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Everything2 (styled Everything₂), or E2 for short, is a collaborative Web-based community consisting of a database of interlinked user-submitted written material. E2 is moderated for quality, but has no formal policy on subject matter. Writing on E2 covers a wide range of topics and genres, including encyclopedic articles, diary entries (known as "daylogs"), poetry, humor, and fiction.

History[link]

The predecessor of E2 was a similar database called Everything (later labeled "Everything1" or "E1") which was started around March 1998 by Nathan Oostendorp and was initially closely aligned with and promoted by Slashdot (by virtue of various key principals having attended the Holland Christian High School) a technology-related news website, even sharing (at the time) some administrators. The E2 software offered vastly more features, and the Everything1 data was twice incorporated into E2: once on November 13, 1999, and again in January 2000.

The Everything2 server used to be colocated with the Slashdot servers. However, some time after OSDN acquired Slashdot, and moved the Slashdot servers, this hosting was terminated on short notice. This resulted in Everything2 being offline from roughly November 6 to December 9, 2003. Everything2 was then hosted by the University of Michigan for a time. As the Everything2 site put it on October 2, 2006:

Now, we have an arrangement with the University of Michigan, located in Ann Arbor. We exist thanks to their generosity (which is motivated by their academic curiosity, I suppose). They gave us some servers and act as our ISP, free of charge, and all they ask in exchange is that we not display advertisements.^[2]

The Everything2 servers were moved to the nearby Michigan State University in February 2007.

E2 was privately owned by the Blockstackers Intergalactic company,^[3] but does not make a profit and is viewed by its long-term users as a collaborative work-in-progress. Until mid-2007 it accepted donations of money and, on occasion, of computer hardware but no longer does so. Some of its administrators are affiliated with Blockstackers, some are not. The site is not a democracy, and the degree to which users influence decisions depends on the nature of the decisions and the administrators making them. As of January 23, 2012, it was announced that the site had been sold to long-time user and coder Jay Bonci under the name Everything2 Media LLC.

Writeups in E1 were limited to 512 bytes in size. This, plus the predominantly "geek" membership back then and the lack of chat facilities, meant the early work was often of poor quality and was filled with self-referential humor. As E2 has expanded, stricter quality standards have developed, much of the old material has been removed, and the membership has become broader in interest, although smaller in number. Many noders prefer to write encyclopedic articles similar to those on Wikipedia (and indeed some actively contribute to both E2 and Wikipedia). Some write fiction or poetry, some discuss issues, and some write daily journals, called "daylogs." Unlike Wikipedia, E2 does not have an enforced neutral point of view. An informal survey of noder political beliefs^[4] indicates that the user base tends to lean left politically. There are conservative voices as well, however, and while debate nodes (of any kind, political or not) are rarely tolerated, well-formed points of view from any part of the political or cultural spectrum are.

Community[link]

Policies[link]

Some of the management regard Everything2 as a publication, to which authors submit content. Although Everything2 does not seek to become an encyclopedia, a substantial amount of factual content has been submitted to Everything2.

Policy states that "Everything2 is not a bulletin board." Writeups which exist as replies to other writeups, or which add a minor point to them or which otherwise do not stand well alone are discouraged, not least because the deletion of the original writeup orphans any replies. This policy helps to moderate flame wars on controversial topics.

Everything2 is not a wiki, and there is no direct way for non-content editors to make corrections or amendments to another author's article. Avenues for correction involve discussing the writeup with its author; petitioning a content editor; adding a note in a special "broken nodes" section; or superseding the original writeup with an original, stand-alone follow-up.

Code of behavior[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Like other online communities, E2 has a social hierarchy and code of behavior, to which it is sometimes difficult for a newcomer to adjust. Moreover, some people complain that new users are held to a different standard from established contributors, and that their writeups are singled out for deletion regardless of content. Another complaint is that all too often, site administrators remove articles that they do not agree with or which they do not see explicit value in, thus biasing the content of the database. Others dismiss such complaints as unjustified; they observe that few communities treat newcomers exactly like long-time members, and they claim that those who learn and obey the rules are usually—though not always—treated fairly.

