- published: 11 Aug 2011
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- author: SocioPhilosophy
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- Albert Einstein
- Alchemy
- Anti-realism
- Aristotle
- Auguste Comte
- Averroes
- Axial Age
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (
i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] (
listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Albert Camus
Albert Camus (French pronunciation: [albɛʁ kamy] ( listen); 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French author, journalist, and philosopher. His views contributed to the rise of the philosophy known as absurdism. He wrote in his essay "The Rebel" that his whole life was devoted to opposing the philosophy of nihilism while still delving deeply into individual freedom.
Although often cited as a proponent of existentialism, the philosophy with which Camus was associated during his own lifetime, he rejected this particular label. In an interview in 1945, Camus rejected any ideological associations: "No, I am not an existentialist. Sartre and I are always surprised to see our names linked..."
In 1949, Camus founded the Group for International Liaisons within the Revolutionary Union Movement, which was opposed to some tendencies of the Surrealist movement of André Breton.
Camus was awarded the 1957 Nobel Prize for Literature "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times". He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award. He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.
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Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (
/ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics. While best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation"), he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory within physics.
Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ancient Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, government, ethics, biology, and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato's teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. Aristotle's writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality, aesthetics, logic, science, politics, and metaphysics.
Aristotle's views on the physical sciences profoundly shaped medieval scholarship, and their influence extended well into the Renaissance, although they were ultimately replaced by Newtonian physics. In the zoological sciences, some of his observations were confirmed to be accurate only in the 19th century. His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, which was incorporated in the late 19th century into modern formal logic. In metaphysics, Aristotelianism had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions in the Middle Ages, and it continues to influence Christian theology, especially the scholastic tradition of the Catholic Church. His ethics, though always influential, gained renewed interest with the modern advent of virtue ethics. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Though Aristotle wrote many elegant treatises and dialogues (Cicero described his literary style as "a river of gold"), it is thought that the majority of his writings are now lost and only about one-third of the original works have survived.
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Auguste Comte
Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857), better known as Auguste Comte [oɡyst kɔ̃t], was a French philosopher. He was a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.
Strongly influenced by the Utopian socialist Henri Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French revolution, calling for a new social doctrine based on the sciences. Comte was a major influence on 19th century thought, impacting the work of social thinkers such as Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, and George Eliot. His concept of sociologie and social evolutionism, though now outdated, set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists such as Harriet Martineau and Herbert Spencer, evolving into Modern academic sociology presented by Émile Durkheim as practical and objective social research.
Comte's social theories culminated in the "religion of humanity", which was influential to the development of religious humanist and Secular Humanist organizations in the 19th century. Comte likewise coined the word "altruism".
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Averroes
ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad bin ʾAḥmad bin Rušd (Arabic: أبو الوليد محمد بن احمد بن رشد), better known just as Ibn Rushd (Arabic: ابن رشد), and in European literature as Averroes ( /əˈvɛroʊ.iːz/; April 14, 1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Aristotelian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence, logic, psychology, politics, Arabic music theory, and the sciences of medicine, astronomy, geography, mathematics, physics and celestial mechanics. He was born in Córdoba, Al Andalus, modern-day Spain, and died in Marrakesh, Morocco. His school of philosophy is known as Averroism.
Ibn Rushd was a defender of Aristotelian philosophy against claims from the influential Islamic theologian Ghazali who attacked philosophy so it would not become an affront to the teachings of Islam.
Averroes' name is also seen as Averroës, Averroès or Averrhoës, indicating that the "o" and the "e" form separate syllables. Averroes is a Latinisation of a Hebrew transcription of the Arab name Ibn Rushd.
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Carl Gustav Hempel
Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (January 8, 1905 in Oranienburg, Germany - November 9, 1997 in Princeton, New Jersey) was a philosopher of science and a major figure in 20th-century logical empiricism. He is especially well known for his articulation of the Deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960s. He is also known for the Raven paradox, which highlights the problem of induction.
