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![China: A Century of Revolution [1949-1976] Part 2](http://web.archive.org./web/20130511123421im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0m7YoNlkWzM/default.jpg "I DO NOT OWN THIS DOCUMENTARY* The People's Republic of China is founded. War with the United States in Korea, land reform, communes, collectivization, Ant...")
![China: A Century of Revolution [1911 -1949] Part 1](http://web.archive.org./web/20130511123421im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Qg-PgXt8Tkc/default.jpg "I DO NOT OWN THIS VIDEO* The story of how China was torn apart by domestic and foreign forces, and transformed into the largest Communist state on earth.")
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- Sebastián Piñera
- Seymour Hicks
- Shaukat Aziz
- Shaun Garnett
- Shelley Duvall
- Shelley Long
- Shlomo Artzi
- Sidney Olcott
- Sigourney Weaver
- Sigrid Undset
- Sissy Spacek
- Solomana Kante
- Stan Hansen
- Stan Rogers
- Sukarno
- Svetislav Pešić
- Syed Zafarul Hasan
- Sylvia Likens
- Tan Malaka
- Tapani Kansa
- Thaksin Shinawatra
- Tokyo Rose
- Tom Berenger
- Tom Verlaine
- Tom Waits
- Tomaž Pisanski
- Tommi Salmelainen
- Tommy Handley
- Trevor Horn
- Twiggy
- Ulrich Salchow
- Valeriy Borzov
- Vehbi Akdağ
- Vera Wang
- Veronica Cartwright
- Vicki Lawrence
- Victor Fleming
- Victor Garber
- Véronique Sanson
- Vítězslav Novák
- Walid Jumblatt
- Wallace Beery
- Walter Rudolf Hess
- Wayne Wang
- Will Cuppy
- Will Hay
- William Faulkner
- Winston Churchill
- Wolfgang Puck
- Zoë Wanamaker
- Émerson Leão
- Şemsettin Günaltay
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1949 - Lana Del Rey
Carry me up them stairs,
Put my white socks on,
And my pretty song, you like,
My blue nail polish.
"What is all this?", you said,
"The mess upstairs,
Don't be scared"
Daddy dearest, you know,
How I like to take trips.
Pops first stop at the K-Mart,
Buy me my peach lipgloss,
Cigarettes and lolipops,
Mad magazines, and white socks.
All in your car for,
Our trip across the USA.
We gonna party,
Like it's 1949,
We in the Pontiac,
From July to July.
It's a flower motel nation,
Day and night on our last vacation,
We gonna see it all,
Before we say goodbye.
Daddy likes Blackpool,
Pleasure beach and roadstops,
Baby likes some Swiss Apps,
Souvenir giftshops.
Late night, midnight,
Radio show talks,
Daddy, baby,
Big jail break.
Ponytail and lolipops,
Dinerettes and sodapops.
New blue bathing suite,
Ruched tops and cadillacs.
Blue lake car to dunks,
Hop skotch, shit talk,
Alabama hard knocks,
Motel dresslocks.
We gonna party,
Like it's 1949,
We in the Pontiac,
From July to July.
It's a motel flower nation,
Day and night on our last vacation,
We gonna see it all,
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Dating: Do's And Dont's (1949)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:26
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Classic instructional film for teen daters, presented here in the rare (but incomplete) Kodachrome version. Courtesy: Prelinger Archives.
http://wn.com/Dating_Do's_And_Dont's_1949
Classic instructional film for teen daters, presented here in the rare (but incomplete) Kodachrome version. Courtesy: Prelinger Archives.
台灣啟示錄_戰火蔓延時 我的1949
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 47:00
- Updated: 18 Oct 2011
台灣啟示錄_戰火蔓延時 我的1949
http://wn.com/台灣啟示錄_戰火蔓延時_我的1949
台灣啟示錄_戰火蔓延時 我的1949
- published: 18 Oct 2011
- views: 60031
China in revolution 1911-1949 (part1/10)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 01 May 2013
China in revolution 1911-1949 (part1/10)
http://wn.com/China_in_revolution_1911-1949_part1_10
(1/3) RARE 1949 NBC TV 10th ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL - WNBT Channel 4 New York (WNBC)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Part 1 of 3. Now this is a piece of television history. A rarely seen complete half hour as broadcast live on Channel 4 New York, then known as WNBT (now WNB...
http://wn.com/1_3_RARE_1949_NBC_TV_10th_ANNIVERSARY_SPECIAL_WNBT_Channel_4_New_York_WNBC
Part 1 of 3. Now this is a piece of television history. A rarely seen complete half hour as broadcast live on Channel 4 New York, then known as WNBT (now WNB...
- published: 06 Mar 2010
- views: 33694
- author: musicom67
大陸禁片 《中華苦難六十載 (1949至今) 》(必讀的國民教育)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:03
- Updated: 10 May 2013
1949年，中華人民共和國成立。 多少人以為：這是百多年來愛國志士的犧牲換來的成果， 中華民族從此走上民主、自由、繁榮、富強的康莊大道。 有誰料到，從那時起，政治鬥爭運動連綿不絕， 接二連三經濟錯失，人禍橫流，赤地千里。 中華民族的苦難，更為深重。 人民經歷三反五反、鎮反肅反、鳴放、反右運動、 大饑荒、文化大革命...
http://wn.com/大陸禁片_《中華苦難六十載_1949至今_》必讀的國民教育
1949年，中華人民共和國成立。 多少人以為：這是百多年來愛國志士的犧牲換來的成果， 中華民族從此走上民主、自由、繁榮、富強的康莊大道。 有誰料到，從那時起，政治鬥爭運動連綿不絕， 接二連三經濟錯失，人禍橫流，赤地千里。 中華民族的苦難，更為深重。 人民經歷三反五反、鎮反肅反、鳴放、反右運動、 大饑荒、文化大革命...
- published: 27 May 2012
- views: 303429
- author: lesyan21
中華民國1949大遷徙 (1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Updated: 24 Mar 2008
huangpuny.com
http://wn.com/中華民國1949大遷徙_1
huangpuny.com
- published: 24 Mar 2008
- views: 97536
Rapid Transit (1949)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:19
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
From the New York Transit Museum Archives, a 1949 film about daily subway operations.
http://wn.com/Rapid_Transit_1949
From the New York Transit Museum Archives, a 1949 film about daily subway operations.
- published: 22 Dec 2010
- views: 12115
- author: mtainfo
Eskimo Hunters 1949
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:52
- Updated: 08 May 2013
A visit with Eskimos in 1949. Footage from this subject is available for licensing from www.globalimageworks.com.
http://wn.com/Eskimo_Hunters_1949
A visit with Eskimos in 1949. Footage from this subject is available for licensing from www.globalimageworks.com.
- published: 31 May 2008
- views: 349608
- author: travelfilmarchive
Batman & Robin 1949 Chapter 1 - 1 / 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:46
- Updated: 01 May 2013
Title - Batman Takes Over - Vintage B&W; Serial - Robert Lowery As Batman ? Bruce Wayne & John Duncan As Robin / Dick Grayson 1949.
http://wn.com/Batman_Robin_1949_Chapter_1_1_2
Title - Batman Takes Over - Vintage B&W; Serial - Robert Lowery As Batman ? Bruce Wayne & John Duncan As Robin / Dick Grayson 1949.
- published: 14 Mar 2011
- views: 48010
- author: MrHydesClassics
China: A Century of Revolution [1949-1976] Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 114:07
- Updated: 10 May 2013
I DO NOT OWN THIS DOCUMENTARY* The People's Republic of China is founded. War with the United States in Korea, land reform, communes, collectivization, Ant...
http://wn.com/China_A_Century_of_Revolution_1949-1976_Part_2
I DO NOT OWN THIS DOCUMENTARY* The People's Republic of China is founded. War with the United States in Korea, land reform, communes, collectivization, Ant...
- published: 20 Mar 2012
- views: 93956
- author: CheechChong99
China: A Century of Revolution [1911 -1949] Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 113:19
- Updated: 10 May 2013
I DO NOT OWN THIS VIDEO* The story of how China was torn apart by domestic and foreign forces, and transformed into the largest Communist state on earth.
http://wn.com/China_A_Century_of_Revolution_1911_-1949_Part_1
I DO NOT OWN THIS VIDEO* The story of how China was torn apart by domestic and foreign forces, and transformed into the largest Communist state on earth.
- published: 20 Mar 2012
- views: 115132
- author: Ronald Anderson
Pinky (Pinki) 1949 Jeanne Crain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 101:42
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Pinky, a light skinned black woman, returns to her grandmother's house after graduating from a nursing school and falling in love with a young doctor... Clic...
http://wn.com/Pinky_Pinki_1949_Jeanne_Crain
Pinky, a light skinned black woman, returns to her grandmother's house after graduating from a nursing school and falling in love with a young doctor... Clic...
- published: 18 Oct 2011
- views: 37965
- author: Avi Kohn
Christopher Hitchens (1949-2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:45
- Updated: 10 May 2013
Christopher Eric Hitchens was an English author and journalist whose books, essays, and journalistic career spanned more than four decades. He was a columnis...
http://wn.com/Christopher_Hitchens_1949-2011
Christopher Eric Hitchens was an English author and journalist whose books, essays, and journalistic career spanned more than four decades. He was a columnis...
- published: 17 Dec 2011
- views: 217107
- author: TheThinkingAtheist
The Clay Pigeon (1949) Richard Fleischer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:19
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Stars: Bill Williams, Barbara Hale and Richard Quine Directed by Richard O. Fleischer Story and Screen Play by Carl Foreman Director of Photography: Robert d...
http://wn.com/The_Clay_Pigeon_1949_Richard_Fleischer
Stars: Bill Williams, Barbara Hale and Richard Quine Directed by Richard O. Fleischer Story and Screen Play by Carl Foreman Director of Photography: Robert d...
- published: 11 Jan 2013
- views: 5526
- author: thieflikeme1
Guayaquil - Ecuador 1949 (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:07
- Updated: 05 May 2013
Hola amigos me ha emocionado mucho hacer este video y compartirlo con ustedes, para tener una perspectiva y una idea de un Guayaquil que para muchos de nosot...
http://wn.com/Guayaquil_Ecuador_1949_HD
Hola amigos me ha emocionado mucho hacer este video y compartirlo con ustedes, para tener una perspectiva y una idea de un Guayaquil que para muchos de nosot...
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 13836
- author: javieervistin
The Great Gatsby (1949) part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:51
- Updated: 10 May 2013
The second (and earliest surviving) cinematic adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's classic novel. Though it suffers from some heavy handed morality, It is wor...
http://wn.com/The_Great_Gatsby_1949_part_1
The second (and earliest surviving) cinematic adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's classic novel. Though it suffers from some heavy handed morality, It is wor...
- published: 25 Apr 2011
- views: 55843
- author: VeidtClub
Samoa (1949) (W3471/16BW236)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 16:28
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Western Samoa, Lotus Land of the Pacific, is administered by New Zealand under United Nations trusteeship. The Administration brings to the Samoans those Eur...
http://wn.com/Samoa_1949_W3471_16BW236
Western Samoa, Lotus Land of the Pacific, is administered by New Zealand under United Nations trusteeship. The Administration brings to the Samoans those Eur...
- published: 24 Feb 2012
- views: 34542
- author: archivesnz
La Heredera ( 1949 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 110:22
- Updated: 08 May 2013
Obra maestra del cine melodramático bien ambientada con una excelente fotografia junto a una tambien importante dirección de William Wyler en una momento pl...
http://wn.com/La_Heredera_1949_
Obra maestra del cine melodramático bien ambientada con una excelente fotografia junto a una tambien importante dirección de William Wyler en una momento pl...
- published: 27 Jul 2012
- views: 32800
- author: elapestao
TOY TINKERS 1949
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 03 May 2013
A- und B-Hörnchen stehlen an Heiligabend Donalds Plätzchen. Info: Oscar-Nominierung.
http://wn.com/TOY_TINKERS_1949
A- und B-Hörnchen stehlen an Heiligabend Donalds Plätzchen. Info: Oscar-Nominierung.
- published: 26 Jun 2009
- views: 1624682
- author: WaltDisneyKanal
The Undercover Man (1949)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:50
- Updated: 25 Apr 2013
A crime drama with Glenn Ford, Nina Foch and James Whitmore. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042006/
http://wn.com/The_Undercover_Man_1949
A crime drama with Glenn Ford, Nina Foch and James Whitmore. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0042006/
- published: 02 Feb 2012
- views: 73742
- author: SundEmma1
Twelve O_Clock High (1949) GREGORY PECK
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 127:06
- Updated: 09 May 2013
http://wn.com/Twelve_O_Clock_High_1949_GREGORY_PECK
Streets of Laredo (1949) COLOR WESTERN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 89:02
- Updated: 06 May 2013
http://wn.com/Streets_of_Laredo_1949_COLOR_WESTERN
1949 The Black book aka Reign of Terror
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 86:42
- Updated: 08 May 2013
1949 film noir (disguised as period French Revolution drama) directed by Anthony Mann, superbly photographed by John Alton. Starring Robert Cummings and Arle...
http://wn.com/1949_The_Black_book_aka_Reign_of_Terror
1949 film noir (disguised as period French Revolution drama) directed by Anthony Mann, superbly photographed by John Alton. Starring Robert Cummings and Arle...
- published: 26 Oct 2011
- views: 36838
- author: mona0825
photo: WN / Janice Sabnal
10 May 2013
The sophistication of a global network of thieves who drained cash machines around the globe of an astonishing $45 million in mere hours sent ripples through the security world, not merely for the size of the operation and ease with which it was carried out, but also for the threat that more such thefts may be in store ... Law enforcement agencies from more than a dozen nations were involved in the investigation, U.S ... (Read More ... The U.S ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Family Handout courtesy WOIO-TV
08 May 2013
CLEVELAND - In the years after his friend's daughter vanished while walking home from school, Ariel Castro handed out fliers with the 14-year-old's photo and performed music at a fundraiser held in her honor. When neighbors gathered for a candlelight vigil just a year ago to remember the girl, Castro was there too, comforting the girl's mother ... He would not say who the father was ... The house was always locked, he said ... ....(size: 9.3Kb)
photo: US Govt. Defense Threat Reduction Agency
10 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Perhaps a backlash against newly arrived non-indigenous immigrants is justifiable, especially in reference to the recent Boston Marathon Bombing. And maybe there are a few non-native immigrants that take advantage of social uplift programs, or that commit crimes. But generally speaking, the United States of America has always been a nation of immigrants ... citizenship which took seven years....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Roadell Hickman
09 May 2013
Gina DeJesus gives a thumbs-up to well-wishers as she arrives Wednesday at her family home in Cleveland after a decade in captivity with two other women. The man suspected of being her captor has been charged with kidnapping and rape. (Emmanuel Dunand, AFP/Getty Images) ... The two other men who were arrested after the women were discovered will not be charged in the case, authorities said in a news conference ... All rights reserved. ....(size: 5.9Kb)
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The Star
11 May 2013
New cabinet. Hope new Cabinet will consist of younger ministers as young people now clamouring for change. Reenergise with fresh faces with dynamic idea. Lee. Give more younger winners a chance to join the Cabinet as ministers. Time to let the youngsters into the government. Johnny ... Chandy. Move on ... Mve on ... MCA with good track record since 1949, must survive with new leadership ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
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San Francisco Chronicle
11 May 2013
Few people who pass the violet-painted house at 1712 Fillmore St. give it a second look. It's another Victorian in a city full of them ... Hatsuto Yamada ... On Dec ... In 1949, the defunct Nippon Drugs reopened as a nightclub called Vout City, run by a wonderfully weird avant-garde musician named Slim Gaillard ... They would declare the neighborhood a "blighted" area, making the city eligible for federal funds under the 1949 Federal Housing Act ... ....(size: 6.9Kb)
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The Irish Times
11 May 2013
But before wrestling with the question, a confession ... Furthermore, I somehow missed the entire film series ... As early as the mid-1950s, he felt the need to set the record straight, protesting that he first set foot in “Éire” only in 1949, by which time The Lord of the Rings was already complete, although unpublished.He did indeed become a regular visitor after that, as an external examiner for the universities ... ....(size: 2.8Kb)
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Jamaica Observer
11 May 2013
Today is the 131st day of 2013. There are 234 days left in the year. TODAY’S HIGHLIGHT. 1981. Jamaican reggae icon Bob Marley. dies at age 36 of complications related to. melanoma in a Miami hospital. OTHER EVENTS. 1824. British forces take Rangoon in Burma — now Myanmar — during the first Anglo-Burmese war. 1949. Israel is admitted to the UN; Siam changes its name to Thailand. 1973 ... 1975 ... 1988 ... 1993 ... 1995 ... 1996 ... 1998 ... 2000 ... 2001 ... 2005....(size: 2.6Kb)
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The Florida Times Union
11 May 2013
Anna Bauman and Sally Van Cleve of Episcopal High School have a lot more in common than their high school. They have both received full tuition merit scholarships to college, they are first cousins and their mothers are sisters who also graduated from Episcopal High School. Anna has received Tulane University’s Dean’s Honor Scholarship ... Anna is the daughter of Greg and Catherine Van Cleve Bauman ... Box 1949, Jacksonville, FL 32231 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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The Florida Times Union
11 May 2013
Anna Bauman and Sally Van Cleve of Episcopal High School have a lot more in common than their high school. They have both received full tuition merit scholarships to college, they are first cousins and their mothers are sisters who also graduated from Episcopal High School. Anna has received Tulane University’s Dean’s Honor Scholarship ... Anna is the daughter of Greg and Catherine Van Cleve Bauman ... Box 1949, Jacksonville, FL 32231 ... ....(size: 3.5Kb)
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China Daily
11 May 2013
Of late, the top e-mails in my inbox have had anti-China angles - articles giving me my daily dose of "detest-China" medicine ... An India-China relationship that is devoid of fear is unpalatable to the intellectual insurgents of the Henry Luce-kind ... Henry R ... It was a time when "freedom of the press belonged to the man who owned one" ... The victory of the Communist Party of China in 1949 put paid to Luce's grand designs ... C....(size: 4.2Kb)
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Herald Tribune
11 May 2013
BOGOTA, Colombia - Laura Montoya, the first Colombian to be elevated to sainthood by the Roman Catholic Church, was generally considered crazy by the urban society she abandoned in 1914 when she moved to the jungle to minister to indigenous people, a longtime follower says ... Born in 1874, Montoya lost her father at age 2 ... By the time she died in 1949 at age 75, Montoya's mission had spread to three countries ... --- ... All rights reserved ... ....(size: 5.2Kb)
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The New York Times
11 May 2013
Al Fritz created stylish roadsters that were yearned for by young hot-rodders in the 1960s and ’70s. But his rolled on two wheels, not four. Enlarge This Image. Michael Fritz. Al Fritz. Enlarge This Image. Schwinn Bicycles. The Schwinn Sting-Ray bicycle designed by Mr. Fritz. Mr ... Mr ... children were buying used 20-inch bicycle frames and refitting them with long handlebars and banana seats. Mr ... (Mr ... They married on May 7, 1949 ... Mr ... Mr ... ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
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The Daily Telegraph
11 May 2013
If Nawaz Sharif succeeds in Pakistan’s general election and emerges as its next prime minister, he will have completed an extraordinary comeback ... Photo. Getty Images. By Rob Crilly, Islamabad. 8.46AM BST 11 May 2013 ... Mr Sharif was born on December 25, 1949, into a wealthy family of industrialists in Lahore, the capital of Punjab and the political nerve centre of Pakistan. Related Articles. Pakistan elections ... . Pakistan ... ....(size: 8.4Kb)
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Norway Today
10 May 2013
Einar Henry Gerhardsen (Born 10 May 1897 – 19 September 1987) was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party of Norway. Vimeo ... His parents were Gerhard Olsen (1867–1949) and Emma Hansen (1872–1949) ... . Source. Wikipedia ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
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Philadelphia Daily News
10 May 2013
PHILLY.COM's TOP FIVE PICKS. . Complete coverage of Hurricane Sandy. Bonnie L. Cook, Inquirer Staff Writer. Posted. Friday, May 10, 2013, 3.01 AM. n H ... Mr. Grant graduated with honors from Tuskegee (Ala.) Institute in 1949 with a major in aircraft technology ... He told his son, John Jr., that he believed the aviators never received the respect they deserved ... Grant received the medal, which reads, "Tuskegee Airmen, 1941 to 1949." ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
This article is about the year 1949.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1910s 1920s 1930s – 1940s – 1950s 1960s 1970s |
| Years: | 1946 1947 1948 – 1949 – 1950 1951 1952 |
| 1949 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1949 MCMXLIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2702 |
| Armenian calendar | 1398 ԹՎ ՌՅՂԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6699 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 105–106 |
| Bengali calendar | 1356 |
| Berber calendar | 2899 |
| British Regnal year | 13 Geo. 6 – 14 Geo. 6 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2493 |
| Burmese calendar | 1311 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7457–7458 |
| Chinese calendar | 戊子年十二月初三日 (4585/4645-12-3) — to —
己丑年十一月十二日(4586/4646-11-12) |
| Coptic calendar | 1665–1666 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1941–1942 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5709–5710 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2005–2006 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1871–1872 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5050–5051 |
| Holocene calendar | 11949 |
| Iranian calendar | 1327–1328 |
| Islamic calendar | 1368–1369 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 24 (昭和24年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4282 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 38 民國38年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2492 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1949 |
Year 1949 (MCMXLIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – UN sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir, which is still continuing as of 2012.
