This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009)

Taxus
Taxus baccata (European Yew) shoot with mature and immature cones
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Pinophyta
Class:	Pinopsida
Order:	Pinales
Family:	Taxaceae
Genus:	Taxus L.
Species
Taxus baccata - European Yew Taxus brevifolia - Pacific Yew, Western Yew Taxus canadensis - Canadian Yew Taxus chinensis - Chinese Yew Taxus cuspidata - Japanese Yew Taxus floridana - Florida Yew Taxus globosa - Mexican Yew Taxus sumatrana - Sumatran Yew Taxus wallichiana - Himalayan Yew

Taxus is a genus of yews, small coniferous trees or shrubs in the yew family Taxaceae. They are relatively slow-growing and can be very long-lived, and reach heights of 1-40 m, with trunk diameters of up to 4 m.^{[citation needed]} They have reddish bark, lanceolate, flat, dark-green leaves 1-4 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem.

European Yew cone (detail)

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings; maturation of the arils is spread over 2-3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. The male cones are globose, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. Yews are mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

All of the yews are very closely related to each other, and some botanists treat them all as subspecies or varieties of just one widespread species; under this treatment, the species name used is Taxus baccata, the first yew described scientifically.

Foliage of Mexican Yew

The most distinct is the Sumatran Yew (T. sumatrana, native to Sumatra and Celebes north to southernmost China), distinguished by its sparse, sickle-shaped yellow-green leaves. The Mexican Yew (T. globosa, native to eastern Mexico south to Honduras) is also relatively distinct with foliage intermediate between Sumatran Yew and the other species. The Florida Yew, Mexican Yew and Pacific Yew are all rare species listed as threatened or endangered.

All species of yew contain highly poisonous alkaloids known as taxanes, with some variation in the exact formula of the alkaloid between the species. All parts of the tree except the arils contain the alkaloid. The arils are edible and sweet, but the seed is dangerously poisonous; unlike birds, the human stomach can break down the seed coat and release the taxanes into the body. This can have fatal results if yew 'berries' are eaten without removing the seeds first. Grazing animals, particularly cattle and horses, are also sometimes found dead near yew trees after eating the leaves, though deer are able to break down the poisons and will eat yew foliage freely. In the wild, deer browsing of yews is often so extensive that wild yew trees are commonly restricted to cliffs and other steep slopes inaccessible to deer. The foliage is also eaten by the larvae of some Lepidopteran insects including Willow Beauty.

Male cones of Taxus baccata

Uses and traditions[link]

Yew wood is reddish brown (with whiter sapwood), and is very springy. It was traditionally used to make bows, especially the longbow. Ötzi, the Chalcolithic mummy found in 1991 in the Italian alps, carried an unfinished longbow made of yew wood. Consequently, it is not surprising that, in Norse mythology, the god of the bow, Ullr's abode had the name Ydalir (Yew dales). Most longbow wood used in northern Europe was imported from Iberia, where climatic conditions are better for growing the knot-free yew wood required.^{[citation needed]} The yew longbow was the critical weapon used by the English in the defeat of the French cavalry at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415. It is suggested that English parishes were required to grow yews and, because of the trees' toxic properties, they were grown in the only commonly enclosed area of a village - the churchyard^[1]. The yew tree can often be found in church graveyards and is symbolic of sadness. Such a representation appears in Lord Alfred Tennyson's poem "In Memoriam A.H.H." (2.61-64).

The Eihwaz rune ᛇ is named after the yew, and sometimes also associated with the "evergreen" World tree, Yggdrasil.

Foliage of Irish Yew; note the leaves spreading all round the erect shoots

Yews are widely used in landscaping and ornamental horticulture. Over 400 cultivars of yews have been named, the vast majority of these being derived from Taxus baccata (European Yew) or Taxus cuspidata (Japanese Yew). The hybrid between these two species is (Taxus x media). A popular fastigiate selection of the European Yew (Taxus baccata 'Fastigiata') is often called the Irish Yew, which often complements the fact of the difficulties with common names. A few cultivars with yellow leaves that are being propagated, collectively are known as golden yews, which is another nomenclature blunder.

The Pacific Yew Taxus brevifolia, native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, and Canada Yew Taxus canadensis are the sources of paclitaxel or Taxol, a chemotherapeutic drug used in breast and lung cancer treatment and, more recently, in the production of the Taxus drug eluting stent by Boston Scientific. Over-harvesting of the Pacific Yew for this drug has resulted in it becoming an endangered species, though the drug is now produced semi-synthetically from cultivated yews, without the need to further endanger the wild populations. The more common Canada yew, Taxus canadensis, is also being successfully harvested in northern Ontario, Québec and New Brunswick, and has become another major source of paclitaxel. Other yew species contain similar compounds with similar biochemical activity. Docetaxel, an analogue of paclitaxel, is derived from the Taxus baccata.