Hempel studied mathematics, physics, and philosophy at the University of Göttingen, Heidelberg and Berlin. In Göttingen he encountered David Hilbert and was impressed by his attempt to base all of mathematics on solid logical foundations derived from a limited number of axioms (Hilbert's Program). Having moved to Berlin he participated in a congress on scientific philosophy in 1929, where he met Rudolf Carnap and became involved in the Berlin Circle of philosophers that was associated with the Vienna Circle. In 1934 he received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin with a dissertation on probability theory.
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Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett (born March 28, 1942) is an American philosopher, writer and cognitive scientist whose research centers on the philosophy of mind, philosophy of science and philosophy of biology, particularly as those fields relate to evolutionary biology and cognitive science. He is currently the Co-director of the Center for Cognitive Studies, the Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, and a University Professor at Tufts University. Dennett is a firm atheist and secularist, a member of the Secular Coalition for America advisory board, as well as an outspoken supporter of the Brights movement. Dennett is referred to as one of the "Four Horsemen of New Atheism," along with Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, and the late Christopher Hitchens.
Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Dennett spent part of his childhood in Lebanon, where, during World War II, his father was a covert counter-intelligence agent with the Office of Strategic Services posing as a cultural attaché to the American Embassy in Beirut. When he was five, his mother took him back to Massachusetts after his father died in an unexplained plane crash. His sister is the investigative journalist Charlotte Dennett.
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Emil Kraepelin
Emil Kraepelin (15 February 1856, Neustrelitz – 7 October 1926, Munich) was a German psychiatrist. H.J. Eysenck's Encyclopedia of Psychology identifies him as the founder of modern scientific psychiatry, as well as of psychopharmacology and psychiatric genetics. Kraepelin believed the chief origin of psychiatric disease to be biological and genetic malfunction. His theories dominated psychiatry at the start of the twentieth century and, despite the later psychodynamic influence of Sigmund Freud and his disciples, appeared to enjoy a revival at century's end.
Kraepelin, the son of a civil servant, was born in 1856 in Neustrelitz, in the Mecklenburg district of Germany. He was first introduced to biology by his brother Karl, 10 years older and, later, the director of the Zoological Museum of Hamburg.
Kraepelin began his medical studies at 18, in Leipzig and Wurzburg, Germany. At Leipzig, he studied neuropathology under Paul Flechsig and experimental psychology with Wilhelm Wundt. Kraepelin would be a disciple of Wundt and had a life long interest in experimental psychology based on his theories. While there, Kraepelin wrote a prize-winning essay, "The Influence of Acute Illness in the Causation of Mental Disorders." He received his medical degree (M.D.) in 1878. In 1879, he went to work with Bernhard von Gudden at the University of Munich, where he completed his thesis, "The Place of Psychology in Psychiatry". Returning to the University of Leipzig in 1882, he worked in Wilhelm Heinrich Erb's neurology clinic and in Wundt's psychopharmacology laboratory.
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Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban(s),KC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution.
Bacon has been called the creator of empiricism. His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or simply the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today.
Bacon was knighted in 1603, and created both the Baron Verulam in 1618, and the Viscount St Alban in 1621; as he died without heirs both peerages became extinct upon his death. He famously died by contracting pneumonia while studying the effects of freezing on the preservation of meat.
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche ( /ˈniːtʃə/;German pronunciation: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈniːtsʃə]; October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, cultural critic and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism, nihilism and postmodernism. His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth have resulted in much commentary and interpretation, mostly in the continental tradition. His key ideas include the death of God, the Übermensch, the eternal recurrence, the Apollonian and Dionysian dichotomy, perspectivism and the will to power. Central to his philosophy is the idea of "life-affirmation", which involves an honest questioning of all doctrines that drain life's expansive energies, however socially prevalent and radical those views might be.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (Italian pronunciation: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi]; 15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of science", and "the Father of Modern Science".
His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments.
Galileo's championing of heliocentrism was controversial within his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system. He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism due to the absence of an observed stellar parallax. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, and they concluded that it could only be supported as a possibility, not as an established fact. Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point. He was tried by the Inquisition, found "vehemently suspect of heresy", forced to recant, and spent the rest of his life under house arrest. It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he wrote one of his finest works, Two New Sciences. Here he summarized the work he had done some forty years earlier, on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.
