Frontenis match

Frontenis is a Basque pelota speciality that is played in a 30 meters pelota court using rackets (a tennis racket or a frontenis racket, which is quite similar). It can be played in pairs or one versus one, but this last one hasn’t got international representation.

Frontenis consists of one player of the pair has to hit the ball with the racket (before the ball bounces twice in the court) and it must hit the front wall and then it must bounce in the court. The best stroke is that the opponent can’t return. There are many technical moves to get this objective. Frontenis demands having a great mobility, skill, physical agility, mental agility, coordination and training.

There are a few components that make up this sport:

• The player.
• The rules.
• The court.
• The racket.
• The technique, the tactic and the strategy.

Frontenis has been played only in Mexico, Spain, Argentina and few countries more for many years, but now it is played in approximately eighteen countries all over the world.

History[link]

According to many historians, Greeks used to play pelota in times of the Greek Empire, in 600 B.C. Due to the wars and the conquests in times of the Roman Empire, pelota expanded over Europe. Kings and nobles had their own courts in the 12th century. France was the greatest European potency in pelota. There were two modalities: longue paume and courte paume, and they were similar to the game played today. The French Revolution brought terrible consequences to pelota. It almost disappeared, and it was relegated to few areas in Spain, France, Italy and Belgium.

The modern modalities of pelota were established at the end of the 19th century, and they were exported to all over the world. The Americas became a great importer of this sport. That’s the way frontenis arose.

The history of frontenis starts in Mexico in 1900. The most famous tennis players (Buttlin, Sharp, Crowle, Pérez Verdia, Maldonado, Clifford...) started playing with rackets and a tennis ball hitting it against a wall. This new game, with his first modern pelota court, built in Fernando Torreblanca’s house (Mexico), was called “frontontenis” (from fronton and tenis — “pelota court” and “tennis” in Spanish, respectively), and later its name was reduced to “frontenis”.

Because of the increase of the number of pelota players, pelota courts proliferated, and frontenis expanded from Mexico to neighbour countries and later to Europe. Frontenis was introduced into the Iberian Peninsula in the 1940s from the Canary Islands, which had several years playing it. In the 1960s, Olympic ball was introduced the from Mexico, and a lot of Mexican players used to travel to Spain and they used to teach the technique. The game and all its innovations were taken from Spain to other countries of Europe.

Every European country that plays pelota is member of the Union of European Basque Pelota Federations (UEBPF), and all the countries that play Basque pelota are members of the International Federation of Basque Pelota (IFBP).

Frontenis (recognized by the IFBP) started being played in international competitions in 1952, in the First World Championship in Donostia-San Sebastian (Spain).

The player[link]

It is the human component of the game. It must: perceive the opponent’s position and the velocity and trajectory of the ball; decide the move he’s going to do depending on the spaces in the pelota court and on the level of itself to do the technical moves and their probability of success; carry out what he had decided.

The time that the player can take to do these things depends on the velocity, rhythm and difficulty of the match.

The rules[link]

Frontenis has its own rules, like every sport. There are international rules, national rules and territorial rules, and they differ from each other in several things.

The court[link]

Frontenis Court

The court used in frontenis is a pelota court of the Very Short type — 30 meters long, 10 meters wide and 10 meters high. Its walls must have signs to establish the distances of service, and to help the player to situate itself in the court. There are several parts that form the court:

Front wall (frontis)[link]

It is the wall situated at the front of the court. All the balls must hit this wall to be valid. It is the most important wall. It has to measure 10 meters wide and 10 meters high. The most characteristic thing of this wall is that it has, from the ground to 60 centimetres high, a surface that is not valid in the game. So, the useful surface of this wall is finally 10 meters wide and 9.4 meters high. The rims of this useful surface must have a 10 centimetres wide metallic sheet (chapa in Spanish, txapa in Basque).

Left wall or help wall[link]

It must be marked with the numbers of the pelota court (one number each 3.5 meters long), so it must have 8 numbers and 2 extra meters. In its rim it must have a 10 centimetres wide metallic sheet. This wall is very useful because it lets the player situate itself in the court.

Rebound wall[link]

It is the wall situated in the back of the court. It must be clear, with no marks on it. It must also have metallic sheets in its rims. It’s very important, because delimits the court, and lets the game to be longer. Many pelota courts don’t have this wall, so they aren’t chosen to play an official competition.

The racket and the strings[link]

The tool used in frontenis is a racket that, according to Spanish Pelota Federation (SPF) says: “They will be similar or equal to tennis rackets, made of wood, fibber, metal or graphite. Their weigh and strings braiding is not limited, and double strings can be used. The rackets length and width are not limited.”

The rackets have changed a lot since the beginning of professional frontenis (at the beginning of the 20th century).

At first, rackets were made of wood and the strings were made of animal guts. They were very heavy and they didn’t provide a comfortable play, but they were used for more than thirty years, until the times of the great player Jose, the “Poison” Becerra, who revolutionized this sport. Companies that made tennis products started to manufacture products for frontenis since this player started to win championships. In the 90s a Mexican company, “Master Pro”, was created only to manufacture frontenis products. Recently, some specializing in frontenis companies has been created.

