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The Hebrew language phrase ruach ha-kodesh (Hebrew: רוח הקודש, "holy spirit" also transliterated ruah ha-qodesh) is a term used in the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and Jewish writings to refer to the Spirit of YHVH. (The expression in Hebrew is: יהוה .קָדְשְׁך) The Hebrew term ruakh kodeshka (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ, "thy holy spirit"), without the definite article, also occurs. The "Holy Spirit" in Judaism generally refers to the divine aspect of prophecy and wisdom. It also refers to the divine force, quality, and influence of the Most High God, over the universe or over his creatures, in given contexts.^[1]

Hebrew Bible[link]

The term ruach hakodesh occurs once in Psalm 51:11 and also twice in the Book of Isaiah. (Isaiah 63:10,11) Those are the only three times that the precise phrase "ruach hakodesh" is used in the Hebrew Scriptures, although the noun ruach (רוח, literally "breath" or "wind") in various combinations is used often, and the adjective kodesh ("holy") is also used often. The noun ruach, much like the English word breath, can mean either wind or some invisible moving force.

The following are some examples of the word ruach (in reference to God's "spirit") in the Hebrew Scriptures:

Genesis 1:2 (Schocken Bible - The Five Books of Moses)
       "Rushing-spirit of God hovering over the face of the waters."

1 Samuel 16:13 (ASV)
       "And the Spirit of Jehovah came mightily upon David from that day forward."

Psalm 143:10 (KJV)
       "Thy spirit is good; lead me into the land of uprightness."

Isaiah 44:3 (KJV)
       "I will pour my spirit upon thy seed, and my blessing upon thine offspring."

Joel 2:28 (RV)
      "I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy."

The first Hebrew Scripture use for the phrase ruach hakodesh (or "holy spirit") in Psalm 51 contains a triple parallelism:

10 "Create in me a clean heart, O God; and renew a right spirit (רוּחַ נָכֹון) within me."

11 "Cast me not away from thy presence; and take not thy holy spirit (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ) from me."

12 "Restore unto me the joy of thy salvation; and uphold me with a (רוּחַ נְדִיבָה) free spirit."^[2]

The other two times that ruach hakodesh occurs, in Isaiah 63 (R.V.), read:

10 "But they rebelled, and grieved his holy spirit (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ); therefore he turned to be their enemy, and himself fought against them."

11 "Then he remembered the days of old, of Moses and his people, saying, Where is he that brought them up out of the sea with the shepherds of his flock? where is he who put his holy spirit (רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ) in the midst of them?"

Talmud[link]

The term is discussed in the Babylonian Talmud, Makkot 23b and elsewhere. Rabbinical use is discussed by Joseph Jacobs and Ludwig Blau in the article "Holy Spirit" in the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1911.^[3]

In Judaism, God is One, the idea of God as a duality or trinity among may be considered shituf (or "not purely monotheistic"). The term Ruach HaKodesh (Holy Spirit) is found frequently in Talmudic and Midrashic literature. In some cases it signifies prophetic inspiration, while in others it is used as a hypostatization or a metonym for God.^[1] The rabbinical understanding of the "Holy Spirit" has a certain degree of personification, but it remains, "a quality belonging to God, one of his attributes" and not, as in mainstream Christianity, representative of "any metaphysical divisions in the Godhead."^[4]

In Rabbinic Judaism, the references to The Spirit of God, the Holy Spirit of YHVH, abound, however apart from Kabbalistic mysticism it has rejected any idea of The Eternal God as being either dualistic, tri-personal, or ontologically complex.

Shekinah[link]

The concept of Shekinah ("presence") is also associated with Holy Spirit in Jewish tradition, such as in Yiddish song: Vel ich, sh'chine tsu dir kummen "Will I, shekinah, to you come".^[5]

See also[link]

• Biblical inspiration
• Holy Spirit, general article
  • Holy Spirit (Christianity)
  • Holy Spirit (Christian doctrinal variations)
  • Holy Spirit (Islam)
• Ruah, Hebrew word for "breath," "wind"

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b} Alan Unterman and Rivka Horowitz,Ruah ha-Kodesh, Encyclopedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition, Jerusalem: Judaica Multimedia/Keter, 1997).
2. ^ John R. Levison The Spirit in First-Century Judaism 2002 p65 "Only Psalm 51, which contains no less than four occurrences of the word, im, permits the identification of the holy spirit with the human spirit.13 Three references occur in close succession in this psalm (51:10-12; MT 51:12-14):"
3. ^ Article Jacobs J. Jewish Encyclopedia: Holy Spirit 1911
4. ^ Joseph Abelson,The Immanence of God in Rabbinical Literature (London:Macmillan and Co., 1912).
5. ^ Ruth Rubin Voices of a people: the story of Yiddish folksong p234

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Joseph Anthony (May 24, 1912 – January 20, 1993) was an American playwright, actor, and director. He made his film acting debut in the 1934 film Hat, Coat, and Glove and his theatrical acting debut in a 1935 production of Mary of Scotland. On five occasions he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Direction.