- January 2 – Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
- January 4 – RMS Caronia of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage.
- January 4–February 22 – Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada – winds of up to 72 mph – tens of thousands of cattle and sheep perish.
- January 5 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman unveils his Fair Deal program.
- January 11
- Los Angeles, California receives its first recorded snowfall.
- KDKA-TV becomes the first local, on-air television station in the US.
- January 16 – Şemsettin Günaltay forms the new government of Turkey. (18 th government, last single party government of CHP)
- January 17 – The first VW Type 1 to arrive in the United States, a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models will be sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairman Heinrich Nordhoff the car has no future in the U.S. (The Type 1 goes on to become an automotive phenomenon.)
- January 19 – The Poe Toaster first appears at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe.
- January 20 – U.S. President Harry S. Truman begins his full term.
- January 25
- Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON) established by Soviet Union and other communist nations.
- The first Emmy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club.
- In the first Israeli election, David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister.
- January 26 – Australian citizenship comes into being and Constitution of India was prepared.
- January 31 – Forces from the Communist Party of China enter Beijing.
February[link]
- February 1 – Rationing of clothes ends in Britain.
- February 10 – Death of a Salesman opens in the Morosco Theatre and runs for 742 performances.
- February 13 – António Óscar Carmona is re-elected president of Portugal for lack of an opposing candidate.
- February 19 – Ezra Pound is awarded the first Bollingen Prize in poetry by the Bollingen Foundation and Yale University.
- February 22
- Cincinnati Gardens opens in Cincinnati.
- Grady the Cow, a 1,200-pound cow, gets stuck inside a silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma and garners national media attention in the United States.
March[link]
- March 1
- World heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis retires.
- Indonesia seizes Yogyakarta from the Dutch.
- March 2 – The B-50 Superfortress Lucky Lady II under Captain James Gallagher lands in Fort Worth, Texas, after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight (it was refueled in flight 4 times).
- March 17 – The Shamrock Hotel in Houston, Texas, owned by oil tycoon Glenn McCarthy, has its grand opening.
- March 20 – The Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, Denver & Rio Grande Western, and Western Pacific railroads inaugurate the California Zephyr passenger train between Chicago and Oakland, California, as the first long distance train to feature Vista Dome cars as regular equipment.
- March 25 – An extensive deportation campaign is conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltics to remote areas of the Soviet Union.
- March 26 – The first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida, conducted by legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini, and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes), is telecast by NBC, live from Studio 8H at Rockefeller Center. The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera that Toscanini ever conducts on television.
- March 28
- United States Secretary of Defense James Forrestal resigns suddenly.
- English astronomer Fred Hoyle coins the term Big Bang during a BBC Third Programme radio broadcast.[1][2][3]
- March 29 – The 21st Academy Awards ceremony is held.
- March 31 – The former British colony of Newfoundland joins Canada as its 10th province.
April[link]
- April 1
- Éire leaves the British Commonwealth and becomes the Republic of Ireland.
- The Tokyo Stock Exchange is founded.
- April 4 – The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., creating the NATO defense alliance.
- April 7 – Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific, starring Mary Martin and Ezio Pinza, opens on Broadway and goes on to become R&H's second longest-running musical. It becomes an instant classic of the musical theatre. The score's biggest hit is the song "Some Enchanted Evening".
- April 8 – Kathy Fiscus, 3½ years old, dies from falling down an abandoned well in San Marino, California.
- April 14 – The day the N'Ko alphabet is held to have been completed by Solomana Kante.
- April 18 – Éire formally becomes the Republic of Ireland.
- April 20 – The Royal Navy frigate Amethyst goes up the Yangtze River to evacuate British Commonwealth refugees escaping the advance of Mao's Communist forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island. After an abortive rescue attempt on April 26, she anchors 10 miles upstream. Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks.
- April 23 – Chinese Communist troops take Nanjing.
- April 27 – British Commonwealth of Nations renamed The Commonwealth.
- April 28
- India issues the London Declaration, enabling it (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the British Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth', and renaming the organisation as the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.
- Former Philippine First Lady Aurora Quezon, 61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her late husband; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.
- April 29 – The News Review reveals neither Selhurst College nor its headmaster H. Rochester Sneath exist.
May[link]
- May 1 – Nereid, a moon of Neptune, is discovered by Gerard P. Kuiper.
- May 5 – The Council of Europe is founded by the signing of the Treaty of London.
- May 6 – EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, runs its first program at Cambridge University.[4]
- May 9 – Rainier III of Monaco becomes Prince of Monaco, upon the death of his maternal grandfather Louis II.
- May 11
- Israel is admitted to the United Nations as its 59th member.
- Siam officially changes its French name to "Thaïlande" (English name to "Thailand"), having officially changed its Thai name to "Prated Thai" since 1939.
- May 12 – Cold War: The Soviet Union lifts its Blockade of Berlin.
- May 20
- The AFSA (predecessor of the NSA) is established.
- The Kuomintang regime declares Taiwan under martial law.
- May 22 – After two months in Bethesda Naval Hospital, James Forrestal commits suicide, under circumstances that seem suspicious to many.
- May 23 – The Federal Republic of Germany is established.
June[link]
- June 2 – Transjordan becomes the Kingdom of Jordan.
- June 5 – Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first Thai female member of Thailand's Parliament.
- June 6 – With the passage of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, Mahabodhi Temple is restored to partial Buddhist control.
- June 8
- Red Scare: Celebrities including Helen Keller, Dorothy Parker, Danny Kaye, Fredric March, John Garfield, Paul Muni and Edward G. Robinson are named in an FBI report as Communist Party members.
- George Orwell's book Nineteen Eighty-Four is published.
- June 14 – Albert II, a rhesus monkey, becomes the first primate to enter space, on U.S. Hermes project V-2 rocket Blossom IVB, but is killed on impact at return.
- June 19 – Glenn Dunnaway wins the inaugural NASCAR race at Charlotte Speedway, a 3/4 mile oval in Charlotte, North Carolina, but is disqualified due to illegal springs. Jim Roper is declared the official winner.
- June 24 – The first television western, Hopalong Cassidy, airs on NBC.
- June 29
- Dock workers strike in the UK.
- Apartheid: The South African Citizenship Act suspends the granting of citizenship to British Commonwealth immigrants after 5 years and imposes a ban on mixed marriages.
July[link]
- July 1 – The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established
- July 11 – Pamir is the last commercial sailing ship to round Cape Horn under sail alone.
- July 19 – The Kingdom of Laos is officially formed but is not independent from the French Army.
- July 20 – Israel and Syria sign a truce to end their 19-month war.
- July 27 – The de Havilland Comet, the Worlds First Jet-Powered Airliner, makes its first flight.
- July 30 – Birth of legal aid in England and Wales.
- July 31 – Captain Kerans of the HMS Amethyst decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the Chinese People's Liberation Army on both sides of the Yangtze River, and successfully rejoins the fleet at Woosung the next day.
August[link]
- August 5 – A 6.75 Richter scale earthquake in Ecuador kills 6,000 and destroys 50 towns.
- August 8 – Bhutan becomes independent
- August 12 – The Fourth Geneva Convention is agreed to.
- August 14
- The Salvatore Giuliano Gang explodes mines under a police barracks outside Palermo, Sicily.
- A military coup in Syria ousts the president.
- August 21 – Deportivo Saprissa enters Costa Rica – soccer's first division.
- August 22 – The Queen Charlotte earthquake is Canada's largest earthquake since the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.
- August 24 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization established.
- August 28 – The last 6 surviving veterans of the American Civil War meet in Indianapolis.
- August 29
- The Council of Europe meets for the first time.
- The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, code named "Joe 1". Its design imitates the American plutonium bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945.
- August 31 – The retreat of the Greek Democratic Army in Albania after its defeat at Mount Grammos marks the end of the Greek Civil War.
September[link]
- September 6
- Howard Unruh, a World War II veteran, kills thirteen neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with a souvenir Luger to become America's first single-episode mass murderer.
- Allied military authorities relinquish control of former Nazi Germany assets back to Germany.
- September 7 – The Federal Republic of Germany is officially founded. Konrad Adenauer is the first federal chancellor.
- September 9
- Albert Guay affair: A dynamite bomb destroys Canadian Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-3 in Quebec.
- Notorious World War II veteran Edwin Alonzo Boyd commits his first career bank robbery in Toronto.
- September 13 – The Soviet Union vetoes United Nations membership for Ceylon, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Jordan and Portugal.
- September 17 – The Canadian steamship SS Noronic burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives.
- September 19 – The United Kingdom government devalues the pound sterling from $4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies being devalued.
- September 23 – U.S. Harry S. Truman announced that the USSR had the atomic bomb
- September 24 – Laszlo Rajk, ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is sentenced to death.
- September 29
- The First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference approves a design for the Flag of the People's Republic of China.
- Iva Toguri D'Aquino is found guilty of broadcasting for Japan as "Tokyo Rose" during World War II.
October[link]
- October 1 – The People's Republic of China is officially proclaimed.
- October 7 – The Democratic Republic of Germany DDR is established officially
- October 13 – Severe flooding hits Guatemala.
- October 16 – Civil war ends in Greece with a communist surrender.
- October 17 – Chinese communist troops take Guangzhou
- October 27
- Chinese communist troops fail to take Quemoy in the Battle of Kuningtou; their advance towards Taiwan is halted.
- An airliner flying from Paris to New York crashes in the Azores island of São Miguel. Among the victims are violinist Ginette Neveu and French boxer Marcel Cerdan.
November[link]
- November 15 – Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte are executed for assassinating Mohandas Gandhi.
- November 24 – The ski resort in Squaw Valley, California officially opens.
- November 26 – The Indian Constituent Assembly adopts India's constitution [1].
- November 27 – Indonesia is recognized.
- November 28 – Winston Churchill makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union at Kingsway Hall, London.[5]
December[link]
- December 7 – The government of the Republic of China finishes its evacuation to Taiwan, and declares Taipei its temporary capital city.
- December 8 – United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) established as a UN agency.
- December 10 – Robert Menzies elected prime minister of Australia.
- December 14 – Traicho Kostov, ex-vice prime minister of Bulgaria, is sentenced to death.
- December 15 – A typhoon strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand.
- December 16 – Sukarno is elected president of the Republic of Indonesia.
- December 17 – Burma recognizes the People's Republic of China.
- December 27 – Queen Juliana of the Netherlands grants Indonesia sovereignty.
- December 30 – India recognizes the People's Republic of China.
Date unknown[link]
- The Malta Labour Party is founded.
- The Vatican announces that bones uncovered in its subterranean catacombs could be the apostle Peter; 19 years later, Pope Paul VI announces confirmation that the bones belong to this first pope.[6]
- The first 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun prototypes are completed.
- 1949 was the first year in which no African-American was reported lynched in the USA.[7]
- Joseph Stalin launches a savage attack on Soviet Jews, accusing them of being pro-Western and antisocialist.
- Samuel Putnam publishes his new translation of Don Quixote, the first in what we would consider modern English. It is instantly acclaimed and, in 2008, is still in print.
- Fernand Braudel's La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II is published.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Vehbi Akdağ, Turkish wrestler
- Max Azria, French fashion designer
- January 2 – Christopher Durang, American playwright
- January 3 – Sylvia Likens, American murder victim (d. 1965)
- January 7 – Chavo Guerrero, Sr., professional wrestler
- January 8 – Wolfgang Puck, Austrian chef
- January 10
- George Foreman, American boxer
- Linda Lovelace, American actress (d. 2002)
- January 12
- Haruki Murakami, Japanese author
- Wayne Wang, Hong Kong-born film director
- Ottmar Hitzfeld, German football player and coach
- January 13 – Brandon Tartikoff, American television executive (d. 1997)
- January 14 – Lawrence Kasdan, American director and screenwriter
- January 16 – Caroline Munro, English actress and model
- January 17 – Andy Kaufman, American comedian and actor (d. 1984)
- January 18 – Philippe Starck, French designer
- January 19
- Robert Palmer, English singer (d. 2003)
- Dennis Taylor, Irish snooker player
- January 20 – Göran Persson, former Prime Minister of Sweden
- January 22 – Steve Perry, American rock singer
- January 24 – John Belushi, American actor and comedian (d. 1982)
- January 28 – Gregg Popovich, American basketball coach
- January 29 – Tommi Salmelainen, Helsinki, FIN
- January 30 – Peter Agre, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- January 31
- Johan Derksen, Dutch footballer and sports journalist
- Ken Wilber, American philosopher
February[link]
- February 2
- Brent Spiner, American actor
- Duncan Bannatyne, Scottish entrepreneur
- February 3 – Hennie Kuiper, Dutch cyclist
- February 4 – Rasim Delic, Bosnian military chief of staff and war criminal (d. 2010)
- February 6 – Jim Sheridan, Irish film director
- February 7
- Joe English, American drummer
- Alan Lancaster, English bassist
- February 8 – Brooke Adams, American actress
- February 9 – Judith Light, American actress
- February 10
- Michael Weiss, jazz pianist and composer
- Maxime Le Forestier, French singer
- February 15 – Ken Anderson, American NFL player
- February 16 – Lyn Paul, English singer
- February 17 – Dennis Green, American football coach
- February 18 – Gary Ridgway, American serial killer
- February 19 – Dan Bunten, American computer game designer (d. 1998)
- February 20 – Ivana Trump, Czech businesswoman
- February 21 – Ronnie Hellström, Swedish footballer
- February 22 – Niki Lauda, Austrian race car driver
- February 25 – Ric Flair, American professional wrestler
- February 28 – Ilene Graff, American actress and singer
March[link]
- March 2
- Eddie Money, American rock guitarist and singer
- Gates McFadden, American actress and choreographer
- JPR Williams, Welsh rugby player
- March 3 – Jesse Jefferson, American baseball player
- March 6
- Shaukat Aziz, Prime Minister of Pakistan
- Martin Buchan, Scottish footballer
- March 7 – Ghulam Nabi Azad, Indian politician
- March 9 – Tapani Kansa, Finnish singer
- March 10 – Larry Wall, American computer programmer
- March 12
- Rob Cohen, American film director, producer and writer
- Natalia Kuchinskaya, Soviet gymnast
- March 13 – Julia Migenes, American soprano
- March 16
- Elliott Murphy, American singer-songwriter
- Erik Estrada, Puerto Rican actor
- Victor Garber, Canadian actor
- March 17
- Patrick Duffy, American actor
- Michael Finnissy, British composer and pianist
- Pat Rice, Irish footballer and football manager
- March 18 – Alex Higgins, Irish snooker player (d. 2010)
- March 19 – Hirofumi Hirano, Japanese politician and Chief Cabinet Secretary
- March 22 – Fanny Ardant, French actress
- March 23 – Ric Ocasek, American rock musician
- March 24 – Nick Lowe, English musician
- March 26
- Patrick Süskind, German writer
- Vicki Lawrence, American comedienne and game show hostess
- March 29 – Michael Brecker, American jazz musician (d. 2007)
- March 30
- Marcia Ball, American blues musician
- Lene Lovich, American singer
- Naomi Sims, American model and businesswoman
- Elijah Harper, Canadian Aboriginal activist
April[link]
- April 1
- Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman
- Sammy Nelson, Irish footballer
- Gil Scott-Heron, American musician and composer. (d.2011)
- April 3 – Richard Thompson, English musician and songwriter
- April 6 – Horst Ludwig Störmer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 7 – John Oates, American rock singer and guitarist
- April 8 – Brenda Russell, American-Canadian singer, songwriter and keyboardist
- April 10 – Daniel Mangeas, French bicycle commentator
- April 11 – Bernd Eichinger, German film producer and director (d. 2011)
- April 13 – Christopher Hitchens, English-American writer (d. 2011)
- April 14 – John Shea, American actor
- April 15
- Alla Pugacheva, Russian musical performer
- Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm, Polish born writer
- April 16 – Sandy Hawley, Canadian jockey
- April 18 – Geoff Bodine, American race car driver
- April 19 – Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1990)
- April 20
- Jessica Lange, American actress
- Veronica Cartwright, English-born actress
- April 21 – Patti Lupone, American actress
- April 23 – Joyce DeWitt, American actress
- April 24 – Véronique Sanson, French singer and songwriter
- April 26 – Jerry Blackwell, American professional wrestler (d. 1995)
- April 28 – Bruno Kirby, American actor (d. 2006)
May[link]
- May 2 – Alan Titchmarsh, English gardener
- May 3 – Leopoldo Luque, Argentine soccer player
- May 4 – John Force, American race car driver
- May 9 – Billy Joel, American singer-songwriter and pianist
- May 13 – Zoë Wanamaker, English-American actress
- May 18
- Rick Wakeman, English rock musician and songwriter
- Bill Wallace, Canadian rock musician (The Guess Who)
- May 19
- Dusty Hill, American bassist (ZZ Top)
- Archie Manning, American football player
- May 20 – Dave Thomas, Canadian actor and comedian
- May 23 – Alan Garcia Perez, President of Peru
- May 24 – Tomaž Pisanski, Slovenian mathematician
- May 26
- Philip Michael Thomas, American actor
- Hank Williams, Jr., American country singer
- Pam Grier, American actress
- May 27 – Jo Ann Harris American actress
- May 29 – Francis Rossi, English rock guitarist/singer (Status Quo)
- May 31 – Tom Berenger, American actor
June[link]
- June 2 – Heather Couper, British astronomer
- June 4 – Mark B. Cohen, Pennsylvania legislative leader
- June 8 – Emanuel Ax, Polish-born pianist
- June 11 – Frank Beard, American drummer (ZZ Top)
- June 13 – Ann Druyan, American popular science writer
- June 14 – Harry Turtledove, American historian and novelist
- June 15 – Jim Varney, American actor (d. 2000)
- June 17 – Andrei Fursenko, Russian politician, scientist and businessman
- June 18
- Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (d. 2010)
- Jarosław Kaczyński, Polish Prime Minister (2006–2007)
- Prince Lincoln Thompson, Jamaican musician (d. 1999)
- June 19 – Hassan Shehata, Egyptian footballer and coach
- June 21 – Jane Urquhart, Canadian author
- June 22
- Alan Osmond, American pop singer
- Meryl Streep, American actress
- June 25 – Kene Holliday, American actor