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Hannah Arendt
Johanna “Hannah” Arendt (October 14, 1906 – December 4, 1975) was a German American political theorist. She has often been described as a philosopher, although she refused that label on the grounds that philosophy is concerned with "man in the singular." She described herself instead as a political theorist because her work centers on the fact that "men, not Man, live on the earth and inhabit the world". Arendt's work deals with the nature of power, and the subjects of politics, authority, and totalitarianism.
Arendt was born into a family of secular German Jews in the city of Linden (now part of Hanover), and grew up in Königsberg (the birthplace of Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant, renamed as Kaliningrad and annexed to the Soviet Union in 1946) and Berlin.
At the University of Marburg, she studied philosophy with Martin Heidegger. According to Hans Jonas, her only German-Jewish classmate, Arendt embarked on a long and stormy romantic relationship with Heidegger, for which she was later criticized because of Heidegger's support for the Nazi party when he was rector of Freiburg University.
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Henri Poincaré
Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) (French pronunciation: [ˈʒyl ɑ̃ˈʁi pwɛ̃nkaˈʁe]) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and a philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as The Last Universalist, since he excelled in all fields of the discipline as it existed during his lifetime.
As a mathematician and physicist, he made many original fundamental contributions to pure and applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and celestial mechanics. He was responsible for formulating the Poincaré conjecture, which was one of the most famous unsolved problems in mathematics until it was solved in 2002–2003. In his research on the three-body problem, Poincaré became the first person to discover a chaotic deterministic system which laid the foundations of modern chaos theory. He is also considered to be one of the founders of the field of topology.
Poincaré made clear importance of paying attention to the invariance of laws of physics under different transformations, and was the first to present the Lorentz transformations in their modern symmetrical form. Poincaré discovered the remaining relativistic velocity transformations and recorded them in a letter to Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928) in 1905. Thus he obtained perfect invariance of all of Maxwell's equations, an important step in the formulation of the theory of special relativity.
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Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.
Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He was "an enthusiastic exponent of evolution" and even "wrote about evolution before Darwin did." As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century." Spencer was "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" but his influence declined sharply after 1900; "Who now reads Spencer?" asked Talcott Parsons in 1937.
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Hugh of Saint Victor
Hugh of Saint Victor (c. 1096 – 11 February 1141) was born perhaps in France, or more probably in Saxony. His origins and early life are rather obscure. He studied and taught at the Augustinian Abbey of Saint Victor in Paris after which he is named. His writings include works of theology, mysticism, philosophy and the arts. Appointed a canon of the Victorines around the turn of the twelfth century.
The early Didascalion was an elementary, encyclopedic approach to God and Christ, in which Hugh avoided controversial subjects and focused on what he took to be commonplaces of Catholic Christianity. In it he outlined three types of philosophy or "science" [scientia] that can help mortals improve themselves and advance toward God: theoretical philosophy (theology, mathematics, physics) provides them with truth, practical philosophy (ethics, economics, politics) aids them in becoming virtuous and prudent, and "mechanical" or "illiberal" philosophy (e.g., carpentry, agriculture, medicine) yields physical benefits. A fourth philosophy, logic, is preparatory to the others and exists to ensure clear and proper conclusions in them. Hugh's deeply mystical bent did not prevent him from seeing philosophy as a useful tool for understanding the divine, or from using it to argue on behalf of faith.
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Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (German pronunciation: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant]; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg (today Kaliningrad of Russia), who researched, lectured, and wrote on philosophy and anthropology during the Enlightenment at the end of the 18th century. At the time, there were major successes and advances in the sciences (for example, Isaac Newton, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Robert Boyle) applying reason and logic.
Kant’s major work, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781), aimed to unite reason with experience to move beyond what he took to be failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. He hoped to end an age of speculation where objects outside experience were used to support what he saw as futile theories, while opposing the skepticism of thinkers such as Descartes, Berkeley and Hume.
