Najibullah Zazi (born August 10, 1985) is an Afghan-American who was arrested in September 2009 as part of the 2009 U.S. Al Qaeda group accused of planning suicide bombings on the New York City subway system, and has pled guilty as have two other defendants.^[1][2][3][4] U.S. prosecutors said Saleh al-Somali, Al-Qaeda's head of external operations, and Rashid Rauf, an Al-Qaeda operative, ordered the attack. Both were reportedly later killed in drone attacks.^[5]

Zazi underwent weapons and explosives training at an al-Qaeda training camp in Pakistan in 2008. On September 9, 2009, he drove from his home in the Denver, Colorado, area to New York City, intending to detonate explosives on the New York City subway during rush hour as one of three coordinated suicide "martyrdom" bombings.^[1][6] Spooked, however, by surveillance by U.S. intelligence, and warned by a local imam that the authorities were inquiring about him, he abruptly flew back to Denver. He was arrested days later.

On February 22, 2010, he pled guilty to conspiring to use weapons of mass destruction, conspiring to commit murder in a foreign country, and providing material support to a terrorist organization. He said he was recruited by al-Qaeda in Pakistan for a suicide "martyrdom" attack against the U.S., and that his bombing target was the New York City subway system. Zazi faces a possible life sentence without possibility of parole for the first two counts, and an additional sentence of 15 years for the third count.^[7] Sentencing was initially scheduled to take place on June 24, 2011.

Two of his high school classmates who had traveled with him to Pakistan, his father, his uncle, and an imam from Queens, New York, have also been indicted on related charges. U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder referred to the planned attack as "one of the most serious terrorist threats to our nation since September 11th, 2001."^[8]

Early life[link]

Zazi was born in a small village in the Paktia region of eastern Afghanistan.^[9] He is a middle child, with two sisters and two brothers.^[9] At the age of 7 in 1992, he and his family moved to the city of Peshawar in Pakistan where they settled as Afghan refugees.^[10][11]

In 1999, he and the family left Pakistan and immigrated to New York City in the United States. They moved into a two-bedroom apartment in the Flushing, Queens section of the city.^[4][9][12] Mohammed Wali Zazi, Najibullah's father and now a naturalized U.S. citizen, found work as a New York City taxi driver.

From 1999–2009, Zazi lived with his family in Flushing.^[9][13] While he was a teenager, he and his family lived in the same apartment building and attended the same mosque, the Afghan Hazrat-i-Abu Bakr Sadiq mosque, as Saifur Rahman Halimi.^[9][11] Halimi was a vocal pro-global-jihad imam. He was also chief representative to Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Afghan warlord who was declared a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" by the U.S. in 2003.^[11] Halimi and the Zazi family joined others who split from their Queens mosque because the imam there, Mohammad Sherzad, spoke out against the Taliban.^[11] According to one of his friends, Zazi liked listening to Zakir Naik, an Indian Muslim televangelist who is an expert on comparative religion and theology.^[14]

Zazi struggled as a student at Flushing High School in Queens, eventually dropping out.^[11] From 2004–09, he operated a coffee and pastries vending cart on Stone Street in Lower Manhattan's Financial District.^[9][11] He displayed a “God Bless America” sign on his cart.^[9]

In 2006, he traveled to Pakistan and married his 19-year-old cousin in an arranged marriage.^[9][15] He claimed several trips he made to Pakistan between 2006 and 2008 were to visit his wife. In the course of his visits, Zazi and his wife had two children, whom he planned to move to the U.S.^[14]

Events leading to arrest[link]

Al-Qaeda training and direction[link]

During the spring and summer of 2008, Zazi conspired with others in Queens, New York, to travel to Afghanistan to join the Taliban and fight against the U.S. military and its allies.^[7][16] On August 28, 2008, they flew from New York to Peshawar, Pakistan, a city just east of Pakistan's volatile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (the FATA).^[16][17] The Center for Strategic and International Studies describes the FATA as:

ground zero in the U.S. Jihadist war, and home to many al-Qaeda operatives, especially the numerous foreigners from the Arab world, Central Asia Muslim areas of the Far East, and even Europe who flock to this war zone for training [and] indoctrination.^[17]