- June 27 – Vera Wang, American fashion designer
July[link]
- July 2 – David Eaton, American composer/conductor/producer
- July 3
- Jan Smithers, American actress
- Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American vocalist (d. 2006)
- July 6 – Noli de Castro, Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator, Vice President of the Philippines
- July 7 – Shelley Duvall, American actress
- July 9
- Jesse Duplantis, American televangelist
- Nigel Lythgoe, British television personality
- July 11
- Ingrid Newkirk, animal rights activist
- Émerson Leão, Brazilian footballer
- July 13 – Helena Fibingerova, Czech athlete
- July 15
- Carl Bildt, Swedish Minister for Foreign Affairs, former Prime Minister of Sweden
- Trevor Horn, British singer and producer
- July 17
- Charlie Steiner, American sportscaster
- William C. Faure, South African film director
- Geezer Butler, British heavy metal bassist (Black Sabbath)
- July 22
- Alan Menken, American composer
- Lasse Viren, Finnish long-distance runner
- July 26
- Roger Meddows-Taylor, English rock musician (Queen)
- Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai businessman and former Prime Minister
August[link]
- August 2 – Fernando Collor de Mello, former President of Brazil
- August 4 – John Riggins, American football player
- August 6 – Alan Campbell, Northern Irish clergyman
- August 7 – Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze
- August 11 – Sandra Scheuer, Kent State University shooting victim (d. 1970)
- August 12
- Mark Knopfler, British rock guitarist (Dire Straits)
- Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil
- Mark Essex, American mass murderer (d. 1973)
- August 15 – Beverly Lynn Burns, American pilot, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747
- August 16 – Barbara Goodson, American actress/voice actress
- August 20 – Philip Lynott, Irish rock musician (d. 1986)
- August 21 – Loretta Devine, American actress
- August 23
- Shelley Long, American actress
- Rick Springfield, Australian rock singer and actor
- August 24 – Charles Rocket, American actor (d. 2005)
- August 25
- Martin Amis, English novelist
- Gene Simmons, American rock musician (Kiss)
- August 28 – Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player and coach
- August 31
- Richard Gere, American actor
- H. David Politzer, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
September[link]
- September 7
- Lee McGeorge Durrell, American author, television presenter, and zookeeper
- Gloria Gaynor, American singer
- September 9
- Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, current President of Indonesia
- Joe Theismann, American football player
- September 10 – Bill O'Reilly, American conservative radio and television commentator
- September 13 – John W. Henry, American foreign exchange advisor, Boston Red Sox owner
- September 14 – Eikichi Yazawa, Japanese singer
- September 15 – Joe Barton, American politician
- September 16 – Ed Begley, Jr. American actor and environmentalist
- September 18
- Mo Mowlam, British politician (d. 2005)
- Peter Shilton, English goalkeeper
- September 19 – Twiggy Lawson, English model
- September 23 – Bruce Springsteen, American singer and songwriter
- September 25 – Inshan Ali, West Indian cricketer (d. 1995)
- September 26 – Jane Smiley, American novelist
- September 27 – Mike Schmidt, American baseball player
October[link]
- October 1 – Isaac Bonewits, American author and occultist
- October 2
- Richard Hell, American musician and writer
- Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
- October 4 – Armand Assante, American actor
- October 7 – Ronnie Mund, American television personality
- October 8
- Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (d. 2003)
- Sigourney Weaver, American actress
- October 12
- Carlos the Jackal, Venezuelan-born mercenary
- Stan Hansen, American professional wrestler
- October 14
- Katy Manning, English actress
- Katha Pollitt, American writer
- October 17 – Bill Hudson, American musician
- October 20 – Valeriy Borzov, Ukrainian athlete
- October 21 – Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel
- October 22 – Arsène Wenger, French football (soccer) manager
- October 26 – Antonio Carpio, Filipino Supreme Court jurist
- October 27 – Cheryl Keeton, American murder victim
November[link]
- November 3 – Larry Holmes, American boxer
- November 5
- Armin Shimerman, American actor
- Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (d. 1984)
- November 6
- Nigel Havers, British actor
- Joseph C. Wilson, former United States diplomat
- November 7
- November 8 – Bonnie Raitt, American country singer and guitarist
- November 15 – David Rubinstein, American pianist and composer
- November 19 – Ahmad Rashād, American sportscaster and television personality
- November 22 – Shaun Garnett, English footballer and coach
- November 24
- Nick Ainger, British politician
- Pierre Buyoya, former President of Burundi
- November 25 – Kerry James O'Keeffe, Australian cricketer and commentator
- November 26
- Juanin Clay, American actress (d. 1995)
- Shlomo Artzi, Israeli singer
- November 28
- Alexander Godunov, Russian-born dancer and actor (d. 1995)
- Paul Shaffer, Canadian-American musician
- November 29
- Jerry Lawler, American professional wrestler and commentator
- Stan Rogers, Canadian musician (d. 1983)
- Garry Shandling, American comedian
December[link]
- December 1
- December 3 – John Akii-Bua, Ugandan hurdler (d. 1997)
- December 4
- Jeff Bridges, American actor
- Pamela Stephenson, New Zealand-born comedienne, actress, and singer
- December 7
- Tom Waits, American singer, composer, and actor
- Cathy Wayne, Australian pop entertainer (d. 1969)
- December 8 – Mary Gordon, American writer
- December 12 – Rajinikanth, Indian actor
- December 13
- Robert Lindsay, English actor
- Randy Owen, American country lead vocalist, rhythm guitar player
- Tom Verlaine, American rock singer/guitarist (Television)
- December 14 – Bill Buckner, American baseball player
- December 15 – Don Johnson, American actor
- December 16 – Billy Gibbons, American guitarist (ZZ Top)
- December 17 – Paul Rodgers, British rock singer
- December 19 – Sebastian, Danish musician
- December 20 – Claudia Jennings, American model (d. 1979)
- December 22
- Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (The Bee Gees) (d. 2003)
- Robin Gibb, British rock musician (The Bee Gees) (d. 2012)
- December 24 – Randy Neugebauer, American politician
- December 25
- Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira, Brazilian singer
- Sissy Spacek, American actress
- Joe Louis Walker, American musician
- December 26 – José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
- date unknown
- Suthep Po-ngam, Thai comedian, actor, film director and screenwriter
- Mu Tiezhu, Chinese basketball player and coach (d. 2008)
Deaths[link]
January–March[link]
- January 6 – Victor Fleming, American director (b. 1883)
- January 9 – Tommy Handley, British radio comedian (born 1892)
- January 11 – Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1889)
- January 14
- Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist (b. 1892)
- Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (b. 1882)
- January 28 – Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908)
- February 1 – Herbert Stothart, American composer (b. 1885)
- February 12 – Imam Hassan al Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. 1906)
- February 17 – Ellery Harding Clark, American athlete (b. 1874)
- February 21 – Tan Malaka, Indonesian nationalist activist and communist leader (b. 1894)
- March 7 – Bradbury Robinson, American who threw the first forward pass in American football history in 1906 (b. 1884)
- March 11 – Henri Giraud, French general (b. 1879)
- March 17 – Felix Bressart, German-American actor (b. 1892)
- March 19 – James Somerville, British admiral (b. 1882)
- March 25 – Jack Kapp, president of the U.S. branch of Decca Records (b. 1901)
- March 28 – Grigoraş Dinicu, Romanian composer (b. 1889)
- March 30
- Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884)
- Prince Harald of Denmark (b. 1876)
April–June[link]
- April 6 – Seymour Hicks, British actor (b. 1871)
- April 8 – Kathy Fiscus, girl who became famous after falling down a well in San Marino, California (b. 1945)
- April 15 – Wallace Beery, American actor (b. 1885)
- April 18 – Will Hay, English comedian and actor (b. 1888)
- April 19 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
- April 22 – Charles B. Middleton, American actor (b. 1874)
- April 28 – Aurora Quezon, First Lady of the Philippines (shot) (b. 1888)
- May 6 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1862)
- May 9 – Louis II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1870)
- May 22
- James Forrestal, U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense (suicide) (b. 1892)
- Klaus Mann, German writer (suicide) (b. 1906)
- May 23 – Jan Frans De Boever, Belgian painter (b. 1872)
- May 27 – Robert Ripley, American creator of Ripley's Believe It or Not! (b. 1890)
- June 10 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
- June 14 – Russell Doubleday, American author and publisher (b. 1872)
- June 19 – Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian/Pakistani Muslim philosopher (b. 1885)
- June 25 – Buck Freeman, American baseball player (b. 1871)
July–August[link]
- July 9 – Fritz Hart, English-born composer (b. 1874)
- July 12 – Douglas Hyde, first President of Ireland (b. 1860)
- July 18 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870)
- July 26 – Linda Arvidson, American actress (b. 1884)
- August 5 – Ernest Fourneau, French chemist and pharmacologist (b. 1872)
- August 9
- Gustavus M. Blech, German-American physician and surgeon (b. 1870)
- Harry Davenport, American actor (b. 1866)
- George Edward MacKenzie Skues, British inventor of nymph fly fishing (b. 1858)
- August 16 – Margaret Mitchell, American writer (b. 1900)
- August 17 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist & politician (b. 1891)
- August 18 – Paul Mares, American musician (b. 1900)
- August 23 – Domingo Díaz Arosemena, President of Panama (b. 1875)
- August 30 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877)
September–October[link]
- September 7 – José Clemente Orozco, Mexican painter (b. 1883)
- September 8 – Richard Strauss, German composer (b. 1864)
- September 10 – Wiley Rutledge, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1894)
- September 13 – August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874)
- September 14 – Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, German Resistance figure (b. 1901)
- September 18 – Frank Morgan, American actor (b. 1890)
- September 19
- Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884)
- George Shiels, Irish writer (b. 1886)
- Nikos Skalkottas, Greek composer (b. 1901)
- September 20 – Richard Dix, American actor (b. 1893)
- September 22 – Sam Wood, American director (b. 1883)
- October 1 – Buddy Clark, American singer (b. 1911)
- October 14 – Fritz Leiber, Sr., American actor (b. 1882)
- October 15 – Elmer Clifton, American actor and director (b. 1890)
- October 23 – Almanzo Wilder, American writer, and husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder (b. 1857)
- October 27
- Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (plane crash) (b. 1916)
- Ginette Neveu, French violinist (plane crash) (b. 1919)
- October 31 – Edward Stettinius, Jr., U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1900)
November–December[link]
- November – Maria Josepha Sophia de Iturbide, head of the Imperial House of Mexico (b. 1872)
- November 2
- Jerome F. Donovan, American politician (b. 1872)
- William Desmond, Irish actor (b. 1878)
- November 3 – Solomon R. Guggenheim, American philanthropist (b. 1861)
- November 5 – Abdolhossein Hazhir, Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1899)
- November 15 (executed):
- Nathuram Godse, assassin of Mohandas Gandhi(b. 1910)
- Narayan Apte, Hindu activist, Godse's accomplice (b. 1911)
- November 25 – Bill Robinson, American dancer (b. 1878)
- November 30 – Irene Vanbrugh, English actress (b. 1872)
- December 3 – Maria Ouspenskaya, Russian actress (b. 1876)
- December 6 – Leadbelly, American blues musician (b. 1888)
- December 11 – Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (b. 1875)
- December 16 – Sidney Olcott, Canadian film director (b. 1873)
- December 28 – Hervey Allen, American author (b. 1889)
- December 28 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (b. 1910)
- December 31 – Raimond Valgre, Estonian composer and musician (b. 1913)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Yukawa Hideki
- Chemistry – William Francis Giauque
- Medicine – Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
- Literature – William Faulkner
- Peace – John Boyd Orr
References[link]
- ^ "'Big bang' astronomer dies". BBC News. 22 August 2001. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1503721.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Croswell, Ken (1995). "Chapter 9". The Alchemy of the Heavens. Anchor Books. ISBN 0-385-47213-7.
- ^ Mitton, Simon (2005). Fred Hoyle: a Life in Science. Aurum Press. p. 127. ISBN 1-85410-961-8.
- ^ "Pioneer computer to be rebuilt". Cam 62: 5. Lent 2011.
- ^ "Address given by Winston Churchill (London, 28 November 1949)". european navigator The first digital library on the history of Europe. 28 November 1949. http://www.ena.lu/address_given_winston_churchill_london_28_november_1949-020002899.html. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
- ^ "Year by Year 1949" – History Channel International.
- ^ From Harding to Hiroshima by Barrington Boardman (1988), p. 14. ISBN 0-934878-94-3
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| Jeanne Crain | |
|---|---|
 Crain in Leave Her to Heaven (1945) |
|
| Born | Jeanne Elizabeth Crain (1925-05-25)May 25, 1925 Barstow, California, United States |
| Died | December 14, 2003(2003-12-14) (aged 78) Santa Barbara, California, United States |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1943–75 |
| Spouse | Paul Brinkman (1946-2003) (his death) 7 children |
| Website | |
| http://www.jeannecrain.org/ | |
Jeanne Elizabeth Crain (May 25, 1925 – December 14, 2003) was an American actress whose career spanned three decades from 1943 to 1975. She received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress in the 1949 film Pinky in which she played the leading role. She was also noted for her ability in ice skating.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Crain was born in Barstow, California, to George A. Crain, a school teacher, and Loretta Carr; she was of Irish heritage on her mother's side, and of English and distant French descent on her father's.[citation needed] She moved to Los Angeles, California, as a young child.
An excellent ice skater, Crain first attracted attention when she was crowned Miss Pan Pacific at the Pan-Pacific Auditorium in Los Angeles. Later, while still in high school, she was asked to make a screen test opposite Orson Welles. She did not get the part, but in 1943, at age 18, she appeared in a bit part in the film The Gang's All Here.
Career[link]
In 1944 Crain starred in Home in Indiana and In the Meantime, Darling. Her acting was critically panned, but she gained nationwide attention. It resulted in landing the leading role in The Shocking Miss Pilgrim in October 1944, a musical film which was eventually shelved and made with Betty Grable.[1]
Crain first received critical acclaim when she starred in Winged Victory (1944). She co-starred in 1945 with Dana Andrews in the musical film State Fair, in which Louanne Hogan dubbed Crain's singing numbers. After that, Crain often had singing parts in films, and they were invariably dubbed, in most cases by Hogan. Also in 1945, Crain starred in Leave Her to Heaven with Gene Tierney. Her ice skating ability was on display in the 1946 film, Margie, in which she and Conrad Janis danced around the ice rink as her boyfriend, Alan Young, slipped and stumbled his way along the ice.
In 1949, Crain appeared in three films — A Letter to Three Wives, The Fan and Pinky, the latter earning her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. Pinky was controversial, since it told the story of a light-skinned African-American woman who passes for white in the Northern United States. Although Lena Horne and other black actresses were considered, Darryl F. Zanuck chose to cast a white actress for fear of racial backlash.
Crain starred opposite Myrna Loy and Clifton Webb in the 1950 biographical film Cheaper by the Dozen. Next, Crain paired up with Cary Grant for the Joseph L. Mankiewicz production of the offbeat drama People Will Talk (1951). Despite Jeanne heavily campaigning for the female lead, Anne Baxter was initially cast in the part, but when she had to forfeit due to pregnancy, Crain was given the role after all.[2] Shortly after, she starred in Charles Brackett's first film The Model and the Marriage Broker (1951). Cast in May 1951, Crain was Brackett's first choice for the role.[3] Crain was reunited with Loy for Belles on Their Toes (1952), the sequel to Cheaper by the Dozen.
While still at 20th Century Fox, Crain played a young wife quickly losing her mind amidst high-seas intrigue in Dangerous Crossing (1953), co-starring Michael Rennie. Crain then starred in a string of films for Universal Pictures, including a notable pairing with Kirk Douglas in Man Without a Star (1955).
Crain showed her dancing skills in 1955's Gentlemen Marry Brunettes co-starring Jane Russell, Alan Young and Rudy Vallee. The production was filmed on location in Paris, France. The film was based on the Anita Loos sequel to Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Gentlemen Marry Brunettes was popular[citation needed] throughout Europe at the time and was released in France as A Paris Pour les Quatre (To Paris for the Four), and in Belgium as Cevieren Te Parijs. Later in the 1950s, Crain, Russell and another actress formed a short-lived singing and dancing lounge act on the Strip in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 1956, Crain starred opposite Glenn Ford, Russ Tamblyn and Broderick Crawford in the Western film The Fastest Gun Alive directed by Russell Rouse. In 1957, she played a socialite who helps a floundering singer and comedian (Frank Sinatra) redeem himself in The Joker Is Wild.
In 1959, Crain appeared in a CBS special television production of Meet Me in St. Louis. Also starring in the broadcast were Loy, Walter Pidgeon, Jane Powell and Ed Wynn, with top billing going to Tab Hunter. Film roles became fewer in the 1960s as Crain went into semi-retirement. She appeared as Nefertiti in the Italian production of Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile (1961) with Edmund Purdom and Vincent Price. During this period Crain appeared - for the second time - as one of the mystery guests on the game show What's My Line? and made several guest appearances on Burke's Law, a detective television series. She starred again with Dana Andrews in Hot Rods To Hell (1967). Her last films were Skyjacked (1972) and The Night God Screamed (1975).[4]
Personal life[link]
At the top of her stardom, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Crain was nicknamed 'Hollywood's Number One party girl', and she was quoted saying that she was invited to at least 200 parties a year.[5]
Against her mother's wishes, on December 31, 1946, Crain married Paul Brinkman, a former RKO Pictures contract player credited as Paul Brooks. The first of their seven children was born the following April.
During the early 1950s, Crain was earning approximately $3,500 per week.[citation needed] Crain and her husband bought a large home for their growing family on Roxbury Drive in Beverly Hills, California. The home can be seen and is described by Bette Davis in candid footage of a driving sequence in the film The Star (1952).
The marriage was rocky for some years. In the mid-1950s, Crain obtained an interlocutory divorce decree, each spouse claiming the other had been unfaithful (she also claimed Brinkman had been abusive), but the couple reconciled on the eve of their 11th wedding anniversary.
In the early 1960s she was one of many conservative actors who spent their time fervently fighting for the Republican cause. Others included James Stewart, Walter Pidgeon, Donna Reed, Jerry Lewis, Wendell Corey, and Troy Donahue.[6]
Crain and her husband remained married, although they lived separately in Santa Barbara, California, until Brinkman's death in October 2003.
Crain died a few months later and it was later confirmed that the cause was a heart attack.[citation needed] Crain's funeral Mass was held at the Old Santa Barbara Mission. Crain is buried in the Brinkman family plot at Santa Barbara Cemetery. The Brinkmans were survived by five adult children, including Paul Brinkman Jr., a television executive, most known for his work on the television series JAG.
