Anahata in Greece Cairo by Night Festival, Al Eh biseloyni http://www.orijentalniples-anahata.rs/
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 3
- author: Trbusni Ples Anahata
Rally Greece off road Kalavrita 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:38
- Updated: 29 May 2013
Rally Greece off road Kalavrita 2013 rally raid moto -auto Z2 Rally greece off road -Z1 T1 T2 T3 T8 TH.
http://wn.com/Rally_Greece_off_road_Kalavrita_2013
Rally Greece off road Kalavrita 2013 rally raid moto -auto Z2 Rally greece off road -Z1 T1 T2 T3 T8 TH.
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 158
- author: autotvnews
Epidavros Theater - Peloponnese, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
http://davidsbeenhere.com David's Been Here is touring around all the beautiful, historic sites of Ancient Greece. A two-hour drive from Athens brings you to...
http://wn.com/Epidavros_Theater_Peloponnese,_Greece
http://davidsbeenhere.com David's Been Here is touring around all the beautiful, historic sites of Ancient Greece. A two-hour drive from Athens brings you to...
- published: 22 May 2013
- views: 288
- author: Davidsbeenhere
Former Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou: 'The U.S. is Like Greece'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 19 May 2013
Why Americans Are So Ignorant? -- It's Not Only Fox News, There Are Some Understandable Reasons For It: http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article...
http://wn.com/Former_Greek_Prime_Minister_George_Papandreou_'The_US_is_Like_Greece'
Why Americans Are So Ignorant? -- It's Not Only Fox News, There Are Some Understandable Reasons For It: http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article...
- published: 12 Apr 2013
- views: 1314
- author: politicalarticles
Cycladic Art Museum - Athens, Greece
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Updated: 05 Jun 2013
http://davidsbeenhere.com David's Been Here tours you around all the interesting, informative and must-visit sites of Athens, Greece. Here David presents a s...
http://wn.com/Cycladic_Art_Museum_Athens,_Greece
http://davidsbeenhere.com David's Been Here tours you around all the interesting, informative and must-visit sites of Athens, Greece. Here David presents a s...
- published: 28 May 2013
- views: 94
- author: Davidsbeenhere
LATVALA TEST IN GREECE 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
http://wn.com/LATVALA_TEST_IN_GREECE_2013
photo: AP / Alexei Nikolsky
07 Jun 2013
By GREGORY L. WHITE and PAUL SONNE. MOSCOW—Russian President Vladimir Putin and his wife said Thursday they are separating after nearly three decades of marriage, setting the stage for the first divorce of a Russian leader since Peter the Great and bringing an end to years of speculation about the state of the couple's union. Enlarge Image. Close. "It was our joint decision," Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Mrs ... Asked if they were divorcing, Mrs ... Mr ... Close. Mr ... Mrs....(size: 5.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons
07 Jun 2013
The National Security Agency (NSA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are tapping directly into the central servers of nine leading US Internet companies, The Washington Post has reported. , this has allowed investigators to examine e-mails, photos and other documents of tens of millions of Americans that can be used to track people and their contacts over time ... 468 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies ... Iran ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)
photo: AP / Sebastian Scheiner
07 Jun 2013
The Israeli army has significantly increased its manpower on the Syrian border close to the only border crossing between the two countries, which became the scene of a battle between Syrian government and opposition fighters yesterday ... In addition to the extra military deployment, the army told local farmers to keep away from the area yesterday ... The Israeli army refused to comment on the extra deployment ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / Miloš Hlávka
05 Jun 2013
By LAURA STEVENS in Frankfurt, LEOS ROUSEK in Prague and MARGIT FEHER in Budapest. Flooding in Central Europe spread Wednesday as swollen waters moved further east along the Danube River, threatening towns in eastern Austria and Slovakia's capital, Bratislava, while the rising Elbe River flooded outlying parts of Dresden in Germany ... Enlarge Image. Close ... Businesses also reported production standstills ... Rösler said at a news conference ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
Edit
Kathimerini
07 Jun 2013
Lazaros Christodoulopoulos gifted Greece an important 1-0 win at Lithuania for the World Cup qualifiers on Friday that consolidated the national team on the second spot of its pool. Yet Bosnia’s 5-0 win at Latvia on the night means that Greece stayed four points behind its fellow Balkan rival and will likely need to negotiate a two-leg playoff in November to make the World Cup finals in Brazil....(size: 1.9Kb)
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Wall Street Journal
07 Jun 2013
The IMF released a report late Wednesday in which it said it had made errors of judgment of its own but that the Commission was also to blame for failures in Greece's bailout program that started in 2010. The two institutions work together as part of the troika, alongside the European Central Bank, and manage not only Greece's but also Ireland's, Portugal's and Cyprus' bailouts....(size: 5.6Kb)
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Orange News
07 Jun 2013
Greece ... Greece's army of unemployed continued to grow with the latest figures showing nearly three in 10 Greeks out of work, most of them youths ... Just over two in 10 Greeks aged between 20 and 24 had a job, according to the survey, with 77.4% of those surveyed either jobless, unable or unwilling to work, said Stelios Zacharias, the director of Greece's statistical authority ... In the 50-page report titled "Greece....(size: 5.5Kb)
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Bloomberg
07 Jun 2013
In an released this week on its involvement in Greece in the past few years, the International Monetary Fund takes on the European authorities much more bluntly than usual. Greece came to the IMF in 2010 later than it should have and needing more resources than could readily be provided -- primarily because of foot-dragging by its euro-partners ... The IMF was dealt a bad hand on Greece and played it relatively well....(size: 5.1Kb)
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Lehigh Valley
07 Jun 2013
Photo Courtesy John Callahan. Bethlehem Mayor John Callahan this month is traveling to Bethlehem’s oldest and newest sister cities ... He’ll be traveling to Corfu, Greece, later this month to mark Bethlehem’s newest sister city relationship, formed in January. The entire Greece trip is being paid by the Corfu government ... “We treasure the fifty years of friendship.”. ....(size: 1.9Kb)
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CNTV
07 Jun 2013
ATHENS, June 6 (Xinhua) -- A moderate earthquake measuring 5 on the Richter scale jolted the southern Peloponnese peninsula in Greece on Thursday, without causing injuries or damage, according to initial reports from local authorities ... Greek experts such as professors Eythymios Lekkas and Thanassis Ganas of the Geodynamic Institute stress that the recent seismic activity is normal for Greece and there is "no cause for alarm."....(size: 3.4Kb)
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RTE
07 Jun 2013
Commission Vice President Olli Rehn has accused the IMF of trying to "wash its hands" on Greece and "throw the ......(size: 0.6Kb)
"Hellas" redirects here. For other uses, see Hellas (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Greece (disambiguation).
| Hellenic Republic
Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
Elliniki Dimokratia |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
| Motto: Eleftheria i Thanatos, (Greek: "Ελευθερία ή Θάνατος", "Freedom or Death") (traditional) | ||||||
| Anthem: "Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν" Ýmnos is tin Eleftherían "Hymn to Liberty"1  |
||||||
![Location of Greece (dark green)– in Europe (green & dark grey)– in the European Union (green) — [Legend]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130608091544/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Greece.svg) Location of Greece (dark green)
– in Europe (green & dark grey) |
||||||
| Capital (and largest city) |
Athens 37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.967°N 23.717°E / 37.967; 23.717 |
|||||
| Official language(s) | Greek | |||||
| Ethnic groups | 94% Greek, 4% Albanian, 2% others[1][2][3][4][5] |
|||||
| Demonym | Greek (Officially: Hellenic) | |||||
| Government | Unitary parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Karolos Papoulias | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Panagiotis Pikrammenos | ||||
| - | President of Parliament | Vyron Polydoras | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| Independence from the Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| - | Declared | 1 January 1822, at the First National Assembly | ||||
| - | Recognized | 3 February 1830, in the London Protocol | ||||
| - | Current constitution | 11 June 1975, Third Hellenic Republic |
||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 131,990 km2 (96th) 50,944 sq mi |
||||
| - | Water (%) | 0.8669 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2010 estimate | 11,305,118[6] (74th) | ||||
| - | 2011 (preliminary data) census | 10,787,690[7] | ||||
| - | Density | 85.3/km2 (88th) 221.0/sq mi |
||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $294.339 billion[8] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $26,293[8] | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2011 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $303.065 billion[8] | ||||
| - | Per capita | $27,073[8] | ||||
| Gini (2005) | 33[9] | |||||
| HDI (2011) |  0.861 (very high) (29th) |
|||||
| Currency | Euro (€)2 (EUR) |
|||||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Date formats | dd/mm/yyyy | |||||
| Drives on the | right | |||||
| ISO 3166 code | GR | |||||
| Internet TLD | .gr3 | |||||
| Calling code | 30 | |||||
| 1 | Also the national anthem of Cyprus. | |||||
| 2 | Before 2002, the Greek drachma. | |||||
| 3 | The .eu domain is also used, as in other European Union member states. | |||||
Greece 
i/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] (
listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia][10]), is a country in Southern Europe,[11] politically considered part of Western Europe.[12] Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of Western civilization. As such it is the birthplace of democracy,[13] Western philosophy,[14] the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama,[15] including both tragedy and comedy. This legacy is partly reflected in the seventeen UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in Greece, ranking Greece 7th in Europe and 13th in the world. The modern Greek state was established in 1830, following the Greek War of Independence.
Greece has been a member of what is now the European Union since 1981 and the eurozone since 2001,[16] NATO since 1952,[17] and is a founding member of the United Nations. Greece is a developed country with an advanced,[18][19] high-income economy[20] and very high standards of living (including the 21st highest quality of life as of 2010).[21][22][23] Since late 2009, the Greek economy has been hit by a severe economic and financial crisis resulting in the Greek government requesting €240 billion in loans from EU institutions, a substantial debt write-off, stringent austerity measures and political instability.[24]
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Name[link]
Main article: Name of Greece
Greece's name differs in comparison with the names used for the country in other languages and cultures, just like the names of the Greeks. Although the Greeks call the country Hellas or Ellada (Greek: Ελλάς, Ελλάδα) and its official name is Hellenic Republic, in English the country is called Greece, which comes from Latin Graecia as used by the Romans and literally means 'the land of the Greeks', and derives from the Greek name Γραικός; however, the name Hellas is sometimes used in English too.
History[link]
Main article: History of Greece
From the earliest settlements to the 3rd century B.C.[link]
Main article: Ancient Greece
While the area around Attica was inhabited during the Upper Paleolithic period (30000–10000 BC), archaeological evidence suggests that the small caves around the Acropolis rock and the Klepsythra spring were in use during the Neolithic period (3000–2800 BC).
Greece was the first area in Europe where advanced early civilizations emerged, beginning with the Cycladic civilization on the islands of the Aegean Sea at around 3000 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete (2700–1500 BC) and then the Mycenaean civilization on the mainland (1900–1100 BC). The period between 1200 and 800 BC is known as the Greek Dark Ages following the supposed Dorian invasion, which marked the end of the Mycenean era. Two of the most celebrated works of Greek literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer, were written during that period.
The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, which spread to the shores of the Black Sea, South Italy (known in Latin as Magna Graecia, or Greater Greece) and Asia Minor. These states and their colonies reached great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, that of classical Greece, expressed in architecture, drama, science, mathematics and philosophy. In 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the world's first democratic system of government in Athens.[25][26]
By 500 BC, the Persian Empire controlled territories ranging from what is now northern Greece and Turkey all the way to Iraq, and posed a threat to the Greek states. Failed attempts by the Greek city-states of Asia Minor to overthrow Persian rule failed, and Persia invaded the states of mainland Greece in 492 BC, but was forced to withdraw after a defeat at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. A second invasion followed in 480 BC. Despite a heroic resistance at Thermopylae by Spartans and other Greeks, Persian forces sacked Athens. Following successive Greek victories in 480 and 479 BC at Salamis, Plataea and Mycale, the Persians were forced to withdraw for a second time. The military conflicts, known as the Greco-Persian Wars, were led mostly by Athens and Sparta. However, the fact that Greece was not a unified country meant that conflict between the Greek states was common. The most devastating of intra-Greek wars in classical antiquity was the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), which marked the demise of the Athenian Empire as the leading power in ancient Greece. Both Athens and Sparta were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter uniting the Greek world in the League of Corinth (also known as the Hellenic League or Greek League) under the guidance of Phillip II, who was elected leader of the first unified Greek state in the history of Greece.