He stated:
Kant proposed a ‘Copernican Revolution’ in reverse, saying that:
Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788) and the Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with ethics. And the Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology. He aimed to resolve disputes between empirical and rationalist approaches. The former asserted that all knowledge comes through experience; the latter maintained that reason and innate ideas were prior. Kant argued that experience is purely subjective without first being processed by pure reason. He also said that using reason without applying it to experience only leads to theoretical illusions. The free and proper exercise of reason by the individual was both a theme of the Enlightenment, and of Kant's approaches to the various problems of philosophy.
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Imre Lakatos
Imre Lakatos (November 9, 1922 – February 2, 1974) was a Hungarian philosopher of mathematics and science, known for his thesis of the fallibility of mathematics and its 'methodology of proofs and refutations' in its pre-axiomatic stages of development, and also for introducing the concept of the 'research programme' in his methodology of scientific research programmes.
Lakatos was born Imre (Avrum) Lipschitz to a Jewish family in Debrecen, Hungary in 1922. He received a degree in mathematics, physics, and philosophy from the University of Debrecen in 1944. He avoided Nazi persecution of Jews by changing his name to Imre Molnár. His mother and grandmother died in Auschwitz. He became an active communist during the Second World War. He changed his last name once again to Lakatos (Locksmith) in honor of Géza Lakatos.
After the war, from 1947 he worked as a senior official in the Hungarian ministry of education. He also continued his education with a PhD at Debrecen University awarded in 1948, and also attended György Lukács's weekly Wednesday afternoon private seminars. He also studied at the Moscow State University under the supervision of Sofya Yanovskaya in 1949. When he returned, however, he found himself on the losing side of internal arguments within the Hungarian communist party and was imprisoned on charges of revisionism from 1950 to 1953. More of Lakatos' activities in Hungary after World War II have recently become known.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton PRS MP (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727 [NS: 4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727]) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been "considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived." His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
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Jeanne Hersch
Jeanne Hersch (Geneva, 13 July 1910-Geneva, 5 June 2000) was a Swiss philosopher of Polish origin, whose works dealt with the concept of freedom.
She studied under the existentialist Karl Jaspers in Germany in the early 1930s. In 1956, she was appointed to a professorship at the University of Geneva, one of the first women to hold such a post at a Swiss university, holding the post until 1977. From 1966 to 1968 she headed the philosophy division of UNESCO, and was a member of its executive commission from 1970 to 1972.
In 1968 she edited Le droit d'être un homme, une anthologie mondiale de la liberté in French (translated in English in 1969 as Birthright of man: a selection of texts and also in Greek as Το δικαίωμα να είσαι άνθρωπος), an anthology of writings on human rights, republished in French in 1984 and 1990.
In 1987, she received the Einstein Medal.
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John Dewey
John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. Dewey was an important early developer of the philosophy of pragmatism and one of the founders of functional psychology. He was a major representative of progressive education and liberalism.
Although Dewey is known best for his publications concerning education, he also wrote about many other topics, including experience, nature, art, logic, inquiry, democracy, and ethics.
In his advocacy of democracy, Dewey considered two fundamental elements—schools and civil society—as being major topics needing attention and reconstruction to encourage experimental intelligence and plurality. Dewey asserted that complete democracy was to be obtained not just by extending voting rights but also by ensuring that there exists a fully formed public opinion, accomplished by effective communication among citizens, experts, and politicians, with the latter being accountable for the policies they adopt.[citation needed]
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John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill, FRSE (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy. He has been called "the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century". Mill's conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed by Jeremy Bentham. Hoping to remedy the problems found in an inductive approach to science, such as confirmation bias, he clearly set forth the premises of falsification as the key component in the scientific method. Mill was also a Member of Parliament and an important figure in liberal political philosophy.
John Stuart Mill was born on Rodney Street in the Pentonville area of London, the eldest son of the Scottish philosopher, historian and economist James Mill, and Harriet Burrow. John Stuart was educated by his father, with the advice and assistance of Jeremy Bentham and Francis Place. He was given an extremely rigorous upbringing, and was deliberately shielded from association with children his own age other than his siblings. His father, a follower of Bentham and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit aim to create a genius intellect that would carry on the cause of utilitarianism and its implementation after he and Bentham had died.
