:
This article is about guitars with 6 courses. For guitars with more than six separate strings, see extended-range classical guitar or ten-string guitar.
The
twelve-string guitar is an
acoustic or
electric guitar with 12
strings in 6
courses, which produces a richer, more ringing tone than a standard six-string guitar. Essentially, it is a type of guitar with a natural
chorus effect due to the subtle differences in the frequencies produced by each of the two strings on each course.
Design
The strings are placed in
courses of two strings each that are usually played together. The two strings in each
bass course are normally tuned an
octave apart, while each pair of strings in the
treble courses are tuned in
unison. The tuning of the second string in the third course (G) varies: some players use a unison string while others prefer the distinctive high-pitched,
bell-like quality an octave string makes in this position. Some players, either in search of distinctive tone or for ease of playing, will remove some of the doubled strings. For example, removing the higher octave from the three bass courses simplifies playing running bass lines, but keeps the extra treble strings for the full strums.
The strings are generally arranged such that the first string of each pair to be struck on a downward strum is the higher octave string; however, this arrangement was reversed by Rickenbacker on their electric 360/12.
The tension placed on the instrument by the strings is high, and because of this, 12 string guitars have a reputation for warping after a few years of use. Some twelve-string guitars have non-traditional structural supports to prevent or postpone such a fate, at the expense of appearance and tone. Until recently, (Post the invention of the truss rod) twelve-string guitars were nearly universally tuned lower than the traditional EADGBE, to reduce the stresses on the instrument. Leadbelly may have used a low C-tuning.
Some performers prefer the richness of an open tuning due to its near-orchestral sound. For a very complex plucked-string sound, the 12-string can be set to standard tuning (or possibly an octave lower), then the top one and low two string pairs can be tuned to whole-tone intervals. The usual gamut of guitar tunings are also available. Many performers who play the twelve-string guitar use an ordinary six-string guitar as their primary instrument, switching to the twelve-string guitar for certain songs that seem to call for a brighter sound.
Because it is substantially more difficult to pluck individual strings on the twelve-string guitar, and almost impossible to bend notes tunefully, the instrument is rarely used for lead musical parts. 12-string guitar is however primarily suited to a rhythm or accompaniment role and is often used in folk songs and some popular music. Some hard rock and progressive rock musicians use double-necked guitars, which have both six-string and twelve-string components, allowing the guitarist easy transition between different sounds.
The greater number of strings complicates playing, particularly for the plucking (or picking) hand. The gap between the dual-string courses is usually narrower than that between the single-string courses of a conventional six-string guitar, so more precision is required with pick or fingertip when not simply strumming chords. The pairing of thin, easily broken octave strings with larger, stiffer bass strings presents difficulties to the player also, and only a very skilled player can reliably pluck single strings from within a course at any speed (notably the very high octave G string, which is the highest-pitched string on the instrument). Nevertheless, with practice, the twelve-string guitar is not unduly difficult to play. It is, however, generally used in a fairly restricted role that emphasizes its strengths: rich ringing, full-bodied chords, and fast, rippling single plucked notes on the twinned strings. Twelve-string guitars are made in both acoustic and electric form. However, it is the acoustic type that is most common.
Chorus effect
The double ranks of strings of the 12-string guitar produce a
chorus effect, because the individual string sounds with roughly the same
timbre and nearly (but never exactly) the same
pitch converge and are perceived as one. When the effect is produced successfully, none of the constituent sounds is perceived as being out of tune because of the minute difference in pitch. The interference between the slightly different frequencies produces a phenomenon known as a
beat that manifests itself as the periodic rise and fall of intensity is considered pleasing to the ear. The effect is more apparent when listening to notes that sustain for longer periods of time.
Nashville (E9) Tuning
The Nashville Tuning, or E9 Tuning, attempts to emulate the chorus, or jangle-like quality of the 12-string guitar on a 6-string guitar by tuning the last 4 strings an octave higher. This is commonly used in recording studios to
double-track an existing guitar to achieve a natural 12-string effect. Very light strings must be used to achieve this, as well as adjustments to the guitar neck in order to avoid long term damage to the instrument.