Following the assassination of Phillip II, his son Alexander III ("The Great") assumed the leadership of the League of Corinth and launched an invasion of the Persian Empire with the combined forces of all Greek states in 334 BC. Following Greek victories in the battles of Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, the Greeks marched on Susa and Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of Persia, in 330 BC. The Empire created by Alexander the Great stretched from Greece in the west and Pakistan in the east, and Egypt in the south. Before his sudden death in 323 BC, Alexander was also planning an invasion of Arabia. His death marked the collapse of the vast empire, which was split into several kingdoms, the most famous of which were the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt. Other states founded by Greeks include the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Greco-Indian Kingdom in India. Although the political unity of Alexander's empire could not be maintained, it brought about the dominance of Hellenistic civilization and the Greek language in the territories conquered by Alexander for at least two centuries, and, in the case of parts the Eastern Mediterranean, considerably longer.[27]
Hellenistic and Roman periods[link]
Main articles: Hellenistic Greece and Roman Greece
See also: Roman Empire
After a period of confusion following Alexander's death, the Antigonid dynasty, descended from one of Alexander's generals, established its control over Macedon by 276 B.C., as well as hegemony over most of the Greek city-states.[28] From about 200 B.C the Roman Republic became increasingly involved in Greek affairs and engaged in a series of wars with Macedon.[29] Macedon's defeat at the Battle of Pydna in 168 signaled the end of Antigonid power in Greece.[30] In 146 B.C. Macedonia was annexed as a province by Rome, and the rest of Greece became a Roman protectorate.[29][31] The process was completed in 27 B.C. when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea.[31] Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").[32]
Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,[33] and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking,[34] though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling on to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century,[35] with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.[36]
Medieval period[link]
Main article: Byzantine Greece
See also: Byzantine Empire
The Roman Empire in the east, following the fall of the Empire in the west in the 5th century, is known to history as the Byzantine Empire and lasted until 1453. With its capital in Constantinople, its language and literary culture was Greek and its religion was predominantly Eastern Orthodox.[37] From the 4th century, the Empire's Balkan territories, including Greece, suffered from the dislocation of the Barbarian Invasions. The raids and devastation of the Goths and Huns in the 4th and 5th centuries and the Slavic invasion of Greece in the 7th century resulted in a dramatic collapse in imperial authority in the Greek peninsula.[38] Following the Slavic invasion, the imperial government retained control of only the islands and coastal areas, particularly cities such as Athens, Corinth and Thessalonica, while some mountainous areas in the interior held out on their own and continued to recognize imperial authority.[38] Outside of these areas, a limited amount of Slavic settlement is generally thought to have occurred, although on a much smaller scale than previously thought.[39][40]
The Byzantine recovery of lost provinces began toward the end of the 8th century and most of the Greek peninsula came under imperial control again, in stages, during the 9th century.[41][42] This process was facilitated by a large influx of Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor to the Greek peninsula, while at the same time many Slavs were captured and re-settled in Asia Minor and those that remained were assimilated.[39] During the 11th and 12th centuries the return of stability resulted in the Greek peninsula benefiting from strong economic growth – much stronger than that of the Anatolian territories of the Empire.[41] Following the Fourth Crusade and the fall of Constantinople to the “Latins” in 1204 most of Greece quickly came under Frankish rule [43] (initiating the period known as the Frankokratia) or Venetian rule in the case of some of the islands.[44] The re-establishment of the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople in 1261 was accompanied by the recovery of much of the Greek peninsula, although the Frankish Principality of Achaea in the Peloponnese remained an important regional power into the 14th century.[43]
In the 14th century much of the Greek peninsula was lost by the Empire as first the Serbs and then the Ottomans seized imperial territory.[45] By the beginning of the 15th century, the Ottoman advance meant that Byzantine territory in Greece was limited mainly to the Despotate of the Morea in the Peloponnese.[45] After the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, the Morea was the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire to hold out against the Ottomans. However, this, too, fell to the Ottomans in 1460, completing the Ottoman conquest of mainland Greece.[46]
Ottoman period[link]
Main article: Ottoman Greece
While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands were under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670, respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule were the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.
While Greeks in Constantinople and the Ionian Islands lived in prosperity, much of the population of mainland Greece suffered the economic consequences of the Ottoman conquest. Heavy taxes were enforced, and in later years the Ottoman Empire enacted a policy of creation of hereditary estates, effectively turning the rural Greek populations into a serfdom.
The Greek Orthodox Church and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople were considered by the Ottoman governments as the ruling authorities of the entire Christian population of the Ottoman Empire, Greek or not. Although the Ottoman state did not force non-Muslims to convert to Islam, many did so superficially as they received tax benefits from the authorities.
The Ottoman administration of Greece varied. Some cities had governors appointed by the Sultan, while others, (like Athens), were self-governed municipalities. Some regions of Greece, like Crete and Epirus, remained effectively autonomous from the central Ottoman state for many centuries.
When military conflicts broke out between the Ottoman Empire and other states, Greeks usually took arms against the Empire, with few exceptions. Prior to the Greek revolution, there had been a number of wars which saw Greeks fight against the Ottomans, such as the Greek participation in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Epirus peasants' revolts of 1600–1601, the Morean War of 1684–1699 and the Russian-instigated Orlov Revolt in 1770 which aimed at breaking up the Ottoman Empire in favor of Russian interests. These uprisings were put down by the Ottomans with great bloodshed.[47][48]
The last century of Ottoman rule in Greece saw the birth of some of the most influential figures in Greece's struggle for independence as well as the modern Greek Enlightenment. Rigas Feraios, the first revolutionary to envision an independent Greek state, published a series of documents relating to Greek independence, including but not limited to a national anthem and the first detailed map of Greece, in Vienna. In 1798, he was murdered by Ottoman agents.[49] Other influential figures include Adamantios Korais and Anthimos Gazis.
The War of Independence[link]
Main article: Greek War of Independence
See also: First Hellenic Republic and Greek Declaration of Independence
In 1814, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria was founded with the aim of liberating Greece. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolution in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople. The first of these revolts began on 6 March 1821 in the Danubian Principalities under the leadership of Alexandros Ypsilantis, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese in action and on 17 March 1821 the Maniots declared war on the Ottomans. By the end of the month, the Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottomans and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had captured Tripolitsa. The Peloponnesian revolt was quickly followed by revolts in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece, which would soon be suppressed. Meanwhile, the makeshift Greek navy was achieving success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea. The Turks and Egyptians ravaged several Greek islands, including Chios and Psara.[50]
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and had immediate success: by the end of 1825, most of the Peloponnese was under Egyptian control, and the city of Missolonghi—put under siege by the Turks since April 1825—fell in April 1826. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.
Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. Following a week long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.
The 19th century[link]
See also: Kingdom of Greece
In 1827 Ioannis Kapodistrias, from Corfu, was chosen as the first governor of the new Republic. However, following his assassination in 1831, the Great Powers installed a monarchy under Otto, of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. In 1843 an uprising forced the king to grant a constitution and a representative assembly.
Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule he was eventually dethroned in 1862 and a year later replaced by Prince Wilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. In 1877 Charilaos Trikoupis, who is credited with significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister.
Corruption and Trikoupis' increased spending to create necessary infrastructure like the Corinth Canal overtaxed the weak Greek economy, forcing the declaration of public insolvency in 1893 and to accept the imposition of an International Financial Control authority to pay off the country's debtors. Another political issue in 19th-century Greece was uniquely Greek: the language question. The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic. Many of the educated elite saw this as a peasant dialect and were determined to restore the glories of Ancient Greek. Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in Katharevousa (purified) Greek, a form which few ordinary Greeks could read. Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell (the Evangeliaka). This issue would continue to plague Greek politics until the 1970s.
All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Especially in Crete, a prolonged revolt in 1866–1869 had raised nationalist fervour. When war broke out between Russia and the Ottomans in 1877, Greek popular sentiment rallied to Russia's side, but Greece was too poor, and too concerned of British intervention, to officially enter the war. Nevertheless, in 1881, Thessaly and small parts of Epirus were ceded to Greece as part of the Treaty of Berlin, while frustrating Greek hopes of receiving Crete. Greeks in Crete continued to stage regular revolts, and in 1897, the Greek government under Theodoros Deligiannis, bowing to popular pressure, declared war on the Ottomans. In the ensuing Greco-Turkish War of 1897 the badly trained and equipped Greek army was defeated by the Ottomans. Through the intervention of the Great Powers however, Greece lost only a little territory along the border to Turkey, while Crete was established as an autonomous state under Prince George of Greece.
The 20th century and beyond[link]
File:Konstantine Venizelos 1913.jpg
King Constantine I with Eleftherios Venizelos (seated, with back to camera) in 1913, during the Balkan Wars.
As a result of the Balkan Wars Greece increased the extent of its territory and population. In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two opposing groups. During part of WWI, Greece had two governments; a royalist pro-German government in Athens and a Venizelist pro-Britain one in Thessaloniki. The two governments were united in 1917, when Greece officially entered the war on the side of the Triple Entente.
In the aftermath of The First World War Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal, a war which resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne.[51] According to various sources,[52] several hundred thousand Pontic Greeks died during this period.[53] Instability and successive coups d'état marked the following era, which was overshadowed by the massive task of incorporating 1.5 million Greek refugees from Turkey into Greek society. The Greek population in Istanbul dropped from 300,000 at the turn of the 20th century to around 3,000 in the city today.[54]
Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a fascist regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although fascist, Greece remained in good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.
On 28 October 1940 Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but Greek dictator Metaxas refused and in the following Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land. The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece. The German occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the Greek Resistance. Over 100,000 civilians died from starvation during the winter of 1941–42, and the great majority of Greek Jews were deported to Nazi extermination camps.[55]
After liberation, Greece experienced a bitter civil war between communist and anticommunist forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between rightists and largely communist leftists for the next thirty years.[56] The next twenty years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by rapid economic growth, propelled in part by the Marshall Plan.
King Constantine II's dismissal of George Papandreou's centrist government in July 1965 prompted a prolonged period of political turbulence which culminated in a coup d'état on 21 April 1967 by the United States-backed Regime of the Colonels. The brutal suppression of the Athens Polytechnic uprising on 17 November 1973 sent shockwaves through the regime, and a counter-coup established Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannidis as dictator. On 20 July 1974, as Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime collapsed.
Former prime minister Konstantinos Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era. On 14 August 1974 Greek forces withdrew from the integrated military structure of NATO in protest at the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.[57][58] The first multiparty elections since 1964 were held on the first anniversary of the Polytechnic uprising. A democratic and republican constitution was promulgated on 11 June 1975 following a referendum which chose to not restore the monarchy.
File:Accession of Greece to the European Union.png
Signing of the documents for the accession of Greece to the European Communities in 1979.
Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980.[57] Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.
Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of remarkable and sustained economic growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector have raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. The country adopted the euro in 2001 and successfully hosted the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.
More recently, Greece has been hit hard by the late-2000s recession and central to the related European sovereign debt crisis. The Greek government debt crisis, subsequent economic crisis and resultant, sometimes violent protests have roiled domestic politics and have regularly threatened both European and world financial market stability in since the crisis began in 2010.
Geography and Climate[link]
Main article: Geography of Greece
      Greece
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Greece consists of a mountainous, peninsular mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, ending at the Peloponnese peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth). Due to its highly indented coastline and numerous islands, Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world with13,676 km (8,498 mi);[59] its land boundary is 1,160 km (721 mi). The country lies approximately between latitudes 34° and 42° N, and longitudes 19° and 30° E.
Greece features a vast number of islands, between 1,200 and 6,000, depending on the definition,[60] 227 of which are inhabited. Crete is the largest and most populous island; Euboea, separated from the mainland by the 60m-wide Euripus Strait, is the second largest, followed by Rhodes and Lesbos.
The Greek islands are traditionally grouped into the following clusters: The Argo-Saronic Islands in the Saronic gulf near Athens, the Cyclades, a large but dense collection occupying the central part of the Aegean Sea, the North Aegean islands, a loose grouping off the west coast of Turkey, the Dodecanese, another loose collection in the southeast between Crete and Turkey, the Sporades, a small tight group off the coast of Euboea, and the Ionian Islands, located to the west of the mainland in the Ionian Sea.
Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Mount Olympus, the mythical abode of the Greek Gods, culminates at Mytikas peak 2,917 m (9,570 ft), the highest in the country. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. The Pindus, a continuation of the Dinaric Alps, reaches a maximum elevation of 2,637 m (8,652 ft) at Mt. Smolikas (the second-highest in Greece) and historically has been a significant barrier to east-west travel.
The Pindus range continues through the central Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and find its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland. Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. The spectacular Vikos Gorge, part of the Vikos-Aoos National Park in the Pindus range, is listed by the Guinness book of World Records as the deepest gorge in the world.[61] Another notable formation are the Meteora rock pillars, atop which have been built medieval Greek Orthodox monasteries.
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Northeastern Greece features another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the region of East Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests, including the famous Dadia forest in the Evros regional unit, in the far northeast of the country.
Extensive plains are primarily located in the regions of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Rare marine species such as the Pinniped Seals and the Loggerhead Sea Turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the lynx, the Roe Deer and the Wild Goat.
The climate of Greece is primarily Mediterranean, featuring mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. This climate occurs at all coastal locations, including Athens, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, the Peloponnese and parts of the Sterea Ellada (Central Continental Grece) region. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country, as areas to the west of the range are considerably wetter on average (due to greater exposure to south-westerly systems bringing in moisture) than the areas lying to the east of the range (due to a rain shadow effect).
The mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (parts of Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the mountainous central parts of Peloponnese – including parts of the regional units of Achaea, Arcadia and Laconia – feature an Alpine climate with heavy snowfalls. The inland parts of northern Greece, in Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace feature a temperate climate with cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers with frequent thunderstorms. Snowfalls occur every year in the mountains and northern areas, and brief snowfalls are not unknown even in low-lying southern areas, such as Athens.
Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature and the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rhodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests.
Politics[link]
Main articles: Politics of Greece and List of political parties in Greece
Greece is a parliamentary republic.[62] The nominal head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term.[62] The current Constitution was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967–1974. It has been revised three times since, in 1986, 2001 and in 2008. The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights.[63] Women's suffrage was guaranteed with a 1952 Constitutional amendment.
According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government.[62] From the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial; most political power thus lies in the hands of the Prime Minister.[64] The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet.[62]
Legislative powers are exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament.[62] Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic.[62] Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance.[62] The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence.[62]
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Court of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο). The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge disputes between the citizens and the Greek administrative authorities.
Political parties[link]
Main article: Political parties of Greece
Since the restoration of democracy, the Greek two-party system is dominated by the liberal-conservative New Democracy (ND) and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK).[65] Other significant parties include the Communist Party of Greece (KKE), the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA) and the Popular Orthodox Rally (LAOS). In 2010, two new parties split off from ND and SYRIZA, the centrist-liberal Democratic Alliance (DS) and the moderate leftist Democratic Left (DA). George Papandreou, president of PASOK, won 4 October 2009, won with a majority in the Parliament of 160 out of 300 seats. A new government was sworn in on 20 June 2011, and received a marginal vote of confidence on June 22, with 155 votes for, 143 against, and two MPs absent.[66] Since the beginning in 2010 of the government-debt crisis, the two major parties, New Democracy and PASOK, have seen a sharp decline in the share of votes in polls conducted, with recent polls showing support from 34% to 48% for the two major parties.[67][68][69][70][71] Polls show support for PASOK ranging from 8%[71] to 18%,[67] while New Democracy is in the 18% to 30% range.[67][69]
In November 2011, the two major parties joined the smaller Popular Orthodox Rally in a grand coalition, pledging their parliamentary support for a government of national unity headed by former European Central Bank vice-president Lucas Papademos.[72]
Administrative divisions[link]
Main article: Administrative divisions of Greece (2011)
Since the Kallikratis programme reform entered into effect on 1 January 2011, Greece consists of thirteen regions subdivided into a total of 325 municipalities. The 54 old prefectures and prefecture-level administrations have been largely retained as sub-units of the regions. Seven decentralized administrations group one to three regions for administrative purposes on a regional basis. There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Greek: Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the region of Central Macedonia.
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Foreign relations[link]
Main article: Foreign relations of Greece
Greece's foreign policy is conducted through the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and its head, the Minister for Foreign Affairs. The current minister is Stavros Dimas of the New Democracy party. According to the official website, the main aims of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs are to represent Greece before other states and international organizations;[74] safeguarding the interests of the Greek state and of its citizens abroad;[74] the promotion of Greek culture;[74] the fostering of closer relations with the Greek diaspora;[74] and the promotion of international cooperation.[74] Additionally, Greece has developed a regional policy to help promote peace and stability in the Balkans, the Mediterranean and the Middle East.[75]
The Ministry identifies three issues as of particular importance to the Greek state: Turkish claims over what the Ministry defines as Greek sovereignty over the Aegean Sea and corresponding airspace;[76] the legitimacy of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus on the island of Cyprus;[76] and the Macedonia naming dispute[76] with the small Balkan country which shares a name with Greece's largest and second-most-populous region, also called Macedonia.
Greece is a member of numerous international organizations, including the Council of Europe, the European Union, the Union for the Mediterranean and the United Nations, of which it is a founding member.
Military[link]
Main article: Military of Greece
 Hellenic Army Leopard 2A6 HEL |
 Hellenic Navy MEKO-200 HN |
 Hellenic Air Force Mirage 2000 |
The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the Hellenic National Defense General Staff (Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας – ΓΕΕΘΑ) and consists of three branches:
The civilian authority for the Greek military is the Ministry of National Defence. Furthermore, Greece maintains the Hellenic Coast Guard for law enforcement in the sea and for search and rescue.
Greece has universal compulsory military service for males, while females (who may serve in the military) are exempted from conscription. As of 2009[update], Greece has mandatory military service of nine months for male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. However, as the armed forces had been gearing towards a complete professional army system, the government had promised that the mandatory military service would be cut or even abolished completely.
Greek males between the age of 18 and 60 who live in strategically sensitive areas may be required to serve part-time in the National Guard. Service in the Guard is paid. As a member of NATO, the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance.
Greece spends over 9 billion US Dollars every year on its military, or 3.2% of GDP, ranked 20th in the world. On a per capita level, Greece is ranked 8th.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Greece
Since 2010, the Greek economy has been hit by the most severe of the European sovereign debt crises. Greece's GDP (Gross Domestic Product) shrunk by 6.9% in 2011 and by 3.4% in 2010.[77] The country's public debt-to-GDP ratio stood at 165.3% of nominal gross domestic product in 2011.[78][79] The ongoing crisis has led to concerns of a run on the Greek banks, a forced exit from the Euro and, according to the Greek President, a "threat to our national existence".[80]
The pre-crisis economy[link]
Prior to the crisis, GDP had expanded at an average annual rate of 4% from 2004–2007, one of the highest rates in the Eurozone.[81]
The tourism industry remains a major source of foreign exchange earnings and revenue and accounted for 15% of Greece's total GDP[82] and employing, directly or indirectly, 16.5% of the total workforce.
The Greek labour force totals 4.9 million, and it is the second-most-industrious among OECD countries, after South Korea.[83] The Groningen Growth & Development Centre published a poll revealing that between 1995 and 2005, Greece ranked third in the "working hours per year ranking" among European nations; Greeks worked an average of 1,811 hours per year.[84] In 2007, the average worker produced around 20 dollars per hour, similar to Spain and slightly more than half of average U.S. worker's hourly output. Immigrants made up nearly one-fifth of the work force, occupied in mainly agricultural and construction work.
Greece's purchasing power-adjusted GDP per capita was the world's 25th highest. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), it had an estimated average per capita income of $29,882 for the year 2009, a figure slightly higher than that of Italy and Spain. According to Eurostat data, Greek PPS GDP per capita stood at 95 per cent of the EU average in 2009.[85] According to a survey by The Economist,[when?] the cost of living in Athens was close to 90% of the costs in New York City; in rural regions it is lower.[86]
In Greece, the euro was introduced in 2002. As a preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 2001. However, all Greek euro coins introduced in 2002 have this year on it, unlike some other countries of the Eurozone where mint year is minted in the coin. Eight different designs, one per face value, were selected for the Greek coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Greece changed the common side of their coins. Before adopting the euro in 2002, Greece had maintained use of the Greek drachma from 1832.
In 2009, Greece had the EU's second-lowest Index of Economic Freedom (after Poland), ranking 81st in the world.[citation needed] The country suffers from high levels of political and economic corruption and low global competitiveness relative to its EU partners.[citation needed] The Greek economy faces significant problems, including rising unemployment levels and an inefficient government bureaucracy.[verification needed]
Although remaining above the euro area average, economic growth turned negative in 2009 for the first time since 1993.[87][verification needed] An indication of the trend of over-lending in recent years is the fact that the ratio of loans to savings exceeded 100% during the first half of the year.[88]
Debt crisis (2010-2012)[link]
See also: Greek government debt crisis
By the end of 2009, as a result of a combination of international and local factors (respectively, the world financial crisis and uncontrolled government spending), the Greek economy faced its most-severe crisis since the restoration of democracy in 1974 as the Greek government revised its deficit from an estimated 6% to 12.7% of gross domestic product (GDP).[89][90]
In early 2010, it was revealed that successive Greek governments had been found to have consistently and deliberately misreported the country's official economic statistics to keep within the monetary union guidelines.[91][92] This had enabled Greek governments to spend beyond their means, while hiding the actual deficit from the EU overseers.[93] In May 2010, the Greek government deficit was again revised and estimated to be 13.6%[94] which was one of the highest in the world relative to GDP[95] and public debt was forecast, according to some estimates, to hit 120% of GDP during 2010,[96] one of the highest rates in the world.
As a consequence, there was a crisis in international confidence in Greece's ability to repay its sovereign debt. In order to avert such a default, in May 2010 the other Eurozone countries, and the IMF, agreed to a rescue package which involved giving Greece an immediate €45 billion in loans, with more funds to follow, totaling €110 billion.[97][98] In order to secure the funding, Greece was required to adopt harsh austerity measures to bring its deficit under control.[99]
On 15 November 2010 the EU's statistics body Eurostat revised the public finance and debt figure for Greece following an excessive deficit procedure methodological mission in Athens, and put Greece's 2009 government deficit at 15.4% of GDP and public debt at 126.8% of GDP making it the biggest deficit (as a percentage of GDP) amongst the EU member nations (although some have speculated that Ireland's in 2010 may prove to be worse).[100][101][102][103]
In 2011 it became apparent that the bail-out would be insufficient and a second bail-out amounting to €130 billion ($173 billion) was agreed in 2012, subject to strict conditions, including financial reforms and further austerity measures.[24] As part of the deal, there was to be a 53% reduction in the Greek debt burden to private creditors and any profits made by eurozone central banks on their holdings of Greek debt are to be repatriated back to Greece.[24] A team of monitors will be based in Athens to ensure agreed reforms are put into place and three months worth of debt repayments are to be held in a special account.[24]
An inconclusive election on 6 May 2012 has resulted in a power struggle between parties willing to accept austerity measures, and those that reject them.[24] The political instability has led to fears of a run on Greek banks with almost €1 billion being withdrawn from Greek bank accounts in the week following the election.[80]
Maritime industry[link]
Main articles: Greek shipping and List of ports in Greece
See also: Economy of Greece » Maritime industry
The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.[104] Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries. It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.[105]
During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.[106] The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.[106]
According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity,[107] up from 15.96% in 2010.[108] This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.[109] The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.[107] In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).[108] In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fourth in other ships.[110] However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.[104] Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th).[108]
Tourism[link]
Main article: Tourism in Greece
An important percentage of Greece's national income comes from tourism. According to Eurostat statistics, Greece welcomed over 19.5 million tourists in 2009,[111] which is an increase from the 17.7 million tourists it welcomed in 2007.[112] The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million,[113] while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million).[113] In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million.[111] Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.[111]
In 2010, Lonely Planet ranked Greece's northern and second-largest city of Thessaloniki as the world's fifth-best party town worldwide, comparable to other cities such as Dubai and Montreal.[114] In 2011, Santorini was voted as "The World's Best Island" in Travel + Leisure.[115] Its neighboring island Mykonos, came in fifth in the European category.[115]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Greece
Since the 1980s, the road and rail network of Greece has been significantly modernized. Important works include the A2 (Egnatia Odos) motorway, that connects northwestern Greece (Igoumenitsa) with northern and northeastern Greece (Kipoi); and the Rio–Antirrio bridge, the longest suspension cable bridge in Europe (2250 m or 7382 ft long), connecting the western Peloponnese from Rio (7 km or 4 mi from Patras) with Antirrio in Central Greece.
Important projects that are currently underway include, the conversion of the GR-8A, connecting Athens with Patras and further towards Pyrgos in the western Peloponnese, into a modernised motorway throughout its length (scheduled to be completed by 2014); upgrading unfinished sections of motorway on the A1, connecting Athens to Thessaloniki; and the construction of the Thessaloniki Metro.
The Athens Metropolitan Area in particular is served by some of the most modern and efficient transport infrastructure in Europe, such as the Athens International Airport, the privately run Attiki Odos motorway network and the expanded Athens Metro system.
Most of the Greek islands and many main cities of Greece are connected by air mainly from the two major Greek airlines, Olympic Air and Aegean Airlines. Maritime connections have been improved with modern high-speed craft, including hydrofoils and catamarans.
Railway connections play a somewhat lesser role in Greece than in many other European countries, but they too have also been expanded, with new suburban/commuter rail connections, serviced by Proastiakos around Athens, towards its airport, Kiato and Chalkida; around Thessaloniki, towards the cities of Larissa and Edessa; and around Patras. A modern intercity rail connection between Athens and Thessaloniki has also been established, while an upgrade to double lines in many parts of the 2,500 km (1,600 mi) network is underway. International railway lines connect Greek cities with the rest of Europe, the Balkans and Turkey, although as of 2011[update] they have been suspended, due to the financial crisis.
