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Birch Tor, on Dartmoor

A tor is a large, free-standing residual mass (rock outcrop) that rises abruptly from the surrounding smooth and gentle slopes of a rounded hill summit or ridge crest. In the South West of England, where the term originated, it is also a word used for the hills themselves – particularly the high points of Dartmoor in Devon and Bodmin Moor in Cornwall.^[1]

Name[link]

Mushroom-shaped tors on Colonels Mountain (New Brunswick), Canada (IR Walker 1986)

The word tor (Cornish tor, Old Welsh twrr, Modern Welsh tŵr, Scots Gaelic tòrr), meaning hill,^[2] is notable for being one of the very few Celtic loanwords to be borrowed into vernacular English before the modern era – such borrowings are mainly words of a geographic or topographical nature. Similar words include crag (from the Welsh word craig, meaning "rock") and avon (from the Welsh word afon, meaning "river").

Formation[link]

Tors are usually composed of granite or metamorphic rocks, but they can also develop in volcanic rocks and occasionally other hard rocks such as quartzite. They are the result of millions of years of weathering.

For example the Dartmoor granite was emplaced around 280 million years ago and as it cooled it contracted leaving a multitude of mainly vertical cracks; these facilitated hydrothermal circulation which both chemically altered the rock surrounding the cracks and deposited minerals in them. The rocks that overlaid the granite pluton were eroded quickly (in geological terms) and the consequent release of pressure caused the formation of sub-horizontal joints which tended to follow the shape of the land and which started the separation of the upper part of the pluton into blocks of varying sizes.^[3]

Further chemical attack by circulating water and later by acidic rainwater caused further weathering along the lines of these joints, resulting in the more or less complete decomposition of the granite into its constituent crystals in regions where the joints were closely spaced. Finally during the ice age the majority of the rotted granite was stripped away and the freeze-thaw cycle levered away larger blocks, leaving them scattered around the now-exposed tors as clitter,^[3] where they have provided ready building materials for thousands of years. Eventually the granite is weathered down to a level equivalent to sandy gravel, known as growan, which consists of individual crystals.

Weathering has also given rise to circular "rock basins'" formed by the accumulation of water and the repeated freezing and thawing – a fine example is to be found at Kes Tor on Dartmoor.

Tors on Dartmoor[link]

Panorama of some of Dartmoor's tors in the snow

Dartmoor represents one of the largest areas of exposed granite in the United Kingdom, covering an area of 368 square miles (954 square kilometres).^[4] It is part of a chain of granite stretching through Cornwall, as far as the Isles of Scilly.

Some of the more durable granite survived to form the rocky crowns of Dartmoor tors. One of the best known is at Haytor, on the eastern part of the moor, whose granite is of unusually fine quality and was quarried from the hillside below the tor during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Its stone was used to construct the pillars outside the British Museum in London, and to build London Bridge (now in Arizona). The last granite to be quarried there was used to build Exeter War Memorial in 1919.

Ten Tors is an annual weekend hike on Dartmoor.

Hawk's Tor, Bodmin Moor, Cornwall

Other tors[link]

United Kingdom[link]

• Back Tor, Derwent Edge (538m)
• Cow and Calf, Ilkley Moor in West Yorkshire. Made from Millstone Grit.
• Dovestone Tor, Derwent Edge (505m)
• Glastonbury Tor
• Great Tor, Bamford, Peak District
• Hawk's Tor, Bodmin Moor, Cornwall

Higger Tor in the Peak District

• Helman Tor, mid–Cornwall
• Higger Tor (384m) and Over Owler Tor (375m) in the Peak District
• Howshaw Tor, overlooking Sheffield
• Ladybower Tor, Upper Derwent Valley
• Low tor
• Mam Tor (517m)
• Shining Tor
• Stiperstones, Shropshire Hills
• Whinstone Lee Tor
• White Tor, Derwent Moors (487m)
• The Barns of Bynack, Granite tors on Bynack More in the Cairngorms
• The Salt Cellar, Gritstone tor on Derwent Edge in the Peak District
• Tor Bay, one of the sandy beaches near Oxwich Bay on the Gower Peninsula in south Wales, so-called because the beach is framed by a huge outcrop of carboniferous limestone.
• Tor Heard, Long Whatton
• Tor Raynor Broomhill, Sheffield

Externsteine, Germany

Germany[link]

• Externsteine in the Teutoburg Forest, North Rhine-Westphalia
• Greifensteine in the Ore Mountains of Saxony
• Großer Waldstein in the Fichtelgebirge mountains of Bavaria
• Heinrichshöhe and Hohneklippen in the Harz mountains of central Germany
• Wolfenstein in Bavaria

India[link]

Tors are very commonly found in the Telangana and the Rayalaseema regions of Andhra Pradesh

North America[link]

Part of the Angel Rocks formation in Alaska

• Angel Rocks and Granite Tors, Chena River State Recreation Area, Alaska
• Elephant Rocks in Missouri
• Apache Leap Formation in Superior, Arizona

Africa[link]

Kit-Mikayi, a celebrated tor near Kisumu, Kenya

• Kit-Mikayi, Kenya

See also[link]

• List of peaks of the Peak District
• The book Red Shift (novel) the Mow Cop Tor at the centre of its plot.