Usage
Use of twelve-string guitar almost appears to be cyclical: beginning with
Blind Willie McTell in the '20s and '30s, Lead Belly in the '40s, and continuing with
Bob Gibson in the '50s and early '60s, performers and Gibson acolytes such as
Mike Pender of
The Searchers,
Roger McGuinn of
The Byrds, and singer-songwriter
Tim Buckley brought it to the fore for a decade, until it fell out of favor and was largely limited to niche use by
progressive rockers in the 1970s. The instrument was revived in the 1980s by
alternative rockers such as
Robert Smith of
The Cure,
Slash of
Guns N' Roses,
Dave Mustaine of
Megadeth,
Dave Gregory of
XTC,
Peter Buck of
R.E.M.,
Marty Willson-Piper of
The Church, and
Johnny Marr of
The Smiths. During the 1990s, its popularity waned again, although it plays a key part in the sound of
indie rock acts such as
Low and
The Decemberists. Another exception was
Warren Zevon, who utilized a 12-string regularly, most notably on his solo live LP
Learning to Flinch (on which the guitar seemed characteristically out of tune on some songs). The most popular electric twelve-string model since the 1960s has been the
Rickenbacker 360/12, first popularized by
George Harrison. Many
double-neck guitars have a twelve-string neck so guitarists can switch between tones during live performances.
Slash and
Dave Mustaine often appeared on their live shows bearing a double neck which added to their popularity. Acoustic twelve-string guitar is rarely played in the finger picking style due to the difficulty in applying the finger style to the instrument. Leo Kottke and Guthrie Thomas are the most notable performers who finger style pick the acoustic twelve-string masterfully.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song Name !! Artist
|-
|
'39"
'39" ||
Queen
|-
|
5:06 AM (Every Stranger's Eyes)"" ||
Roger Waters
|-
|
All Along the Watchtower"
All Along the Watchtower" ||
Jimi Hendrix Experience, TheThe Jimi Hendrix Experience
|-
|
Amanda"
Amanda" ||
Boston
|-
|
Any Time at All"
Any Time at All" ||
Beatles, TheThe Beatles
|-
|
As Tears Go By"
As Tears Go By" ||
The Rolling Stones
|-
|
Best of My Love"
Best of My Love" ||
Eagles
|-
|
Breaking the Girl"
Breaking the Girl" ||
Red Hot Chili Peppers
|-
|
California Dreamin'"
California Dreamin'" ||
Mamas & the Papas, TheThe Mamas & the Papas
|-
|
Cinema Show, The"
The Cinema Show" ||
Genesis
|-
|
Closer to the Heart"
Closer to the Heart" ||
Rush
|-
|
Coming Home"
Coming Home" ||
Cinderella
|-
|
Coming into Los Angeles"
Coming into Los Angeles" ||
Arlo Guthrie
|-
|
Do You Believe in Magic"
Do You Believe in Magic" ||
Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful
|-
|
Dreamer's Ball (Live)"
Dreamer's Ball (Live)" ||
Queen
|-
|
Early Morning Rain"
Early Morning Rain" ||
Gordon Lightfoot
|-
|
Eight Miles High"
Eight Miles High" ||
Byrds, TheThe Byrds
|-
|
Entangled"
Entangled" ||
Genesis
|-
|
Fight Fire with Fire"
Fight Fire with Fire" ||
Metallica
|-
|
Free Fallin'"
Free Fallin'" ||
Tom Petty
|-
|
Gallis Pole, The"
The Gallis Pole" ||
Lead Belly
|-
|
Give a Little Bit"
Give a Little Bit" ||
Supertramp
|-
|
Hard Day's Night, A"
A Hard Day's Night" ||
Beatles, TheThe Beatles
|-
|
Hard Luck Woman"
Hard Luck Woman" ||
Kiss
|-
|
Hear My Train a Comin'"