Telecommunications[link]
Main article: Telecommunications in Greece
Broadband internet availability is widespread in Greece; there were a total of 2,252,653 broadband connections as of early 2011[update]. This translates to 20% broadband penetration[116]
Internet cafés that provide net access, office applications and multiplayer gaming are also a common sight in the country, while mobile internet on 3G cellphone networks and Wi-Fi connections can be found almost everywhere.[117]
Science and technology[link]
The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Ministry of Development is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy. In 2003, public spending on research and development (R&D) was 456.37 million euros (12.6% increase from 2002). Total R&D spending (both public and private) as a percentage of GDP had increased considerably since the beginning of the past decade, from 0.38% in 1989, to 0.65% in 2001. R&D spending in Greece remained lower than the EU average of 1.93%, but, according to Research DC, based on OECD and Eurostat data, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third-highest increase in Europe, after Finland and Ireland. Because of its strategic location, qualified workforce and political and economic stability, many multinational companies such as Ericsson, Siemens, Motorola and Coca-Cola have their regional research and development headquarters in Greece.
Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park, the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park. Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005.[118] Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994 Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became the ESA's sixteenth member on 16 March 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.
Demographics[link]
Main articles: Demographics of Greece and Greeks
The official statistical body of Greece is the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT). According to the ELSTAT, Greece's total population in 2001 was 10,964,020.[119] That figure is divided into 5,427,682 males and 5,536,338 females.[119] The preliminary results of the 2011 census show a decrease in the country's population to 10,787,690, a drop of 1.6%.[7] As statistics from 1971, 1981, and 2001 show, the Greek population has been aging the past several decades.[119]
The birth rate in 2003 stood 9.5 per 1,000 inhabitants (14.5 per 1,000 in 1981). At the same time the mortality rate increased slightly from 8.9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003. In 2001, 16.71% of the population were 65 years old and older, 68.12% between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15.18% were 14 years old and younger.[119]
Greek society has also rapidly changed with the passage of time. Marriage rates kept falling from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002, only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004.[119] Divorce rates on the other hand, have seen an increase – from 191.2 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 239.5 per 1,000 marriages in 2004.[119]
Cities[link]
See also: List of cities in Greece
Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. Greece's largest metropolitan centres and most influential urban areas, are those of Athens and Thessaloniki, with metropolitan populations of approximately 4 million and 1 million inhabitants respectively. A number of cities that also form influential urban centres around the country include those of Patras, Heraklion, Larissa, Volos, Rhodes, Ioannina, Chania and Chalcis with urban populations above 100,000 inhabitants.[120]
The table below lists the largest cities in Greece, by population contained in their respective contiguous built up urban areas; which are either made up of many municipalities, evident in the cases of Athens and Thessaloniki, or are contained within a larger single municipality, case evident in most of the smaller cities of the country. The results come from the population census that took place in Greece in May 2011.
|
Largest cities or towns of Greece Hellenic Statistical Authority 2011 census[7] |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | City name | Region | Pop. | Rank | City name | Region | Pop. | ||
 Athens |
1 | Athens | Attica | 3,074,160 | 11 | Agrinio | West Greece | 93,930 |  Patras |
| 2 | Thessaloniki | C. Macedonia | 790,824 | 12 | Katerini | C. Macedonia | 86,170 | ||
| 3 | Patras | West Greece | 214,580 | 13 | Trikala | Thessaly | 80,900 | ||
| 4 | Heraklion | Crete | 173,450 | 14 | Serres | C. Macedonia | 76,240 | ||
| 5 | Larissa | Thessaly | 163,380 | 15 | Lamia | Central Greece | 74,720 | ||
| 6 | Volos | Thessaly | 144,420 | 16 | Alexandroupoli | E. Macedonia/Thrace | 72,750 | ||
| 7 | Rhodes | South Aegean | 118,623 | 17 | Kozani | W. Macedonia | 70,420 | ||
| 8 | Ioannina | Epirus | 111,740 | 18 | Kavala | E. Macedonia/Thrace | 70,360 | ||
| 9 | Chania | Crete | 108,310 | 19 | Kalamata | Peloponnese | 70,130 | ||
| 10 | Chalcis | Central Greece | 102,420 | 20 | Veria | C. Macedonia | 66,630 | ||
Migration[link]
Main articles: Greek Diaspora and Immigration to Greece
Throughout the 20th century, millions of Greeks migrated to the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Germany, creating a thriving Greek diaspora. Net migration started to show positive numbers from the 1970s but until the beginning of the 1990s the main influx was that of return migrants.[121]
In 1986 legal and unauthorized immigrants totaled approximately 90,000. A study from the mmo.gr Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total.[122] The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population are the urban centers, especially the Municipality of Athens with 132,000 immigrants, at 17% of the local population and then Thessaloniki, with 27,000, reaching 7% of the local population. There is also a considerable number of co-ethnics that came from the Greek communities of Albania and the former Soviet Union.[121]
Greece, together with Italy and Spain, faces a flood of illegal immigrants trying to enter the EU. The Cabinet has approved a draft law that would allow children born in Greece to parents who are immigrants, one of whom must have been living in the country legally for at least five consecutive years to apply for Greek citizenship.[123]
Religion[link]
Main article: Religion in Greece
The Greek Constitution recognizes the Orthodox faith as the "prevailing" faith of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all.[62] The Greek government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the U.S. State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Orthodox Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church.[124] In a Eurostat – Eurobarometer 2005 poll, 81% of Greek citizens responded that they "believe there is a God",[125] which was the third highest percentage among EU members behind only Malta and Cyprus.[125] According to other sources, 15.8% of Greeks describe themselves as "very religious", which is the highest among all European countries. The survey also found that just 3.5% never attend a church, compared to 4.9% in Poland and 59.1% in the Czech Republic.[126]
Estimates of the recognized Greek Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000,[124][127] (between 0.9% and 1.2%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim religion, although most are secular in orientation.[128] Following the 1919–1922 Greco-Turkish War and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, Greece and Turkey agreed to a population transfer based on cultural and religious identity. About 500,000 Muslims from Greece, predominantly Turks, but also other Muslims, were exchanged with approximately 1,500,000 Greeks from Asia Minor (now Turkey).[129]
| Religiosity in Greece (2005)[125] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belief in God |
|
81% | ||
| Belief in spirit or life force |
|
16% | ||
| No belief |
|
3% | ||
Athens is the only EU capital without a purpose-built place of worship for its Muslim population.[130][131]
Judaism has existed in Greece for more than 2,000 years. Sephardi Jews used to have a large presence in the city of Thessaloniki (by 1900, some 80,000, or more than half of the population, were Jews),[132] but nowadays the Greek-Jewish community who survived German occupation and the Holocaust, during World War II, is estimated to number around 5,500 people.[124][127]
Greek members of Roman Catholic faith are estimated at 50,000[124][127] with the Roman Catholic immigrant community approximating 200,000.[124] Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers.[127] Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000.[124][127] Assemblies of God, International Church of the Foursquare Gospel and other Pentecostal churches of the Greek Synod of Apostolic Church has 12,000 members.[133] Independent Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost is the biggest Protestant denomination in Greece with 120 churches.[134] There are not official statistics about Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost, but the Orthodox Church estimates the followers as 20,000.[135] The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 28,859 active members.[124][127][136]
Languages[link]
The first concrete evidence of the Greek language dates back to 15th century BC and the Linear B script which is associated with the Mycenaean Civilization. Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and beyond during Classical Antiquity, and would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire. During the 19th and 20th centuries there was a major dispute known as Greek language question, on whether the official language of Greece should be the archaic Katharevousa, created in the 19th century and used as the state and scholarly language, or the Dimotiki, the form of the Greek language which evolved naturally from Byzantine Greek and was the language of the people. The dispute was finally resolved in 1976, when Dimotiki was made the only official variation of the Greek language, and Katharevousa fell to disuse.
Greece is today relatively homogeneous in linguistic terms, with a large majority of the native population using Greek as their first or only language. Among the Greek-speaking population, speakers of the distinctive Pontic dialect came to Greece from Asia Minor after the Greek genocide and constitute a sizable group.
The Muslim minority in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0.95% of the total population, consists of speakers of Turkish, Bulgarian (Pomaks)[138] and Romani. Romani is also spoken by Christian Roma in other parts of the country. Further minority languages have traditionally been spoken by regional population groups in various parts of the country. Their use has decreased radically in the course of the 20th century through assimilation with the Greek-speaking majority. Today they are only maintained by the older generations and are on the verge of extinction. This goes for the Arvanites, an Albanian-speaking group mostly located in the rural areas around the capital Athens, and for the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose language is closely related to Romanian and who used to live scattered across several areas of mountaneous central Greece. Members of these groups ethnically identify as Greeks[139] and are today all at least bilingual in Greek.
Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian.[140][141] It is estimated that in the aftermath of the population exchanges of 1923 there were somewhere between 200,000 and 400,000 Slavic speakers in Greek Macedonia.[54] The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a small group of a few thousand speakers.[citation needed]
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Greece
Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, Dimotikó Scholeio) and gymnasium (Γυμνάσιο). Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. Kindergartens (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are now compulsory for any child above 4 years of age. Children start primary school aged 6 and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts at age 12 and last for three years.
Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Γενικό Λύκειο, Genikό Lykeiό) and technical–vocational educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education.
Public higher education is divided into universities, "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") and "Highest Technological Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα,Anótata Technologiká Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ATEI"). Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Capodistrian University of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean.
The Greek education system also provides special kindergartens, primary and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. Specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological and physical education also exist.
Health[link]
Main article: Health care in Greece
The Greek healthcare system is universal and is ranked as one of the best in the world. In a 2000 World Health Organization report it was ranked 14th in the overall assessment and 11th at quality of service, surpassing countries such as the United Kingdom (18th) and Germany (25th).[142] In 2010, there were 138 hospitals with 31,000 beds in the country, but on 1 July 2011, the Ministry for Health and Social Solidarity announced its plans to decrease the number to 77 hospitals with 36,035 beds, as a necessary reform to reduce expenses and further enhance healthcare standards.[143] Greece's healthcare expenditures as a percentage of GDP were 9.6% in 2007 according to a 2011 OECD report, just above the OECD average of 9.5%.[144] The country has the largest number of doctors-to-population ratio of any OECD country.[144]
Life expectancy in Greece is 80.3 years, above the OECD average of 79.5.[144] and among the highest in the world. The same OECD report showed that Greece had the largest percentage of adult daily smokers of any of the 34 OECD members.[144] The country's obesity rate is 18.1%, which is above the OECD average of 15.1% but considerably below the American rate of 27.7%.[144] In 2008, Greece had the highest rate of perceived good health in the OECD, at 98.5%.[145] Infant mortality is one of the lowest in the developed world with a rate of 3.1 deaths per 1,000 live births.[144]
Culture[link]
Main articles: Culture of Greece and List of Greeks
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern successor the Byzantine Empire. Other cultures and states such as Latin and Frankish states, the Ottoman Empire, the Venetian Republic, Genoese Republic, and British Empire have also left their influence on modern Greek culture, but historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalising Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture.
Philosophy[link]
Main article: Ancient Greek philosophy
Most western philosophical traditions began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BC.The first philosophers are called "Presocratics" which designates that they came before Socrates. The Presocratics were from the western or the eastern colonies of Greece and only fragments of the original writings of the presocratics survive, in some cases merely a single sentence.
A new period of philosophy started with Socrates. Like the Sophists, he rejected entirely the physical speculations in which his predecessors had indulged, and made the thoughts and opinions of people his starting-point. Aspects of Socrates were first united from Plato, who also combined with them many of the principles established by earlier philosophers, and developed the whole of this material into the unity of a comprehensive system.
Aristotle of Stagira, the most important disciple of Plato, shared with his teacher the title of the greatest philosopher of antiquity but while Plato had sought to elucidate and explain things from the supra-sensual standpoint of the forms, his pupil preferred to start from the facts given us by experience. Except from these three most significant Greek philosophers other known schools of Greek philosophy from other founders during ancient times were Stoicism, epicureanism, Skepticism and Neoplatonism.[146]
Literature[link]
Main articles: Greek Literature and Modern Greek literature
The timeline of the Greek literature can be separated into three big periods: the ancient, the Byzantine and the modern Greek literature.
At the beginning of Greek literature stand the two monumental works of Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BC or after. In the classical period many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy;historiography, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period.The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. The Classical era also saw the dawn of drama.
Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during the classical age, only a limited number of plays by three authors have survived: those of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. The surviving plays by Aristophanes are also a treasure trove of comic presentation, while Herodotus and Thucydides are two of the most influential historians in this period. The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century was in philosophy with the works of the three great philosophers.
Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek, and it is the expression of the intellectual life of the Byzantine Greeks during the Christian Middle Ages.
Modern Greek literature refers to literature written in common Modern Greek, emerging from late Byzantine times in the 11th century. The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is undoubtedly the masterpiece of this period of Greek literature. It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros(1553–1613). Later, during the period of Greek enlightenment (Diafotismos), writers such as Adamantios Korais and Rigas Feraios will prepare with their works the Greek Revolution (1821–1830).
Leading literary figures of modern Greece include Dionysios Solomos, Andreas Kalvos, Angelos Sikelianos, Emmanuel Rhoides, Kostis Palamas, Penelope Delta, Yannis Ritsos, Alexandros Papadiamantis, Nikos Kazantzakis, Andreas Embeirikos, Kostas Karyotakis, Gregorios Xenopoulos, Constantine P. Cavafy, and Demetrius Vikelas. Two Greek authors have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature: George Seferis in 1963 and Odysseas Elytis in 1979.