Legacy[link]
Crain's career is fully documented by a collection of memorabilia about her assembled by Charles J. Finlay, a longtime publicist at 20th Century Fox. The Jeanne Crain Collection resides at the Cinema Archives at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. These archives also hold the papers of Ingrid Bergman, Frank Capra, Clint Eastwood and others.[7]
Filmography[link]
| Film | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 1943 | The Gang's All Here | Chorus Girl/Pool Party Guest | uncredited |
| 1944 | Home in Indiana | 'Char' Bruce | |
| In the Meantime, Darling | Margaret 'Maggie' Preston | ||
| Winged Victory | Helen | ||
| 1945 | State Fair | Margy Frake | a.k.a. Rodgers and Hammerstein's State Fair also Soundtrack |
| Leave Her to Heaven | Ruth Berent | ||
| 1946 | Centennial Summer | Julia Rogers | also Soundtrack |
| Margie | Marjorie 'Margie' MacDuff | also Soundtrack | |
| 1948 | You Were Meant for Me | Peggy Mayhew | |
| Apartment for Peggy | Peggy Taylor | also Soundtrack | |
| 1949 | A Letter to Three Wives | Deborah Bishop | |
| The Fan | Lady Margaret 'Meg' Windermere | a.k.a. Lady Windermere's Fan | |
| Pinky | Patricia 'Pinky' Johnson | Nominated — Academy Award for Best Actress | |
| 1950 | Cheaper by the Dozen | Ann Gilbreth | |
| I'll Get By | Jeanne Crain | uncredited Cameo appearance |
|
| 1951 | Take Care of My Little Girl | Elizabeth 'Liz' Erickson | |
| People Will Talk | Deborah Higgins | ||
| The Model and the Marriage Broker | Kitty Bennett | ||
| 1952 | Belles on Their Toes | Ann Gilbreth | a.k.a. Belles on Their Toes: The Further Adventures of the Gilbreth Family |
| O. Henry's Full House | Della Young | Segment The Gift of the Magi | |
| 1953 | Dangerous Crossing | Ruth Stanton Bowman | |
| Vicki | Jill Lynn | ||
| City of Bad Men | Linda Culligan | ||
| 1954 | Duel in the Jungle | Marian Taylor | |
| 1955 | Man Without a Star | Reed Bowman | |
| Gentlemen Marry Brunettes | Connie Jones/Mitzi Jones | also Soundtrack | |
| The Second Greatest Sex | Liza McClure | also Soundtrack | |
| 1956 | The Fastest Gun Alive | Dora Temple | |
| 1957 | The Tattered Dress | Diane Blane | |
| The Joker Is Wild | Letty Page | a.k.a. All the Way | |
| 1960 | Guns of the Timberland | Laura Riley | |
| 1961 | Twenty Plus Two | Linda Foster | a.k.a. It Started in Tokyo |
| Nefertiti, Queen of the Nile | Tenet/Nefertiti | Original title: Nefertiti, regina del Nilo | |
| 1962 | Madison Avenue | Peggy Shannon | |
| Pontius Pilate | Claudia Procula | Original title: Ponzio Pilato | |
| 1963 | Invasion 1700 | Helen | Original title: Col ferro e col fuoco a.k.a. Daggers of Blood a.k.a. With Fire and Sword |
| 1967 | Hot Rods to Hell | Peg Phillips | a.k.a. 52 Miles to Terror |
| 1971 | The Night God Screamed | Fanny Pierce | a.k.a. Scream |
| 1972 | Skyjacked | Mrs. Clara Shaw | a.k.a. Sky Terror |
| Television | |||
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1955 | Star Stage | Nancy | 1 episode |
| 1956 | The Ford Television Theatre | Joyce Randall | 1 episode |
| 1958 | Playhouse 90 | Daisy Buchanan | 1 episode |
| Schlitz Playhouse of Stars | Ruth Elliot | 1 episode | |
| 1959 | Meet Me in St. Louis | Rose Smith | TV movie |
| Goodyear Theatre | Lila Babrek Barnes | 1 episode | |
| Riverboat | Laura Sutton | 1 episode | |
| 1960-62 | G.E. True Theater | Hope/Marion Miller | 3 episodes |
| 1963 | The Dick Powell Theatre | Elsie | 1 episode |
| 1964-65 | Burke's Law | Amy Booth / Lorraine Turner / Polly Martin | 3 episodes |
| 1968 | The Danny Thomas Hour | Frances Merrill | 1 episode |
| The Name of the Game | Mrs. McKendricks | 1 episode | |
| 1972 | Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law | Lily MacMurdy | 1 episode |
References[link]
- ^ "SCREEN NEWS; Fox Picks Starring Film for Jeanne Crain". The New York Times. October 18, 1944. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70915FD3555157B93CAA8178BD95F408485F9&scp=1&sq=&st=p. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
- ^ "Gets Anne's Role" by Louella Parsons, Deseret News, March 12, 1951, p. 3
- ^ "Jeanne Crain Gets 'Marriage Broker' Lead" by Louella O. Parsons, San Antonio Light, May 24, 1951, p. 6
- ^ ephriam Katz, The Film Encyclopedia, Third Edition, 1998, p. 304
- ^ "Jeanne Crain Likes Night Life, Says So", Long Beach Independent, March 18, 1955, p. 27
- ^ http://www.glamourgirlsofthesilverscreen.com/show/50/Jeanne+Crain/index.html
- ^ http://www.wesleyan.edu/cinema/
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jeanne Crain |
- Jeanne Crain at the Internet Movie Database
- Jeanne Crain at Find a Grave
- Grace, Francie (December 15, 2003). "Actress Jeanne Crain Dead At 78 — Appeared In 64 Films, Co-Starred With Holden, Sinatra, Kirk Douglas". The Associated Press (via CBS News). Accessed January 8, 2010.
- jeannecrain.org, a Jeanne Crain tribute website by Crain's granddaughter Bret Crain Csupo
- Photographs and literature
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Crain, Jeanne |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | May 25, 1925 |
| Place of birth | Barstow, California, United States |
| Date of death | December 14, 2003 |
| Place of death | Santa Barbara, California, |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an English American[6][7] author and journalist whose career spanned more than four decades.[8] Hitchens, often referred to colloquially as "Hitch",[9] was a columnist and literary critic for New Statesman, The Atlantic, The Nation, The Daily Mirror, The Times Literary Supplement and Vanity Fair. He was an author of twelve books and five collections of essays. As a staple of talk shows and lecture circuits, he was a prominent public intellectual, and his confrontational style of debate made him both a lauded and controversial figure.
Hitchens was known for his admiration of George Orwell, Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, as well as for his excoriating critiques of various public figures including Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger and Diana, Princess of Wales. Although he supported the Falklands War, his key split from the established political left began in 1989 after what he called the "tepid reaction" of the Western left to the Rushdie Affair. The September 11 attacks strengthened his internationalist embrace of an interventionist foreign policy, and his vociferous criticism of what he called "fascism with an Islamic face." His numerous editorials in support of the Iraq War caused some to label him a neoconservative, although Hitchens insisted he was not "a conservative of any kind", and his friend Ian McEwan describes him as representing the anti-totalitarian left.[10][11]
A noted critic of religion and a self described "antitheist", he said that a person "could be an atheist and wish that belief in god were correct", but that "an antitheist, a term I'm trying to get into circulation, is someone who is relieved that there's no evidence for such an assertion."[12] According to Hitchens, the concept of a god or a supreme being is a totalitarian belief that destroys individual freedom, and that free expression and scientific discovery should replace religion as a means of teaching ethics and defining human civilization. His 2007 book, God Is Not Great, sold over 500,000 copies.
On 15 December 2011, Hitchens died from pneumonia, a complication of his cancer, in the MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. A popular figure, his death prompted tributes and eulogies from a range of public figures, including Tony Blair, Richard Dawkins, Martin Amis, James Fenton, Nick Clegg, Stephen Fry and Bill Maher.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Early life and education[link]
His mother, Yvonne Jean (née Hickman), and father, Eric Ernest Hitchens (1909–1987), met in Scotland while both were serving in the Royal Navy during World War II.[13] Yvonne was at the time a "Wren" (a member of the Women's Royal Naval Service),[14] and Eric a "purse-lipped and silent" commander, whose ship HMS Jamaica helped sink Nazi Germany's battleship Scharnhorst in the Battle of the North Cape.[3] His father's naval career required the family to move a number of times from base to base throughout Britain and its dependencies, including in Malta, where Christopher's brother Peter was born in Sliema in 1951.
Hitchens's mother having argued that "if there is going to be an upper class in this country, then Christopher is going to be in it,"[15] he was sent off to Mount House School in Tavistock in Devon at the age of eight, followed by the independent Leys School in Cambridge, and then at Balliol College in Oxford, where he was tutored by Steven Lukes and read philosophy, politics, and economics. Hitchens was "bowled over" in his adolescence by Richard Llewellyn's How Green Was My Valley, Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon, Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, R. H. Tawney's critique on Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, and the works of George Orwell.[14] In 1968, he took part in the TV quiz show University Challenge.[16]
Hitchens has written of his homosexual experiences when in boarding school in his memoir, Hitch-22.[17] These experiences continued in his college years, when he allegedly had relationships with two men who eventually became a part of the Thatcher government.[18]
In the 1960s Hitchens joined the political left, drawn by his anger over the Vietnam War, nuclear weapons, racism, and "oligarchy", including that of "the unaccountable corporation". He would express affinity with the politically charged countercultural and protest movements of the 1960s and 1970s. However, he deplored the rife recreational drug use of the time, which he describes as hedonistic.[19]
He joined the Labour Party in 1965, but along with the majority of the Labour students' organization was expelled in 1967, because of what Hitchens called "Prime Minister Harold Wilson's contemptible support for the war in Vietnam".[20][clarification needed] Under the influence of Peter Sedgwick, who translated the writings of Russian revolutionary and Soviet dissident Victor Serge, Hitchens forged an ideological interest in Trotskyist and anti-Stalinist socialism.[14] Shortly after he joined "a small but growing post-Trotskyist Luxemburgist sect".[21]
Journalistic career (1970–1981)[link]
Hitchens began working as a correspondent for the magazine International Socialism,[22] published by the International Socialists, the forerunners of today's British Socialist Workers Party. This group was broadly Trotskyist, but differed from more orthodox Trotskyist groups in its refusal to defend communist states as "workers' states". Their slogan was "Neither Washington nor Moscow but International Socialism".
Hitchens left Oxford with a third class degree.[23] In 1971 he went to work at the Times Higher Education Supplement where he served as a social science correspondent.[24] Hitchens admitted that he hated the position, and was later fired; he recalled, "I sometimes think if I'd been any good at that job, I might still be doing it."[25] He then went on to become a researcher for ITV's Weekend World.[26] In 1973 he went on to work for the New Statesman, where he became friends with the authors Martin Amis and Ian McEwan, among others.[26] At the New Statesman he acquired a reputation as a fierce left-winger, aggressively attacking targets such as Henry Kissinger, the Vietnam War, and the Roman Catholic Church.
In November 1973, Hitchens' mother committed suicide in Athens in a suicide pact with her lover, a former clergyman named Timothy Bryan.[14] They overdosed on sleeping pills in adjoining hotel rooms, and Bryan slashed his wrists in the bathtub. Hitchens flew alone to Athens to recover his mother's body. Hitchens said he thought his mother was pressured into suicide by fear that her husband would learn of her infidelity, as their marriage had been strained and unhappy. Both her children were then independent adults. While in Greece, Hitchens reported on the constitutional crisis of the military junta. It became his first leading article for the New Statesman.[27]
In 1977, unhappy at the New Statesman, Hitchens defected to the Daily Express where he became a foreign correspondent.[26] He returned to the New Statesman in 1979 where he became foreign editor.[26]
American career (1981–2011)[link]
After moving to the United States in 1981, Hitchens wrote for The Nation, where he penned vociferous critiques of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and American foreign policy in South and Central America.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34] He became a contributing editor of Vanity Fair in 1992,[35] writing ten columns a year. In 2002 Asteroid 57901 Hitchens was named after him.[36] He left The Nation in 2002 after profoundly disagreeing with other contributors over the Iraq War. There is speculation that Hitchens was the inspiration for Tom Wolfe's character Peter Fallow in the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities,[30] but others — including Hitchens (or he indicated as such while alive) — believe it to be Spy Magazine's "Ironman Nightlife Decathlete" Anthony Haden-Guest.[37][38] In 1987, his father died from cancer of the esophagus.[39] He became a media fellow at the Hoover Institution in September 2008.[40]
Hitchens spent part of his early career in journalism as a foreign correspondent in Cyprus.[41] Through his work there he met his first wife Eleni Meleagrou, a Greek Cypriot, with whom he had two children, Alexander and Sophia. His son, Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens, born in 1984, has worked as a researcher for London think tanks the Policy Exchange and the Centre for Social Cohesion. Hitchens continued writing essay-style correspondence pieces from a variety of locales, including Chad, Uganda[42] and the Darfur region of Sudan.[43] His work took him to over 60 countries.[44] In 1991 he received a Lannan Literary Award for Nonfiction.[45]
Before Hitchens' political shift, the American author and polemicist Gore Vidal was apt to speak of Hitchens as his "Dauphin" or "heir".[46][47][48] In 2010, Hitchens attacked Vidal in a Vanity Fair piece headlined "Vidal Loco," calling him a "crackpot" for his adoption of 9/11 conspiracy theories.[49][50] Also, on the back of his book Hitch-22, among the praise from notable writers and figures, a Vidal quote endorsing Hitchens as his successor is crossed out with a red 'X' and a message saying "NO C.H." His strong advocacy of the war in Iraq had gained Hitchens a wider readership, and in September 2005 he was named one of the "Top 100 Public Intellectuals" by Foreign Policy and Prospect magazines.[51] An online poll ranked the 100 intellectuals, but the magazines noted that the rankings of Hitchens (5), Noam Chomsky (1), and Abdolkarim Soroush (15) were partly due to supporters publicising the vote.[52]
In 2007 Hitchens' work for Vanity Fair won him the National Magazine Award in the category "Columns and Commentary".[53] He was a finalist once more in the same category in 2008 for some of his columns in Slate but lost out to Matt Taibbi of Rolling Stone.[54] He won the National Magazine Award for Columns about Cancer in 2011.[55][56] Hitchens also served on the Advisory Board of Secular Coalition for America and offered advice to Coalition on the acceptance and inclusion of nontheism in American life.[57]
Literature reviews[link]
Hitchens wrote a monthly essay on books in The Atlantic[58] and contributed occasionally to other literary journals. One of his books, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, is a collection of such works, and Love, Poverty and War contains a section devoted to literary essays. In Why Orwell Matters, he defends Orwell's writings against modern critics as relevant today and progressive for his time. In the 2008 book Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq, and the Left, many literary critiques are included of essays and other books of writers, such as David Horowitz and Edward Said.
During a three-hour interview by Book TV,[3] he named authors who have had influence on his views, including Aldous Huxley, George Orwell, Evelyn Waugh, P. G. Wodehouse and Conor Cruise O'Brien.
Political views[link]
Main article: Christopher Hitchens's political views
| My own opinion is enough for me, and I claim the right to have it defended against any consensus, any majority, anywhere, anyplace, anytime. And anyone who disagrees with this can pick a number, get in line and kiss my ass. |
| – Christopher Hitchens[59] |
The San Francisco Chronicle referred to Hitchens as a "gadfly with gusto".[60] In 2009, Hitchens was listed by Forbes magazine as one of the "25 most influential liberals in the U.S. media".[61] However, the same article noted that he would "likely be aghast to find himself on this list", since it reduces his self-styled radicalism to mere liberalism. Hitchens' political perspective can be found in his wide ranging writings which include many of the political dialogues he published.
Socialism[link]
Hitchens became a socialist "largely [as] the outcome of a study of history, taking sides ... in the battles over industrialism and war and empire." In 2001, he told Rhys Southan of Reason magazine that he could no longer say "I am a socialist." Socialists, he claimed, had ceased to offer a positive alternative to the capitalist system. Capitalism had become the more revolutionary economic system, and he welcomed globalisation as "innovative and internationalist", but added, "I don't think that the contradictions, as we used to say, of the system, are by any means all resolved." He stated that he had a renewed interest in the freedom of the individual from the state, but that he still considered libertarianism "ahistorical" both on the world stage and in the work of creating a stable and functional society, adding that libertarians are "more worried about the over-mighty state than the unaccountable corporation" whereas "the present state of affairs ... combines the worst of bureaucracy with the worst of the insurance companies."[62]
In 2006, in a town hall meeting in Pennsylvania debating the Jewish Tradition with Martin Amis, Hitchens commented on his political philosophy by stating, "I am no longer a socialist, but I still am a Marxist".[63] In a June 2010 interview with The New York Times, he stated that "I still think like a Marxist in many ways. I think the materialist conception of history is valid. I consider myself a very conservative Marxist".[64] In 2009, in an article for The Atlantic entitled "The Revenge of Karl Marx", Hitchens frames the late-2000s recession in terms of Marx's economic analysis and notes how much Marx admired the capitalist system he was calling for the end of, but says that Marx ultimately failed to grasp how revolutionary capitalist innovation was.[65] Hitchens was an admirer of Che Guevara, commenting that "[Che's] death meant a lot to me and countless like me at the time, he was a role model, albeit an impossible one for us bourgeois romantics insofar as he went and did what revolutionaries were meant to do — fought and died for his beliefs."[66] However, in an essay written in 1997, he distanced himself from Che, and referred to the mythos surrounding him as a "cult".[67]
He continued to regard both Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky as great men,[68][69] and the October Revolution as a necessary event in the modernization of Russia.[21][30] In 2005, Hitchens praised Lenin's creation of "secular Russia" and his discrediting of the Russian Orthodox Church, describing it as "an absolute warren of backwardness and evil and superstition".[21]
Iraq War and the war on terror[link]
In the years after the fatwa issued against Salman Rushdie, Hitchens became increasingly critical of what he called "excuse making" on the left. At the same time, he was attracted to the foreign policy ideas of some on the Republican-right that promoted pro-liberalism intervention, especially the neoconservative group that included Paul Wolfowitz.[70] Around this time, he befriended the Iraqi dissident and businessman Ahmed Chalabi.[71] In 2004, Hitchens stated that neoconservative support for US intervention in Iraq convinced him that he was "on the same side as the neo-conservatives" when it came to contemporary foreign policy issues.[72] Hitchens had also been known to refer to his association with "temporary neocon allies".[73]
Following the September 11 attacks, Hitchens and Noam Chomsky debated the nature of radical Islam and the proper response to it. In October 2001, Hitchens wrote criticisms of Chomsky in The Nation.[74][75] Chomsky responded[76] and Hitchens issued a rebuttal to Chomsky[77] to which Chomsky again responded.[78] Approximately a year after the September 11 attacks and his exchanges with Chomsky, Hitchens left The Nation, claiming that its editors, readers and contributors considered John Ashcroft a bigger threat than Osama bin Laden,[79] and that they were making excuses on behalf of Islamist terrorism; in the following months he wrote articles increasingly at odds with his colleagues.