Hear My Train a Comin'" ||
Jimi Hendrix
|-
|
Hole Hearted"
Hole Hearted" ||
Extreme
|-
|
Hope"
Hope" ||
Rush
|-
|
Horse with No Name, A"
A Horse with No Name" ||
America
|-
|
Hotel California"
Hotel California" ||
Eagles
|-
|
I Believe in Father Christmas"
I Believe in Father Christmas" ||
Greg Lake
|-
|
I Don't Want To Know"
I Don't Want To Know" ||
Fleetwood Mac
|-
|
Into the Lungs of Hell"
Into the Lungs of Hell" ||
MegadethMegadeth
|-
|
I Stay Away"
I Stay Away" ||
Alice in Chains
|-
|
If I Needed Someone"
If I Needed Someone" ||
Beatles, TheThe Beatles
|-
|
Jumpin' Jack Flash"
Jumpin' Jack Flash" ||
Rolling Stones, TheThe Rolling Stones
|-
|
Kicks"
Kicks" ||
Paul Revere & the Raiders
|-
|
Learning to Fly"
Learning to Fly" ||
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
|-
|
Leaving on a Jet Plane"
Leaving on a Jet Plane" ||
Peter, Paul and Mary
|-
|
Let Your Heart Rule Your Head"
Let Your Heart Rule Your Head" ||
Brian May
|-
|
Love Of My Life (Live)"
Love Of My Life (Live)" ||
Queen
|-
|
Love the One You're With"
Love the One You're With" ||
Stephen Stills
|-
|
Love Will Tear Us Apart"
Love Will Tear Us Apart" ||
Joy Division
|-
|
Lucky Man"
Lucky Man" ||
Emerson, Lake & Palmer
|-
|
Maggie May"
Maggie May" ||
Rod Stewart
|-
|
Making Memories"
Making Memories" ||
Rush
|-
|
Mama, I'm Coming Home"
Mama, I'm Coming Home" ||
Ozzy Osbourne
|-
|
Miracles"
Miracles" ||
Stone Sour
|-
|
More Than a Feeling"
More Than a Feeling" ||
Boston
|-
|
Mr. Spaceman"
Mr. Spaceman" ||
Byrds, TheThe Byrds
|-
|
Mr. Tambourine Man"
Mr. Tambourine Man" ||
Byrds, TheThe Byrds
|-
|
Musical Box, The"
The Musical Box" ||
Genesis
|-
|
Nights in White Satin"
Nights in White Satin" ||
Moody Blues, TheThe Moody Blues
|-
|
Nothing Else Matters (Elevator Version)"
Nothing Else Matters (Elevator Version)" ||
Metallica
|-
|
Ocean"
Ocean" ||
John Butler
|-
|
On My Way Up"
On My Way Up" ||
Brian May
|-
|
Over the Hills and Far Away"
Over the Hills and Far Away" ||
Led Zeppelin
|-
|
Prince of Darkness"
Prince of Darkness ||
Megadeth
|-
|
Prince of Darkness"
Question" ||
Moody Blues, TheThe Moody Blues
|-
|
Sad Song"
Sad Song" ||
Oasis
|-
|
Sister Golden Hair"
Sister Golden Hair" ||
America
|-
|
So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star"
So You Want to Be a Rock 'n' Roll Star" ||
Byrds, TheThe Byrds
|-
|
Song Remains the Same, The"
The Song Remains the Same" ||
Led Zeppelin
|-
|
Space Oddity"
Space Oddity" ||
David Bowie
|-
|
Stairway to Heaven"
Stairway to Heaven" ||
Led Zeppelin
|-
|
Statesboro Blues"
Statesboro Blues" ||
Blind Willie McTellBlind Willie McTell
|-
|
Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before"
Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before" ||
Smiths, TheThe Smiths
|-
|
Substitute"
Substitute" ||
Who, TheThe Who
|-
|
Suicide Note Pt. I"
Suicide Note Pt. I" ||
Pantera
|-
|
Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"" ||
Crosby, Stills & Nash
|-
|
Suite Madame Blue"
Suite Madame Blue" ||
Styx
|-
|
Supper's Ready"
Supper's Ready" ||
Genesis
|-
|
Tangerine"
Tangerine" ||
Led Zeppelin
|-
|
Things We Said Today"
Things We Said Today" ||
Beatles, TheThe Beatles
|-
|
Ticket to Ride"
Ticket to Ride" ||
Beatles, TheThe Beatles
|-
|
Turn! Turn! Turn!"