Cinema[link]
Main article: Greek cinema
Cinema first appeared in Greece in 1896 but the first actual cine-theatre was opened in 1907. In 1914 the Asty Films Company was founded and the production of long films begun. Golfo (Γκόλφω), a well known traditional love story, is considered the first Greek feature film, although there were several minor productions such as newscasts before this. In 1931 Orestis Laskos directed Daphnis and Chloe (Δάφνις και Χλόη), contained the first nude scene in the history of European cinema; it was also the first Greek movie which was played abroad. In 1944 Katina Paxinou was honoured with the Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for For Whom the Bell Tolls.
The 1950s and early 1960s are considered by many as the Greek Golden age of Cinema. Directors and actors of this era were recognized as important historical figures in Greece and some gained international acclaim: Mihalis Kakogiannis, Alekos Sakellarios, Melina Mercouri, Nikos Tsiforos, Iakovos Kambanelis, Katina Paxinou, Nikos Koundouros, Ellie Lambeti, Irene Papas etc. More than sixty films per year were made, with the majority having film noir elements . Notable films were Η κάλπικη λίρα (1955 directed by Giorgos Tzavellas), Πικρό Ψωμί (1951, directed by Grigoris Grigoriou), O Drakos (1956 directed by Nikos Koundouros), Stella (1955 directed by Cacoyannis and written by Kampanellis). Cacoyannis also directed Zorba the Greek with Anthony Quinn which received Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film nominations. Finos Film also contributed to this period with movies such as Λατέρνα, Φτώχεια και Φιλότιμο, Madalena, Η Θεία από το Σικάγο, Το ξύλο βγήκε από τον Παράδεισο and many more. During the 1970s and 1980s Theo Angelopoulos directed a series of notable and appreciated movies. His film Eternity and a Day won the Palme d'Or and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival.
There were also internationally renowned filmmakers in the Greek diaspora such as the Greek-American Elia Kazan.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Greek cuisine
Greek cuisine is as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet (Cretan diet).[147] Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek salad, spanakopita and souvlaki. Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece like skordalia[citation needed] (a thick purée of walnuts, almonds, crushed garlic and olive oil), lentil soup, retsina (white or rosé wine sealed with pine resin) and pasteli (candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey). Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades(rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Olive oil is added to almost every dish.
Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennelseed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.
Music[link]
Main article: Music of Greece
File:Manzaro.jpeg
Nikolaos Mantzaros, composer of the Hymn to Liberty, representative of the founding generation of the Ionian School.
Greek vocal music extends far back into ancient times where mixed-gender choruses performed for entertainment, celebration and spiritual reasons. Instruments during that period included the double-reed aulos and the plucked string instrument, the lyre, especially the special kind called a kithara. Music played an important role in the education system during ancient times. Boys were taught music from the age of six. Later influences from the Roman Empire, Middle East and the Byzantine Empire had also effect on Greek music.
While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.
Along with the Byzantine (Church) chant and music, the Greek people also cultivated the Greek folk song which is divided into two cycles, the akritic and klephtic. The akritic was created between the 9th and 10th centuries. and expressed the life and struggles of the akrites (frontier guards) of the Byzantine empire, the most well known being the stories associated with Digenes Akritas. The klephtic cycle came into being between the late Byzantine period and the start of the Greek War of Independence. The klephtic cycle, together with historical songs, paraloghes (narrative song or ballad), love songs, mantinades, wedding songs, songs of exile and dirges express the life of the Greeks. There is a unity between the Greek people's struggles for freedom, their joys and sorrow and attitudes towards love and death.
The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs during the period 1870–1930 were the so-called Athenian serenades, and the songs performed on stage (επιθεωρησιακά τραγούδια 'theatrical revue songs') in revue, operettas and nocturnes that were dominating Athens' theater scene.
Rebetiko, initially a music associated with the lower classes, later (and especially after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey) reached greater general acceptance as the rough edges of its overt subcultural character were softened and polished, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It was the base of the later laïkó (song of the people).
Regarding the classical music, it was through the Ionian islands (which were under western rule and influence) that all the major advances of the western European classical music were introduced to mainland Greeks. The region is notable for the birth of the first School of modern Greek classical music (Heptanesean or Ionian School, Greek:Επτανησιακή Σχολή), established in 1815. Prominent representatives of this genre include Nikolaos Mantzaros, Spyridon Xyndas, Spyridon Samaras and Pavlos Carrer. Manolis Kalomiris is considered the founder of the Greek National School of Music. In the 20 century, Greek composers have made a significant impact on the development of avant garde and modern classical music, with figures such as Iannis Xenakis and Dimitri Mitropoulos achieving international prominence.
Sports[link]
Main article: Sport in Greece
Panathenaic Stadium at the first day of the 1896 Summer Olympics (top) and the Olympic Stadium of Athens, during the 2004 games (bottom).
Greece is the birth place of the Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BC. The Panathenaic Stadium in Athens, a replica of an ancient Greek stadium, hosted the Olympic Games in 1896. It had also hosted Olympic Games in 1870 and 1875 (see Evangelis Zappas). The Panathenaic stadium also hosted the Games in 1906 and was used to host events at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
The Greek national football team, ranked 14th in the world in 2012,[148] won the UEFA Euro 2004 in one of the biggest upsets in the history of the sport.[149] The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising sixteen teams. The most successful are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, Aris, PAOK and AEK Athens.
The Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport. As of 2012, it ranked 4th in the world.[150] They have won the European Championship twice in 1987 and 2005,[151] and have reached the final four in three of the last four FIBA World Championships, taking second place in 2006. In 2009, Greece beat France in the under-20 European Basketball championship.[152] The domestic top basketball league, A1 Ethniki, is composed of fourteen teams. The most successful Greek teams are Panathinaikos, Olympiacos, Aris Thessaloniki and PAOK. Water polo and volleyball are also practiced widely in Greece while cricket and handball are relatively popular in Corfu and Veroia respectively.
See also[link]
- Outline of Greece
- Bibliography of Greece
- Index of Greece-related articles
- Greek mythology
- Name days in Greece
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References[link]
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- ^ File:Yearly working time 2004.jpg
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- ^ [clarification needed] "Ζούμε με δανεικά" (in Greek). 16 October 2007. http://stocks.pathfinder.gr/news/560812.html.
- ^ Lynn, Matthew (2011). Bust: Greece, the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis. Hobeken, New Jersey: Bloomberg Press. ISBN 978-0-470-97611-1.
- ^ "Greece's Sovereign-Debt Crunch: A Very European Crisis". The Economist. 4 February 2010. http://www.economist.com/node/15452594?story_id=15452594. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Rehn: No Other State Will Need a Bail-Out". EU Observer. http://euobserver.com/19/30015. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ "Greece Paid Goldman $300 Million To Help It Hide Its Ballooning Debts". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/henry-blodget-greece-paid-goldman-300-million-to-help-it-hide-its-ballooning-debts-2010-2. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Story, Louise; Thomas Jr, Landon; Schwartz, Nelson D. (14 February 2010). "Wall St. Helped To Mask Debt Fueling Europe's Crisis". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/global/14debt.html?pagewanted=1&hp. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ "Papandreou Faces Bond Rout as Budget Worsens, Workers Strike". 22 April 2010. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aUi3XLUwIIVA. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Staff (19 February 2010). "Britain's Deficit Third Worst in the World, Table". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/7269629/Britains-deficit-third-worst-in-the-world-table.html. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Melander, Ingrid; Papchristou, Harry (5 November 2009). "Greek Debt To Reach 120.8 Pct of GDP in '10 – Draft". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/05/greece-budget-debt-idUSATH00496420091105. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Thesing, Gabi; Krause-Jackson, Flavia (3 May 2010). "Greece Faces `Unprecedented' Cuts as $159B Rescue Nears". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-05-02/greece-faces-unprecedented-cuts-as-159b-rescue-nears.html. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Kerin Hope (2 May 2010). "EU Puts Positive Spin on Greek Rescue". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/08a87e4e-55c4-11df-b835-00144feab49a.html. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
- ^ Newman, Rick (3 November 2011). "Lessons for Congress From the Chaos in Greece". US News. http://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/rick-newman/2011/11/03/lessons-for-congress-from-the-chaos-in-greece. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
- ^ van Puyvelde, Eric (Monday 15 November 2010). "Deficits Increase in Eurozone and EU". Eurostat. http://www.europolitics.info/economy-monetary-affairs/deficits-increase-in-eurozone-and-eu-artb287086-50.html. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
- ^ Cooper, Patrick (23 May 2010). "Ireland Worse than Greece, Faces Financial Ruin, Say Two Leading Economists". IrishCentral. http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Ireland-worse-than-Greece-faces-financial-ruin-say-two-leading-economists--94688524.html. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ "Ireland Now Has a Worse Deficit Problem Than Even Greece". IrishCentral. 3 October 2010. http://www.irishcentral.com/news/Ireland-worse-than-Greece-faces-financial-ruin-say-two-leading-economists--94688524.html. Retrieved 31 December 2010.
- ^ "Ireland Deficit Now 32% of GDP?". Eurostat. http://timiacono.com/index.php/2010/11/23/ireland-deficit-now-32-of-gdp/. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ a b Polemis, Spyros M.. "The History of Greek Shipping". greece.org. http://www.greece.org/poseidon/work/articles/polemis_one.html. Retrieved 9 April 2007.
- ^ Press release (11 May 2006). "Greek Shipping Is Modernized To Remain a Global Leader and Expand Its Contribution to the Greek Economy". National Bank of Greece. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070831114031/http://www.nbg.gr/en/pr_release_resb.asp?P_ID=463. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ a b Engber, Daniel (17 August 2005). "So Many Greek Shipping Magnates...". Slate. http://www.slate.com/?id=2124542&. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Review of Maritime Transport 2011". United Nations. 2011. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2011_en.pdf. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ a b c "Review of Maritime Transport 2010". United Nations. 2010. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2010_en.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Review of Maritime Transport 2006". United Nations. 2006. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Top 20 Ranking of World Merchant Fleet by Country of Owner as of 1 January 2001". U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2001. http://www.bts.gov/publications/maritime_trade_and_transportation/2002/html/table_01_05.html. Retrieved 8 April 2007.
- ^ a b c "Nights spent in tourist accommodation establishments – regional – annual data". Eurostat. 2010. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/setupModifyTableLayout.do. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Tourism". Eurostat. 2010. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-HA-10-001-11/EN/KS-HA-10-001-11-EN.PDF. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ a b "02. Αφίξεις αλλοδαπών από το εξωτερικό κατά υπηκοότητα και μέσο ταξιδίου ( Δεκέμβριος 2007 ) [02. Arrivals of foreigners from abroad by nationality and means of travel (December 2007)]" (in Greek). Hellenic National Statistics Agency. December 2007. http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A2001/Other/A2001_STO03_TB_MM_12_2007_02_F_GR.pdf. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ "Ultimate party cities". Lonely Planet. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/canada/travel-tips-and-articles/39339. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ a b "World's Best Awards – Islands". Travel + Leisure. http://www.travelandleisure.com/worldsbest/2011/islands/europe-islands/242. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
- ^ [clarification needed] "Το 20% του πληθυσμού πλησιάζει η διείσδυση της ευρυζωνικότητας στην Ελλάδα" (in Greek). in.gr. 2 May 2011. http://news.in.gr/science-technology/article/?aid=1231106170. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ "Finding Free WiFi Internet in the Greek Islands". Open Journey. 29 June 2011. http://www.openjourney.com/blogs/josh/free-wifi-internet-greek-islands-47.html. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- ^ "Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State". ESA. 22 March 2005. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMWYQRMD6E_Benefits_0.html. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "Greece in Numbers" (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 2006. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071124142319/http://www.statistics.gr/eng_tables/hellas_in_numbers_eng.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
- ^ "Athena 2001 Census". National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080117231653/http://www.statistics.gr/Athena2001/Athena2001.ASP?wcu=$cmd=0$id=5200712142356520314915. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
- ^ a b Triandafyllidou, Anna. "Migration and Migration Policy in Greece". Critical Review and Policy Recommendations. Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy. No. 3, April 2009
- ^ Kasimis, Charalambos; Kassimi, Chryssa (June 2004). "Greece: A History of Migration". Migration Information Source.
- ^ [clarification needed] "Διαβατήριο – Διαδικτυακό περιοδικό για μετανάστες Ελληνοαλβανικός Σύνδεσμος Φιλίας Σωκράτης: Ειδήσεις" (in Greek). Diavatirio.net. http://diavatirio.net/diavat/news.php. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g "International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Greece". US Dept. of State/Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. United States Department of State. 15 September 2006. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90178.htm. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ a b c "Eurobarometer: Social Values, Science, and Technology" (PDF). Eurobarometer. June 2005. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ [clarification needed] "Dagens ESS: Religiøsitet og kirkebesøk" (in Norwegian). forskning.no. 11 October 2005. http://www.forskning.no/artikler/2005/oktober/1128932447.69. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Ktistakis, Ioannis; Sitaropoulos, Nicholas (22 June 2004). "Executive Summary Discrimination on the Grounds of Religion and Belief Greece" (PDF). European Commission. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605013415/http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/fundamental_rights/pdf/aneval/religion_el.pdf. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
- ^ "Greece". United States Department of State. 26 August 2005. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
- ^ "Turkey – Population". U.S.Library of Congress.