There is no consistent, written site policy on acceptable behavior, although the usual intolerance for trolling or hatemongering remains, as is the case with most web-based communities. Bans have occurred for antisocial and/or insulting behaviour^{[citation needed]}, albeit very rarely and only after a more personal approach to change the offender's behavior. Though these decisions are broadly accepted, some current and ex-members of the site believe that this amounts to mismanagement, and point to accumulation of disgruntled ex-users as evidence of a problem.^{[citation needed]}

Rarely, a noder will request their E2 account be locked, preventing them from logging in. The causes for this are equally varied as the causes for disruptive noders being forcibly locked out, and happens about as often.

Nodes and writeups[link]

E2 users called noders create entries called nodes and add information in multiple writeups. Only logged-in users can create writeups, and only the author of a writeup or an editor appointed by the site administrators can edit a writeup. E2 categorizes writeups into thirteen types: person, place, idea, thing, dream, personal, fiction, poetry, review, log, recipe, essay, and event. Two additional writeup types, lede and definition, are usable only by editors and are applied retroactively. Writeups are written in a simplified HTML dialect and do not contain images.

There are other types of nodes that do not contain writeups; for instance, the administrators can create "superdoc" nodes (similar to Wikipedia's special pages) such as Everything New Nodes and Page of Cool that allow interaction, and each user has a "homenode" where he or she can add a short autobiography or other text (or a picture, if the user has posted ten writeups—see Rewards, below).

Copyright practice[link]

The copyright in a writeup rests with the author, and no agreement to any kind of license is entered into by writing on E2 (except for giving the site permission to publish). Authors retain the right to place their work in the public domain, to release it under a copyleft license such as one of those offered by the GNU project or Creative Commons, or to request the removal of their work from the site at some later date.

For a long time, the posting of copyrighted song lyrics and poetry to the site without approval from the copyright holders, while certainly frowned upon, was not actually prohibited. E2 chose to only passively enforce copyright law, in a manner similar to an ISP (for which see OCILLA section 512(c)). This policy changed in August 2003 to a more active one where writeups containing copyrighted material had to either conform to fair use guidelines (length limits, proportion of quoted material to new text) or be posted with permission.

Rewards[link]

The administrators loosely based E2's incentive system on a dual currency system borrowed from many role-playing games. Users may earn experience points ("XP"), which count strictly toward level progress, or convertible currency ("GP"), which may be used to purchase lesser, temporary privileges. Every time a user creates a writeup, he or she earns five XP. Users with at least ten contributed writeups and 500 experience points can vote (up or down) on a writeup. A positive vote grants the writeup's author one experience point while also having a roughly ⅓ chance of giving one GP to the voter. After voting on a writeup, a noder can see the writeup's "reputation," or number of positive and negative votes (staff do not need to vote in order to see a writeup's reputation). The site's editors may remove writeups that do not meet editorial standards from public view. Authors have the ability to withdraw their own writeups. In both cases the removed writeup is sent to its author's personal "drafts" space, where it may be prepared for re-submission or deleted. The only effect writeup deletion has on the author's account is that the five XP granted for creating the writeup is removed. Writeups deleted before March 2011 are visible to the author on a legacy page called "Node Heaven"; newer or more recently removed items become drafts.

New levels are attained by reaching a predefined, but arbitrary total of XP and writeups, which are given in the FAQ.^[5] The system grants special powers at certain experience levels, such as "cool", which rewards the author with 20 XP and sends the writeup to the "cool user picks" column on the front page; the ability to create basic chat rooms on the site; space for uploading a picture to a user's "homenode"; and the ability to hide one's self in the list of logged-in users.

Messaging[link]

Everything2 provides two communication tools: the Chatterbox^[6] and the message system.

The Chatterbox is similar to an IRC channel. It appears as a panel on the right side of the page that logged-in users can use to read conversations and participate in them. The site's administrators used to have the ability to "borg"—prevent from using the Chatterbox or message system—those users whose behavior violated the unwritten standards of politeness and decorum. This was done through a bot called EDB (short for "Everything Death Borg"), which announced when it had "swallowed" a user. These silencings lasted for five minutes, though persistent trolls were silenced for a longer period—sometimes permanently. As of 2003, the EDB was no longer much used, only making mostly token appearances for humorous effect. Noders who consistently cause trouble (usually by trolling) can be silenced permanently and can be forbidden from noding altogether, though this is rarely done.