Map of Pakistan and Waziristan

While there, they were recruited by al-Qaeda instead, and taken to a training camp in Waziristan, where they received training on several kinds of weapons.^[7][16] Al-Qaeda leaders asked them to return to the U.S. and conduct a suicide bombing martyrdom operation, and they agreed to do so.^[7][16] Later, he received additional training at the camp on explosives construction for an attack in the U.S., or to carry out a martyrdom operation.^[7][16][18] He took lengthy notes and emailed them to himself, so he could access them upon his return to the U.S.^[7] Al-Qaeda leaders also discussed target locations with Zazi, such as New York City subways.^[16] He gave money and computers to al-Qaeda before leaving Pakistan.^[7]

Bryant Neal Vinas[link]

Zazi met American Bryant Neal Vinas in Pakistan in 2008.^[19] Vinas, born in Queens, had also traveled to Pakistan (in November 2007) to join a jihadist group to fight against the U.S. military in Afghanistan.^[20][21][22]

Vinas was also recruited by al-Qaeda, and taken to a training camp in Waziristan. There, he also underwent weapons and explosives training (from late 2007 through August 2008).^[18] A senior Al-Qaeda leader also discussed the operation of the New York City transit system with Vinas, in his case to help plan a bomb attack on a Long Island Railroad commuter train in New York's Penn Station. Vinas was arrested in Peshwar, Pakistan, in November 2008, and pleaded guilty in the U.S. in February 2010 to participating in and supporting al-Qaeda plots in Afghanistan and the U.S.^[23]

Jihad Jane plot[link]

Over the internet, Zazi befriended Jamie Paulin-Ramirez, a Kansas City, Missouri-born medical assistant from Leadville, Colorado, who had converted to Islam, according to her family.^[24] She was arrested in March 2010 in the Jihad Jane plot to wage jihad and murder Swedish artist Lars Vilks, collecting the bounty offered by an al-Qaeda affiliate for his assassination.^[24]

Return to U.S.[link]

On January 15, 2009, Zazi returned to the U.S.^[1][15][17] Within days of his return, he moved to Aurora, Colorado, to live with his aunt and uncle. He worked as a driver for a company named "Big Sky", and then for ABC Airport Shuttle, driving a 15-person airport shuttle van between Denver International Airport and downtown Denver.^[4][11][13] Zazi filed for bankruptcy in New York State on March 26, 2009, with $51,000 in debts, and his bankruptcy was discharged on August 17, 2009.^[15]

He lived with his aunt and uncle until July 2009, when his uncle kicked him out for not paying rent. His parents moved to Aurora from New York, and the three took a residence together.^[9][13]

Acetone peroxide

Beginning around June 2009, he accessed his bomb-making notes, and began researching where to find ingredients for the explosives.^[7][16] He also conducted several internet searches for hydrochloric acid. He then used his bomb-making notes to construct an explosive for the detonators.^[16] The explosive was hydrogen peroxide.^[16] He took trips to New York, meeting with others to discuss the plan, the attack's timing, and where to make the explosives.^[7][16]

Over the course of several months, the FBI listened to Zazi's phone conversations. In August 2009, the FBI overheard him speaking about mixing chemical substances. It learned that in July and August 2009 he and his three associates were buying large quantities of hydrogen peroxide and acetone products from beauty supply stores around Denver, Colorado.^[13] Security videos from a beauty shop showed Zazi pushing a cart full of hydrogen peroxide.

He checked into an Aurora motel suite on August 28 and on September 6 and 7, to experiment with heating chemicals that could create a bomb in his room's kitchenette.^{[13][25][26][27]} Authorities examined the kitchenette, and discovered traces of acetone, found in nail polish remover.

Hydrogen peroxide, acetone, and acid, readily available in beauty supply stores, are components used in Triacetone triperoxide (TATP; also known as acetone peroxide)-based deadly bombs.^[14] TATP was also used in the 2005 London subway bombings, and by Richard Reid, the "shoe bomber".^[28][29]

Zazi drove from Denver to New York City on September 9 and 10, 2009.

On September 9, 2009, he began a 1,800 miles (2,900 km) drive in a rented car from Denver to New York with the detonator, explosives, and other materials necessary to build bombs.^{[7][12][16][17]} Agents followed him.^[25]

The day after he left Denver, two New York City Police Department Intelligence Division detectives asked imam Ahmad Wais Afzali, a Muslim cleric whom they had developed as an informant,^[14] to identify and provide information with regard to four individuals whose photographs they showed him.^{[15][17][30][31][32]} Afzali identified Zazi, who had prayed at Afzali's mosque, and two of the other three photos.^[17][31][32] One law enforcement official said the police department had been specifically asked not to reveal the investigation to its informants, but went ahead anyway.^[33]