- ^ Burroughs, Andrew (18 July 2006). "Athens Muslims To Get a Mosque". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5190256.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
- ^ Kitsantonis, Niki (6 July 2007). "Muslims in Athens Build Their Own Mosque". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/05/world/europe/05iht-greek.1.6505511.html. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
- ^ Greece. Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ "Synod of Apostolic Church of Christ". Pentecost.gr. http://www.pentecost.gr/English/history.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Church addresses from the Official Site – in Greek". Christianity.gr. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080421172048/http://www.christianity.gr/church/addresses.php. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "Orthodox estimate –in Greek". Egolpio.com. http://www.egolpio.com/PENTECOSTAL/freechurpentecost.htm. Retrieved 22 March 2009.
- ^ "2009 Report". The Watchtower. http://watchtower.org/e/statistics/worldwide_report.htm. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
- ^ See Ethnologue "Languages of Greece". ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=GR&seq=10. Retrieved 19 December 2010. ; Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.), Language and Nationalism in Europe.Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000.
- ^ Trudgill, P. (2000). "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds.).Language and Nationalism in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor, Minority Rights Group, Greece, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention) 8 September 1999
- ^ [unreliable source?] "Bulgarian Language". Omniglot – Writing Systems & Languages of the World. http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bulgarian.htm. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "The Bulgarian Language". Kwintessential. http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/language/about/bulgarian.html. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ^ "Health Systems: Improving Performance". World Health Report 2000. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/whr00_en.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ [clarification needed] "ΠΡΟΤΑΣΗ ΛΕΙΤΟΥΡΓΙΚΩΝ ΑΝΑΔΙΑΤΑΞΕΩΝ ΜΟΝΑΔΩΝ ΥΓΕΙΑΣ ΕΣΥ" (in Greek) (PDF). tovima.gr. 1 July 2011. http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=22768&subid=2&pubid=63299225. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "OECD Health Data 2011: How Does Greece Compare". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/54/38979850.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Perceived Health Status". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=HEALTH_STAT. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ "Ancient Greek Philosophy". Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. http://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/.
- ^ Sari Edelstein (22 October 2010). Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 147–149. ISBN 978-0-7637-5965-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA147. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ "FIFA World Rankings". FIFA. July 2009. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/ranking/lastranking/gender=m/fullranking.html. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ McNulty, Phil (4 July 2004). "Greece Win Euro 2004". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/euro_2004/3860105.stm. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
- ^ "Ranking Men after Olympic Games: Tournament Men (2008)". International Basketball Federation. August 2008. http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/even/rank/rankMen.asp. Retrieved 24 August 2008.
- ^ Wilkinson, Simon (26 September 2005). "Greece Tops Germany for Euro Title". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2172612. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
- ^ "Greece Beats France To Win Under-20 European Title". USA Today. 26 July 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketball/2009-07-26-108192511_x.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2009.
- Bibliography
- Dagtoglou, P.D. (1991). "Protection of Individual Rights" (in Greek). Constitutional Law – Individual Rights – Volume I. Athens-Komotini: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers.
- Mavrias, Kostas G. (2002) (in Greek). Constitutional Law. Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. ISBN 978-960-15-0663-0.
- Paparrigopoulos, Xenophon; Vassilouni, Stavroula (translators) (2008) (PDF). The Constitution of Greece. Athens: Hellenic Parliament. ISBN 978-960-560-073-0. http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf. Retrieved 21 March 2011.
- Venizelos, Evangelos (2002). "The Contribution of the Revision of 2001" (in Greek). The "Acquis" of the Constitutional Revision. Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. ISBN 978-960-15-0617-3.
- Pappas, Takis (April 2003). "The Transformation of the Greek Party System Since 1951". West European Politics 26 (2): 90–114. DOI:10.1080/01402380512331341121. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/wep/2003/00000026/00000002/art00005. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
- Clogg, Richard (2002). A Concise History of Greece (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00479-4. .
- Kalaitzidis, Akis (2010). Europe's Greece: A Giant in the Making (Palgrave Macmillan) 219 pages; $85. the impact of European Union membership on Greek politics, economics, and society.
- "Minorities in Greece – Historical Issues and New Perspectives". History and Culture of South Eastern Europe. An Annual Journal. München (Slavica) 2003.
External links[link]
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Naomi Klein | |
|---|---|
 Naomi Klein, October 2011 |
|
| Born | (1970-05-08) May 8, 1970 (age 42) Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
| Occupation | Author, activist |
| Subjects | Alter-globalization, anti-war |
| Spouse(s) | Avi Lewis |
|
naomiklein.org |
|
Naomi Klein (born May 8, 1970) is a Canadian author and social activist known for her political analyses and criticism of corporate globalization.[1]
Contents |
Family[link]
Klein was born in Montreal, Quebec, and brought up in a Jewish family with a history of peace activism. Her parents had moved to Montreal from the U.S. in 1967 as war resisters to the Vietnam War.[2] Her mother, documentary film-maker Bonnie Sherr Klein, is best known for her anti-pornography film Not a Love Story.[3] Her father, Michael Klein, is a physician and a member of Physicians for Social Responsibility. Her brother, Seth Klein, is director of the British Columbia office of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Her paternal grandparents were communists who began to turn against the Soviet Union after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and had abandoned communism by 1956. In 1942 her grandfather Phil Klein, an animator at Disney, was fired after the Disney animators' strike,[4] and went to work at a shipyard instead. Klein's father grew up surrounded by ideas of social justice and racial equality, but found it "difficult and frightening to be the child of Communists", a so-called red diaper baby.[5]
Klein's husband, Avi Lewis, works as a TV journalist and documentary filmmaker. His parents are the writer and activist Michele Landsberg and politician and diplomat Stephen Lewis, son of David Lewis, one of the founders of the Canadian New Democratic Party, son in turn of Moishe Lewis, born Losz, a Jewish labour activist of "the Bund" who left Central Europe for Canada in 1921.[6] Klein announced on March 5, 2012 that the couple is expecting their first child in June.[7]
Early life[link]
Klein spent much of her teenage years in shopping malls, obsessed with designer labels.[8] As a child and teenager, she found it "very oppressive to have a very public feminist mother" and she rejected politics, instead embracing "full-on consumerism."
She has attributed her change in worldview to two events. One was when she was 17 and preparing for the University of Toronto, her mother had a stroke and became severely disabled.[9] Naomi, her father and brother took care of Bonnie through the period in hospital and at home, making educational sacrifices to do so.[9] That year off prevented her "from being such a brat."[8] The next year, after beginning her studies at the University of Toronto, the second event occurred: the 1989 École Polytechnique massacre of female engineering students, which proved to be a wake-up call to feminism.[10]
Klein's writing career started with contributions to The Varsity, a student newspaper, where she served as editor-in-chief. After her third year at the University of Toronto, she dropped out of university to take a job at the Toronto Globe and Mail, followed by an editorship at This Magazine. In 1995, she returned to the University of Toronto with the intention of finishing her degree[5] but left the university for a journalism internship before acquiring the final credits required to complete her degree.[11]
Major works[link]
[edit] No Logo
Main article: No Logo
In 2000, Klein published the book No Logo, which for many became a manifesto of the anti-corporate globalization movement. In it, she attacks brand-oriented consumer culture and the operations of large corporations. She also accuses several such corporations of unethically exploiting workers in the world's poorest countries in pursuit of greater profits. In this book, Klein criticized Nike so severely that Nike published a point-by-point response.[12] No Logo became an international bestseller, selling over one million copies in over 28 languages.[13]
[edit] Fences and Windows
Main article: Fences and Windows
In 2002 Klein published Fences and Windows, a collection of her articles and speeches written on behalf of the anti-globalization movement (all proceeds from the book go to benefit activist organizations through The Fences and Windows Fund).
[edit] The Take
Main article: The Take (2004 film)
In 2004, Klein and her husband, Avi Lewis, released a documentary film called The Take about factory workers in Argentina who took over a closed plant and resumed production, operating as a collective. The first African screening was in the Kennedy Road shack settlement in the South African city of Durban, where the Abahlali baseMjondolo movement began.[14]
At least one article in Z Communications criticized The Take for its portrayal of the Argentine General and politician Juan Domingo Perón, which they felt portrayed him as a social democrat.[15]
[edit] The Shock Doctrine
Main article: The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
Klein's third book, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism, was published on September 4, 2007, becoming an international and New York Times bestseller[13] translated into 28 languages.[16] The book argues that the free market policies of Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman and the Chicago School of Economics have risen to prominence in countries such as Chile under Pinochet, Russia under Yeltsin, and the United States (for example, the privatization of the New Orleans Public Schools after Hurricane Katrina). The book also argues that policy initiatives (for instance, the privatization of Iraq's economy under the Coalition Provisional Authority) were rushed through while the citizens of these countries were in shock from disasters, upheavals, or invasion.
Central to the book's thesis is the contention that those who wish to implement unpopular free market policies now routinely do so by taking advantage of certain features of the aftermath of major disasters, be they economic, political, military or natural in nature. The suggestion is that when a society experiences a major 'shock' there is a widespread desire for a rapid and decisive response to correct the situation; this desire for bold and immediate action provides an opportunity for unscrupulous actors to implement policies which go far beyond a legitimate response to disaster. The book suggests that when the rush to act means the specifics of a response will go unscrutinized, that is the moment when unpopular and unrelated policies will intentionally be rushed into effect. The book appears to claim that these shocks are in some cases, such as the Falklands War, intentionally encouraged or even manufactured.
Klein identifies the "shock doctrine", elaborating on Joseph Schumpeter, as the latest in capitalism's phases of "creative destruction".[17]
The Shock Doctrine was adapted into a short film of the same name, released onto YouTube. The film was directed by Jonás Cuarón, produced and co-written by his father Alfonso Cuarón. The video has been viewed over one million times.[13]
The publication of The Shock Doctrine increased Klein's prominence, with the New Yorker judging her "the most visible and influential figure on the American left—what Howard Zinn and Noam Chomsky were thirty years ago." On February 24, 2009, the book was awarded the inaugural Warwick Prize for Writing from the University of Warwick in England. The prize carried a cash award of £50,000.
Iraq War criticism[link]
Klein has written on various current issues, such as the Iraq War. In a September 2004 article for Harper's Magazine,[18] she argues that, contrary to popular belief, the Bush administration did have a clear plan for post-invasion Iraq, which was to build a completely unconstrained free market economy. She describes plans to allow foreigners to extract wealth from Iraq, and the methods used to achieve those goals.[19][20] The 2008 film War, Inc. was partially inspired by her article, Baghdad Year Zero.[21]
Klein's August 2004 "Bring Najaf to New York", published in The Nation, argued that Muqtada Al Sadr's Mahdi Army "represents the overwhelmingly mainstream sentiment in Iraq."[22] She went on to say "Yes, if elected Sadr would try to turn Iraq into a theocracy like Iran, but for now his demands are for direct elections and an end to foreign occupation".[22] Marc Cooper, a former Nation columnist, attacked the assertion that Al Sadr represented mainstream Iraqi sentiment and that American forces had brought the fight to the holy city of Najaf.[23] Cooper wrote that "Klein should know better. All enemies of the U.S. occupation she opposes are not her friends. Or ours. Or those of the Iraqi people. I don’t think that Mullah Al Sadr, in any case, is much desirous of support issuing from secular Jewish feminist-socialists."[23]
Criticism of Israeli policies[link]
In March 2008, Klein was the keynote speaker at the first national conference of the Alliance of Concerned Jewish Canadians. In January 2009, during the Gaza War, Klein supported the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign against Israel, arguing that "the best strategy to end the increasingly bloody occupation is for Israel to become the target of the kind of global movement that put an end to apartheid in South Africa."[24]
In summer 2009, on the occasion of the publication of the Hebrew translation of her book The Shock Doctrine, Klein visited Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza, combining the promotion of her book and the BDS campaign. In an interview to the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz she emphasized that it is important to her "not to boycott Israelis but rather to boycott the normalization of Israel and the conflict."[25] In a speech in Ramallah on 27 June, she apologized to the Palestinians for not joining the BDS campaign earlier.[26] Her remarks, particularly that "[Some Jews] even think we get one get-away-with-genocide-free-card" were characterized by an op-ed columnist in the Jerusalem Post as "violent" and "unethical", and as the "most perverse of aspersions on Jews, an age-old stereotype of Jews as intrinsically evil and malicious."[27]
Klein was also a spokesperson for the protest against the spotlight on Tel Aviv at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival, a spotlight that Klein said was a very selective and misleading portrait of Israel.[28]
Other activities[link]
Klein contributes to The Nation, In These Times, The Globe and Mail, This Magazine, Harper's Magazine, and The Guardian.