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tors

Further reading[link]

• Mercer, Ian (2009). "The Physical Anatomy of Dartmoor". Dartmoor - A Statement of its Time. London: Collins. pp. 30–78. ISBN 978-0-00-718499-6. 

v t e Mountains and hills of Great Britain and Ireland List of mountains and hills of the United Kingdom Corbetts · Donalds · Fells · Grahams · Hewitts · Marilyns · Munros · Murdos · Nuttalls · Wainwrights Scotland Mountains and hills of Scotland · Munros · Grahams/Corbetts/Marilyns · Donalds · County tops: 1974 · current England Hewitts and Nuttalls · Wainwrights · Marilyns · County tops: 1964 · current Wales Hewitts and Nuttalls · Marilyns · County tops: 1964 · current Northern Ireland Hewitts · Marilyns Republic of Ireland List of mountains in Ireland · Hewitts · Marilyns List of mountains and hills by height · List of mountains and hills by relative height

Jacob Appelbaum
Jacob Appelbaum
Citizenship	US
Fields	Computer Science, Cynicism
Institutions	University of Washington,[1] Tor project,[2] Noisebridge,[3] Wikileaks
Known for	Computer Security Research former spokesperson for Wikileaks Cult of the Dead Cow spokesperson and developer[2]for The Tor Project[4]

Jacob Appelbaum is an independent computer security researcher and hacker. He is currently employed by the University of Washington,^[1] and is a core member of the Tor project. Appelbaum is known for representing Wikileaks at the 2010 Hope conference.^[5] He has subsequently been repeatedly targeted by US law enforcement agencies, who obtained a court order for his Twitter account data, detained him 12^[6] times at the US border after trips abroad, and seized a laptop and several mobile phones.

Appelbaum, under the handle "ioerror", has been an active member of the Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective since 2008,^[7] and is the co-founder of the San Francisco hackerspace Noisebridge with Mitch Altman. He has worked for Greenpeace^[8] and has volunteered for the Ruckus Society and the Rainforest Action Network.^[9] He is also a photographer^[10] and ambassador for the art group monochrom.^[11]

Research and activism[link]

In 2005, Appelbaum gave two talks at the 22nd Chaos Communication Congress,^[12] Personal Experiences: Bringing Technology and New Media to Disaster Areas, and A Discussion About Modern Disk Encryption Systems. The former covered his travels to Iraq - crossing the border by foot, the installing of Internet satellites in Kurdistan, and his visit of New Orleans post-Hurricane Katrina. The latter talk discussed the legal and technical aspects of full disk encryption. At the 2006 23rd Chaos Communication Congress, he gave a talk with Ralf-Philipp Weinmann titled Unlocking FileVault: An Analysis of Apple's Encrypted Disk Storage System.^[13][14] The duo subsequently released the VileFault free software program which broke Apple's FileVault security.

Appelbaum has also collaborated on several other high-profile research projects, including the cold boot attack,^[15][16] SSL certificate authorities^[17] and smart parking meters.^[18]

Investigation and detainment[link]

Upon returning to the US from the Netherlands on 29 July 2010, Appelbaum was detained for three hours at Newark airport by agents, according to anonymous sources. The sources told CNET that Appelbaum's bag was searched, receipts from his bag were photocopied, and his laptop was inspected, although in what manner was unclear.^[19] Appelbaum reportedly refused to answer questions without a lawyer present and was not allowed to make a phone call. His three mobile phones were reportedly taken and not returned.^[19] On 31 July he spoke at DEF CON and mentioned his phone being "seized". After speaking, he was approached by two FBI agents and questioned.^[19][20]

According to CNET in an interview with Appelbaum, he told them that "other people who appeared in the address book of [his] seized cell phones also have encountered trouble at borders or in airports".^[21]

On December 14, 2010, the US Department of Justice obtained a court order compelling Twitter to provide data associated with the user accounts of Appelbaum, as well as several other individuals associated with Wikileaks, including Julian Assange and Birgitta Jónsdóttir. While the order was originally sealed, Twitter successfully petitioned the court to unseal it, permitting the company to inform its users that their account information had been requested.^[22]

When Appelbaum returned from a vacation in Iceland on January 10, 2011, he was again detained by US Customs agents for 30 minutes at the Seattle airport. According to Appelbaum, the agents "specifically wanted laptops and cell phones and were visibly unhappy when they discovered nothing of the sort. I did however have a few USB thumb drives with a copy of the Bill of Rights encoded into the block device. They were unable to copy it."^[23]

Similarly, Appelbaum was detained in Houston, Texas while returning from a trip to Serbia on April 12, 2011. He was again subject to detention on arrival in Seattle on June 14, 2011.^{[citation needed]}

After being detained at Keflavik Airport on October 27, 2011 ^[24] when returning to the United States Appelbaum wrote about the experience on BoingBoing.net.^[25]

In April 2012 Appelbaum told Democracy Now that "I don’t have important conversations in the United States anymore. I don’t have conversations in bed with my partner anymore." He said that his being targeted creates a threat for those he wants to help and therefore makes him "less effective" in his work for the Tor Project.^[26]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Jacob Appelbaum on Twitter
• Researchers Find Way to Steal Encrypted Data at New York Times
• How to bypass FileVault, BitLocker security at CNET
• BoingBoing interview with Appelbaum on "The Afghan War Diaries"
• Interview with Appelbaum on Democracy Now!