Christopher Hitchens argued the case for the Iraq War in a 2003 collection of essays entitled A Long Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq, and he held numerous public debates on the topic with George Galloway[80] and Scott Ritter.[81]
Criticism of George W. Bush[link]
Prior to September 11, 2001, and the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan, Hitchens was highly critical of Bush's "non-interventionist" foreign policy. He also criticized Bush's support of intelligent design[82] and capital punishment.[83][83]
Although Hitchens defended Bush's post-September 11 foreign policy, he criticized the actions of U.S. troops in Abu Ghraib and Haditha, and the U.S. government's use of waterboarding, which he unhesitatingly deemed as torture after being invited by Vanity Fair to voluntarily undergo it.[84][85] In January 2006, Hitchens joined with four other individuals and four organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union and Greenpeace, as plaintiffs in a lawsuit, ACLU v. NSA, challenging Bush's warrantless domestic spying program; the lawsuit was filed by the ACLU.[86][87][88]
Presidential endorsements[link]
Hitchens would elaborate on his political views and ideological shift in a discussion with Eric Alterman on Bloggingheads.tv. In this discussion Hitchens revealed himself to be a supporter of Ralph Nader in the 2000 U.S. presidential election, who was disenchanted with the candidacy of both George W. Bush and Al Gore.[89]
Hitchens made a brief return to The Nation just before the 2004 U.S. presidential election and wrote that he was "slightly" for Bush; shortly afterwards, Slate polled its staff on their positions on the candidates and mistakenly printed Hitchens' vote as pro-John Kerry. Hitchens shifted his opinion to "neutral", saying: "It's absurd for liberals to talk as if Kristallnacht is impending with Bush, and it's unwise and indecent for Republicans to equate Kerry with capitulation. There's no one to whom he can surrender, is there? I think that the nature of the jihadist enemy will decide things in the end".[90]
In the 2008 presidential election, Hitchens in an article for Slate stated, "I used to call myself a single-issue voter on the essential question of defending civilization against its terrorist enemies and their totalitarian protectors, and on that 'issue' I hope I can continue to expose and oppose any ambiguity." He was critical of both main party candidates, Barack Obama and John McCain. Hitchens went on to support Obama, calling McCain "senile", and his choice of running mate Sarah Palin "absurd", calling Palin a "pathological liar" and a "national disgrace".[91]
Blumenthal–Hitchens feud[link]
Hitchens and Carol Blue chose to submit an affidavit to the trial managers of the Republican Party in the trial of impeachment of Bill Clinton. In the affidavit, Blue and Hitchens swore that their then-friend, Sidney Blumenthal, had described Monica Lewinsky as a stalker. This allegation contradicted Blumenthal's own sworn deposition in the trial,[92] and it resulted in a hostile exchange of opinion in the public sphere between Hitchens and Blumenthal. Following the publication of Blumenthal's The Clinton Wars, Hitchens wrote several pieces in which he accused Blumenthal of manipulating the facts.[92][93]
Israel–Palestine[link]
Hitchens had said of himself, "I am an Anti-Zionist. I'm one of those people of Jewish descent who believes that Zionism would be a mistake even if there were no Palestinians."[94]
A review of his autobiography Hitch-22 in the Jewish Daily Forward refers to Hitchens as "a prominent anti-Zionist" and says that he views Zionism "as an injustice against the Palestinians".[95] Others have commented on his anti-Zionism as well[96] suggesting that his memoir was "marred by the occasional eruption of [his] anti-Zionism".[97] The Jewish Daily Forward quoted him saying of Israel's prospects for the future, "I have never been able to banish the queasy inner suspicion that Israel just did not look, or feel, either permanent or sustainable."[95]
In Slate, Hitchens pondered the notion that, instead of curing antisemitism through the creation of a Jewish state, "Zionism has only replaced and repositioned"[98] it, saying: "there are three groups of 6 million Jews. The first 6 million live in what the Zionist movement used to call Palestine. The second 6 million live in the United States. The third 6 million are distributed mainly among Russia, France, Britain, and Argentina. Only the first group lives daily in range of missiles that can be (and are) launched by people who hate Jews." Hitchens argued that instead of supporting Zionism, Jews should help "secularize and reform their own societies", believing that unless one is religious, "what the hell are you doing in the greater Jerusalem area in the first place?" Indeed, Hitchens goes so far as to claim that the only justification for Zionism given by Jews is a religious one.[99]
During a town hall function in Pennsylvania with Martin Amis, Hitchens stated that "one must not insult or degrade or humiliate people"[100] and that he "would be opposed to this maltreatment of the Palestinians if it took place on a remote island with no geopolitical implications". Hitchens described Zionism as "an ethno-nationalist quasi-religious ideology" and stated his desire that if possible, he would "re-wind the tape [to] stop Hertzl from telling the initial demagogic lie (actually two lies) that a land without a people needs a people without a land".
He continued to say that Zionism "nonetheless has founded a sort of democratic state which isn't any worse in its practice than many others with equally dubious origins." He stated that settlement in order to achieve security for Israel is "doomed to fail in the worst possible way", and the cessation of this "appallingly racist and messianic delusion" would "confront the internal clerical and chauvinist forces which want to instate a theocracy for Jews". However, Hitchens contended that the "solution of withdrawal would not satisfy the jihadists" and wondered "What did they imagine would be the response of the followers of the Prophet [Muhammad]?" Hitchens bemoaned the transference into religious terrorism of Arab secularism as a means of democratization: "the most depressing and wretched spectacle of the past decade, for all those who care about democracy and secularism, has been the degeneration of Palestinian Arab nationalism into the theocratic and thanatocratic hell of Hamas and Islamic Jihad".[98] He maintained that the Israel-Palestine conflict is a "trivial squabble" that has become "so dangerous to all of us" because of "the faith-based element."[100]
Hitchens collaborated on this issue with prominent Palestinian advocate Edward Said, in 1988 publishing Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question.
Domestic policy[link]
Hitchens actively supported drug policy reform and called for the abolition of the "War on Drugs" which he described as an "authoritarian war" during a debate with William F. Buckley.[19] He supported the legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes, citing it as a cure for glaucoma and as treatment for numerous side-effects induced by chemotherapy, including severe nausea, describing the prohibition of the drug as "sadistic".[101] On the issue of abortion, Hitchens prioritized in affirming that he believed a fetus should be regarded as an "unborn child", but opposed the overturning of Roe v. Wade and supported the development of medical abortion techniques, and fundamentally believed in access to contraceptives and reproductive rights as "the only thing that is known to cure poverty", and in order to prevent surgical abortion altogether.[102][103]
Other[link]
Other issues Hitchens wrote on the subjects of included his support for the reunification of Ireland,[104][105] abolition of the British monarchy,[106] and his condemnation of the war crimes of Slobodan Milošević[107] and Franjo Tuđman[108] in Yugoslavia, and the Bosnian War.[109]
Critiques of specific individuals[link]
Hitchens was known for his scathing critiques of public figures. Three figures — Bill Clinton, Henry Kissinger, and Mother Teresa — were the targets of three separate full length texts, No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton, The Trial of Henry Kissinger, and The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice. Hitchens also wrote book-length biographical essays about Thomas Jefferson (Thomas Jefferson: Author of America), George Orwell (Why Orwell Matters), and Thomas Paine (Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography).
However, the majority of Hitchens's critiques took the form of short opinion pieces, some of the more notable being his critiques of: Jerry Falwell,[110][111] George Galloway,[112] Mel Gibson,[113] Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama,[114] Michael Moore,[115] Daniel Pipes,[116] Ronald Reagan,[117] Jesse Helms,[118] and Cindy Sheehan.[21][119]When comedian Bob Hope died in 2003, Hitchens wrote an attack piece on him, calling Hope "a fool and nearly a clown, but he was never even remotely a comedian" and "Quick, then—what is your favorite Bob Hope gag? It wouldn't take you long if I challenged you on Milton Berle, or Woody Allen, or John Cleese, or even Lenny Bruce or Mort Sahl. By this time tomorrow, I bet you haven't come up with a real joke for which Hope could take credit." Critics however argued that Hitchens focused solely on Hope's declining years and ignored his heyday in the 1940s.[120]
Views on religion[link]
See also: God Is Not Great
Hitchens often spoke out against the Abrahamic religions, or what he called "the three great monotheisms" (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). He said: "The real axis of evil is Christianity, Judaism, and Islam".[cite this quote] In his book, God Is Not Great, Hitchens expanded his criticism to include all religions, including those rarely criticized by Western secularists such as Hinduism and neo-paganism. His book had mixed reactions, from praise in The New York Times for his "logical flourishes and conundrums"[121] to accusations of "intellectual and moral shabbiness" in the Financial Times.[122] God Is Not Great was nominated for a National Book Award on 10 October 2007.[123][124]
Hitchens contended that organized religion is "the main source of hatred in the world",[125] "[v]iolent, irrational, intolerant, allied to racism, tribalism, and bigotry, invested in ignorance and hostile to free inquiry, contemptuous of women and coercive toward children", and that accordingly it "ought to have a great deal on its conscience". In God Is Not Great, Hitchens contends that:
[A]bove all, we are in need of a renewed Enlightenment, which will base itself on the proposition that the proper study of mankind is man and woman [referencing Alexander Pope]. This Enlightenment will not need to depend, like its predecessors, on the heroic breakthroughs of a few gifted and exceptionally courageous people. It is within the compass of the average person. The study of literature and poetry, both for its own sake and for the eternal ethical questions with which it deals, can now easily depose the scrutiny of sacred texts that have been found to be corrupt and confected. The pursuit of unfettered scientific inquiry, and the availability of new findings to masses of people by electronic means, will revolutionize our concepts of research and development. Very importantly, the divorce between the sexual life and fear, and the sexual life and disease, and the sexual life and tyranny, can now at last be attempted, on the sole condition that we banish all religions from the discourse. And all this and more is, for the first time in our history, within the reach if not the grasp of everyone.[126]
His book rendered him one of the major advocates of the "New Atheism" movement, and he also was made an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society.[127] Hitchens said he would accept an invitation from any religious leader who wished to debate with him. He also served on the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America,[128] a lobbying group for atheists and humanists in Washington, DC. In 2007, Hitchens began a series of written debates on the question "Is Christianity Good for the World?" with Christian theologian and pastor, Douglas Wilson, published in Christianity Today magazine.[129] This exchange eventually became a book by the same title in 2008. During their book tour to promote the book, film producer Darren Doane sent a film crew to accompany them. Doane produced the film Collision: "Is Christianity GOOD for the World?" which was released on 27 October 2009.
On 26 November 2010 Hitchens appeared in Toronto, Canada at the Munk Debates, where he debated religion with former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, a convert to Roman Catholicism. Blair argued religion is a force for good, while Hitchens was against it. Preliminary results on the Munk website said 56 per cent of the votes backed the proposition (Hitchens' position) before hearing the debate, with 22 per cent against (Blair's position), and 21 per cent undecided, with the undecided voters leaning toward Hitchens, giving him a 68 per cent to 32 per cent victory over Blair, after the debate.[130][131]
In February 2006, Hitchens helped organize a pro-Denmark rally outside the Danish Embassy in Washington, DC in response to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.[132]
Hitchens was accused by William A. Donohue of the Catholic League for Religious and Civil Liberties of being particularly anti-Catholic. Hitchens responded "when religion is attacked in this country [...] the Catholic Church comes in for a little more than its fair share".[133] Hitchens had also been accused of anti-Catholic bigotry by others, including Brent Bozell, Tom Piatak in The American Conservative, and UCLA Law Professor Stephen Bainbridge.[134][135] In an interview with Radar in 2007, Hitchens said that if the Christian right's agenda were implemented in the United States "It wouldn't last very long and would, I hope, lead to civil war, which they will lose, but for which it would be a great pleasure to take part."[136] When Joe Scarborough on 12 March 2004 asked Hitchens whether he was "consumed with hatred for conservative Catholics", Hitchens responded that he was not and that he just thinks that "all religious belief is sinister and infantile".[137] Piatak claimed that "A straightforward description of all Hitchens's anti-Catholic outbursts would fill every page in this magazine", noting particularly Hitchens' assertion that U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Roberts should not be confirmed because of his faith.[135]
Hitchens was raised nominally Christian, and went to Christian boarding schools but from an early age declined to participate in communal prayers. Later in life, Hitchens discovered that he was of partially Jewish ancestry. According to Hitchens, when his brother Peter took his fiancée to meet their maternal grandmother, who was then in her 90s, she said of his fiancée, "She's Jewish, isn't she?" and then announced: "Well, I've got something to tell you. So are you." Hitchens found out that his maternal grandmother, Dorothy Levin, was raised Jewish (Dorothy's father and maternal grandfather had both been born Jewish, and Dorothy's maternal grandmother – Hitchens' matrilineal great-great-grandmother – was a convert to Judaism). Hitchens' maternal grandfather converted to Judaism before marrying Dorothy Levin.[138] Hitchens' Jewish-born ancestors were immigrants from Eastern Europe (including Poland).[139][140] In an article in the The Guardian on 14 April 2002, Hitchens stated that he could be considered Jewish because Jewish descent is matrilineal.[139] In a 2010 interview at New York Public Library, Hitchens stated that he was against circumcision, a Jewish tradition, and that he believed "if anyone wants to saw off bits of their genitalia they should do when they're grown up and have made the decision for themselves".[141]
In February 2010, he was named to the Freedom From Religion Foundation's Honorary Board of distinguished achievers.[142]
Personal life[link]
Marriages and children[link]
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Hitchens married Eleni Meleagrou, a Greek Cypriot, in a Greek Orthodox church[18] in 1981; the couple had a son, Alexander and a daughter, Sophia. In 1989 Hitchens left Meleagrou for Carol Blue, an American writer.[29] The couple married in New York, at the apartment of Victor Navasky, editor of The Nation. They have a daughter, Antonia.[29]
Parents[link]
Hitchens' father, Eric Hitchens, was a Commander in the British Royal Navy. Hitchens often referred to his father as simply the 'Commander'. On 26th December, 1943, Hitchens's father was deployed onboard HMS Jamaica when it sank the German warship, the Scharnhorst. Christopher Hitchens would refer to his father's contribution to the war: 'Sending a Nazi convoy raider to the bottom is a better day's work than any I have ever done.' He also stated that 'the remark that most summed him [his father] up was the flat statement that the war of 1939 to 1945 had been "the only time when I really felt I knew what I was doing."' [143]
Hitchens's mother, Yvonne, died in Athens 1973 when, despite first reports in The Times that she had been murdered, it was later concluded that her death had been the result of an apparent suicide pact with her boyfriend, Reverend Timothy Bryan. Hitchens travelled to Athens to identify his mother's body. On the subject Hitchens later said: 'She probably thought things were getting sordid - he [Bryan] wasn't able to hold a job down, she couldn't go back, she was probably about the age I am now and perhaps there was that - she'd been very pretty - and things were never going to get any better, so why go through with it? She might not have been that hard to persuade, but I know that she did try to save herself because I have the photographs still. So that was sort of the end of family life really.' [144]
In reference to writing about his mother in his memoir, Hitch-22, he said, 'It was painful to write about my mother, but not very because long ago I internally managed all that. 'I even went back to Greece and I went to the graveyard while I was writing the book and decided not to write about it. I thought that would be sentimental.' [145]
Relationship with his younger brother[link]
Hitchens' younger brother by two-and-a-half years, Peter Hitchens, is a Christian and socially conservative journalist in London, although, like his brother, he had been a Trotskyist in the 1970s. The brothers had a protracted falling-out after Peter wrote that Christopher had once joked that he "didn't care if the Red Army watered its horses at Hendon" (a suburb of London).[146] Christopher denied having said this and broke off contact with his brother. He then referred to his brother as "an idiot" in a letter to Commentary, and the dispute spilled into other publications as well. Christopher eventually expressed a willingness to reconcile and to meet his new nephew (born in 1999); shortly thereafter the brothers gave several interviews together in which they said that their personal disagreements had been resolved. They appeared together on 21 June 2007 edition of the BBC current affairs discussion show Question Time. The pair engaged in a formal televised debate for the first time on 3 April 2008, at Grand Valley State University,[147] and at the Pew Forum on 12 October 2010.[148]
Smoking and drinking[link]
The Sunday Times described Hitchens as "Usually armed with a glass of Scotch and an untipped Rothmans cigarette."[149] In late 2007 he briefly gave up smoking, although resumed during the writing of his memoir and continued until his cancer diagnosis.[150] Hitchens admitted to drinking heavily; in 2003 he wrote that his daily intake of alcohol was enough "to kill or stun the average mule", arguing that many great writers "did some of their finest work when blotto, smashed, polluted, shitfaced, squiffy, whiffled, and three sheets to the wind."[151] He argued, "The plain fact is that [drinking] makes other people, and indeed life itself, a good deal less boring."[152]
George Galloway notably accused Hitchens of being a "drink-sodden ex-Trotskyist popinjay",[153] to which Hitchens replied, "only some of which is true".[154] Hitchens later elaborated: "He says that I am an ex-Trotskyist (true), a 'popinjay' (true enough, since the word's original Webster's definition is a target for arrows and shots), and that I cannot hold a drink (here I must protest)."[155] Hitchens' wife Carol Blue described him as "obviously an alcoholic, he functions at a really high level and he doesn’t act like a drunk, so the only reason it’s a bad thing is it’s taking out his liver, presumably. It would be a drag for Henry Kissinger to live to a hundred and Christopher to keel over next year.” [156] His New Yorker profile described him as drinking "like a Hemingway character: continually and to no apparent effect."[156]
Oliver Burkeman writes, "Since the parting of ways on Iraq [...] Hitchens claims to have detected a new, personalised nastiness in the attacks on him, especially over his fabled consumption of alcohol. He welcomes being attacked as a drinker 'because I always think it's a sign of victory when they move on to the ad hominem.' He drinks, he says, 'because it makes other people less boring. I have a great terror of being bored. But I can work with or without it. It takes quite a lot to get me to slur.'"[157]
In his 2010 memoir Hitch-22, Hitchens wrote: "There was a time when I could reckon to outperform all but the most hardened imbibers, but I now drink relatively carefully." He described his current drinking routine on working-days as follows: "At about half past midday, a decent slug of Mr. Walker's amber restorative, cut with Perrier water (an ideal delivery system) and no ice. At luncheon, perhaps half a bottle of red wine: not always more but never less. Then back to the desk, and ready to repeat the treatment at the evening meal. No 'after dinner drinks' — most especially nothing sweet and never, ever any brandy. 'Nightcaps' depend on how well the day went, but always the mixture as before. No mixing: no messing around with a gin here and a vodka there."[158]
Reflecting on the lifestyle that supported his career as a writer he said:
I always knew there was a risk in the bohemian lifestyle ... I decided to take it because it helped my concentration, it stopped me being bored — it stopped other people being boring. It would make me want to prolong the conversation and enhance the moment. If you ask: would I do it again? I would probably say yes. But I would have quit earlier hoping to get away with the whole thing. I decided all of life is a wager and I'm going to wager on this bit ... In a strange way I don't regret it. It's just impossible for me to picture life without wine, and other things, fueling the company, keeping me reading, energising me. It worked for me. It really did.[159]
Esophageal cancer and death[link]
In June 2010, Hitchens postponed his book tour for Hitch-22 to undergo treatment for esophageal cancer.[160] He announced that he was undergoing treatment in a Vanity Fair piece entitled "Topic of Cancer".[39] Hitchens said that he recognised the long-term prognosis was far from positive, and that he would be a "very lucky person to live another five years".[161] In November 2010, Hitchens canceled[162] a scheduled appearance in New York, where he was to debate religion writers David Hazony and Stephen Prothero on the subject of the Ten Commandments. Earlier that year, he published a piece in Vanity Fair on the subject,[163] and was working on a book about the Ten Commandments as well.[164]
During his illness, Hitchens was under the care of Francis Collins and was the subject of Collins' new cancer treatment which maps out the human genome and selectively targets damaged DNA.[165][166]
In April 2011, Hitchens was forced to cancel an appearance at the American Atheist Convention, and instead sent a letter that stated, "Nothing would have kept me from joining you except the loss of my voice (at least my speaking voice) which in turn is due to a long argument I am currently having with the specter of death." He closed with "And don't keep the faith."[167] The letter also dismissed the notion of a possible deathbed conversion, in which he claimed that "redemption and supernatural deliverance appears even more hollow and artificial to me than it did before."[167] In June 2011, he spoke to a University of Waterloo audience via a home video link.[168]
In October 2011, Hitchens made a public appearance at the Texas Freethought Convention in Houston, TX. Atheist Alliance of America was also a participant in the joint convention.[169]
In November 2011, George Eaton wrote in the New Statesman:
The tragedy of Hitchens' illness is that it came at a time when he enjoyed a larger audience than ever. Of his tight circle of friends – Amis, Fenton, McEwan, Rushdie – Hitchens was the last to gain international renown, yet he is now read more widely than any of them." Eaton revealed that Hitchens would like to be remembered as a man who fought totalitarianism in all its forms although many remember him as a "lefty who turned right", and his support of the Iraq War and not his support of the War in Bosnia on the side of the Moslems. Eaton concluded, "The great polemicist is certain to be remembered, but, as he is increasingly aware, perhaps not as he would like."[170]
Hitchens died on 15 December 2011 at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.[171]
In accordance with his wishes, his body was donated to medical research.[172]
Reactions to death[link]
Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair said, "Christopher Hitchens was a complete one-off, an amazing mixture of writer, journalist, polemicist, and unique character. He was fearless in the pursuit of truth and any cause in which he believed. And there was no belief he held that he did not advocate with passion, commitment, and brilliance. He was an extraordinary, compelling and colourful human being whom it was a privilege to know."[173]
Richard Dawkins, British evolutionary biologist at the University of Oxford and a friend of Hitchens, said, "I think he was one of the greatest orators of all time. He was a polymath, a wit, immensely knowledgeable, and a valiant fighter against all tyrants including imaginary supernatural ones."[173]
Sam Harris, American writer and neuroscientist, wrote, "I have been privileged to witness the gratitude that so many people feel for Hitch’s life and work — for, wherever I speak, I meet his fans. On my last book tour, those who attended my lectures could not contain their delight at the mere mention of his name — and many of them came up to get their books signed primarily to request that I pass along their best wishes to him. It was wonderful to see how much Hitch was loved and admired — and to be able to share this with him before the end. I will miss you, brother."[174]
Francis Collins, director of the National Institutes of Health and former head of the Human Genome Project who helped treat Hitchens' illness, wrote, "I will miss Christopher. I will miss the brilliant turn of phrase, the good-natured banter, the wry sideways smile when he was about to make a remark that would make me laugh out loud. No doubt he now knows the answer to the question of whether there is more to the spirit than just atoms and molecules. I hope he was surprised by the answer. I hope to hear him tell about it someday. He will tell it really well."[175]
British columnist and author Peter Hitchens, who had a tumultuous relationship with his older brother Christopher, wrote that he and Christopher "got on surprisingly well in the past few months, better than for about 50 years as it happens," and praised his brother as "courageous."[176]
Irish-American political journalist Alexander Cockburn, founder of the left-wing[177][178][179] political magazine CounterPunch wrote an obituary critical of Hitchens, criticizing his support for the Iraq War, criticisms of Mother Teresa, and criticisms of their mutual friend Edward Said and concluded, "I found the Hitchens cult of recent years entirely mystifying. He endured his final ordeal with pluck, sustained indomitably by his wife Carol."[180]
Tributes followed from the philosopher Daniel Dennett,[181] the physicist Lawrence Krauss,[182] the actor Stephen Fry,[183] the writer Ian McEwan,[184] the philosopher A.C. Grayling;[185] and Vanity Fair, in which he was remembered as an "incomparable critic and masterful rhetorician".[186]
Assessment[link]
Anthony Gottlieb argued in The New Yorker that Hitchens "thrives at the lectern, where his powers of rhetoric and recall enable him to entertain an audience, go too far, and almost get away with it."[187]
Jason Cowley argued in the Financial Times:
- He is not a philosopher and has made no original contribution to intellectual thought. As an atheist, his anti-religious tract, God Is Not Great, is elegant but derivative. His polemical denunciations and pamphlets on powerful individuals, such as Mother Teresa, Bill Clinton, Ronald Reagan and Henry Kissinger, feel already dated, stranded in place and time, good journalism but not literature. Ultimately, I suspect, he will be remembered more for his prodigious output and for his swaggering, rhetorical style – as well as for his lifestyle: the louche cosmopolitan and gadfly, the itinerant man of letters and indefatigable raconteur.[188]
Film and television appearances[link]
As referenced from the Internet Movie Database, Hitchens Web or Charlie Rose.[189][190][191]
| Year | Film and/or Television |
|---|---|
| 1984 | Opinions: "Greece to their Rome" |
| 1988 | Frontiers (TV series) |
| 1993 | Everything You Need to Know |
| 1994 | Tracking Down Maggie: The Unofficial Biography of Margaret Thatcher |
| 1994 | Hell's Angel |
| 1996 | Where's Elvis This Week? |
| 1996–2010 | Charlie Rose (talk show) (13 episodes) |
| 1998 | Princess Diana: The Mourning After |
| 1999–2002 | Dennis Miller Live (TV show) (4 episodes) |
| 2002 | The Trials of Henry Kissinger |
| 2003 | Hidden in Plain Sight |
| 2003–2009 | Real Time with Bill Maher (TV show) (6 episodes) |
| 2004 | Mel Gibson: God's Lethal Weapon |
| 2004–2006 | Newsnight (TV show) (3 episodes) |
| 2004–2010 | The Daily Show (TV show) (4 episodes) |
| 2005 | Penn & Teller: Bullshit! (TV show)(1 episode, s03e05) |
| 2005 | The Al Franken Show (TV show)(1 episode) |
| 2005 | Confronting Iraq: Conflict and Hope |
| 2005 | Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism |
| 2005–2008 | Hardball with Chris Matthews (TV show)(3 episodes) |
| 2006 | American Zeitgeist |
| 2006 | Blog Wars |
| 2007 | Manufacturing Dissent |
| 2007 | Question Time (TV series) (1 episode) |
| 2007 | Your Mommy Kills Animals |
| 2007 | Personal Che |
| 2007 | Heckler |
| 2007 | In Pot We Trust |
| 2008 | Discussions with Richard Dawkins: Episode 1: "The Four Horsemen" |
| 2008 | Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed |
| 2009 | Holy Hell |
| 2009 | Presidency |
| 2009 | Collision: "Is Christianity GOOD for the World?" |
| 2010 | Phil Ochs: There But For Fortune |
Selected publications[link]
Main article: Christopher Hitchens bibliography
- 1984 Cyprus. Quartet. Revised editions as Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger, 1989 (Farrar, Straus & Giroux) and 1997 (Verso)
- 1988 Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question (contributor; co-editor with Edward Said) Verso, ISBN 0-86091-887-4 Reissued, 2001
- 1990 The Monarchy, Chatto & Windus Ltd
- 1990 Blood, Class and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies, Farrar Straus & Giroux (T)(June 1990)
- 1995 The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, Verso
- 1997 The Parthenon Marbles: The Case for Reunification, Verso
- 1999 No One Left to Lie To: The Values of the Worst Family, Verso
- 2000 Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, Verso
- 2001 The Trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso.