The message system lets users send private messages to other users. The messages are stored in the user's mailbox to be read when he or she next logs in. The main use for the message system is giving constructive criticism to the author of a writeup; however, it can be and is used like any medium of private communication. Messages received can be archived or deleted at the receiver's discretion.

Links[link]

Hard links[link]

Hard links in E2 are simply words or phrases surrounded by [square brackets]. Any words inside square brackets in a writeup will become a link to the E2 node of that title. If a node with that title does not yet exist, following the link will bring up the option to create it.

For the longest part of its existence, E2 did not permit links to third-party web sites in submitted content. In February 2009, a degree of support for linking external URLs was implemented. A hard linked URL will be clearly marked as an external link with the same link icon that Wikipedia uses. Heavy use of external URLs is discouraged as E2 content is expected to stand on its own within a largely self-supportive infrastructure.

Pipe links[link]

Pipe links are a variant form of hard links. While a hard link to the node Wikipedia would look like [Wikipedia], the pipe link allows the author a greater degree of freedom without restricting what nodes can be linked to. For example, one could write "[Wikipedia|Online encyclopedias] have started to become common sources in my students' research papers." The sentence looks like this to the reader: "Online encyclopedias have started to become common sources in my students' research papers." Rolling over the phrase with the mouse (e.g. "online encyclopedias") shows the hidden content (in this case, "Wikipedia") as the link's title.

Noders can link to a specific writeup within a node by appending (person), (place), (idea) or (thing) to a pipe link. For example, the pipe link [Wiki (thing)|Wiki] links directly to the writeup of the type thing within the Wiki node. If the node contains more than one writeup of the specified type, the pipe link returns a "Duplicates Found" page linking to every writeup of the specified type within the node.

Pipe links on E2 often add "easter egg" content, such as commentary, humor and hidden information.^[7]

Soft links[link]

At the bottom of every node, the system displays up to 64 soft links, though each node can store an unlimited number thereof. "Guest Users"—any viewers not logged in—can see 24, a logged-in user can see up to 48, and the senior administrators ("gods," though this term has fallen out of favour in recent years) can see up to 64. These are two-way links intended to approximate "thought processes," similar in concept to Jason Rohrer's tangle proxy. Whenever a logged-in user moves from one node to another, be it through a hard link, another soft link, or through the title search box, the system creates (or strengthens) the bidirectional soft link between the two; however, some nodes—namely the special pages and the user profiles—will not display the soft links so created. By repeatedly moving from one node to another, users can and do deliberately create and increase the degree of integration of such soft links; some users will use these soft links to make anonymous comments on others' writing. The site's administrators have the ability to remove soft links at their discretion.

Firm links[link]

Firm links are special, editor-created links that serve to redirect between nodes. Firm links are typically used to link multiple forms of a single name or title to aid searching and ensure that readers find the content that they are seeking. A typical use of firm links would be to permanently link the empty node titled 'USA' to a node titled 'United States of America' that contained writeups about the topic. Alternatively, automatic forwarding can be set up for the same thing, in much the same way as forwards exist on Wikipedia.

Software[link]

E2 is run by the open source Everything Engine (ecore), a Perl-based system; its data is stored in a MySQL database.

Media coverage[link]

In 2001, The New York Times cited E2 as an example of an emerging class of autonomous, self-organizing sites.^[8] A 2001 column in The Japan Times called E2 "awe-inspiring in its expansiveness and depth" and "a Sim City of knowledge management".^[9] In 2003, Guardian Unlimited listed E2 as one of the best collaborative encyclopedias on the Web (predating the term Web 2.0).^[10] E2 was nominated for a 2004 Webby Award for Technical Achievement.^[11]

See also[link]

• Online encyclopedia
• List of online encyclopedias

References[link]

External links[link]

• Everything2.com home page
• Everything2 is not Wikipedia@Everything2.com
• Who owns our writeups?@Everything2.com

Jennifer Love Hewitt
Hewitt in January 2008
Born	Jennifer Love Hewitt (1979-02-21) February 21, 1979 (age 33) Waco, Texas, U.S.
Occupation	Actress, singer, songwriter, television director, producer, author, voice actress
Years active	1990–present