She once lectured as a Miliband Fellow at the London School of Economics as an award-winning journalist, writer on the anti-globalisation movement.[29]
She ranked 11th in an internet poll of the top global intellectuals of 2005, a list of the world's top 100 public intellectuals compiled by the Prospect magazine in conjunction with Foreign Policy magazine.[30]
She was involved in a protest condemning police action during the G20 summit in Toronto, ON. She spoke to a rally seeking the release of protesters in front of police headquarters on June 28, 2010.[31]
In May 2011, Klein received an honourary degree from Saint Thomas University.
On October 6, 2011, she visited Occupy Wall Street and gave a speech declaring the protest movement "the most important thing in the world". [32]
On November 10, 2011, she participated in a panel discussion about the future of Occupy Wall Street with four other panelists, including Michael Moore and William Greider, in which she stressed the crucial nature of the evolving movement.[33]
List of works[link]
Books and contributed chapters[link]
- 2000. No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs. ISBN 0-312-42143-5
- 2002. Fences and Windows: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the Globalization Debate. ISBN 0-312-30799-3
- 2003. Contributor Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
- 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. ISBN 0-8050-7983-1 - winner of the Warwick Prize for Writing (2009)
- 2009. Contributor Going Rouge: Sarah Palin An American Nightmare ISBN 0-06-193989-7[34]
Articles[link]
- 2011. Capitalism vs. the Climate; What the right gets - and the left doesn't - about the revolutionary power of climate change. November 9, 2011, The Nation
Filmography[link]
- The Corporation (interview)
- The Take
- The Shock Doctrine
References[link]
- ^ Nineham, Chris (October 2007). "The Shock Doctrine". Socialist Review. http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=10110. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
- ^ "Video: Naomi Klein at last night's town hall". DepartmentOfCulture.ca. September 4, 2008. http://departmentofculture.ca/video-naomi-klein-at-last-nights-town-hall/. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ "Biography of Bonnie Sherr Klein (*1941): Filmmaker, Author, Disability Rights Activist". Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/women/002026-704-e.html.
- ^ Sito, Tom (July 19, 2005). "The Disney Strike of 1941: How It Changed Animation & Comics". Animation World Magazine. http://mag.awn.com/index.php?ltype=Special+Features&category2=&article_no=2562&page=1. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- ^ a b MacFarquhar, Larissa (December 8, 2008). "Outside Agitator: Naomi Klein and the New Left". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/08/081208fa_fact_macfarquhar?currentPage=all.
- ^ Lewis, Avi. "Extended story by Avi Lewis: Who do you think you are?". CBC Television. http://www.cbc.ca/whodoyouthinkyouare/stories/ext_avi.php.
- ^ "Naomi Klein". Facebook. March 5, 2012. https://www.facebook.com/pages/Naomi-Klein/12400234918.
- ^ a b Viner, Katharine (September 23, 2000). "Hand-To-Brand-Combat: A Profile Of Naomi Klein". The Guardian. http://www.commondreams.org/views/092300-103.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ a b Klein, Bonnie Sherr (Spring 1993). "We are Who You are:Feminism and Disability". Abilities. Enablelink.org. http://www.enablelink.org/include/article.php?pid=&cid=&subid=&aid=673. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ "Naomi Klein: The Montreal Massacre". Bigthink.com. http://www.bigthink.com/policy-politics/6340. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
- ^ Q&A Interview with Brian Lamb, on CSPAN, dated November 29, 2009, Klein Q&A interview and transcript
- ^ "Nike's response to No Logo". Nike. 2000-03-08. Archived from the original on 2001-06-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20010618162615/http://nikebiz.com/labor/nologo_let.shtml.
- ^ a b c "Unconventional Wisdom Since 1865". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/directory/bios/naomi_klein.
- ^ Phillips-Fein, Kim (May 10, 2005). "Seattle to Baghdad". n+1. http://www.nplusonemag.com/klein.html. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Morduchowicz, Daniel (September 20, 2004). "The Take". Z Space. http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/7824. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ "Author Spotlight: Naomi Klein". RandomHouse.ca. http://www.randomhouse.ca/author/results.pperl?authorid=15909. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Cockburn, Alexander (September 22 / 23, 2007), On Naomi Klein's "The Shock Doctrine", CounterPunch, http://www.counterpunch.org/cockburn09222007.html
- ^ Klein, Naomi (September 2004). "Baghdad year zero: Pillaging Iraq in pursuit of a neocon utopia". Harper's Magazine. The Harper's Magazine Foundation. http://www.harpers.org/BaghdadYearZero.html. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (2004-10-13). Broadcast Exclusive: James Baker’s Double Life in Iraq: The Carlyle Group Stands to Make Killing on Iraqi Debt. Interview with Amy Goodman. Democracy Now!. Pacifica Radio. http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/13/144220. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (January 22, 2004). The Persuaders: Interview Naomi Klein. (Interview). PBS Frontline. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders/interviews/klein.html. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Gilbey, Ryan (August 31, 2007). "I'm basically a brand (article about John Cusack's career)". London: The Guardian. http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,2159038,00.html. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ a b Klein, Naomi (August 26, 2004). "Bring Najaf to New York". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040913/klein. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ a b Cooper, Marc (August 27, 2004). "Najaf to New York? Better: New York to Najaf.". marccooper.typepad.com. http://marccooper.typepad.com/marccooper/2004/08/najaf_to_new_yo.html. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (January 10, 2009). "Enough. It's time for a boycott". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jan/10/naomi-klein-boycott-israel. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (July 2, 2009). "Oppose the state, not the people". Ha'aretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1097058.html. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (July 7, 2009). "Naomi Klein in Ramallah: I am ashamed that it took me this long". The Faster Times. http://thefastertimes.com/Palestine/2009/07/07/naomi-klein-in-ramallah-i-am-ashamed-that-it-took-me-this-long-to-endorse-the-call-to-boycott-israel…it-was-nothing-but-cowardice/. Retrieved 2009-07-13.
- ^ Schimmel, Noam (July 18, 2009). "'The Jews' get-away-with-genocide-free-card'". Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1246443842069&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (September 10, 2009). "We don't feel like celebrating with Israel this year.". Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/we-dont-feel-like-celebrating-with-israel-this-year/article1278582/.
- ^ "Visiting teaching fellows". London School of Economics and Political Science. http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/miliband/visitingTeachingFellows.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- ^ "Intellectuals—the results". Prospect Magazine. Prospect Publishing Limited. 26 July 2008. http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2008/07/intellectualstheresults/.
- ^ "Video: Naomi Klein to police: "Don't play public relations, do your goddamned job!"". Rabble.ca and Youtube.com. July 28, 2010. http://rabble.ca/rabbletv/program-guide/2010/06/features/naomi-klein-police-dont-play-public-relations-do-your-goddam. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (October 6, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street: The Most Important Thing in the World Now". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/163844/occupy-wall-street-most-important-thing-world-now. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
- ^ "Michael Moore, Naomi Klein and Others on What's Next for OWS". The Nation. November 9, 2011. http://www.thenation.com/video/164494/watch-michael-moore-naomi-klein-and-others-owss-possibilities. Retrieved March 30, 2012.
- ^ "Official Book Website for Going Rouge". OR Books. http://orbooks.com/.
Further reading[link]
- MacFarquhar, Larissa (8 December 2008). "Profiles: Outside Agitator". The New Yorker 84 (40): 60–71. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/12/08/081208fa_fact_macfarquhar. Retrieved 22 May 2009.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Naomi Klein |
- Official website
- Naomi Klein on Twitter
- The Shock Doctrine at Macmillan Publishers
- Column archive at The Guardian
- Column archive at The Nation
- Naomi Klein at TED Conferences
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Naomi Klein on Charlie Rose
- Naomi Klein at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Naomi Klein in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Naomi Klein collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Video[link]
- Video: An Introduction to Naomi Klein's No Logo
- Naomi Klein: "Minority Death Match: Jews, Blacks and the ‘Post-Racial’ Presidency" - video report by Democracy Now!
- C-SPAN Q&A interview with Klein, November 29, 2009
- Naomi Klein on Climate Debt: Why Rich Countries Should Pay Reparations To Poor Countries - video report by Democracy Now!
- Naomi Klein: The Real Crime Scene Was Inside the G20 Summit
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Klein, Naomi |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | author, activist |
| Date of birth | May 5, 1970 |
| Place of birth | Montreal, Quebec |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Naomi_Klein
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Klein
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For George Papandreou's namesake grandfather, see Georgios Papandreou.
| George Papandreou Γεώργιος Παπανδρέου MP |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| President of Socialist International | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 30 January 2006 |
|
| Preceded by | António Guterres |
| Prime Minister of Greece | |
| In office 6 October 2009 – 11 November 2011 |
|
| President | Karolos Papoulias |
| Deputy | Theodoros Pangalos |
| Preceded by | Kostas Karamanlis |
| Succeeded by | Lucas Papademos |
| Minister for Foreign Affairs | |
| In office 6 October 2009 – 7 September 2010 |
|
| Preceded by | Dora Bakoyannis |
| Succeeded by | Dimitrios Droutsas |
| In office 18 February 1999 – 13 February 2004 |
|
| Prime Minister | Kostas Simitis |
| Preceded by | Theodoros Pangalos |
| Succeeded by | Tassos Yiannitsis |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 10 March 2004 – 6 October 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | Kostas Karamanlis |
| Succeeded by | Antonis Samaras |
| President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement | |
| In office 8 February 2004 – 18 March 2012 |
|
| Preceded by | Costas Simitis |
| Succeeded by | Evangelos Venizelos |
| Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs | |
| In office 8 July 1994 – 25 September 1996 |
|
| Prime Minister | Andreas Papandreou |
| Preceded by | Dimitrios Fatouros |
| Succeeded by | Gerasimos Arsenis |
| In office 22 June 1988 – 2 July 1989 |
|
| Prime Minister | Andreas Papandreou |
| Preceded by | Apostolos Kaklamanis |
| Succeeded by | Vasileios Kontogiannopoulos |
| Member of Parliament for Achaea |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 17 May 2012 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | Georgios Andreas Papandreou Jr. (1952-06-16) 16 June 1952 (age 60) Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. |
| Political party | Panhellenic Socialist Movement |
| Spouse(s) | Ada Papapanou |
| Children | Andreas Margarita-Elena |
| Alma mater | Amherst College London School of Economics |
| Religion | Greek Orthodox |
| Website | Official website |
Georgios A. Papandreou (Greek: Γεώργιος Α. Παπανδρέου, [ʝe̞ˈo̞ɾʝio̞s papanˈðɾe̞u];[1][2][3] born 16 June 1952), commonly anglicised to George and shortened to Γιώργος (Yórgos, [ˈʝo̞ɾɣo̞s]) in Greek, is a Greek politician who served as Prime Minister of Greece following his party's victory in the 2009 legislative election. Belonging to a political dynasty of long standing, he previously served as Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs (1988–1989 and 1994–1996) and Minister for Foreign Affairs from 1999 to 2004. Following his grandfather Georgios Papandreou and his father Andreas Papandreou, he was the third member of the Papandreou family to serve as the country's prime minister. Papandreou was leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) party from February 2004 until March 2012, and President of the Socialist International since January 2006. George Papandreou became the 182nd Prime Minister of Greece on 6 October 2009. He resigned on 11 November 2011 to make way for a national unity government charged with tackling the Greek government debt crisis.
Contents |
Political career[link]
The younger George Papandreou came to Greece after the restoration of Greek democracy in 1974. He then became active in the political party his father had founded, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). He joined the Central Committee of PASOK in 1984.
Papandreou was elected to the Greek Parliament in 1981, the year his father became Prime Minister, as MP for the constituency of Achaea. He became Under Secretary for Cultural Affairs in 1985, Minister of Education and Religious Affairs in 1988, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1993, Minister for Education and Religious Affairs again in 1994, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs again in 1996 and Minister of Foreign Affairs in February 1999. He was also Minister Responsible for Government Coordination for the Bid for 2004 Olympic Games in 1997.
In his second term as Minister of Education, Papandreou was the first politician in Greece to introduce affirmative action, allocating 5% of university posts for the Muslim minority in Thrace. He was also instrumental in initiating the Open University in Greece.
Papandreou received numerous awards and honorary degrees in recognition of his work for human rights. As Foreign Minister he fostered closer relations with Turkey and Albania. He worked to solve the dispute over Cyprus. Papandreou also worked to resolve tensions regarding the Macedonia naming dispute.
In December 2003 European Voice shortlisted him for nomination of the Europeans of the Year award as "Diplomat of the Year",[4][5] naming him as "The Bridge-Builder" and quoting Le Monde that dubbed him the "architect of Greek-Turkish rapprochement".[6] He is a founding member of the Helsinki Citizens Assembly.
Party leadership[link]
In anticipation of the 2004 national elections in Greece, polls indicated that PASOK was very likely to lose as the conservative New Democracy party was heading towards a landslide. In January 2004, the incumbent PM Costas Simitis announced his resignation as leader of PASOK, and passed the leadership to Papandreou by recommending him as the new leader.