The yew tree is a frequent symbol in the Christian poetry of T. S. Eliot, especially his Four Quartets.

On January 18, 2008, the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (representing botanic gardens in 120 countries) stated that "400 medicinal plants are at risk of extinction, from over-collection and deforestation, threatening the discovery of future cures for disease." These included Yew trees (the bark is used for cancer drugs, paclitaxel). ^[2]

oldest Polish taxus baccata(1200 years) (detail)

Hybrids[link]

Taxus x media = Taxus baccata x Taxus cuspidata ^[3]

Taxus x hunnewelliana = Taxus cuspidata x Taxus canadensis ^[4]

References[link]

This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (July 2012)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012)

This article appears to be written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by rewriting promotional content from a neutral point of view and removing any inappropriate external links. (July 2012)

Ing. Ivo Toman (* 1966 Frýdek-Místek, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech entrepreneur and author of a number of motivational books and recordings.^[1] He founded of the International Society Taxus International in Czech Republic and then expended to Slovakia, Hungary, Germany and Italy.

Biography[link]

Ivo Toman was born in 1966 in Frýdek - Místek handicapped - suffering Tourette's syndrome. In 6 years got meningitis.

The school was due to his health handicap often ridiculed. Learning disgusted him and thought about changing schools, which eventually happened. The situation helped resolve the teacher with knowledge of psychology, which proved again Ivo Toman motivate learning. From this point, the benefit Ivo Toman greatly improved.

After graduating from high school culminating in graduation he went to college VŠLD in Zvolen, where he graduated in 1988.

In his 21 years, after meeting with his fellow student, who also had health defect, he realized how to face his disability. The problem was not the Tourette's syndrome, but a personal attitude. The desire to change its position on the state of health be a strong motivation and Ivo Toman begins to study books on marketing, personal development and psychology. Reading biographies of successful individuals and discovers surprising facts: the vast majority of the most successful and wealthiest people and its influence did not inherit property, but they reached their own single-mindedness. One quarter of these successful people had a serious medical disability.

Founded the International Taxus, which develops its experience in the field of personal development and psychology. It begins with a nutritional supplement, then the firm expands to Slovakia and Hungary with other products. In 2002 he moved to Prague . He and his wife Martina Kralickova began to develop a revolutionary teaching English, which in 2004 put into practice in the Czech and foreign markets.

Ivo Toman contribute part of their income to charity for people with disabilities.

In 2008 he was awarded inclusion in the 1000 Almanac Leaders of Czech Republic.

In 2009 he won a small dolphin from the Czech marketing company, as a Marketer of 2009.

On 3.29 2012 in Bratislava was announced as The bestselling author of 2011 the network bookstore Panta Rhei.

Publications[link]

Books:[link]

• The success - "What leads to success and vice versa." - in origin: O úspěchu „co vede k úspěchu a naopak“.
• Motivation is like the smell from the outside - a book subtitled "... a few hours to ventilate" - in origin: Motivace zvenčí je jako smrad „...za pár hodin se vyvětrá“
• Unrumble head - a book subtitled "Zprimitivněte to success" - in origin: Debordelizace hlavy „Zprimitivněte k úspěchu“
• Successful selfmanipulation - a book subtitled "The Secret of inner speech" - in origin: Úspěšná sebemanipulace „Tajemství vnitřní mluvy“
• How to start a multi level marketing - nightmare or opportunity - in origin: Jak začít multi level marketing - strašák nebo příležitost
• How to build a multi level marketing - where the path leads and where not - in origin: Jak budovat multi level marketing - kudy cesta vede a kudy ne
• Machine for money - Opposition and how they - in origin: Stroj na peníze 1 – Námitky a jak na ně
• Machine for money 2 - Ferris Wheel - in origin: Stroj na peníze 2 – Ruské kolo

Motivation CDs:[link]

• Positive thinking ... not for everyone - in origin: Pozitivní myšlení... není pro každého
• Why only 5% of people succeed - in origin: Proč jen 5 % lidí uspěje
• Envy ... You have to earn - in origin: Závist... si musíš zasloužit
• How to start a multi level marketing - nightmare or opportunity (according to the book) - in origin: Jak začít multi level marketing - strašák nebo příležitost
• Ivo Toman CD's success - in origin: CD Ivo Toman O úspěchu
• DVD Ivo Toman's success - in origin: DVD Ivo Toman O úspěchu

Videoschools - Marketing psychology, or the killer instinct:[link]

• First Part - Strategy - in origin: Strategie
• Second Part - Marketing - in origin: Marketing
• Third Part - Offer that really sells - in origin: Nabídka, která opravdu prodává
• Fourth Part - The introduction of changes in companies - in origin: Zavádění změn ve firmách

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ivo Toman
• The Motivation
• English self-study
• German self-study
• Web sites Taxus International