- 2001 Letters to a Young Contrarian, Basic Books
- 2002 Why Orwell Matters also Orwell's Victory, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03050-5
- 2004 Love, Poverty, and War: Journeys and Essays, Thunder's Mouth, Nation Books, ISBN 1-56025-580-3
- 2005 Thomas Jefferson: Author of America, Eminent Lives/Atlas Books/HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-059896-4
- 2007 "Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: A Biography ", Atlantic Monthly Press, ISBN 0-87113-955-3
- 2007 The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Non-Believer, [Editor] Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-306-81608-6
- 2007 God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, Twelve/Hachette Book Group USA/Warner Books, ISBN 0-446-57980-7 / Published in the UK as God Is Not Great: The Case Against Religion, Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-1-84354-586-6
- 2008 Christopher Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq and the Left (with Simon Cottee and Thomas Cushman), New York University Press
- 2008 Is Christianity Good for the World? — A Debate (co-author, with Douglas Wilson), Canon Press, ISBN 1-59128-053-2
- 2010 Hitch-22: A Memoir, Twelve, ISBN 978-0-446-54033-9 OCLC 464590644
- 2011 Arguably: Essays by Christopher Hitchens, Twelve. UK edition as Arguably: Selected Prose, Atlantic, ISBN 1-4555-0277-4 / ISBN 978-1-4555-0277-6
References[link]
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens on George Orwell". NetCharles.com. 24 June 2002. http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-hitchens.htm. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens and his Critics, p. 264.
- ^ a b c "Christopher Hitchens In Depth". 2 September 2007. Book TV. http://www.booktv.org/program.aspx?ID=8532&SN=In%20Depth. — List of writers can be seen @ 1:13:10
- ^ Kennard, Matt (17 April 2011). "Johann Hari on Chomsky, Hitchens, Iraq, and anarchism". Thecommentfactory.com. http://www.thecommentfactory.com/johann-hari-on-chomsky-hitchens-iraq-and-anarchism-3160/. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Alexandra Alter (11 May 2010). "A Friendship for the Pages". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704250104575238560552578150.html.
- ^ Hitchens, C (2011). Hitch-22: A Memoir. Random House Digital. p. 228. ISBN 0-7710-4115-2.
- ^ Hitchens, C (2011). Hitch-22: A Memoir. Random House Digital. p. 204. ISBN 0-7710-4115-2.
- ^ ‘HITCHENS, Christopher Eric’, Who's Who 2012, A & C Black, 2012; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012 ; online edn, Jan 2012 accessed 5 May 2012
- ^ Wintour, Anna (16 December 2011). "The Ruined Table". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2011/12/christopher_hitchens_death_anna_wintour_on_what_her_old_friend_hitchens_loved_most_.html. "Christopher Hitchens — or Hitch, as he was known to me and just about everyone else"
- ^ Eaton, George. The New Statesman Interview: Christopher Hitchens www.newstatesman.com, 12 July 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010. Hitchens recalls in his memoir having been "invited by Bernard-Henri Levy to write an essay on political reconsiderations for his magazine La Regle du Jeu. I gave it the partly ironic title: 'Can One Be a Neoconservative?' Impatient with this, some copy editor put it on the cover as 'How I Became a Neoconservative.' Perhaps this was an instance of the Cartesian principle as opposed to the English empiricist one: it was decided that I evidently was what I apparently only thought."
- ^ 14:45
- ^ Andre Mayer (14 May 2007). "Nothing sacred — Journalist and provocateur Christopher Hitchens picks a fight with God". CBC. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/books/nothing_sacred.html. Retrieved 29 June 2008.
- ^ Yglesias, Matthew (20 October 2003). "The Commander: My Father, Eric Hitchens". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2255781/entry/2255782. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d Walsh, John. The Independent. "Hitch-22: A memoir by Christopher Hitchens" Retrieved 28 May 2010
- ^ Lynn Barber "Look who's talking", The Observer, 14 April 2002
- ^ Blake Morrison I contain multitudes, The Guardian, 29 May 2010
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher, Hitch-22 (Allen & Unwin, 2010) p. 76 ff.
- ^ a b Levy, Geoffery, "So Who Were the Two Tory Ministers Who Had Gay Flings with Christopher Hitchens at Oxford?", Daily Mail, 6 March 2010, accessed 30 May 2010
- ^ a b Hoover Institution. Web.archive.org (15 September 2007). Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ Long Live Labor — Why I'm for Tony Blair Slate, 25 April 2005
- ^ a b c d Heaven on Earth — Interview with Christopher Hitchens PBS, 2005
- ^ International Socialism: Christopher Hitchens "Workers' Self Management in Algeria" (1st series), No.51, April–June 1972, p.33, Encyclopedia of Trotskyism, 25 October 2005
- ^ Alexander Linklater (May 2008). "Christopher Hitchins". Prospect. http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10157. Retrieved 17 February 2009. [dead link]
- ^ ‘HITCHENS, Christopher Eric’, Who's Who 2012, A & C Black, 2012; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2012 ; online edn, Jan 2012 accessed 5 May 2012
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens Explains Why You Should Quit Your Job". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NegtQIkhz6g. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d New Statesman - Christopher Hitchens: the New Statesman years
- ^ Barber, Lynn (13 April 2002). "Look who's talking". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/apr/14/politics. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
- ^ For the Sake of Argument by Christopher Hitchens Interview with Brian Lamb for the show Booknotes, an author interview series on C-SPAN (some biographical information) 17 October 1993
- ^ a b c The Boy Can't Help It In-depth interview and profile] in New York, 19 April 1999
- ^ a b c "Free Radical", interview in Reason by Rhys Southan, November 2001
- ^ Christopher Hitchens The Atlantic, 2003
- ^ Guy Raz, Christopher Hitchens, Literary Agent Provocateur, National Public Radio, 21 June 2006
- ^ He Knew He Was Right The New Yorker, Profiles, 16 October 2006
- ^ Christopher Hitchens Notable Interviews — video interview 2007
- ^ Christopher Hitchens – Contributing Editor. Web.archive.org (28 February 2010). Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
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- ^ Timothy Noah, Meritocracy's lab rat Slate, 9 January 2002
- ^ Annabel's — the magazine Vogue UK, 15 July 2004
- ^ a b Hitchens, Christopher. "Topic of Cancer | Culture". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/09/hitchens-201009. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens on Sarah Palin: 'A Disgraceful Opportunist and Moral Coward'". PoliticalArticles.NET. 18 December 2009. http://www.politicalarticles.net/blog/2009/12/18/christopher-hitchens-on-sarah-palin-a-disgraceful-opportunist-and-moral-coward/. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ At the Rom: Three New Commandments She Does The City, 30 April 2009
- ^ "Childhood's End", Vanity Fair, September 2006
- ^ "Realism in Sudan", Slate, 7 November 2005
- ^ Christopher Hitchens Twelve Publishers
- ^ Detailed Biographical Information — Christopher Hitchens, Lannan Foundation. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- ^ Andrew Werth (January/February 2004). "Hitchens on Books". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2004/01/letters.htm. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
- ^ John Banville (3 March 2001). "Gore should be so lucky". The Irish Times. http://osdir.com/ml/politics.leftists.monkeyfist/2001-04/msg00016.html. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
- ^ Gore Vidal on Christopher Hitchens YouTube
- ^ Christopher Hitchens (February 2010). "Vidal Loco". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/02/hitchens-201002. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Youde, Kate (7 February 2010). "Hitchens attacks Gore Vidal for being a 'crackpot'". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/hitchens-attacks-gore-vidal-for-being-a-crackpot-1891753.html. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
- ^ Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals Results Foreign Policy
- ^ The Prospect/FP Top 100 Public Intellectuals Foreign Policy
- ^ 2007 National Magazine Award Winners Announced Press release, Magazine Publishers of America, 1 May 2007
- ^ National Magazine Awards Winners and Finalists Magazine Publishers of America
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens Wins National Magazine Award for Columns About Cancer". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/05/christopher-hitchens-wins-national-magazine-award-for-columns-about-cancer.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "2011 National Magazine Awards Winners and Finalists". Magazine Publishers of America. 9 May 2011. http://www.magazine.org/asme/magazine_awards/nma_winners/index.aspx.
- ^ "Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography". Secular.org. http://www.secular.org/bios/Christopher_Hitchens.html. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
- ^ Authors — Christopher Hitchens The Atlantic
- ^ The Immortal Rejoinders of Christopher Hitchens (videotape). Vanity Fair. 16 December 2011. 2:40 minutes in. http://www.vanityfair.com/video/2011/12/1329955421001. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ^ FIVE QUESTIONS FOR: Christopher Hitchens SF Gate
- ^ "The 25 Most Influential Liberals In The US Media". Forbes. 22 January 2009. http://www.forbes.com/2009/01/22/influential-media-obama-oped-cx_tv_ee_hra_0122liberal_slide_13.html?thisSpeed=30000. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
- ^ Rhys Southan from the November 2001 issue. "Free Radical — Reason Magazine". Reason.com. http://reason.com/archives/2001/11/01/free-radical. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Martin Amis Christopher Hitchens a conversation about Antisemitism and Saul bellow Part 3 YouTube
- ^ Solomon, Deborah (2 June 2010). "The Contrarian". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/06/magazine/06fob-q4-t.html. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens. "The Revenge of Karl Marx" The Atlantic, April 2009
- ^ Just a Pretty Face? The Guardian, 11 July 2004
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (1997), "Goodbye to All That", The New York Review of Books, 17 July 1997
- ^ Amis, Martin (2002). Koba the Dread. Miramax. p. 25. ISBN 0-7868-6876-7.
- ^ "Great Lives — Leon Trotsky", BBC Radio 4, 8 August 2006
- ^ "That Bleeding Heart Wolfowitz", Slate, 22 March 2005
- ^ "Ahmad and Me", Slate, 27 May 2004
- ^ Johann Hari, "In Enemy Territory: An Interview with Christopher Hitchens", The Independent, 23 September 2004.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens, "The End of Fukuyama", Slate, 1 March 2006
- ^ Of Sin, the Left & Islamic Fascism The Nation, 8 October 2001
- ^ Blaming bin Laden First The Nation, 22 October 2001
- ^ Chomsky Replies to Hitchens The Nation, 15 October 2001
- ^ A Rejoinder to Noam Chomsky The Nation, 15 October 2001
- ^ Reply to Hitchens's Rejoinder The Nation, 15 October 2001
- ^ Taking Sides The Nation, 26 September 2002
- ^ "George Galloway vs Christopher Hitchens (1 of 12)". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZnUIeKOIgc. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens versus Ritter — Iraq War debate part 1". YouTube. 30 April 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HU45ioYvx4k. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Belz, Mindy. "According to Hitch", World Magazine, 3 April 2006
- ^ a b "A War To Be Proud Of" Weekly Standard, 5 September 2005
- ^ "Believe Me, It's Torture", Vanity Fair, August 2008
- ^ On the Waterboard[dead link] Vanity Fair, 2 July 2008
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric. "Two Groups Planning to Sue Over Federal Eavesdropping" The New York Times, 17 January 2006; Retrieved 5 November 2009
- ^ "Statement — Christopher Hitchens, NSA Lawsuit Client". Aclu.org. 16 January 2006. http://www.aclu.org/safefree/nsaspying/23485res20060116.html. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (7 August 1999). "Gov. Death". Salon.com. http://www.truthinjustice.org/govdeath.htm. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ On Whether Christopher Hitchens Was Wrong Bloggingheads.tv, 14 October 2008
- ^ My Endorsement and Osama's Video: The news in Bin Laden's comments had nothing to do with our election Slate, 1 November 2004]
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher "Vote for Obama" Slate, 13 October 2008; Retrieved 5 November 2009
- ^ a b "Salon Newsreal | Stalking Sidney Blumenthal". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/news/1999/02/09newsa.html. Retrieved 26 April 2011. [dead link]
- ^ Christopher Hitchens (July/August 2003). "Thinking Like an Apparatchik". The Atlantic Monthly 292 (1): 129–42. http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2003/07/hitchens.htm. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Hölbling, Walter; Rieser-Wohlfarter, Klaus (2004). What is American?: new identities in U.S. culture. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 351–. ISBN 978-3-8258-7734-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=_Tn7LqhWI7IC&pg=PA351. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ a b Goldstein, Evan R. (June 2010). "Born Grumpy, with a Talent for It: Christopher Hitchens's Memoir is Too Happy by Far". Jewish Daily Forward. http://www.forward.com/articles/128323/.
- ^ Rodden, John (2006). Every intellectual's big brother: George Orwell's literary siblings. University of Texas Press. pp. 95–. ISBN 978-0-292-71308-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=UlnwITCGcw8C&pg=PA95. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
- ^ Richman, Rick (11 2010). "Bellow, Hitchens, and COMMENTARY". Commentary Magazine. http://www.commentarymagazine.com/2010/11/08/bellow-hitchens-and-commentary/.
- ^ a b "Slate: Can Israel Survive for Another 60 Years?". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2191193/. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Kerstein, Benjamin. "Christopher Hitchens's Jewish Problem". Jewish Ideas Daily. http://www.jewishideasdaily.com/content/module/2010/12/13/main-feature/1/christopher-hitchenss-jewish-problem. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- ^ a b "Frontpage Interview: Christopher Hitchens Part II". FrontPage Magazine. http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=11253. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
- ^ Just a Pretty Face? by Sean O'Hagan, The Observer, 11 July 2004
- ^ Question and answers on Mother Teresa's opposition to women's rights Poverty linked to reproductive rights, 2006
- ^ Lisa Miller (2008-11-28). "Belief Watch: Pro-life Atheists". Newsweek.com. http://www.newsweek.com/id/171240. Retrieved 2012-01-24.
- ^ Galloway vs. Hitchens: The Transcript endusmilitarism, 16 September 2005
- ^ These Men Are "Peacemakers"? Ian Paisley and Gerry Adams make me want to spew Slate, 2 April 2007
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (6 December 2000). "End of the line". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2000/dec/06/monarchy.features11.