Jennifer Love Hewitt (born February 21, 1979) is an American actress, producer, television director and singer-songwriter. Hewitt began her acting career as a child by appearing in television commercials and the Disney Channel series Kids Incorporated. She rose to fame in teenage popular culture in her roles in the Fox series Party of Five as Sarah Reeves Merrin, and films I Know What You Did Last Summer and its sequel as Julie James. She starred on the hit CBS television program Ghost Whisperer as Melinda Gordon, for which she won a Saturn Award in 2007 and 2008 for Best Actress on Television.^[1] She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her television movie The Client List.^[2] Hewitt has served as a producer on some of her film and television projects.^[3] As a singer, Hewitt's most successful single on the Billboard Hot 100 is the 1999 release "How Do I Deal", which peaked at No. 59.^[4] She has contributed music to the promotion or soundtracks of acting projects.^[5] She was identified as the "#1 reader choice" on the November 1999 and May 2009 covers of Maxim.^[6] TV Guide named her the sexiest woman on television in 2008.^[7]

She is currently a recurring star on Hot in Cleveland^[8] and leads the new Lifetime television series The Client List.^[9]

Early life[link]

Hewitt was born in Waco, Texas,^[10] and is the daughter of Patricia Mae (née Shipp), a speech-language pathologist, and Herbert Daniel Hewitt, a medical technician.^[11] Hewitt grew up in Nolanville, Texas.^[12] Hewitt received her middle name after her mother promised her college friend (named "Love") that if she had a daughter, she would name her after her.^[13] Her older brother, Todd Hewitt, chose the name "Jennifer" as a homage to a crush he had at the time she was born.^[12] After the divorce of her parents, Hewitt and her brother were brought up by her mother.^[14]

As a young girl, Hewitt was attracted to music, which led to her first encounters with the entertainment industry. At the age of three, she sang "The Greatest Love of All" at a livestock show.^[15] Just a year after that, at a restaurant-dance hall, she entertained an audience with her version of "Help Me Make It Through the Night".^[16] By the time she was five, Hewitt already had tap dancing and ballet in her portfolio.^[17] At nine, she became a member of the Texas Show Team (which also toured in the Soviet Union).^[18] At the age of ten, at the suggestion of talent scouts and after gaining the title of "Texas Our Little Miss Talent Winner",^[19] she moved to Los Angeles with her mother to pursue a career in both acting and singing.^[14] In Los Angeles, Hewitt attended Lincoln High School where her classmates included Jonathan Neville, who became a talent scout and recommended Hewitt for her role in Party of Five.^[16]

Career[link]

Acting[link]

After moving to Los Angeles, Hewitt appeared in more than twenty television commercials, including some for Mattel toys.^[20] Her first break came as a child actor on the Disney Channel variety show Kids Incorporated (1989–1991),^[21] where she was credited as "Love Hewitt". She later appeared in the live action video short Dance! Workout with Barbie (1992), released by Buena Vista.^[22]

Hewitt in 2002

She played Pierce Brosnan's daughter in a pilot for NBC called Running Wilde (1993),^[23] which featured Brosnan as a reporter for Auto World magazine whose stories cover his own wild auto adventures. However, the series was not picked up and the pilot never aired.^[24] Hewitt later had roles in several short-lived television series, such as Fox's Shaky Ground (1992–1993),^[25] ABC's The Byrds of Paradise (1994),^[26] and McKenna (1994–1995),^[27] and finally became a young star after landing the role of Sarah Reeves Merrin on the popular Fox show Party of Five (1995–1999).^[28] She assumed the role of Sarah after joining that show during its second season and continued it on the short-lived Party of Five spin-off, Time of Your Life (1999), which she also co-produced.^[29] The show was cancelled after half a season.^[30]

Hewitt's first feature film role was in the independent film Munchie (1992).^[31] A year later, she achieved her first starring film role in Little Miss Millions (1993).^[32] She appeared as a choir member in Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993).^[33] Hewitt became a film star after a lead role in the horror film I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997),^[34] which enjoyed great box office success ($125,000,000 USD).^[35] Hewitt and her co-stars gained popular exposure from the film. She appeared in the sequel I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998), which, though not as successful as the first film, took in more money on its opening weekend.^[36] She starred in the high-school comedy Can't Hardly Wait (1998).^[37]