Zazi arrived in New York City on the afternoon of September 10, and spent the night at the residence of his childhood friend Naiz Kahn in Flushing, Queens.^{[13][16][17][34]} He intended to obtain and assemble the remaining components to build a bomb over the weekend.^[16]

The Plan—NYC Subway[link]

Map of the New York City Subway

The plan was, as soon as the material was ready, for him and two high school friends to conduct coordinated suicide bombings. ^[35][36] They planned to detonate backpack bombs on New York City Subway trains near New York's two busiest subway stations, the Grand Central and Times Square stations in Manhattan, during rush hour.^{[6][7][16][36][37]} They planned to board the middle of packed trains on the 1, 2, 3, and/or 6 lines, to cause maximum casualties.^[36] Zazi rode the Subway a number of times to the Grand Central and Wall Street stations, scouting for the best location to kill the maximum number of people.^[36] Zazi and his friends intended to obtain and assemble the remaining components of the bombs, and conduct the attack on September 14 (the most likely date), 15, or 16, 2009.^[7][36]

Georgetown University professor and terrorism expert Bruce Hoffman characterized the plot as representing a "new magnitude" of threat to the U.S. that, if carried out, could have "eclipsed" the 2004 Madrid train bombings, which killed almost 200 people.^[38]

According to TIME, authorities believe Zazi was possibly planning an attack using back-pack bombs, as previously used in the Madrid and London subway bombings.^[39]

The Daily Telegraph reported that the plot had been uncovered by Scotland Yard, which intercepted an e-mail from a senior al-Qaeda member in Pakistan to Zazi, instructing him how to implement his attack.^[40] The e-mail was intercepted as part of "Operation Pathway".^[40] Scotland Yard notified the FBI, which led to the operation that resulted in his arrest.^[40]

Tipped off about surveillance[link]

On September 10, as he crossed the George Washington Bridge headed for New York City, Zazi was pulled over by Port Authority Police, acting at the FBI's request, for what he was told was a routine random drug search, and his car was searched.^[4][12][30] They did not find anything of note, and he was allowed to go.^{[4][15][30][41]} Afzali's lawyer later wrote the court: "Even though [Zazi] is not the brightest bulb in the terrorist chandelier, the thinly-transparent ruse of a 'random' checkpoint stop did not fool him."^[32]

On September 11, Afzali called Zazi's father.^[31] Zazi's father then spoke with Zazi, told him that "they" had shown Afzali his photos and photos of others, said Afzali would call him and he should speak with him as soon as possible, and added "So, before anything else, speak with [Afzali]. See if you need to go to [Afzali] or to make ... yourself aware, hire an attorney."^[17][31] Afzali called Zazi, and told him that the authorities had asked him about "you guys."^[17] He also asked Zazi for the telephone number of one of the other men whose photos he had been shown, and set up a meeting with him.^[32]

Later that day, Zazi's rental car was towed due to a parking violation, and was searched. Agents found a laptop with a JPEG image of nine handwritten pages on how to make initiating explosives, main explosive charges, detonators, and fuses.^[15][17][31] The FBI asserted the nine pages of handwritten notes were in Zazi's handwriting.^[42]

Zazi called Afzali, said his car had been stolen and he feared he was being "watched", and that the people watching him took his car.^[17][31] Afzali asked if there was any "evidence" in the car, and Zazi said no.^[17][31]

Zazi realized that law enforcement was investigating him.^[16] At that point, he and his colleagues threw away the detonator explosives and other materials.^[16][36]

Arrest and incarceration[link]

On September 12, Zazi flew back to Denver.^[16][17][31] FBI agents searched several homes in New York on September 14, and found his fingerprints on an electronic scale and several AA batteries at the home he had stayed at in Queens, as well as a dozen black backpacks.^[13][15][43] An alert was issued to American law enforcement officials to be on the lookout for hydrogen peroxide-based bombs.

On September 16, Zazi voluntarily appeared and was interviewed by members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force at the Denver FBI offices in the presence of his lawyer.^[15][17] During his eight-hour interview, he denied knowing anything about the nine-page handwritten document found on his hard drive, and speculated he must have accidentally downloaded it in August as part of a religious book which he had downloaded and later deleted. In subsequent interviews on September 17 and 18, however, he acknowledged receiving explosives and weapons training in the tribal areas of Pakistan.^[15]

On September 19, 2009, authorities arrested Zazi, and on September 21 they charged him in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado with making false statements in a matter involving international and domestic terrorism.^[17]

Charges[link]

Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn

Najibullah Zazi[link]

