Bronze Star Medal
Awarded by the United States of America
Type	Decoration
Awarded for	“Heroic or meritorious achievement or service”
Status	Currently awarded
Clasps	The Valor device identifies the award as resulting from an act of combat heroism
Statistics
Established	Executive Order 9419, February 4, 1944 (Superseded by E.O. 11046, August 24, 1962).
First awarded	4 February 1944 (Retroactive through 7 December 1941).
Last awarded	Currently awarded
Precedence
Next (higher)	Army: Soldier's Medal Navy: Navy and Marine Corps Medal Air Force: Airman's Medal Coast Guard: Coast Guard Medal
Next (lower)	Purple Heart
ribbon (above), Reverse (below)

The Bronze Star Medal (BSM, or BSV with valor device) is a United States Armed Forces individual military decoration that may be awarded for bravery, acts of merit, or meritorious service. As a medal it is awarded for merit, and with the "V" for valor device it is awarded for heroism. It is the fourth-highest combat award of the U.S. Armed Forces and the ninth highest military award (including both combat and non-combat awards) in the order of precedence of U.S. military decorations. Officers from the other federal uniformed services are also eligible to receive the award if they are militarized or detailed to serve with a service branch of the armed forces.^[1]

General information[link]

The Bronze Star Medal was established by Executive Order 9419, 4 February 1944 (superseded by Executive Order 11046, 24 August 1962, as amended by Executive Order 13286, 28 February 2003).^[2]

The Bronze Star Medal may be awarded by the Secretary of a military department or the Secretary of Homeland Security with regard to the Coast Guard when not operating as a service in the Navy, or by such military commanders, or other appropriate officers as the Secretary concerned may designate, to any person who, while serving in any capacity in or with the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, or Coast Guard of the United States, after 6 December 1941, distinguishes, or has distinguished, himself by heroic or meritorious achievement or service, not involving participation in aerial flight—

(a) while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States;

(b) while engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force; or

(c) while serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party.

The acts of heroism are of a lesser degree than required for the award of the Silver Star. The acts of merit or acts of valor must be less than that required for the Legion of Merit but must nevertheless have been meritorious and accomplished with distinction. The Bronze Star Medal is awarded only to service members in combat who are receiving imminent danger pay.

The award may be made to each member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, after 6 December 1941, was cited in orders or awarded a certificate for exemplary conduct in ground combat against an armed enemy after 7 December 1941. For this purpose, an award of the Combat Infantryman Badge or Combat Medical Badge is considered as a citation in orders. Documents executed since 4 August 1944 in connection with recommendations for the award of decorations of higher degree than the Bronze Star Medal cannot be used as the basis for an award under this paragraph.

History[link]

The award that eventually became the Bronze Star Medal was conceived by Colonel Russell P. “Red” Reeder in 1943, who believed it would aid morale if there was a medal which could be awarded by captains of companies or batteries to deserving people serving under them. Reeder felt the medal should be a ground equivalent of the Air Medal, and proposed that the new award be called the “Ground Medal”.^[3]

The idea eventually rose through the military bureaucracy and gained supporters. General George C. Marshall, in a memorandum to President Franklin D. Roosevelt dated 3 February 1944, wrote

The fact that the ground troops, Infantry in particular, lead miserable lives of extreme discomfort and are the ones who must close in personal combat with the enemy, makes the maintenance of their morale of great importance. The award of the Air Medal has had an adverse reaction on the ground troops, particularly the Infantry Riflemen who are now suffering the heaviest losses, air or ground, in the Army, and enduring the greatest hardships.

The Air Medal had been adopted two years earlier to raise airmen's morale. President Roosevelt authorized the Bronze Star Medal by Executive Order 9419 dated 4 February 1944, retroactive to 7 December 1941. This authorization was announced in War Department Bulletin No. 3, dated 10 February 1944.

The Executive Order was amended by President John F. Kennedy, per Executive Order 11046 dated 24 August 1962, to expand the authorization to include those serving with friendly forces. This allowed for awards where U.S. service members might be involved in an armed conflict where the United States was not a belligerent. At the time of the Executive Order, for example, the U.S. was not a belligerent in Vietnam, so U.S. advisers serving with the Republic of Vietnam Armed Forces would not have been eligible for the award.

Since the award criteria state that the Bronze Star Medal may be awarded to "any person...while serving in any capacity in or with" the U.S. Armed Forces, awards to members of foreign armed services serving with the United States are permitted. Thus, a number of Allied soldiers received the Bronze Star Medal in World War II, as well as U.N. soldiers in the Korean War, Vietnamese and allied forces in the Vietnam War, and coalition forces in recent military operations such as the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War. A number of Bronze Stars with Valor Device were awarded to veterans of the Battle of Mogadishu.