- ^ "In Defense of WWII: Chapter 5 of 5". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VB9uqI62ikA. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ "Shed No Tears for Milosevic". FrontPage Magazine. 14 March 2006. http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=C83A870D-93BE-4ACD-B8E0-E082B1D313C0. Retrieved 7 September 2008.
- ^ Bodansky, Yossef (1996). Some Call It Peace: Waiting for the War In the Balkans. International Media Corp. Ltd. ISBN 0-9520070-5-3.
- ^ Video: Christopher Hitchens (15 May 2007) appearance on Anderson Cooper 360 YouTube
- ^ Video: Christopher Hitchens (16 May 2007) appearance on Hannity & Colmes about Rev. Falwell's Death YouTube
- ^ Unmitigated Galloway Weekly Standard, 30 May 2005
- ^ Mel Gibson's Meltdown Slate, 31 July 2006
- ^ His material highness Salon.com article by Christopher Hitchens
- ^ Unfairenheit 9/11 Slate, 21 June 2004
- ^ Christopher Hitchens "Daniel Pipes is not a man of peace", Slate, 11 August 2003
- ^ "The stupidity of Ronald Reagan". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2101842/. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens (7 July 2008). "Farewell to a Provincial Redneck". Slate. http://www.slate.com/id/2194921/.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens, Cindy Sheehan's Sinister Piffle, Slate, 15 August 2005
- ^ http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/2003/08/hopeless.html
- ^ Michael Kinsley "In God, Distrust" The New York Times Book Review, 13 May 2007
- ^ Here's the hitch by Michael Skapinker in The Financial Times
- ^ Associated Press. Web.archive.org (13 October 2007). Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ Hardcover Nonfiction The New York Times Best Seller list, 3 June 2007
- ^ Free Speech onegoodmove, March 2007
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (May 2007). God is not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. New York: Twelve Books. p. 283.
- ^ Honorary Associate: Christopher Hitchens National Secular Society
- ^ Biography — Christopher Hitchens Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board
- ^ "Is Christianity Good for the World?" Christianity Today, 8 May 2007
- ^ "Hitchens apparent winner in religion debate. CBC News. Retrieved 27 November 2010". News.ca.msn.com. 27 November 2010. http://news.ca.msn.com/top-stories/cbc-article.aspx?cp-documentid=26520521. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ "Munk Debates Website". Munkdebates.com. http://www.munkdebates.com/debates/. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Pareene, Alex (4 February 2006). "Instant Team Party Crash: Legoland Uber Alles". Wonkette. http://wonkette.com/156915/instant-team-party-crash-legoland-uber-alles. Retrieved 9 Dec 2010.
- ^ Look Who's Hammering Mel[dead link] 1 August 2006
- ^ "Hood, John Hollowed Be Thy Name". Miami Sun Post Web.archive.org (21 May 2007). Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ a b Tom Piatak, The Purest Neocon: Christopher Hitchens, an unreconstructed Bolshevik, finds his natural home on the pro-war Right, The American Conservative, 10 October 2005
- ^ "Godless Provocateur Christopher Hitchens Pledges Allegiance to America". Holidaydmitri.com. 1 May 2007. http://www.holidaydmitri.com/hitch.html. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Scarborough County Transcripts for 12 March 2004
- ^ Hitch-22
- ^ a b Look who's talking The Observer, 14 April 2002
- ^ Hitch-22, page 352.
- ^ Christopher Hitchens at NYPL w. Paul Holdengräber (4-Jun-10)(2–9)(THE INTERVIEW series). YouTube (18 September 2010). Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ "Honorary FFRF Board Announced". http://ffrf.org/news/releases/honorary-ffrf-board-announced/. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
- ^ Hichens, Christopher (2010-06-2). "The Commander: My Father, Eric Hitchens". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/fighting_words/features/2010/hitch22/the_commander_my_father_eric_hitchens.html. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ Lynn Barber (2002-04-13). "Lynn Barber meets Christopher Hitchens". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/apr/14/politics. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ Hitch-22: A Memoir, Huffington post
- ^ Christopher Hitchens (16 May 2005). "O Brother, Why Art Thou?". Vanity Fair. Condé Nast Publications. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/06/hitchens200506. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
- ^ "Hitchens v. Hitchens: Faith, Politics & War". Grand Valley State University. http://www.gvsu.edu/hauenstein/index.cfm?id=3425B4C3-DA0C-48A1-FDE23503A04A3318. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
- ^ "Can Civilization Survive Without God?". http://pewforum.org/Belief-in-God/Can-Civilization-Survive-Without-God-.aspx.
- ^ The Sunday Times (London) December 18, 2011 Sunday Edition 1; Northern Ireland Christopher Hitchens; OBITUARIES ; Polemicist who lived a life of dissolution and contrariness SECTION: NEWS REVIEW;FEATURES; OBITUARIES; Pg. 8
- ^ Edward Luce, Lunch with the Financial Times, 11 January 2008
- ^ Christopher Hitchens, Living Proof, Vanity Fair, March 2003
- ^ Introduction to Everyday Drinking: The Distilled Kingsley Amis, by Kingsley Amis (New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2008), x.
- ^ Unmitigated Galloway , The Weekly Standard, 30 May 2005
- ^ "There's only one popinjay here, George", Evening Standard, 19 May 2005
- ^ George Galloway Is Gruesome, Not Gorgeous, Slate, 13 September 2005
- ^ a b Ian Parker (OCTOBER 16, 2006). "He Knew He Was Right". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/16/061016fa_fact_parker?currentPage=all.
- ^ Oliver Burkeman, War of words, The Guardian, 28 October 2006
- ^ A Short Footnote on the Grape and the Grain, Slate, 6 June 2010
- ^ "Q & A". Q-and-a.org. http://www.q-and-a.org/Program/?ProgramID=1322. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Reliable Source – Christopher Hitchens diagnosed with cancer, cuts short his book tour". Voices.washingtonpost.com. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/reliable-source/2010/06/rs-_hitchens.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (6 August 2010). "Hitchens Talks to Goldblog About Cancer and God". The Atlantic. http://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2010/08/hitchens-talks-to-goldblog-about-cancer-and-god/61072/. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
- ^ "Hitchens cancels NYC Jewish Center Ten Commandments panel". Daily Hitchens. 4 November 2010. http://www.dailyhitchens.com/2010/11/hitchens-cancels-nyc-jewish-center-ten.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (1 August 2011). "The New Commandments | Culture". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2010/04/hitchens-201004. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
- ^ Eaton, George. "Interview: Christopher Hitchens". New Statesman. UK. http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/07/conservative-course-presidency. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Neville, Simon (26 March 2011). "Atheist Christopher Hitchens turns to evangelical Christian doctor in his fight against cancer". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1370145/Atheist-Christopher-Hitchens-turns-evangelical-Christian-doctor-fight-cancer.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011. "Dr Francis Collins, the former director of the National Human Genome Research Project was one part of the team which developed techniques to map out the entire human DNA make-up is using Hitchens as a guinea pig for a new treatment. Hitchens, author of God is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything, has had his genome mapped out in its entirety by taking DNA from healthy tissue and from his cancerous tumour."
- ^ "Atheist Hitchens Credits Evangelical Francis Collins for Cancer Hope". The Christian Post. http://www.christianpost.com/news/atheist-hitchens-credits-evangelical-francis-collins-for-cancer-hope-49615/. Retrieved 16 December 2011. "In an interview with U.K. Telegraph Magazine, Hitchens said that Collins, who was formerly the director of the National Center for Human Genome Research and now serves as director of the National Institutes of Health, is partially responsible for developing a new cancer treatment that maps out the patient's entire genetic make-up and targets damaged DNA."
- ^ a b Scienceblogs.com article: "Hitchens' address to American Atheists."
- ^ Liz Monteiro (6 June 2011). "Hitchens feted with standing ovation at UW video link debate". Waterloo Region Record. http://www.therecord.com/news/local/article/543148--hitchens-feted-with-standing-ovation-at-u-of-w-video-link-debate.
- ^ Charles McGrath (9 October 2011). "A Voice, Still Vibrant, Reflects on Mortality". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/10/books/christopher-hitchens-on-writing-mortality-and-cancer.html.
- ^ George Eaton (24 November 2011). "Hitch's Rolls-Royce mind is still purring". New Statesman. http://www.newstatesman.com/ideas/2011/11/hitchens-remembered-polemicist. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ Arnold, Laurence (16 December 2011). "Christopher Hitchens, Who Wrote of War, God, Cancer Battle, Dies Aged 62". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-16/christopher-hitchens-who-wrote-of-war-god-cancer-battle-dies-aged-62.html. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^ "Memorial Gatherings". dailyhitchens.com. 24 December 2011. http://www.dailyhitchens.com/2011/12/memorial-gatherings.html.
- ^ a b The Associated Press: Quotes on the death of pundit Christopher Hitchens. Google.com. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ The Blog : Hitch. Sam Harris (18 December 2011). Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ Collins, Francis S.. (18 December 2011) In remembrance of my friend Hitch – Guest Voices. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 23 December 2011.
- ^ Hitchens, Peter. (16 December 2011) In Memoriam, my courageous brother Christopher, 1949–2011. Mail Online. Retrieved on 24 December 2011.
- ^ Ralph Blumenthal (12 May 2006). "Army Acts to Curb Abuses of Injured Recruits". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/12/us/12training.html?pagewanted=2. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
- ^ "The Devil You Know". new Republic. http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/the-devil-you-know.
- ^ "Olbermann, Assange, and the Holocaust Denier When you want to believe, you'll believe anything.". Reason. http://reason.com/archives/2010/12/07/olbermann-assange-and-the-holo.
- ^ Cockburn, Alexander. (16 December 2011) Farewell to CH. Counterpunch. Retrieved on 24 December 2011.
- ^ Dennett, Daniel. (19 December 2011) [1]. Washington Post
- ^ Kraus, Lawrence. (23 December 2011) [2]. richarddawkins.net
- ^ Fry, Stephen. (16 December 2011) [3]. thedailybeast.com
- ^ McEwan, Ian. (16 December 2011) [4]. theguradian.co.uk
- ^ Grayling, A.C. (16 December 2011) [5]. barnesandnoble.com
- ^ Vanity, Fair. (15 December 2011) [6]. Vanity Fair
- ^ Gottlieb, Anthony (2007-05-21). "Atheists with Attitude". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2007/05/21/070521crbo_books_gottlieb. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
- ^ September 23, 2011 10:05 pm The war on error By Jason Cowley
- ^ "Christopher Hitchens". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0386899/. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
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- ^ "Charlie Rose". http://www.charlierose.com/. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
External links[link]
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- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Christopher Hitchens at the Internet Movie Database
- Christopher Hitchens on Charlie Rose
- Daily Hitchens, an archive of material on or by Hitchens
- Christopher Hitchens on National Public Radio in 2010
- Drexel Interview (One-hour video interview) with Paula Marantz Cohen, June 2010
- Works by or about Christopher Hitchens in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Christopher Hitchens collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Christopher Hitchens collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Christopher Hitchens collected news and commentary at The Boston Globe
- "Journalist Christopher Hitchens fully embraces the Bush war camp" from the World Socialist Website, October 2002
- "Christopher Hitchens[dead link]" feature story in Prospect magazine, May 2008
- "Incendiary Author Spares No Targets" feature story in The New Zealand Herald, May 2008
- "Such, Such are His Joys" David Brooks assessment in The New York Times, 1 July 2010
- Hitchens on Dying with Cancer, video interview with The Atlantic, August 2010
- "Christopher Hitchens: 'You have to choose your future regrets'" The Guardian, 13 November 2010
- "Christopher Hitchens's Jewish Problem" feature article on Jewish Ideas Daily, 13 December 2010
- A debate between Hitchens and Berlinski 2010
- Outspoken and outrageous: Christopher Hitchens a 60 Minutes profile aired 6 March 2011
- Articles by Hitchens
- Contributor page at Vanity Fair
- Column archive at The Atlantic
- Article archive at The Guardian
- Hitchens articles at Slate
- Article archive at Journalisted
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hitchens, Christopher Eric |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | English author, journalist and literary critic |
| Date of birth | 13 April 1949 |
| Place of birth | Portsmouth, England |
| Date of death | 15 December 2011 |
| Place of death | Houston, Texas, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Richard Fleischer | |
|---|---|
| File:RFleischerImage.jpg Portrait |
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| Born | Richard O. Fleischer (1916-12-08)December 8, 1916 Brooklyn, New York |
| Died | March 25, 2006(2006-03-25) (aged 89) Woodland Hills, California |
| Occupation | Film director |
| Years active | 1943–1987 |
| Spouse | Mary Dickson (1943–his death) |
Richard O. Fleischer (December 8, 1916 – March 25, 2006) was an American film director.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Fleischer was born in Brooklyn, the son of Essie (née Goldstein) and animator/producer Max Fleischer.[1] He started in motion pictures as director of animated shorts produced by his father including entries in the Betty Boop, Popeye and Superman series.
His live-action film career began in 1942 at the RKO studio, directing shorts, documentaries, and compilations of forgotten silent features, which he called Flicker Flashbacks. He won an Academy Award as producer of the 1947 documentary Design for Death, co-written by Theodor Geisel (later known as Dr. Seuss), which examined the cultural forces that led to Japan's imperial expansion through World War II.
Career[link]
Fleischer directed his first feature in 1946. His early films were taut film noir thrillers such as Bodyguard (1948), The Clay Pigeon (1949), Follow Me Quietly (1949), Armored Car Robbery (1950), and The Narrow Margin (1952). In 1948, Fleischer also directed So This Is New York, a cynically sophisticated comedy starring acerbic humorist Henry Morgan based upon a Ring Lardner novel.
In 1954, he was chosen by Walt Disney (his father's former rival as a cartoon producer) to direct 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea starring Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre. It was Disney's first Hollywood live-action film, and his most elaborate to date. It was a great success with both the critics and the public. As a result, Fleischer became known for big features, often employing special effects, such as Barabbas (1961), Fantastic Voyage (1966), Doctor Dolittle (1967), and Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970).
He directed many action adventures such as Violent Saturday (1955), Bandido (1956) starring Robert Mitchum, The Vikings (1958), and Mr. Majestyk (1974). Fleischer also directed a trilogy of films centering on famous serial killers and focusing on the theme of capital punishment: Compulsion (1959), The Boston Strangler (1968) and 10 Rillington Place (1971). He helmed Soylent Green (1973), a cautionary tale of overpopulation and pollution. Some of his entertainments are regarded as controversial and provocative, such as Che! (1969), a biopic of Che Guevara, and the interracial melodrama of the Deep South in Mandingo (1975).
Fleischer was chairman of Fleischer Studios, which today handles the licensing of Betty Boop and Koko the Clown. In June 2005, he released his memoirs of his father's career in Out of the Inkwell: Max Fleischer and the Animation Revolution.
Death and legacy[link]
He died in his sleep at age 89, after having been in failing health for the better part of a year.
Fleischer's 1993 autobiography, Just Tell Me When to Cry, described his many difficulties with actors, writers and producers.
Filmography[link]
|
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Awards[link]
Wins
- Academy Awards: Oscar, Best Feature Documentary, for Design for Death (1947); Shared with: Sid Rogell and Theron Warth; 1948.
- Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, Avoriaz, France: Grand Prize, for Soylent Green; 1974.
Nominations
- Golden Globes: Golden Globe, Best Director, for The Happy Time (1952); 1953.
- Cannes Film Festival: Golden Palm, for Compulsion'; 1959.
- Directors Guild of America: DGA Award, Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, for The Vikings; 1959.
- Directors Guild of America: DGA Award, Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures, for Compulsion; 1960.
- British Academy of Film and Television Arts: BAFTA Film Award, Best Film from any Source, for Compulsion; 1960.
- Fantasporto, Porto, Portugal: International Fantasy Film Award, Best Film, for Amityville 3-D; 1986.
Unsolicited nomination
- Razzie Awards: Razzie Award nomination, Worst Director, for The Jazz Singer; shared with: Sidney J. Furie; 1981.
Further reading[link]
- Fleischer, Richard, Out of the Inkwell: Max Fleischer and the Animation Revolution (University Press of Kentucky, 2005)
- Fleischer, Richard, Just Tell Me When to Cry (Carroll and Graf, 1993)
References[link]
- ^ Filmreference.com
- ^ Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to World Film, since 1885. 2008. Index home page.
External links[link]
- Richard Fleischer at the Internet Movie Database
- Richard Fleischer at AllRovi
- Richard Fleischer profile at Disney Legends
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Fleischer, Richard |
| Alternative names | Fleischer, Richard O. |
| Short description | Film director |
| Date of birth | December 8, 1916 |
| Place of birth | Brooklyn, New York |
| Date of death | March 25, 2006 |
| Place of death | Woodland Hills, California |
http://wn.com/Richard_Fleischer
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Gregory Peck | |
|---|---|
 Gregory Peck in Roman Holiday trailer (1953) |
|
| Born | Eldred Gregory Peck (1916-04-05)April 5, 1916 La Jolla, California, U.S. |
| Died | June 12, 2003(2003-06-12) (aged 87) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Bronchopneumonia |
| Resting place | Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, California |
| Residence | Los Angeles, California |
| Education | San Diego High School |
| Alma mater | University of California, Berkeley |
| Occupation | Actor, Humanitarian |
| Years active | 1942–2000 |
| Home town | San Diego, California |
| Political party | Democrat |
| Religion | Catholic |
| Spouse | Greta Kukkonen (1942–55; divorce) Veronique Passani (1955–2003; his death) |
| Children | 5; including Cecilia Peck |
| Family | Ethan Peck (grandson) |
| Awards | Academy Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe, Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, Donostia Lifetime Achievement Award, National Medal of Arts, Presidential Medal of Freedom |
Eldred Gregory Peck (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor.
One of the world's most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His notable performances include that of Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird, for which he won an Academy Award. President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at #12. He was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1983.[1]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Eldred Gregory Peck was born in La Jolla, California, the son of Missouri-born Bernice Mae "Bunny" (née Ayres) and Gregory Pearl Peck, who was a chemist and pharmacist. Peck's father was of Irish (maternal) heritage and English (paternal) heritage,[2][3] and his mother was of Scots (paternal) and English (maternal) ancestry.[4] Peck's father was a Catholic and his mother converted upon marrying his father. Peck's Irish-born paternal grandmother, Catherine Ashe, was related to Thomas Ashe, who took part in the Easter Rising fewer than three weeks after Peck's birth and died while on hunger strike in 1917. Peck's parents divorced by the time he was six years old and he spent the next few years being raised by his maternal grandmother.[5]
Peck was sent to a Roman Catholic military school, St. John's Military Academy, in Los Angeles at the age of 10. His grandmother died while he was enrolled there, and his father again took over his upbringing. At 14, Peck attended San Diego High School and lived with his father.[6] When he graduated, he enrolled briefly at San Diego State Teacher's College, (now known as San Diego State University), joined the track team, took his first theatre and public-speaking courses, and joined the Epsilon Eta fraternity.[7] He stayed for just one academic year, thereafter obtaining admission to his first-choice college, the University of California, Berkeley.[8] For a short time, he took a job driving a truck for an oil company. In 1936, he declared himself a pre-medical student at Berkeley, and majored in English. Standing 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) he rowed on the university crew.
The Berkeley acting coach decided Peck would be perfect for university theater work. Peck developed an interest in acting and was recruited by Edwin Duerr, director of the university's Little Theater. He went on to appear in five plays during his senior year. Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay, and had to work as a "hasher" (kitchen helper) for the Gamma Phi Beta sorority in exchange for meals. Peck would later say about Berkeley that, "it was a very special experience for me and three of the greatest years of my life. It woke me up and made me a human being."[9] In 1997 Peck donated $25,000 to the Berkeley crew in honor of his coach, the renowned Ky Ebright.