On 8 February 2004 PASOK introduced for the first time the procedure of open primaries for the election of party leadership. Even if Papandreou had no opponent, this was a move designed to solidify the open primaries, democratise the party, and make a clean break with a tradition of “dynastic politics.”
In May 2005, Papandreou was elected Vice President of the Socialist International following a proposal by the former President, António Guterres. In January 2006, Papandreou was unanimously elected President of the Socialist International.
In the 2007 general election, PASOK again lost to the incumbent New Democracy party of Kostas Karamanlis and Papandreou’s leadership was challenged by Evangelos Venizelos and Kostas Skandalidis. Papandreou, however, retained his party's leadership at a leadership election in November.
In June 2009 and under his leadership, his party won the 2009 European Parliament election in Greece.[7] Four months later, PASOK won the October 2009 general elections with 43.92 % of the popular vote to ND's 33.48 %, and 160 parliament seats to 91.[8]
Prime Minister[link]
Taking office and revelations[link]
The inauguration of George Papandreou as the 182nd Prime Minister of Greece took place on 6 October 2009.[9]
Upon inauguration, Papandreou's government revealed that its finances were far worse than previous announcements, with a year deficit of 12.7% of GDP, four times more than the eurozone's limit, and a public debt of $410 billion.[10] This announcement only served to worsen the severe crisis the Greek economy was undergoing, with an unemployment rate of 10%[11] and the country's debt rating being lowered to BBB+, the lowest in the eurozone.[12] Papandreou responded by promoting austerity measures,[13] reducing spending, increasing taxes,[14] freezing additional taxes and hiring and introducing measures aimed at combatting rampant tax evasion[15] and reducing the country's public sector. The announced austerity program caused a wave of nationwide strikes[16] and has been criticised by both the EU and the eurozone nations' finance ministers as falling short of its goals.[17]
Crisis management and bailouts[link]
On 23 April 2010 during a visit at the island of Kastelorizo, Papandreou issued a statement to the press that he instructed the Finance Minister to officially ask the EU partners to activate the support mechanism, 'an unprecedented mechanism in the history and practice of the European Union'.[18] The support mechanism, which was put in place by the European heads of state and government and further elaborated by Euro Group ministers, is a European mechanism to which the IMF is associated with financing and it involves a comprehensive three-year economic program and financing conditions.[19] On 23 April 2010, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, the Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) announced that Greece made a request for a Stand-By Arrangement.[20] Greece's sovereign debt crisis, which is considered as part of the European sovereign debt crisis is marked by massive strikes and demonstrations.
On an opinion poll published on 18 May 2011, 77% of the people asked said they have no faith in Papandreou as Prime Minister in handling the Greek economic crisis.[21]
On 25 May 2011 the Real Democracy Now! movement started protesting in Athens and other major Greek cities. The peaceful protests are ongoing, and are considered to be a sign of popular rejection of Mr. Papandreou and his government's economic policies,[22][23] with as much as three quarters of the Greek population being against the policies of the Papandreou government.[24] Among the demands of the demonstrations at Athens's central square, who claim to have been over 500,000 at one point,[25] is the resignation of Papandreou and his government.
On the early hours of 22 June, George Papandreou and his government narrowly survived a vote of confidence in the Greek parliament, with 155 of the 300 seats in parliament.[26] His government currently holds 152 seats.[27]
On 17 September, he cancelled a visit to the IMF building in Washington D.C and the UN Headquarters in New York City amid mounting concern over the country's debt crisis.[28]
An opinion poll by Public Issue[clarification needed] on behalf of Skai TV and Kathimerini in October 2011 showed that Papandreou's popularity has dropped considerably.[29] Of the people asked, only 23% had a positive view of George Papandreou,[29] while 73% had a negative opinion;[29] ranking him lower than any other leader of a party in the Hellenic Parliament.[29] Papandreou also ranked low on the question of who is more suitable for Prime Minister, with just 22%, as both Antonis Samaras (28%) and "neither" (47%) ranked higher than him.[29]
On 26 October 2011 the European Summit agreed to hand to the Greek government the Sixth Tranche of € 8 billion bailout early in the 2012, while the private-sector banks, the holders of Greek debt, have agreed to a 50% haircut on their outstanding Greek government bonds.[30]
On 28 October 2011 during the national day parade, protesters blocked the parades forcing the President of Greece and other officials to leave.[31]
On 31 October Papandreou announced his government's intentions to hold a referendum for the acceptance of the terms of a eurozone bailout deal.[32] The referendum was to be held in December 2011 or January 2012.[33] On 3 November, however, Papandreou scrapped the plan following vehement opposition both within and outside the country. On 5 November, his government narrowly won a confidence vote in parliament.[34]
On 6 November, Papandreou met with opposition leaders to try to reach an agreement on the formation of an interim government. A day earlier, the leader of the opposition New Democracy party Antonis Samaras had rejected the proposal and called for an immediate election.
Agreeing to step aside[link]
After Papandreou agreed to step aside, however, the two leaders announced their intention to form a national unity government that would allow the EU bailout to proceed and pave the way for elections on 19 February 2012.[35][36] The Communist Party and the Coalition of the Radical Left Party refused Papandreou's invitation to join talks on a new unity government.[37] After several days of intense negotiations, the two major parties along with the Popular Orthodox Rally agreed to form a grand coalition headed by former Vice President of the European Central Bank Lucas Papademos.[38]
On 10 November George Papandreou formally resigned as Prime Minister of Greece.[39]
The new coalition cabinet and Prime Minister Lucas Papademos were formally sworn in on 11 November 2011.[40]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "George A. Papandreou Personal Site". Papandreou.gr. http://www.papandreou.gr/papandreou/content/Home.aspx?d=6&rd=7739474&f=-1&rf=-1&m=-1&rm=-1&l=1. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "Government of Greece via Internet Archive". primeminister.gov.gr. http://web.archive.org/web/20110606022703/http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/george-papandreou/. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "Official curriculum-vitae of George A. Papandreou from the Greek Government website via Internet Archive". primeminister.gov.gr. http://web.archive.org/web/20110606085005/http://www.primeminister.gov.gr/english/george-papandreou/curriculum-vitae/. Retrieved 2011-11-11.
- ^ "EV50: Europeans of the Year 2003". EuropeanVoice.com. http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/ev50-europeans-of-the-year-2003/48225.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "EV award winners: Europeans of the Year 2003". EuropeanVoice.com. http://www.europeanvoice.com/page/the-evawards-europeans-of-the-year-winners-in-2003/2764.aspx. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
- ^ "George A. Papandreou Personal Site". Papandreou.gr. http://www.papandreou.gr/papandreou/content/Document.aspx?d=6&rd=7739474&f=1354&rf=1290836267&m=3822&rm=22164866&l=1. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ "European election results 2009 for Greece". Results of the 2009 European Elections. Ministry of Internal Affairs. http://ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu/e2009/pages/index.html?lang=en. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "Greek legislative election, 2009 results". Results of the 2009 Greek legislative elections. Ministry of Internal Affairs. http://ekloges.ypes.gr/pages/index.html?lang=en. Retrieved 6 October 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Papandreou sworn in as Greek PM". BBC News. 6 October 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8292278.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- ^ "Greece Bailout: France, Germany Angry Over Rescue". Time Magazine. 16 February 2010. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1964443,00.html. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece's unemployment rate hits 10%". BBC News. 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8510386.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece's Debt and Economy Woes: As Bad as Dubai's?". Time Magazine. 9 December 2009. http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1946594,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece unveils austerity programme to cut deficit". BBC News. 3 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8494849.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greek Tragedy: Athens' Financial Woes". Time Magazine. 15 February 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1959059,00.html. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "No tax please, we're Greek". BBC News. 11 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/8509244.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece hit by nationwide strike over austerity measures". BBC News. 10 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8507551.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "Greece told to make more spending cuts". BBC Nwes. 16 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8517499.stm. Retrieved 17 February 2010.
- ^ "/ George A. Papandreou :: Personal Site \". Papandreou.gr. http://www.papandreou.gr/papandreou/content/Document.aspx?d=6&rd=7739474&f=1722&rf=-1850948134&m=12893&rm=20504593&l=1. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Transcript of a Press Conference by George Papaconstantinou, Finance Minister of Greece". IMF. 25 April 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2010/tr042510.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Statement by IMF Managing Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn on Greece". IMF. 23 April 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2010/pr10168.htm. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
- ^ "Mνημόνιο ένα χρόνο μετά: Aποδοκιμασία, αγανάκτηση, απαξίωση, ανασφάλεια (One Year after the Memorandum: Disapproval, Anger, Disdain, Insecurity)". skai.gr. 18 May 2011. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/169875/mnimonio-ena-hrono-meta-apodokimasia-aganaktisi-apaxiosi-anasfaleia/. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
- ^ "Inside the Greek parliament protest camp". BBC. 24 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13900005. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "Greece austerity: PM Papandreou tries to persuade MPs". BBC. 22 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13877932. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "EU leaders urge Greek politicians to support new cuts". BBC. 24 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13900008. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ ""Αγανακτισμένοι": Πρωτοφανής συμμετοχή σε Αθήνα και άλλες πόλεις" (in Greek). skai.gr. 5 June 2011. http://www.skai.gr/news/greece/article/171424/aganaktismenoi-protofanis-summetohi-se-athina-kai-alles-poleis-/. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
- ^ "Greek government survives confidence vote". BBC. 21 June 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13869428. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
- ^ "Βουλευτές – Ανά Κοινοβουλευτική Ομάδα [MPs – By Parliamentary Group]". www.hellenicparliament.gr. http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Vouleftes/Ana-Koinovouleftiki-Omada/. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
- ^ "Greek crisis: PM George Papandreou cancels US visit". BBC News. 18 September 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14960216. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Πολιτικό Βαρόμετρο 95 – Οκτώβριος 2011". Public Issue (www.skai.gr). October 2011. http://www.skai.gr/files/1/PDF/varometroskaitVoktober.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- ^ Gow, David (27 October 2011). "Eurozone crisis: banks agree 50% reduction on Greece's debt". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/27/eurozone-crisis-banks-50-greece. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "Greek protesters call president "traitor," halt parade". The Guardian. 28 October 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/28/us-greece-protest-idUSTRE79R27O20111028. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "Ρίσκα και αβεβαιότητες από την πολιτική "βόμβα" για δημοψήφισμα [Risks and uncertainties by the political "bomb" for a referendum]". Skai TV. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/184900/dimopsifisma-kai-psifo-ebistosunis-zitise-o-prothupourgos-/. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Ευ. Βενιζέλος: Από το νέο έτος το δημοψήφισμα [Evangelos Venizelos: Referendum to take place after the new year]". Skai TV. http://www.skai.gr/news/politics/article/184902/eu-venizelos-apo-to-neo-etos-to-dimopsifisma-/. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Greek PM Papandreou faces unity challenge over bailout" at bbc.co.uk
- ^ Kington, Tom; Smith, Helena (2011-11-06). "Papandreou out as Greek leaders agree unity government deal". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/06/papandreou-greek-leaders-unity-deal. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
- ^ "Greek PM George Papandreou resigns; polls set for February". Business Today. http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/greek-pm-george-papandreou-resigns;-polls-set-for-february/1/19851.html. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ "Political opposition divided over unity government". e.kathemerini.com. 7 November 2011. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_07/11/2011_413717. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "Lucas Papademos named as new Greek prime minister". BBC News. 10 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-eing15671354. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ^ "George Papandreou resigns as Greece's prime minister". London: The Telegraph. 9 November 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/8879647/George-Papandreou-resigns-as-Greeces-prime-minister.html. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ "New Greek govt takes over, former banker at helm". Associated Press. 11 November 2011. http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/3d281c11a96b4ad082fe88aa0db04305/Article_2011-11-11-EU-Greece-Financial-Crisis/id-98805fa6da654460a141ba38be2d63e7. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: George Papandreou |
- papandreou.gr, his official personal website
- primeminister.gov.gr, official prime minister website (in Greek; English option on homepage)
- George A. Papandreou on Facebook
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Apostolos Kaklamanis |
Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs 1988–1989 |
Succeeded by Vasileios Kontogiannopoulos |
| Preceded by Dimitrios Fatouros |
Minister for National Education and Religious Affairs 1994–1996 |
Succeeded by Gerasimos Arsenis |
| Preceded by Theodoros Pangalos |
Minister for Foreign Affairs 1999–2004 |
Succeeded by Tassos Yiannitsis |
| Preceded by Dora Bakoyannis |
Minister for Foreign Affairs 2009–2010 |
Succeeded by Dimitrios Droutsas |
| Preceded by Kostas Karamanlis |
Prime Minister of Greece 2009–2011 |
Succeeded by Lucas Papademos |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Costas Simitis |
Leader of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement 2004-2012 |
Succeeded by Evangelos Venizelos |
| Preceded by António Guterres |
President of the Socialist International 2006–present |
Incumbent |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Papandreou, Georgios |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1952-06-16 |
| Place of birth | Saint Paul, Minnesota United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/George_Papandreou
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Papandreou
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