CIB & CMB Conversion[link]

As a result of a study conducted in 1947, the policy was implemented that authorized the retroactive award of the Bronze Star Medal to soldiers who had received the Combat Infantryman Badge or the Combat Medical Badge during World War II. The basis for doing this was that the badges were awarded only to soldiers who had borne the hardships which resulted in General Marshall's support of the Bronze Star Medal. Both badges required a recommendation by the commander and a citation in orders.

Controversy[link]

In 2012, the US Air Force alleged that two of its female airmen were subjected to cyber-bullying after receiving Bronze Star Medals for meritorious non-combat service. The two airmen had been NCOICs in comptroller units deployed to the War in Afghanistan and received the medals in March 2012 for accounting work in the combat zone. The awards sparked a debate as to whether or not the Air Force was awarding too many medals to its members, and whether the Bronze Star should be awarded for non-combat service.^[4] This prompted the Air Force to take down stories of the two posted to the internet, and to clarify its criteria for awarding medals. The Air Force contended that meritorious service awards of the Bronze Star outnumber valor awards, and that it views awards on a case-by-case basis to maintain the integrity of the award.^[5]

However, this is not the first time that the USAF has come under fire in the past for offering this award. The Department of Defense investigated the award of the Bronze Star Medal (BSM) by the USAF to some 185 individuals after operations in Kosovo in 1999. All but 25 were awarded to officers, and only 1 in 10 of those awarded were actually in the combat zone. Five were awarded to officers that never left Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri. During this campaign, the Navy had awarded 69 BSMs, and the Army with 5,000 troops in neighboring Albania (considered part of the combat zone) awarded none. ^[6] In the end, there was a Pentagon review and decision by Congress to stop the awarding of Bronze Stars to personnel outside the combat zone.

Appearance[link]

The Bronze Star Medal was designed by Rudolf Freund (1878–1960) of jewelry firm Bailey, Banks & Biddle.^[7] (Freund also designed the Silver Star.^[8])

The Bronze Star is a bronze star 1½ inches (38 mm) in circumscribing diameter. In the center thereof is a 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) diameter superimposed bronze star, the center line of all rays of both stars coinciding. The reverse has the inscription “HEROIC OR MERITORIOUS ACHIEVEMENT” and a space for the name of the recipient to be engraved. The star is suspended from the ribbon by a rectangular shaped metal loop with the corners rounded. The ribbon is 1 3/8 inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: 1/32 inch (1 mm) white 67101; 9/16 inch (14 mm) scarlet 67111; 1/32 inch (1 mm) white; center stripe 1/8 inch (3 mm) ultramarine blue 67118; 1/32 inch (1 mm) white; 9/16 inch (14 mm) scarlet; and 1/32 inch (1 mm) white.^[9]

Devices[link]

Additional awards of the Bronze Star Medal are denoted in the Army and Air Force by oak leaf clusters. The Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard issue award stars to denote subsequent decorations.

The Valor device (or “V device”) is authorized by all services and identifies the award as resulting from an act of combat heroism (as in the case of the Army and Air Force) or signifying that the medal was earned in combat (as in the case of the Navy), thus distinguishing it from meritorious achievement awards. However, an accumulation of minor acts of combat heroism does not justify an award of the Valor device. The Bronze Star Medal is awarded for valor, achievement and service. Combat service deserving a Bronze Star Medal, but not achieved in a particular valorous act, would warrant a meritorious (achievement) Bronze Star. The Valor device does not denote an additional award and only one such device may be worn on any ribbon.

The Bronze Star Medal with the Valor Device is the United States military's fourth highest award for valor.

See also[link]

• Category:Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bronze Star Medal

Notes[link]

v t e Inter-service awards and decorations of the United States military Federal military decorations Medal of Honor  · Silver Star  · Legion of Merit  · Distinguished Flying Cross  · Bronze Star Medal  · Purple Heart  · Meritorious Service Medal  · Air Medal DoD decorations Defense Distinguished Service  · Defense Superior Service  · Defense Meritorious Service  · Joint Service Commendation  · Joint Service Achievement  · Joint Meritorious Unit Federal service medals National Defense Service Medal  · Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal  · Humanitarian Service Medal  · Outstanding Volunteer Service  · Armed Forces Service Medal  · Armed Forces Reserve  · POW  · Antarctica Service  · Korean Service  · Korea Defense Service  · Vietnam Service  · Southwest Asia Service  · Kosovo Campaign  · Afghanistan Campaign Medal  · Iraq Campaign Medal  · GWOT Expeditionary Medal  · GWOT Service Medal

Daniel Robbins
Born	Montreal,  Quebec
Residence	Albuquerque, New Mexico
Nationality	United States
Employer	OPNET
Organization	Funtoo Technologies
Known for	Free Software, Hacker, Gentoo, Funtoo
Website
www.funtoo.org

Daniel Robbins (US citizen, born in Montreal, Quebec^[1]) is a computer programmer and consultant best known as the founder and former chief architect of the Gentoo Linux project. In 2008, he launched the Funtoo project, a free GNU/Linux distribution based on Gentoo, and is the project's lead hacker and organizer. He also currently works at the same time in Albuquerque, New Mexico, as engineer at OPNET, and as president for Funtoo Technologies.