Mario Götze

Mario Götze in June 2011
Personal information
Full name	Mario Götze
Date of birth	(1992-06-03) 3 June 1992 (age 20)
Place of birth	Memmingen, Germany
Height	1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
Playing position	Attacking midfielder/Winger
Club information
Current club	Borussia Dortmund
Number	11
Youth career
1997–1998	SC Ronsberg
1998–2001	FC Eintracht Hombruch
2001–2009	Borussia Dortmund
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2009–	Borussia Dortmund	54	(12)
National team‡
2007	Germany U15	2	(0)
2007–2008	Germany U16	8	(3)
2008–2009	Germany U17	13	(5)
2010	Germany U21	2	(0)
2010–	Germany	14	(2)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 17:00, 28 April 2012 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 20:18, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

Mario Götze (born 3 June 1992) is a German footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Borussia Dortmund in the German Bundesliga and the German national team. He primarily plays as an attacking midfielder and a right winger. Götze is considered to be an up-and-coming, potential world class player due to his speed, technical skill, play-making abilities and creativity. German Football Association's technical director Matthias Sammer called him "one of the best talents that we've ever had".^[1]

Club career[link]

Götze is a product of Dortmund's youth academy, first entering the club as an eight-year-old. He made his Bundesliga debut on 21 November 2009 in a 0–0 draw against Mainz 05, coming on as a substitute for Jakub Błaszczykowski in the 88th minute. During the winter break of 2009–10 Bundesliga season, Borussia Dortmund manager Jürgen Klopp promoted Mario Götze to the first team.

Götze took his chance and was an important player in Dortmund's Bundesliga winning squad of the 2010–11 season.

In January 2012, Götze was diagnosed with a hip injury. Cartilage in Götze's hip had inflamed under stress.^[2]

On 27 March 2012, Götze signed a new contract with Borussia Dortmund, keeping him at the club until 2016. Götze spoke about his contract extension saying, "Everyone knows how comfortable I feel in Dortmund. The club are far from finished with their recent resurgence. And I want to be part of this development."^[3]

In April 2012, Götze made the squad for the first time since his hip injury but was an unused substitute against rivals Schalke. Götze played his first game since his hip injury when he came on as a substitute against Borussia Mönchengladbach.

International career[link]

After ascending through several youth teams, Mario Götze was called up for his first senior match for Germany against Sweden, on 17 November 2010. He made his debut that day, coming on in the 78th minute in a goalless draw, substituting for his Dortmund teammate Kevin Großkreutz^[4] and becoming the youngest German international since Uwe Seeler.^[5] Götze and André Schürrle who came on simultaneously are the first two Germany players to be born in reunified Germany. He made his second appearance for the national team in a friendly match against Italy on 9 February 2011. Götze's first goal for Germany was against Brazil on 10 August 2011; at 19 years and 68 days he became the joint-youngest goalscorer for the German national team in the post-war era along with Klaus Stürmer who scored on debut against France on 16 October 1954.^[6]

Personal life[link]

His father Jürgen Götze is a renowned professor at the Dortmund University of Technology.^[7][8] His brother Fabian Götze currently plays for VfL Bochum II, having left Dortmund's youth system in 2010.

Career statistics[link]

Club career[link]

Statistics accurate as of 21 January 2012^[9]

International goals[link]

Scores and results table. Germany's goal tally first:

Goal	Date	Venue	Opponent	Score	Result	Competition
1.	10 August 2011	Mercedes-Benz Arena, Stuttgart, Germany	Brazil	2–0	3–2	Friendly
2.	2 September 2011	Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen, Germany	Austria	6–2	6–2	UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying

Honours[link]

Club[link]

Borussia Dortmund

• Bundesliga (2): 2010–11, 2011–12
• DFB-Pokal (1): 2011–12

Germany[link]

• UEFA U-17 Championship (1): 2009

Individual[link]

• Fritz-Walter-Medal 2009 in Gold (Category U17)
• Fritz-Walter-Medal 2010 in Gold (Category U18)
• Member of the kicker team of the year (German Bundesliga season 2010–11)
• Golden Boy Award: 2011

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website (German)
• Mario Götze at National-Football-Teams.com
• Mario Götze – UEFA competition record

v t e Germany squad – UEFA Euro 2012 1 Neuer 2 Gündoğan 3 Schmelzer 4 Höwedes 5 Hummels 6 Khedira 7 Schweinsteiger 8 Özil 9 Schürrle 10 Podolski 11 Klose 12 Wiese 13 Müller 14 Badstuber 15 L. Bender 16 Lahm (c) 17 Mertesacker 18 Kroos 19 Götze 20 Boateng 21 Reus 22 Zieler 23 Gómez Coach: Löw