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Jürgen Habermas
Jürgen Habermas ( /ˈjɜrɡən/ or /ˈjʊərɡən ˈhɑːbərmɑːs/;German: [ˈjʏʁɡən ˈhaːbɐmaːs]; born June 18, 1929) is a German sociologist, geographer and philosopher in the tradition of critical theory and pragmatism. He is perhaps best known for his theory on the concepts of 'communicative rationality' and the 'public sphere'. His work focuses on the foundations of social theory and epistemology, the analysis of advanced capitalistic societies and democracy, the rule of law in a critical social-evolutionary context, and contemporary politics, particularly German politics. Habermas's theoretical system is devoted to revealing the possibility of reason, emancipation, and rational-critical communication latent in modern institutions and in the human capacity to deliberate and pursue rational interests. Habermas is known for his work on the concept of modernity, particularly with respect to the discussions of "rationalization" originally set forth by Max Weber. While influenced by American pragmatism, action theory, and even poststructuralism, many of the central tenets of Habermas' thought remain broadly Marxist in nature. Global polls identified him as one of the leading intellectuals of the present day.
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Karl Jaspers
Karl Theodor Jaspers (February 23, 1883 – February 26, 1969) was a German psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy. After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system. He was often viewed as a major exponent of existentialism in Germany, though he did not accept this label.
Jaspers was born in Oldenburg in 1883 to a mother from a local farming community, and a jurist father. He showed an early interest in philosophy, but his father's experience with the legal system undoubtedly influenced his decision to study law at university. It soon became clear that Jaspers did not particularly enjoy law, and he switched to studying medicine in 1902 with a thesis about criminology. In 1910 he married Gertrud Mayer (1879-1974), the sister of his close friends Gustav and Ernst Mayer.
Jaspers graduated from medical school in 1909 and began work at a psychiatric hospital in Heidelberg where Emil Kraepelin had worked some years earlier. Jaspers became dissatisfied with the way the medical community of the time approached the study of mental illness and set himself the task of improving the psychiatric approach. In 1913 Jaspers gained a temporary post as a psychology teacher at Heidelberg University. The post later became permanent, and Jaspers never returned to clinical practice. During this time Jaspers was a close friend of the Weber family (Max Weber also having held a professorship at Heidelberg).
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Karl Pearson
Karl Pearson FRS (27 March 1857 – 27 April 1936) was an influential English mathematician who has been credited for establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics.
In 1911 he founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London. He was a proponent of eugenics, and a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton.
A sesquicentenary conference was held in London on 23 March 2007, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of his birth.
Carl Pearson, later known as Karl Pearson (1857–1936), was born to William Pearson and Fanny Smith, who had three children, Aurthur, Carl (Karl) and Amy. William Pearson also sired an illegitimate son, Frederick Mockett.
Pearson's mother, Fanny Pearson née Smith, came from a family of master mariners who sailed their own ships from Hull; his father read law at Edinburgh and was a successful barrister and Queen's Counsel (QC). William Pearson's father's family came from the North Riding of Yorkshire.
"Carl Pearson" inadvertently became "Karl Pearson" when he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg in 1879, which changed the spelling. He used both variants of his name until 1884 when he finally adopted Karl — supposedly also after Karl Marx[citation needed], though some argue otherwise. Eventually he became universally known as "KP".
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Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper, CH FRSFBA (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austro-Britishphilosopher and professor at the London School of Economics. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century; he also wrote extensively on social and political philosophy.
Popper is known for his attempt to repudiate the classical observationalist/inductivist form of scientific method in favour of empirical falsification. He is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy". In political discourse, he is known for his vigorous defence of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism that he came to believe made a flourishing "open society" possible.
Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a legal partner[clarification needed] of Vienna's liberal mayor Raimond Grübl and, after his death in 1898, took over the firm (Karl received his middle name from the mayor).
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Larry Laudan
Larry Laudan (b. Austin, Texas, 1941) is a contemporary philosopher of science and epistemologist. He has strongly criticized the traditions of positivism, realism, and relativism, and he has defended a view of science as a privileged and progressive institution against popular challenges. Laudan's philosophical view of "research traditions" is seen as an important alternative to Imre Lakatos's "research programs."