New charges and allegations were filed against Zazi in the Eastern District of New York on September 23, 2009, and the prior charges dropped.^[44] A federal grand jury there returned an indictment charging him with conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction.^[45][46]

Zazi was initially held as a federal inmate (registration # 36553-013) at the Metropolitan Detention Center, Brooklyn.^[47] He is being held without bail, and is scheduled to be sentenced June 25.^[48][49] By mid-April 2010, however, he had been moved to a secret location.^[36]

Friends; Adis Medunjanin and Zarein Ahmedzay[link]

On January 7, 2010, the FBI also arrested two of his high school classmates from Queens, Adis Medunjanin and Zarein Ahmedzay, who had traveled with him to Pakistan in 2008.^[50] They are being held without bail.^[48]

Medunjanin is a Bosnian immigrant who came to the U.S. in 1994, was naturalized in 2002, and lives in Flushing, Queens.^[51] He was a running back and wide receiver on his high school football team, graduated from Queens College with a major in Economics in June 2009, and works as a building manager at a property management company.^{[6][51][52][53]} He was arrested after he led the FBI on a high-speed chase in Queens, during which he invoked the name of Allah in a 911 emergency call, according to a law enforcement official, and told the 911 dispatcher: "We love death more than you love life!"—a refrain al-Qaeda trainers use to inspire recruits to commit murder and suicide.^[52][54][55] He reportedly told authorities he trained with Zazi in the al-Qaeda camp in Pakistan.^[56] He pleaded not guilty to charges of conspiracy to kill U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan, and receiving military-style training from al-Qaeda.^[18][54] On February 25, 2010, he pleaded not guilty to additional charges of conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction, conspiracy to commit murder in a foreign country, and providing material support to al-Qaida.^[57][58] He faces life in prison if convicted.^[59]

Ahmedzay, a New York City cab driver born in Afghanistan and living in Flushing, Queens, took the civil service test to become a city firefighter in 2007.^[51][52][60] He initially pleaded not guilty to a charge of making false statements to the FBI—specifically, that he lied about the places he had visited in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and about whether an unnamed third party attended al-Qaeda camps.^[18][52][54] On February 25, 2010, he also pleaded not guilty to additional charges of conspiracy to use weapons of mass destruction, conspiracy to commit murder in a foreign country, and providing material support to al-Qaida.^[57][58] But on April 23 he pled guilty to the charges. He told the court that two Senior Al-Qaeda leaders sought him out because of his familiarity with New York, that the leaders "said the most important thing was to hit well-known structures and to maximize the number of casualties,” he made the decision to attack the subways, a decision that was based on the amount of explosives. His motive was to end alleged wars against Islam. At one point he had doubts, but later resolved to carry out the plot. He then claimed "the real enemies of this country are the ones destroying this country from within. And I believe these are the special group, the Zionist Jews, I believe, who want a permanent shadow government within the government of the United States of America."^[5] He faces life in prison if convicted.^[59]

Additionally, both are indicted for receiving military-type training from al-Qaeda. If convicted, the suspects could receive up to maximum 10 years for this offense.^[61]

Father; Mohammed Wali Zazi[link]

On September 19, 2009, authorities also arrested his father, Mohammed Wali Zazi, on conspiring, inter alia, by pouring chemicals down a drain and shredding containers, to destroy evidence consisting of glasses, masks, liquid chemicals, and containers.^[25][62] He was released on $50,000 bond to his home in Aurora under house arrest, and must wear an electronic bracelet.^[63] He is permitted to leave home only to work, meet his lawyer, go to court, receive medical treatment, and attend religious services. He was convicted in July 2011 of destroying evidence and lying to investigators to cover up his son's plot. On Friday, February 10th, 2012, he was sentenced to four and a half years in prison for obstructing the federal investigation of his son.^[21]

Imam Ahmad Wais Afzali[link]

American authorities also arrested imam Ahmad Wais Afzali, who was charged with and convicted of lying to the FBI about a conversation in which Afzali informed Zazi he was under surveillance.^[64] Afzali was formerly a resident of Flushing, Queens, and legal permanent resident of the U.S., born in Kabul, Afghanistan.^[65] He was an imam at a Queens mosque, and ran the Islamic Burial Funeral Service, a Queens funeral parlor.^[66][67] He was charged with having tipped off the younger Zazi that he was under scrutiny, and lying to the FBI (on both September 13 and September 18, when he denied tipping off Zazi), in a matter involving terrorism.^[68] He initially pleaded not guilty, faced up to eight years in prison and deportation if convicted, and was freed on $1.5 million bail.^{[15][18][54][69][70]}