Hewitt starred in The Audrey Hepburn Story (2000).^[38] That same year, she was the "most popular actress on television" due to her Q-rating (a measurement of a celebrity's popularity) of 37.^[39] Noting her "Q-rating", Nokia chose her to become its spokesperson.^[40]

She starred alongside Sigourney Weaver in the romantic comedy Heartbreakers (2001).^[41] She appeared in The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002) as Madellaine, the main protagonist's love interest.^[42] Hewitt wrote and performed "I'm Gonna Love You" for the film; the song won "Best Original Song" at the DVD Premiere Awards.^[43] She starred alongside Jackie Chan in The Tuxedo (2002),^[44] which received negative reviews from critics but was a box office success.^[45] Hewitt appeared in If Only (2004) and co-wrote and performed "Love Will Show You Everything" and "Take My Heart Back" for the film's soundtrack.^[46] She starred in Garfield (2004),^[47] which became her highest-grossing film to date ($200,804,534 USD).^[48] She reprised her role for the sequel, Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties (2006),^[49] which, though not performing as well as its predecessor, achieved a strong box office gross.^[50]

Hewitt starred in the television series Ghost Whisperer (2005–2010),^[51] which ran on CBS for five seasons before being canceled by the network in May, 2010.^[52] She reunited with her I Know What You Did Last Summer co-star, Freddie Prinze Jr., in Delgo (2008).^[53] The film was a massive box office bomb ($694,782 USD domestically).^[54] After a two-year absence from feature films, Hewitt led the independent drama Café (2010) with her then-boyfriend Jamie Kennedy.^[55] She starred in the Lifetime film The Client List (2010),^[56] for which she received a Golden Globe nomination.^[57] The next year, Hewitt starred in the Hallmark Hall of Fame film The Lost Valentine (2011).^[58]

Hewitt will direct the film Wait Till Helen Comes (2012) based on the novel by Mary Downing Hahn.^[59] This will be Hewitt's feature film directorial debut (she previously directed three episodes of Ghost Whisperer).^[60] She is also set star alongside Ivan Sergei and Joel David Moore in the independent comedy Jewtopia (2012)^[61] and will star in the television series The Client List (2012).^[62]

Music[link]

Hewitt was one of the back-up singers in Martika's number-one single, "Toy Soldiers" (1989).

Jennifer Love Hewitt in Gigaset 2012

At the age of 12, Meldac funded the recording of Hewitt's first album, Love Songs (1992).^[63] The album was released exclusively in Japan, where Hewitt became a pop star.^[64] Her explanation for her success in Japan is that the Japanese "love perky music. The poppier the music, the better."^[65]

After she joined the cast of Party of Five, she signed to Atlantic Records, who rushed her second album, Let's Go Bang (1995), out in October.^[63] The album and its three singles failed to chart.^[63] Juggling her music career with her acting career, she recorded and released her follow-up album, Jennifer Love Hewitt (1996).^[66] The album, along with its four singles, failed to chart and Atlantic dropped Hewitt, who did not return to the music scene for three years.^[63]

She recorded the single "How Do I Deal" (1999) for the I Still Know What You Did Last Summer soundtrack.^[67] The song became Hewitt's first charting single, climbing to No. 59 on the Hot 100 and No. 36 on the Top 40 Mainstream.^[1] It reached No. 8 in Australia.^[68] Hewitt also recorded a cover of the Gloria Gaynor song "I Will Survive", which features briefly in the film.^[69]

She appeared in the LFO video for "Girl on TV" (1999),^[70] a song which was written for her by a member of the band.^[71] She also appeared in the music video for the Enrique Iglesias song, "Hero" (2001), as the singer's love interest.^[72]