Simple strings is used in Preolympic frontenis, and the tension varies depending on the ball — PENN (15-19 kilos), VIP (17-21 kilos), or CHAMPION ELITE (17-23 kilos). Double strings (duplication of 4 horizontal strings and 3 vertical strings) is used in Olympic frontenis, and it is to give more effect to the ball. This modality demands higher tensions, between 21 and 27 kilos.

The ball[link]

The ball in Olympic frontenis (the only modality accepted by the IFBP) is the Olympic ball.

In 1916 somebody had the idea of playing with a racket and a tennis ball in a big pelota court. There was too much space and, in addiction, the bounce of the ball was very reduced, so frontenis was seen as a very slow sport. Pelota court was reduced and the cover of the ball was got out. Later, balls were imported from England and the United States, and they were made of oilcloth, looking for a better movement.

During the Second World War, balls stopped arriving, and the necessity of keep playing demands Francisco Beltran to look for the solution. And it was: injecting pressure to the balls, putting them a patch, and then, vulcanizing them. After the Second World War, Beltran imported a lot of oilcloth, and he started investigating and manufacturing balls. In a few years, he started to make them in the shape of two eights, instead of two middles.

A few years later was founded the first frontenis balls company, “201”, founded by Francisco Beltran (who gave the knowledge) and Doctor Jesus Ledezma (who gave the money). The ball has kept developing until today.

External links[link]

• Social Network for Frontenis players world wide

v t e Basque pelota Federations Spanish Federation of Basque Pelota · International Federation of Basque Pelota Companies Asegarce · ASPE Frontons Atano III fronton · Ogueta fronton · Astelena fronton · Gros fronton · Deportivo fronton · Beotibar fronton · Bergara municipal fronton · Vitoriano fronton Tournaments 1st Hand-Pelota singles championship · 2nd Hand-Pelota singles championship · 1st Hand-Pelota doubles championship · Cuatro y Medio Euskadi Championship Notable Pelotaris Atano III · Txiquito de Iraeta · Txiquito de Éibar · Retegi II · Ogueta · Beloki · Eugi · Titín III Pelota at the Olympics 1900 • 1924 (demonstration) • 1968 (demonstration) • 1992 (demonstration) Related Articles Fronton · Basque pelota ball · Valencian frontó · International fronton · Paleta Frontón · Frontenis · Jai alai

Mauricio Navarro (born April 7, 1966) is a Canadian soccer referee. Navarro was born in Chile but later moved to Vancouver, Canada and became a Canadian citizen. He attained his FIFA badge in 2000 and went on to become one of Canada's most successful referees before retiring and the end of 2011, having reached the mandatory retirement age.

Career[link]

After just one year on the FIFA list, Navarro was appointed to the 2001 Copa America, hosted in Columbia. He officiated just one match, the Group C opener between Bolivia and Uruguay, which Bolivia won 1-0.^[1] Navarro later described this match as one of the most difficult of his career.^[2]

Navarro's next major appointment was to the 2003 Gold Cup, where he officiated three matches, one in the group stage, a Quarter-final, and then the Final.

2003 Gold Cup Final[link]

At his retirement, Navarro describes the 2003 Gold Cup final between Mexico, and reigning World Champions Brazil, as the pinnacle of his career.^[3] He had officiated both teams already in the tournament; Brazil in the Group Stage and Mexico in the Quarter-finals.

27 July 2003	Mexico	1–0 (a.s.d.e.t)	Brazil	Estadio Azteca, Mexico City Attendance: 80,000
	Osorno  97'	Report

In 2007, Navarro was appointed to the Gold Cup, where he refereed the Group Stage match between Panama and Honduras and the Quarter-Final match between Honduras and Guadeloupe. The same year he was selected to work the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, which was hosted in Canada. Unfortunately, due to injury he did not referee any matches, instead only acting as a 4th Official

2008 CONCACAF Champions Cup Final[link]

Navarro was selected, along with Canadian Assistant Referees Hector Vergara and Joe Fletcher to officiate the decisive second leg of the 2008 CONCACAF Champions Cup. For Navarro, this came after three successive semi-final appointments in the past three years of the tournament. This was the final match ever of the tournament, as beginning the following season it was replaced with the current CONCACAF Champions League.^[4]

30 April 2008	C.F. Pachuca	2 - 1	Deportivo Saprissa	Estadio Hidalgo Pachuca, Mexico Attendance: 30,000
	Gimenez  3' Rey  53'	Report	Arrieta  90+3'

Final International Match[link]

Navarro's final international appointment came on November 15, 2011 when he officiated the reigning World Champions Spain and Costa Rica.^[5] The initial plan was for Hector Vergara to work the match too, so the friends Navarro and Vergara could officiate their final match together, but Vergara had work commitments and was unable to accept the game.^[3]

15 November 2011 16:00 EST		2 - 2		Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica, San José Attendance: 30,000
	Brenes  31' Campbell  42'	Report	Silva  83' Villa  90' Puyol 90'

International Competitions Officiated[link]

• 2014 FIFA World Cup Qualification
• CONCACAF Champions League
• 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification
• CONCACAF Champions Cup
• 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup
• 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup
• 2006 FIFA World Cup Qualification
• 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup
• 2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup
• 2002 FIFA World Cup Qualification
• 2001 Copa America

Personal Life[link]

Grew up in Chile. Moved to Canada. Had two daughters.

References[link]