On March 4, in a plea bargain he pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of lying to U.S. federal agents, and said he was sorry.^[71] Afzali faced up to six months in prison, and as part of the plea arrangement the government agreed not to request any jail time.^[71][72][73] Brooklyn federal judge Frederic Block will sentence him on April 8.^[71][74] As part of his plea agreement, Afzali voluntarily left the U.S. in July 2010, within 90 days of his conviction.^[64][72] As a felon and under the terms of his plea bargain Afzali may not return to the U.S. unless given special permission.^[64][75]

Afzali denied any intention of aiding terrorism or misleading authorities, and according to his lawyer he was "caught in a turf war between the NYPD and the FBI."^[64] His last words in the United States were "God Bless America," according to his lawyer.^[64]

Uncle; Naqib Jaji[link]

Zazi's uncle by marriage, Naqib Jaji, had lived in Queens before moving to Colorado.^[48] He was also arrested.^[48] Jaji was brought before a judge in a secret federal proceeding on January 14, 2010.^[54] He is believed to have pleaded not guilty to one felony count for participating with Zazi's father in the attempt to dispose of evidence.^[25][54] A court docket for the sealed indictment identified the defendant as 'John Doe,' a designation that often indicates a defendant is cooperating with prosecutors.^[54] He was released on January 22.^[48] The uncle told CNN that he blamed his nephew, who had lived with him for several months, for dragging his family into the national spotlight.^[25]

Fourth suspect[link]

On April 12, 2010, it was reported that a fourth suspect, an as-yet unidentified Pakistani citizen, was arrested in Pakistan.^[35] It is anticipated that he will be extradited to the U.S., and tried in Brooklyn Federal Court with Medunjanin and Ahmedzay on charges that he helped orchestrate the planned attack.^[36][76] One or two more suspects are being sought outside the U.S.^[35][36][77]

Guilty plea[link]

Brooklyn federal courthouse

Zazi cooperated after being told that his mother, as well as his father, could face criminal immigration fraud charges, and criminal penalties.^[6][18]

On February 22, 2010, Zazi pled guilty to conspiring to use weapons of mass destruction (explosive bomb), conspiracy to commit murder in a foreign country, and providing material support to a terrorist organization, before Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York Raymond J. Dearie.^[7] His guilty plea was the result of a plea bargain with the prosecution.

He refused to name which subway line was the target of the plot.^[78] He said the intent of his suicide mission was to draw the attention to activities of the U.S. military in Afghanistan.^[79]

Zazi faces a possible life sentence without possibility of parole for the first two counts, and an additional sentence of 15 years for the third count.^[7] Sentencing was initially scheduled to take place on June 24, 2011.^[80]

See also[link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Three arrested in ongoing terror investigation (2009-09-20)

Wikinews has related news: Najibullah Zazi pleads guilty in plot to bomb New York subway

• 2010 Times Square car bomb attempt
• September 11 attacks
• 2004 Madrid train bombings
• 2005 London subway bombings
• 2010 Moscow Metro bombings
• Shahawar Matin Siraj, arrested on 2004 and convicted of plotting to bomb the 34th Street – Herald Square station of the New York City Subway
• Michael Finton, attempted bombing of U.S. target with FBI agent he thought was al-Qaeda member, in 2009.
• Nidal Malik Hasan, Fort Hood shooter, attacked U.S. target, in 2009.
• Colleen LaRose, American Muslim convert who also used the name JihadJane, charged with trying to recruit Islamic terrorists to wage jihad and murder Swedish artist Lars Vilks.
• Sharif Mobley, American suspected al-Qaeda member, arrested in Yemen in 2010 and suspected of killing guard in escape attempt
• Richard Reid, al-Qaeda member, attempted TATP attack.
• Faisal Shahzad, Pakistani-American, trained in Waziristan training camp to commit 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt.
• Aafia Siddiqui, U.S.-educated alleged al-Qaeda member, arrested in Afghanistan with bomb-making documents.
• Bryant Neal Vinas, American Muslim convert who traveled to Pakistan, trained in al-Qaeda training camp in Waziristan, and helped al-Qaeda plan a bomb attack on the LIRR
• 2009 detention of Americans by Pakistan, five Muslim Americans charged by Pakistan in 2010 with terrorism-related offenses

References[link]

External links[link]