In 2002, Hewitt signed to Jive Records^[73] and recorded her fourth album with singer, songwriter and producer Meredith Brooks.^[74] The first single, "BareNaked" (2002), became her biggest radio hit to date when it peaked at No. 24 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart, No. 31 on the Adult Top 40 and No. 25 on the Top 40 Mainstream.^[75] It climbed to No. 6 in Australia, remaining there for two weeks,^[76] and reached No. 33 in the Netherlands.^[77] The song later featured in two episodes of Ghost Whisperer: "The Vanishing" (Season 1, episode 20)^[78] and "The Collector" (Season 2, episode 20).^[79] The moderate success of the single propelled the album to peak at No. 37 on the Billboard 200^[80] and No. 31 in Australia.^[81] However, it only remained on the chart for three weeks.^[75] The second single, "Can I Go Now" (2003), failed to chart in the US, while managing to peak at No. 8 in the Netherlands^[82] and No. 12 in Australia.^[83]

Since 2004, Hewitt has remained inactive from the music industry, but the compilation album Cool with You: The Platinum Collection (2006) was released in Asia.^[84] Another compilation, Hey Everybody (2007), was released in Brazil.^[85] In 2009, reports surfaced that Hewitt was planning on making a country album and was in the process of writing material for it.^[86] Jamie Kennedy, Hewitt's boyfriend at the time, said: "I really want to make her a new demo for her music, because I think she should do singing again. She's so good."^[64] However, nothing has of yet come of the reports and Hewitt has remained absent from the music scene.

Writing[link]

In November 2009, Hewitt made a foray into comic books. Veteran writer Scott Lobdell scripted the 5-issue anthology, Jennifer Love Hewitt's Music Box (2009–2010), based on Hewitt's ideas.^[87] The series has been published by IDW Publishing, and has been compiled in a trade paperback.^[88]

Hewitt wrote a book entitled The Day I Shot Cupid (2010), in which she speaks of her experiences with love and dating.^[89] During a January 2010 interview on Lopez Tonight, Hewitt said that there was a chapter in the book about "vajazzling" her "vajayjay" (decorating her vulva with Swarovski crystals).^[90][91] Hewitt was attributed with popularizing the trend.^[92] The book became a New York Times Bestseller the week of its release.^[93] She announced via her Twitter page that she is currently penning a follow-up.^[94]

Personal life[link]

Hewitt and Jamie Kennedy at the 2009 Primetime Emmy Awards.

Hewitt has said that she has an allergy to nuts and carries with her a pocket-sized epinephrine autoinjector in case of an allergic response.^[95]

She has dated many high-profile celebrities such as Carson Daly,^[96] John Mayer, and Jamie Kennedy.^[97]

Hewitt began a relationship with Scottish actor Ross McCall, whom she met when he made an appearance on Ghost Whisperer in late 2005.^[98] After two years of dating, they became engaged in late 2007, while vacationing in Hawaii.^[99] Paparazzi photographs taken of Hewitt in a bikini at that time led to harsh criticism of her body by bloggers.^[100] Hewitt responded: "I've sat by in silence for a long time now about the way women's bodies are constantly scrutinized....What I should be doing is celebrating some of the best days of my life and my engagement to the man of my dreams, instead of having to deal with photographers taking invasive pictures from bad angles."^[101] Several celebrities supported her views.^[102] During her engagement, Hewitt reportedly said: "I’m getting ready to turn 30 and get married and all those things. This year was my year to try to glow from within and feel better."^[103] People magazine reported that Hewitt called off their engagement in late 2008.^[104]

In 2002, conspiracy theorist and former social worker Diana Napolis was arrested for stalking and uttering death threats against Hewitt and Steven Spielberg after "verbally confronting" the actress at the 2002 Grammy Awards, and the subsequent day attempting to pose as one of Hewitt's friends to enter the premiere of The Tuxedo.^[105] Napolis admitted to becoming involved in a shoving match with Hewitt's mother while confronting the actress.^[106] Napolis accused Hewitt, along with director Spielberg, of controlling her thoughts through "cybertronic" technology and being part of a Satanic conspiracy against her.^[107] Napolis was charged with six felonies related to the incidents.^[108] After a year of involuntary commitment, Napolis pleaded guilty and was released on bail with a condition that she was barred from contact with both Spielberg and Hewitt.^[109]

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Compilation albums[link]

Singles[link]

Soundtracks[link]

Music videos[link]

Music video appearances[link]

Bibliography[link]

Credits as an author:

• The Day I Shot Cupid (2010)

Other credits:

• Jennifer Love Hewitt's Music Box (2009–2010) (creator)

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]