Biography[link]

Joseph Anthony was born as Joseph Deuster in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on May 24, 1912. His parents were Leonard Deuster and Sophie Deuster (née Hertz). Anthony attended the University of Wisconsin. He married Perry Wilson. He prepared for the stage at the Pasadena Playhouse from 1931 through 1935 and at the Daykarhanova School from 1935 through 1937. Anthony served in the United States Army in World War II from 1942 through 1946. On January 20, 1993, Joseph Anthony died at the age of 80 in a nursing home in Hyannis, Massachusetts.^[1]

Stage work[link]

Joseph Anthony, then appearing under his given name of Joseph Deuster, made his professional acting debut in 1935 playing the role of Rizzio in a production of Mary of Scotland In 1937 he appeared in the touring production of "Dead End". He went on to make his first New York City appearance two years later with the Federal Theatre Project Company playing the title role in a production of Professor Mamlock at Daly's 63rd Street Theatre. After returning from service in World War II, Anthony reappeared on Broadway under the name Joseph Adams at the Belasco Theatre as the Second Man in a 1946 production of Truckline Cafe. He first performed under the name Joseph Anthony in January 1948 at the Maxine Elliott Theatre in a production of Skipper Next to God.^[1] He continued to perform under this name through the 1950s, appearing in such original Broadway theatre productions as "The Country Girl", 1951, at the Lyceum Theatre, NYC, Flight into Egypt in 1952, Camino Real in 1953, and Anastasia in 1954.^[2]

Joseph Anthony made his New York City directorial debut in April 1948 directing a production of Celebration at the Maxine Elliott Theatre.^[1] In 1954, Anthony directed the original production of The Rainmaker, a play of which he would later direct the film adaptation. From March 1960 through March 1961, Anthony successfully opened the original Broadway productions of four shows which ran simultaneously: The Best Man at the Morosco Theatre, Under the Yum Yum Tree at Henry Miller's Theatre, Rhinoceros at the Longacre Theatre, and Mary, Mary at the Helen Hayes Theatre.^[2][3] Mary, Mary was Anthony's longest-running production, lasting nearly four years and more than 1500 performances.^[3][4] Anthony also directed several other original Broadway productions, including Romulus in 1962, Slow Dance on the Killing Ground in 1964, and the notoriously unsuccessful Breakfast at Tiffany's in 1966.^[2]

Film work[link]

Joseph Anthony first major film appearance was in Hat, Coat, and Glove in 1934. He went on to appear in She in 1935, Shadow of the Thin Man in 1941, and Joe Smith, American in 1942. Anthony's first film direction was the 1956 film adaptation of The Rainmaker, a play he also directed.^[1] Anthony also directed such films as The Matchmaker in 1958, Career in 1959, All in a Night's Work in 1961, and Tomorrow in 1972.^[5]

Awards and affiliations[link]

Joseph Anthony was nominated for a total of five directorial Tony Awards throughout his career, though he never won.^[6] In 1956, Anthony was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Director for The Lark.^[7] The following year he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction for A Clearing in the Woods and for The Most Happy Fella.^[8] After the Direction category was split into plays and musicals, Anthony was twice nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play: in 1960 for The Best Man and in 1961 for Rhinoceros].^[9][10] Finally, in 1964, Anthony was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical for 110 in the Shade.^[11]

Joseph Anthony taught at the American Theatre Wing, Vassar College, Hunter College, and at New York University. In 1937, Anthony became one of the founding members of American Actors Company. In 1976, Anthony became a Professor of Theatre Arts at the State University of New York at Purchase. He was also a member of the Actors Studio, a council member of the Actors' Equity Association, a board member of what was then known as the Screen Directors Guild, and the first President of the Society of Stage Directors and Choreographers.^[1]

References[link]