Turn! Turn! Turn!" ||
Byrds, TheThe Byrds
|-
|
Wanted Dead or Alive"
Wanted Dead or Alive" ||
Bon Jovi
|-
|
Wasted on the Way"
Wasted on the Way" ||
Crosby, Stills & Nash
|-
|
Whatever"
Whatever" ||
Oasis
|-
|
Wish You Were Here"
Wish You Were Here" ||
Pink Floyd
|-
|
Xanadu"
Xanadu" ||
Rush
|-
|
Yer So Bad"
Yer So Bad" ||
Tom Petty
|-
|
You Wear It Well"
You Wear It Well" ||
Rod Stewart
|-
|
You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" ||
Beatles, TheThe Beatles
|-
|-
Song to the Siren"
Song to the Siren" ||
Tim BuckleyTim Buckley
|}
Notable performers
Modulator 12 (top) and a
Maton Magnetone TB36/12 (bottom); the latter is a copy of the
Rickenbacker 360/12]]
Performers who use acoustic 12-string guitars span a range of genres, from folk (Arlo Guthrie, Keith Potger, John Denver, Guthrie Thomas, Gordon Lightfoot, Ben Woodward, and Pete Seeger) and traditional blues (Lead Belly, Blind Willie McTell, and Guy Davis) to folk rock (Paul Simon, Neil Young, Gerry Beckley, John Allan Cameron), country (Pinmonkey's Michael Reynolds and Taylor Swift) and rock bands (Mark Tremonti of Creed and Alter Bridge uses an acoustic twelve-string on many songs on Full Circle, Jimi Hendrix on "Hear My Train A-Comin", Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Richie Sambora of Bon Jovi, George Harrison and John Lennon of The Beatles, David Bowie for his "Space Oddity" live performances, Pete Townshend of The Who, Roger Hodgson (ex-Supertramp), who used acoustic 12-string on "Give a Little Bit", "Even in the Quietest Moments", "C'est le Bon" and "Know Who You Are"; Melissa Etheridge, Tom Petty and Mike Campbell of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Greg Lake ("Lucky Man"; "Still... You Turn Me On"), Brian May of Queen, Andy Partridge and Dave Gregory of XTC, and Nick Valensi of The Strokes. Dave Matthews (Dave Matthews Band) uses one for several songs in the band's catalog. Numerous other musicians, including Robbie Basho, Leo Kottke, Roger McGuinn of The Byrds, Matt Nathanson, James Blackshaw, John Butler, David Arkenstone Cory Stuteville and former Genesis-guitarist Anthony Phillips use it as their main instrument.
Electric Rickenbacker 12-string users include a range of jangle pop guitarists, ranging from McGuinn (The Byrds) and Peter Buck (R.E.M.) to Les Fradkin and Johnny Marr (The Smiths). The Gibson EDS-1275 electric 12-string was used by jazz fusion guitarist John McLaughlin of Mahavishnu Orchestra, Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash, Warren Haynes of Gov't Mule and The Allman Brothers Band, Cory Stuteville of Premonition/The Dragon Cult, Alex Lifeson of Rush, Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine, Mikael Åkerfeldt of Opeth, Jeff Buckley and System of a Down and Scars on Broadway guitarist Daron Malakian.
See also
{|Ralph Towner's Winter Solstice
|
Donal Sexto
Portuguese guitar
Cümbüş
Eight string bass guitar
Guitar
Guitarist
Lute
|
Lutenist
Classical guitar
Electric guitar
Mandolin
Viola caipira
Octavina
|}
References
External links
History of the 12-string
Vintage Guitar Museum
How to play the 12-string guitar
Category:Guitars
Category:Acoustic guitars