Biography[link]

Background[link]

During his time as a system administrator at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque Robbins first came into contact with Linux. He became a developer on Stampede Linux, and later formed his own distribution Enoch Linux, which was later renamed Gentoo in 2002.

Free Software[link]

Gentoo Linux[link]

The Gentoo Linux distribution created enormous interest almost immediately. It remains by far^{[citation needed]} the most high-profile source-based Linux distribution, and the quality of its documentation, and friendliness of its forums have been widely praised.^{[citation needed]}

Gentoo Foundation[link]

However, like many other free software projects, Gentoo struggled to create a business model which would support its key developers.^[2] Robbins resigned as Chief Architect on 26 April 2004,^[3] citing considerable personal debt,^[4] and a desire to spend more time with his family, formed the Gentoo Foundation and transferred all Gentoo intellectual property to it, so that Gentoo is now run as a full community-based model. He did rejoin the project for a short time from August 2006,^[5][6] becoming a developer again in February 2007 and joining the amd64 team^[7] but resigned in early March 2007.^[8]

There have been several high-profile criticisms^[9][10] of the way Gentoo has run since Robbins left, such as: "...since the resignation of Gentoo's founder and benevolent dictator from the project in 2004, the newly established Gentoo Foundation has been battling with lack of clear directions and frequent developer conflicts...",^[11] but in mid-July 2007 it emerged that Robbins was still technically the legal president of the Gentoo Foundation:^[12][13]

...I would like to see more fun in Gentoo, and a lot less politics, and in my apparent role as President of the Gentoo Foundation, I may have an opportunity to change things for the better. I will need to look into this more...^[12]

Funtoo Linux[link]

In 2008, Robbins began to work on Funtoo, a project created to allow him to work on extending the technologies originally created for Gentoo.^[14]

Technical writer[link]

He has also been a fairly prolific technical writer, writing well-regarded tutorials for IBM and the Gentoo project, among others.

Professional experience[link]

Microsoft[link]

Robbins' move to Microsoft, in May 2005, attracted attention^[15][16] within the Linux community, which has historically had a combative relationship with Microsoft. He described his role working for Bill Hilf as "...helping Microsoft to understand Open Source and community-based projects..."^[17]

However, Robbins resigned less than a year later on 16 January 2006 due to frustrations that he was unable to fully utilize his technical skills in this position.

RTLinux[link]

Later in 2006, he joined FSMLabs in Socorro, New Mexico, to work on RTLinux.

Other experience[link]

• E*TRADE (Aug 2007 to June 2009).
• OPNET (Aug 2009–Present).

Funtoo Technologies[link]

Daniel Robbins is also president of Funtoo Technologies, a consulting firm founded in 2006 and located in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

See also[link]

Free software portal

References[link]

External links[link]

• Robbins' blog
• Common threads: OpenSSH key management, Part 1

v t e Linux Linux Adoption Adopters Criticism of desktop Linux History Kernel kernel names supported architectures Linus' Law Linux Foundation Linux-libre Tux vmlinux Distribution Distribution general comparison netbook-specific comparison Lightweight Linux distribution Live CD Live USB Package formats GNU Free Software Foundation GNU GNU GPL GNU/Linux naming controversy GNU packages GNU Project Window manager X Window Manager AfterStep Blackbox CTWM Enlightenment FVWM Hackedbox IceWM Metisse OLVWM PLWM PWM Sawfish vtwm wm2 wmx Xmonad User interface CLI GUI GNOME KDE Xfce LXDE Applications Desktop Devices Embedded Gaming LAMP Thin client People Jono Bacon Alan Cox Jon 'Mad Dog' Hall Benjamin Mako Hill Greg Kroah-Hartman David S. Miller Andrew Morton Ian Murdock Bruce Perens Daniel Robbins Mark Shuttleworth Richard Stallman Linus Torvalds Theodore Ts'o Patrick Volkerding Matt Zimmerman Media Free Software Magazine Linux.com Linux Format Linux For You Linux Gazette Linux Journal Linux-Magazin Linux Magazine Linux Outlaws LugRadio LWN.net O3 Magazine Phoronix Lists Distributions Distributions that run from RAM Live CDs Proprietary software for Linux System arrangement and features Startup process Kernel oops Console Framebuffer Kernel modules zRam Mobile Access Linux Platform Android Ångström bada LiMo Foundation LiMo Platform Linux Phone Standards Forum MeeGo Maemo Moblin Mobilinux Open Handset Alliance Openmoko OPhone webOS SHR Ubuntu Mobile Other topics Linux conference Linux Documentation Project Malware Linux Standard Base Linux User Group (LUG) Revolution OS SCO and Linux Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate The Code