• Najibullah Zazi collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Mike Littwin (September 23, 2009). "Littwin: Zazi, justice need strong defense". Denver Post. Archived from the original on September 23, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fheadlines%2Fci_13398393&date=2009-09-23. 

v t e Alleged militants in the War on Terror who have lived in the United States September 11 attacks Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Mohamed Atta Satam al-Suqami Waleed al-Shehri Wail al-Shehri Abdulaziz al-Omari Marwan al-Shehhi Fayez Banihammad Mohand al-Shehri Hamza al-Ghamdi Ahmed al-Ghamdi Hani Hanjour Khalid al-Mihdhar Majed Moqed Nawaf al-Hazmi Salem al-Hazmi Ziad Jarrah Ahmed al-Nami Saeed al-Ghamdi Ahmed al-Haznawi Buffalo Six Sahim Alwan Mukhtar al-Bakri Faysal Galab Yahya Goba Shafal Mosed Yaseinn Taher al-Qaeda / Islamic Jihad / al-Jihad Sami Al-Arian Anwar al-Awlaki Khaled Abu el-Dahab Adam Yahiye Gadahn Wadih el-Hage Ziyad Khaleel Sharif Mobley Ali Mohamed Zacarias Moussaoui Aafia Siddiqui Bryant Neal Vinas Najibullah Zazi Boston cab drivers Mohamad Elzahabi Raed Hijazi Bassam Kanj Portland Seven Jeffrey Battle Ahmed Bilal Muhammad Bilal Patrice Lumumba Ford Mike Hawash October Lewis Habis Abdulla al Saoub Arrested in 2005 and convicted Abdulrahman Farhane Mahmud al-Mutazzim Rafiq Abdus Sabir Tarik Shah Liberty City Seven convicted Patrick Abraham Burson Augustin Rotschild Augustine Narseal Batiste Stanley Phanor acquitted Naudimar Herrera Lyglenson Lemorin 2007 Fort Dix plot Agron Abdullahu Dritan Duka Eljvir Duka Shain Duka Mohamad Ibrahim Shnewer Serdar Tatar 2009 Bronx plot James Cromitie David Williams Onta Williams 2010 Vilks assassination plot Colleen LaRose Jamie Paulin-Ramirez D.C. Five Umer Farooq Waqar Khan Ahmed Abdullah Minni Aman Hassan Yasir Ramy Zamzam Others Nuradin Abdi Ahmed Omar Abu Ali Farooque Ahmed Shirwa Ahmed Mohamed Mahmood Alessa Carlos Eduardo Almonte Daniel Patrick Boyd / Raleigh jihad group Iyman Faris Rezwan Ferdaus Michael Finton Nidal Malik Hasan David Headley Majid Khan John Walker Lindh Daniel Maldonado Sayed Malike Mohamed Osman Mohamud Abdulhakim Mujahid Muhammad José Padilla Michael Curtis Reynolds Faisal Shahzad Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Hosam Maher Husein Smadi Ali al-Tamimi Detroit Sleeper Cell Virginia Jihad Network 2011 Manhattan terrorism plot 2005 Los Angeles bomb plot Held in Guantanamo Bay Majid Khan

Bosniaks
Bošnjaci

80x100px Gradaščević Alija Izetbegović Džemal Bijedić Kulenović Dino Merlin Edin Džeko
Total population
c. 3 million
Regions with significant populations
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,805,910 - 2,218,638[1][2]
United States 350,000 [3]  Germany 158,158 [4]  Serbia 136,087 [5]  Austria 128,047 [6]  Turkey 101,000 [7]  Sweden 55,464 [8]  Montenegro 53,605 [9]  Switzerland 46,773 [10]  Kosovo 45,600 [11]  Slovenia 21,542 [12]  Canada 21,040 [13]  Denmark 21,000 [14]  Croatia 20,755 [15]  Macedonia 17,018 [16]  Australia 17,993 [17]  Norway 15,649 [18]  Italy 3,600 [19]  Belgium 2,182 [20]  European Union total 400,000 [21]
Languages
Bosnian
Religion
predominantly Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Slavs, especially other South Slavs Croats, Serbs, Montenegrins and Slovenes are the most related[22]

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v t e

The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bosnian: Bošnjak, pl: Bošnjaci, pronounced [bɔːˈʃɲaːtsi])^[23] are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in other lands of the Balkan Peninsula especially in Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, common culture and language. In the English-speaking world, Bosniaks are also referred to as Bosnian Muslims or simply Bosnians^[24]. Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an official ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam.^[25] The term Bosnian is used to denote all inhabitants of Bosnia regardless of ethnic origin.