Acting career[link]
Stage[link]
After graduating from Berkeley with a BA degree in English, Peck dropped the name "Eldred" and headed to New York City to study at the Neighborhood Playhouse with the legendary acting teacher Sanford Meisner. He was often broke and sometimes slept in Central Park.[10] He worked at the 1939 World's Fair and as a tour guide for NBC's television broadcasting. In 1940, Peck learned more of the acting craft, working in exchange for food, at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, VA, appearing in five plays including Family Portrait and On Earth as It Is.[11]
His stage career started in 1941 when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaw's play The Doctor's Dilemma. Unfortunately, the play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor.[12] He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams' The Morning Star in 1942. His second Broadway performance that year was in The Willow and I with Edward Pawley. Peck's acting abilities were in high demand during World War II, since he was exempt from military service owing to a back injury suffered while receiving dance and movement lessons from Martha Graham as part of his acting training. Twentieth Century Fox claimed he had injured his back while rowing at university, but in Peck's words, "In Hollywood, they didn't think a dance class was macho enough, I guess. I've been trying to straighten out that story for years."[13]
In 1949 Peck co-founded The La Jolla Playhouse, at his birthplace, with Mel Ferrer and Dorothy McGuire. This local community theater and landmark (now in a new home at the University of California, San Diego) still thrives today. It has attracted Hollywood film stars on hiatus both as performers and enthusiastic supporters since its inception.
Film[link]
Peck's first film, Days of Glory, was released in 1944. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor five times, four of which came in his first five years of film acting: for The Keys of the Kingdom (1944), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947), and Twelve O'Clock High (1949).
The Keys of the Kingdom emphasized his stately presence. As the farmer Ezra "Penny" Baxter in The Yearling his good-humored warmth and affection toward the characters playing his son and wife confounded critics who had been insisting he was a lifeless performer. Duel in the Sun (1946) showed his range as an actor in his first "against type" role as a cruel, libidinous gunslinger. Gentleman's Agreement established his power in the "social conscience" genre in a film that took on the deep-seated but subtle antisemitism of mid-century corporate America.Twelve O'Clock High was the first of many successful war films in which Peck embodied the brave, effective, yet human fighting man.
Among his other films were Spellbound (1945), The Paradine Case (1947), The Gunfighter (1950), Moby Dick (1956), On the Beach (1959), which brought to life the terrors of global nuclear war, The Guns of Navarone (1961), and Roman Holiday (1953), with Audrey Hepburn in her Oscar-winning role. Peck and Hepburn were close friends until her death; Peck even introduced her to her first husband, Mel Ferrer. Peck once again teamed up with director William Wyler in the epic Western The Big Country (1958), which he co-produced. Peck won the Academy Award with his fifth nomination, playing Atticus Finch, a Depression-era lawyer and widowed father, in a film adaptation of the Harper Lee novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Released in 1962 during the height of the US civil rights movement in the South, this movie and his role were Peck's favorites. In 2003 Atticus Finch was named the top film hero of the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.[14]
Peck served as the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967, Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the American Film Institute from 1967 to 1969, Chairman of the Motion Picture and Television Relief Fund in 1971, and National Chairman of the American Cancer Society in 1966. He was a member of the National Council on the Arts from 1964 to 1966.[15]
A physically powerful man, he was known to do a majority of his own fight scenes, rarely using body or stunt doubles. In fact, Robert Mitchum, his on-screen opponent in Cape Fear, told about the time Peck once accidentally punched him for real during their final fight scene in the movie, he felt the impact for days afterward. Peck's rare attempts at unsympathetic albeit provocative roles usually fell short. Early on, he played the renegade son in the Western Duel in the Sun and, later in his career, the infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele in The Boys from Brazil co-starring Laurence Olivier.[16]
Later work[link]
In the 1980s Peck moved to television, where he starred in the mini-series The Blue and the Gray, playing Abraham Lincoln. He also starred with Christopher Plummer, Sir John Gielgud, and Barbara Bouchet in the television film The Scarlet and The Black, about a real-life Roman Catholic priest in the Vatican who smuggled Jews and other refugees away from the Nazis during World War II.
Peck, Mitchum, and Martin Balsam all had roles in the 1991 remake of Cape Fear directed by Martin Scorsese. All three were in the original 1962 version. In the remake, Peck played Max Cady's lawyer. His last prominent film role also came in 1991, in Other People's Money, directed by Norman Jewison and based on the stage play of that name. Peck played a business owner trying to save his company against a hostile takeover bid by a Wall Street liquidator played by Danny DeVito.
Peck retired from active film-making at that point. Like Cary Grant before him, Peck spent the last few years of his life touring the world doing speaking engagements in which he would show clips from his movies, reminisce, and take questions from the audience. He did come out of retirement for a 1998 miniseries version of one of his most famous films, Moby Dick, portraying Father Mapple (played by Orson Welles in the 1956 version), with Patrick Stewart as Captain Ahab, the role Peck played in the earlier film.
Peck had been offered the role of Grandpa Joe in the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, but died before he could accept it. David Kelly was then given the part.
Politics[link]
In 1947, while many Hollywood figures were being blacklisted for similar activities, Peck signed a letter deploring a House Un-American Activities Committee investigation of alleged communists in the film industry. President Richard Nixon placed Peck on his enemies list due to his liberal activism.[17]
A lifelong supporter of the Democratic Party, Peck was suggested in 1970 as a possible Democratic candidate to run against Ronald W. Reagan for the office of Governor of California. Although he later admitted that he had no interest in being a candidate himself for public office, Peck encouraged one of his sons, Carey Peck, to run for political office. Carey was defeated both times by slim margin in races in 1978 and 1980 against Republican U.S. Representative Robert K. Dornan, a former actor.
In an interview with the Irish media, Peck revealed that former President Lyndon Johnson had told him that, had he sought re-election in 1968, he intended to offer Peck the post of U.S. ambassador to Ireland — a post Peck, due to his Irish ancestry, said he might well have taken, saying "[It] would have been a great adventure".[18] Author Michael Freedland, in his biography of Peck, substantiates the report and says that Johnson indicated that his presentation of the Medal of Freedom to Peck would perhaps make up for his inability to confer the ambassadorship.[19]
Peck was outspoken against the Vietnam War, while remaining supportive of his son, Stephen, who fought there. In 1972 Peck produced the film version of Daniel Berrigan's play The Trial of the Catonsville Nine about the prosecution of a group of Vietnam protesters for civil disobedience. Despite his reservations about American general Douglas MacArthur as a man, Peck had long wanted to play him on film, and did so in MacArthur in 1976.[20]
In 1978, Peck traveled to Alabama, the setting of To Kill a Mockingbird to campaign for Democratic U.S. Senate nominee Donald W. Stewart of Anniston, who defeated the Republican candidate, James D. Martin, a former U.S. representative from Gadsden.
In 1987, Peck did the voice-over on television commercials opposing President Reagan's Supreme Court nomination of conservative jurist Robert Bork.[21] Bork's nomination was defeated. Peck was also a vocal supporter of ridding the world of nuclear weapons.
Personal life[link]
In October 1942 Peck married Finnish-born Greta Kukkonen, with whom he had three sons, Jonathan (1944–75), Stephen (b. 1946), and Carey Paul (b. 1949). They were divorced on December 30, 1955, but maintained a very good relationship. Jonathan Peck, a television news reporter, committed suicide in 1975. Stephen Peck is active in support of American veterans from the Vietnam War; his first wife is screenwriter Kimi Peck, who co-wrote Little Darlings with Dalene Young. Carey Peck had political ambitions, running for Congress in California in 1978 and again in 1980 with the support of his father and family. He narrowly lost to conservative Republican Bob Dornan.
On December 31, 1955, the day after his divorce was finalized, Peck married Veronique Passani, a Paris news reporter who had interviewed him in 1953 before he went to Italy to film Roman Holiday. He asked her to lunch six months later and they became inseparable. They had a son, Anthony, and a daughter Cecilia Peck. The couple remained married until Gregory Peck's death.
Peck had grandchildren from both marriages.[22]
Peck owned the thoroughbred steeplechase race horse Different Class, which raced in England.[23] The horse was favored for the 1968 Grand National but finished third. Peck was close friends with French president Jacques Chirac.[24]
Peck was a practicing Roman Catholic, although he disagreed with the Church's positions on abortion and the ordination of women.[25]
Death[link]
On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep at home from bronchopneumonia.[26] His wife Veronique was by his side.
Gregory Peck is entombed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels mausoleum in Los Angeles, California. His eulogy was read by Brock Peters, whose character, Tom Robinson, was defended by Peck's Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird.
Awards and honors[link]
Peck was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning once. He was nominated for The Keys of the Kingdom (1945), The Yearling (1946), Gentleman's Agreement (1947) and Twelve O'Clock High (1949). He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird. In 1968 he received the Academy's Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.
Peck also received many Golden Globe awards. He won in 1947 for The Yearling, in 1963 for To Kill a Mockingbird, and in 1999 for the TV mini series Moby Dick. He was nominated in 1978 for The Boys from Brazil. He received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1969, and was given the Henrietta Award in 1951 and 1955 for World Film Favorite — Male.
In 1969 US President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. In 1971 the Screen Actors Guild presented Peck with the SAG Life Achievement Award. In 1989 the American Film Institute gave Peck the AFI Life Achievement Award. He received the Crystal Globe award for outstanding artistic contribution to world cinema in 1996.
In 1986 Peck was honored alongside actress Gene Tierney with the first Donostia Lifetime Achievement Award at the San Sebastian Film Festival Spain for their body of work.
In 1987, Peck was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.[27]
In 1993, Peck was awarded with an Honorary Golden Bear at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.[28]
In 1998 he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.[29]
In 2000 Peck was made a Doctor of Letters by the National University of Ireland. He was a founding patron of the University College Dublin School of Film, where he persuaded Martin Scorsese to become an honorary patron. Peck was also chairman of the American Cancer Society for a short time.
For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Gregory Peck has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6100 Hollywood Blvd. In November 2005 the star was stolen, and has since been replaced.[30]
On April 28, 2011, a ceremony was held in Beverly Hills, California celebrating the first day of issue of a U.S. postage stamp commemorating Peck. The stamp is the 17th commemorative stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series.[31][32]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1944 | Days of Glory | Vladimir | |
| The Keys of the Kingdom | Father Francis Chisholm | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role | |
| 1945 | The Valley of Decision | Paul Scott | |
| Spellbound | John Ballantyne | ||
| 1946 | The Yearling | Ezra "Penny" Baxter | Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role |
| Duel in the Sun | Lewton 'Lewt' McCanles | ||
| 1947 | The Macomber Affair | Robert Wilson | |
| Gentleman's Agreement | Philip Schuyler Green | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role | |
| The Paradine Case | Anthony Keane | ||
| 1949 | Yellow Sky | James 'Stretch' Dawson | |
| The Great Sinner | Fedja | ||
| Twelve O'Clock High | Gen. Frank Savage | Nominated - Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role | |
| 1950 | The Gunfighter | Jimmy Ringo | |
| 1951 | Captain Horatio Hornblower | Captain Horatio Hornblower | |
| Only the Valiant | Captain Richard Lance | ||
| Screen Snapshots: Hollywood Awards | Short subject | ||
| David and Bathsheba | King David | ||
| Pictura: An Adventure in Art | Narrator | Documentary | |
| 1952 | The Snows of Kilimanjaro | Harry Street | |
| The World in His Arms | Capt. Jonathan Clark | ||
| 1953 | The Million Pound Note | Henry Adams | |
| Roman Holiday | Joe Bradley | Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role | |
| 1954 | Night People | Col. Steve Van Dyke | |
| The Purple Plain | Squadron Leader Bill Forrester | ||
| 1956 | The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit | Tom Rath | |
| Moby Dick | Captain Ahab | ||
| 1957 | Designing Woman | Mike Hagen | |
| 1958 | The Hidden World | Narrator | Documentary |
| The Bravados | Jim Douglass | ||
| The Big Country | James McKay | Also producer | |
| 1959 | Pork Chop Hill | Lieutenant Joe Clemons | |
| Beloved Infidel | F. Scott Fitzgerald | ||
| On the Beach | Cmdr. Dwight Lionel Towers, USS Sawfish | ||
| 1961 | The Guns of Navarone | Capt. Keith Mallory | |
| 1962 | Cape Fear | Sam Bowden | |
| Lykke og krone | Documentary | ||
| How the West Was Won | Cleve Van Valen | ||
| To Kill a Mockingbird | Atticus Finch | Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture Actor Nominated - BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role |
|
| 1963 | Captain Newman, M.D. | Capt. Josiah J. Newman, MD | Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1964 | Behold a Pale Horse | Manuel Artiguez | |
| 1965 | Mirage | David Stillwell | |
| 1966 | John F. Kennedy: Years of Lightning, Day of Drums | Narrator | Documentary |
| Arabesque | Prof. David Pollock | ||
| 1967 | Pähkähullu Suomi | Cameo | |
| 1969 | The Stalking Moon | Sam Varner | |
| Mackenna's Gold | MacKenna | ||
| The Chairman | John Hathaway | ||
| Marooned | Charles Keith | ||
| 1970 | I Walk the Line | Sheriff Tawes | |
| 1971 | Shoot Out | Clay Lomax | |
| 1974 | Billy Two Hats | Arch Deans | |
| The Dove | Producer | ||
| 1976 | The Omen | Robert Thorn | |
| 1977 | MacArthur | General Douglas MacArthur | Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1978 | The Boys from Brazil | Josef Mengele | Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama |
| 1980 | The Sea Wolves: The Last Charge of the Calcutta Light Horse | Col. Lewis Pugh | |
| 1982 | The Blue and the Gray | Abraham Lincoln | |
| 1983 | The Scarlet and the Black | Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty | |
| 1984 | Terror in the Aisles | Documentary. Archival footage. | |
| 1985 | Sanford Meisner: The American Theatre's Best Kept Secret | Documentary | |
| 1986 | Directed by William Wyler | Documentary | |
| 1987 | Amazing Grace and Chuck | President | Documentary |
| 1989 | Old Gringo | Ambrose Bierce | |
| Super Chief: The Life and Legacy of Earl Warren | Narrator | Documentary | |
| 1991 | Other People's Money | Andrew Jorgenson | |
| Frederic Remington: The Truth of Other Days | Narrator | Documentary | |
| Cape Fear | Lee Heller | ||
| 1993 | The Portrait | Gardner Church | |
| 1994 | L'Hidato Shel Adolf Eichmann | Narrator | Documentary |
| 1996 | Wild Bill: Hollywood Maverick | Documentary | |
| 1998 | Moby Dick | Father Mapple | TV Miniseries Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film |
| 1999 | The Art of Norton Simon | Narrator | Short subject |
| American Prophet: The Story of Joseph Smith | Narrator | ||
| 2000 | A Conversation With Gregory Peck | Himself | Documentary |
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Vanity Fair
- ^ Freedland, Michael. Gregory Peck: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1980. ISBN 0-688-03619-8 p.10
- ^ United States Census records for La Jolla, California 1910
- ^ United States Census records for St. Louis, Missouri - 1860, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910
- ^ Freedland, pp. 12-18
- ^ Freedland, pp. 16-19
- ^ Fishgall, Barry (2002). Gregory Peck: A Biography. New York City: Simon and Schuster. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-684-85290-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=NJId3XPaeR0C&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=San+Diego+State+University+gregory+peck&source=bl&ots=eDnTPiiRfr&sig=ttqHRhb21XAeRiY8_UiTQSWQPzU&hl=en&ei=LhJxSvzAK-aStgf8gaWBDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#v=onepage&q=San%20Diego%20State%20University%20gregory%20peck&f=false.
- ^ Thomas, Tony. Gregory Peck. Pyramid Publications, 1977, p. 16
- ^ ""Gregory Peck comes home," ''Berkeley Magazine'', Summer 1996". Berkeley.edu. 2000-07-04. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/magazine/summer_96/departments/aroundcal/peck.html.
- ^ Freedland, p. 35
- ^ "Gregory Peck Returns to Theatre Roots in Virginia Mountains," Playbill, June 29, 1998
- ^ Tad Mosel, Leading Lady: The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell, Little, Brown & Co., Boston (1978)
- ^ Welton Jones. "Gregory Peck," San Diego Union-Tribune, April 5, 1998
- ^ http://www.afi.com/100years/handv.aspx
- ^ Freedland, pp. 191-195
- ^ Freedland, pp. 242-243
- ^ Corliss, Richard. "The American as Noble Man" - Time Magazine - Monday, June 16, 2003
- ^ Haggerty, Bridget. "Gregory Peck's Irish Connections" - IrishCultureAndCustoms.com
- ^ Freedland, p. 197
- ^ Freedland, pp. 231-241
- ^ “”. "1987 Robert Bork TV ad, narrated by Gregory Peck". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpFe10lkF3Y. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
- ^ Snyder, Louis (July 3, 2010), Aiglon College Alumni Eagle Association (graduation address) .
- ^ "Pedigree Query". 2007-04-30. http://www.pedigreequery.com/different+class3.
- ^ (in French) Communiqué de M Jacques Chirac, président de la république, à la suite de la disparition de Gregory Peck [Communication from mister Jacques Chirac, President of the Republic, following the disappearance of Gregory Peck] (communiqué de la Présidence), FR: Champs Elysées, June 2003, http://elysee.fr/elysee/fevrier/salle_de_presse/communiques_de_la_presidence/2003/juin/communique_de_m_jacques_chirac_president_de_la_republique_a_la_suite_de_la_disparition_de_gregory_peck.745.html
- ^ Haney, Lynn (2004). Gregory Peck: A Charmed Life. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 419. ISBN 0-7867-1473-5.
- ^ Grimes, William (June 13, 2003). "Gregory Peck Is Dead at 87; Film Roles Had Moral Fiber". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D81F39F930A25755C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. "Gregory Peck, whose chiseled, slightly melancholy good looks, resonant baritone and quiet strength made him an unforgettable presence in films like To Kill a Mockingbird, Gentleman's Agreement and Twelve O'Clock High, died early yesterday at his home in Los Angeles. He was 87."
- ^ "Awards granted by George Eastman House International Museum of Photography & Film". George Eastman House. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
- ^ "Berlinale: 1993 Prize Winners". berlinale.de. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1993/03_preistr_ger_1993/03_Preistraeger_1993.html. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
- ^ "Lifetime Honors - National Medal of Arts". Nea.gov. http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#98.
- ^ "Gregory Peck's Hollywood star is reborn". Nine News (Australian Associated Press). December 1, 2005. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=75337.
- ^ Broadway World, April 4, 2011 http://movies.broadwayworld.com/article/Gregory_Peck_Honored_With_Commemorative_Stamp_Celebration_428_20110404
- ^ Fox News, 28 April 2011
Further reading[link]
- Fishgall, Gary. Gregory Peck: A Biography. New York: Scribner. 2002. ISBN 0-684-85290-X
- Freedland, Michael. Gregory Peck: A Biography. New York: William Morrow and Company. 1980. ISBN 0-688-03619-8
- Haney, Lynn. Gregory Peck: A Charmed Life. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. 2004. ISBN 0-7867-1473-5
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gregory Peck |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Gregory Peck |
- Gregory Peck at the Internet Broadway Database
- Gregory Peck at the Internet Movie Database
- Gregory Peck at the TCM Movie Database
- Gregory Peck at Find a Grave
- Gregory Peck - Daily Telegraph obituary
- Gregory Peck in the 1920 US Census, 1930 US Census, and the Social Security Death Index.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Peck, Gregory |
| Alternative names | Peck, Eldred Gregory |
| Short description | actor |
| Date of birth | April 5, 1916 |
| Place of birth | La Jolla, California, US |
| Date of death | June 12, 2003 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, US |
http://wn.com/Gregory_Peck
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