His most important contributions to the philosophy of science can be found in his book Progress and its Problems (1977) while acting as chair of the history and philosophy of science department at the University of Pittsburgh. Laudan charges philosophers of science with paying lip service to the view that “science is fundamentally a problem-solving activity” without taking seriously the view's implications for the history of science and its philosophy, and without questioning certain issues in the historiography and methodology of science. Against empiricism, which is represented by Karl Popper, and "revolutionism," represented by Thomas Kuhn, Laudan maintained in Progress and its Problems that science is an evolving process that accumulates more empirically validated evidence while solving conceptual anomalies at the same time. Mere evidence collecting or empirical confirmation does not constitute the true mechanism of scientific advancement; conceptual resolution and comparison of the solutions of anomalies provided by various theories form an indispensable part of the evolution of science.
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Max Weber
Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber (German pronunciation: [ˈmaks ˈveːbɐ]; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist who profoundly influenced social theory, social research, and the discipline of sociology itself.
Weber was a key proponent of methodological antipositivism, presenting sociology as a non-empiricist field which must study social action through interpretive means based upon understanding the meanings and purposes that individuals attach to their own actions. Weber is often cited, with Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.
Weber's main intellectual concern was understanding the processes of rationalisation, secularization, and "disenchantment" that he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity. Weber argued that the most important difference among societies is not how people produce things but how people think about the world. In Weber’s view, modern society was the product of a new way of thinking. Weber is perhaps best known for his thesis combining economic sociology and the sociology of religion, elaborated in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Weber proposed that ascetic Protestantism was one of the major "elective affinities" associated with the rise of capitalism, bureaucracy and the rational-legal nation-state in the Western world. Against Marx's "historical materialism," Weber emphasised the importance of cultural influences embedded in religion as a means for understanding the genesis of capitalism. The Protestant Ethic formed the earliest part in Weber's broader investigations into world religion: he would go on to examine the religions of China, the religions of India and ancient Judaism, with particular regard to the apparent non-development of capitalism in the corresponding societies, as well as to their differing forms of social stratification.
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Meister Eckhart
Eckhart von Hochheim O.P. (c. 1260 – c. 1327), commonly known as Meister Eckhart, was a German theologian, philosopher and mystic, born near Gotha, in the Landgraviate of Thuringia in the Holy Roman Empire. Meister is German for "Master", referring to the academic title Magister in theologia he obtained in Paris. Coming into prominence during the Avignon Papacy and a time of increased tensions between the Franciscans and Eckhart's Dominican Order of Friars Preachers, he was brought up on charges later in life before the local Franciscan-led Inquisition.
Tried as a heretic by Pope John XXII, his "Defence" is famous for his reasoned arguments to all challenged articles of his writing and his refutation of heretical intent. He purportedly died before his verdict was received, although no record of his death or burial site has ever been discovered. He was well known for his work with pious lay groups such as the Friends of God and succeeded by his more circumspect disciples of John Tauler and Henry Suso.[citation needed] In his study of medieval humanism, Richard Southern includes him along with Saint Bede the Venerable and Saint Anselm as emblematic of the intellectual spirit of the Middle Ages.
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Nicholas of Cusa
Nicholas of Kues (1401 – August 11, 1464), also referred to as Nicolaus Cusanus and Nicholas of Cusa, was a cardinal of the Catholic Church from Germany (Holy Roman Empire), a philosopher, theologian, jurist, mathematician, and an astronomer. He is widely considered one of the great geniuses and polymaths of the 15th century. He is today recognized for significant spiritual, scientific and political contributions in European history, notable examples of which include his mystical or spiritual writings on 'learned ignorance' (and mathematical ideas expressed in related essays), as well as his participation in power struggles between Rome and the German states of the Holy Roman Empire.
Nicholas of Cusa or Kues (Latinized as "Cusa") was the second of four children of Johan Krebs (or Cryfftz) and Katherina Roemer. His father was "a prosperous boat owner and ferryman." He entered the University of Heidelberg in 1416 as "a cleric of the diocese of Trier" studying the liberal arts. He then received his doctorate in Canon law from the University of Padua in 1423. Afterwards, he entered the University of Cologne in 1425 as "a doctor of canon law" which it appears he both taught and practiced there. Following this brief period in Cologne, he became secretary to Otto of Ziegenhain, the Archbishop of Trier, and represented him in Rome in 1427. After the death of Otto, during the period when the archbishopric of Trier was contested by opposing parties, he attended the Council of Basel (1431–49), representing Ulrich von Manderscheid, one of the claimants.
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Otto Neurath
Otto Neurath (Vienna, December 10, 1882 - Oxford, December 22, 1945) was an Austrian philosopher of science, sociologist, and political economist. Before he was to flee his native country in 1934, Neurath was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Circle.
Neurath was born in Vienna, the son of Wilhelm Neurath (1840–1901), a well-known political economist at the time. He studied mathematics in Vienna and gained his Ph.D. in the department of Political Science and Statistics at the University of Berlin.
He married Anna Schapire in 1907. She died as a result of childbirth (Paul Neurath) in 1911, and he married a close friend, the mathematician and philosopher Olga Hahn. Perhaps because of Olga's blindness and then because of the outbreak of war, his son, Paul Neurath was sent to a children's home outside Vienna, where Neurath's mother lived, and returned to live with his father and Olga when he was nine years old.
Neurath taught political economy at the Neue Wiener Handelsakademie (New College of Commerce, Vienna) until war broke out. Subsequently he became director of the Deutsches Kriegwirtschaftsmuseum (German Museum of War Economy, later the Deutsches Wirtschaftmuseum) at Leipzig. Wolfgang Schumann, known from the Dürerbund for which Neurath had written many articles, urged him to work out a plan for socialization. Neurath joined the German Social Democratic Party in 1918-19 and ran an office for central economic planning in Munich. When the Bavarian Soviet Republic was defeated, Neurath was imprisoned but returned to Austria after intervention from the Austrian government. While in prison he wrote "Anti-Spengler", a critical attack on Oswald Spengler's "Decline of the West".
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Paul Feyerabend
Paul Karl Feyerabend (January 13, 1924 – February 11, 1994) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science best known for his work as a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, where he worked for three decades (1958–1989). He lived a peripatetic life, living at various times in England, the United States, New Zealand, Italy, Germany, and finally Switzerland. His major works include Against Method (published in 1975), Science in a Free Society (published in 1978) and Farewell to Reason (a collection of papers published in 1987). Feyerabend became famous for his purportedly anarchistic view of science and his rejection of the existence of universal methodological rules. He is an influential figure in the philosophy of science, and also in the sociology of scientific knowledge.
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Paul Häberlin
Paul Haeberlin (February 17, 1878, Kesswil – September 29, 1960, Basel) was a Swiss philosopher who at different times in his career took the standpoint that either religion or theoretical knowledge was the answer to human problems. He always gave philosophy an important role, but religion was to him the only way man could understand his real position in existence. Haeberlin made contributions to characterology and psychotherapeutics, and was especially successful in treating psychopathic youth and teens. Made a full professor of philosophy, psychology and pedagogics at the University of Basel.
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Pierre Duhem
Pierre Maurice Marie Duhem ([pjˈɛʁ moʁˈis maʁˈi dyˈɛm] ( listen); 9 June 1861 – 14 September 1916) was a French physicist, mathematician and philosopher of science, best known for his writings on the indeterminacy of experimental criteria and on scientific development in the Middle Ages. Duhem also made major contributions to the science of his day, particularly in the fields of hydrodynamics, elasticity, and thermodynamics.
Duhem's views on the philosophy of science are explicated in The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. In this work, he opposed Newton's statement that the Principia's law of universal mutual gravitation was deduced from 'phenomena', including Kepler's second and third laws. Newton's claims in this regard had already been attacked by critical proof-analyses of the German logician Leibniz and then most famously by Immanuel Kant, following Hume's logical critique of induction. But the novelty of Duhem's work was his proposal that Newton's theory of universal mutual gravity flatly contradicted Kepler's Laws of planetary motion because the interplanetary mutual gravitational perturbations caused deviations from Keplerian orbits. Since no proposition can be validly logically deduced from any it contradicts, according to Duhem, Newton must not have logically deduced his law of gravitation directly from Kepler's Laws.
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Pierre Gassendi
Pierre Gassendi (January 22, 1592 – October 24, 1655) was a French philosopher, priest, scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals. He was also an active observational scientist, publishing the first data on the transit of Mercury in 1631. The lunar crater Gassendi is named after him.
He wrote numerous philosophical works, and some of the positions he worked out are considered significant, finding a way between scepticism and dogmatism. Richard Popkin indicates that Gassendi was one of the first thinkers to formulate the modern "scientific outlook", of moderated scepticism and empiricism. He clashed with his contemporary Descartes on the possibility of certain knowledge. His best known intellectual project attempted to reconcile Epicurean atomism with Christianity.
Gassendi was born at Champtercier, near Digne, in France. A youthful prodigy, at a very early age he showed academic potential and attended the college at Digne, where he displayed a particular aptitude for languages and mathematics. Soon afterwards he entered the University of Aix-en-Provence, to study philosophy under Philibert Fesaye. In 1612 the college of Digne called him to lecture on theology. Four years later he received the degree of Doctor of Theology at Avignon, and in 1617 he took holy orders. In the same year he answered a call to the chair of philosophy at Aix-en-Provence University, and seems gradually to have withdrawn from theology.
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Plato
Plato ( /ˈpleɪtoʊ/; Greek: Πλάτων, Plátōn, "broad"; 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. In the words of A. N. Whitehead:
The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealth of general ideas scattered through them.
Plato's sophistication as a writer is evident in his Socratic dialogues; thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters have been ascribed to him. Plato's writings have been published in several fashions; this has led to several conventions regarding the naming and referencing of Plato's texts. Plato's dialogues have been used to teach a range of subjects, including philosophy, logic, ethics, rhetoric, and mathematics.
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René Descartes
René Descartes (French pronunciation: [ʁəne dekaʁt]; Latinized form: Renatus Cartesius; adjectival form: "Cartesian"; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system — allowing algebraic equations to be expressed as geometric shapes in a two-dimensional coordinate system — was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytical geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution and has been described as an example of genius.
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Richard Bentall
Richard Bentall (born 1956) is currently appointed as a Chair of Clinical Psychology at the University of Bangor in Wales, UK and is a Chartered Clinical Psychologist. Born in Sheffield, he attended the University College of North Wales, Bangor as an undergraduate before registering for a Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology at the same institution. After being awarded his doctorate, he moved to the University of Liverpool to undertake professional training as a Clinical Psychologist. He later returned to his alma mater of Liverpool to work as a lecturer, after a brief stint working for the National Health Service as a Forensic Clinical Psychologist. In later years, he studied an MA in Philosophy Applied to Healthcare from University of Wales, Swansea. He was eventually promoted to Professor of Clinical Psychology at University of Liverpool. In 1999, he accepted a position at the University of Manchester, collaborating with the numerous researchers working in understanding the psychology and treatment of psychotic experiences.
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Robert Kilwardby
Robert Kilwardby (c. 1215–11 September 1279) was an Archbishop of Canterbury in England and as well as a cardinal.
Kilwardby studied at the University of Paris, then was a teacher of grammar and logic there. He then joined the Dominican Order and studied theology, and became regent at Oxford University before 1261, probably by 1245. He was named provincial prior of the Dominicans for England in 1261, and in October 1272 Pope Gregory X appointed him as Archbishop of Canterbury to end a disupte over the election. Kilwardby was provided to the archbishopric on 11 October 1272, given the temporalities on 12 December 1272, and consecrated on 26 February 1273.
Kilwardby crowned Edward I and his wife Eleanor as king and queen of England in August 1274, but otherwise took little part in politics. He instead concentrated on his ecclesiastical duties, including charity to the poor and donating to the Dominicans.
In 1278 Pope Nicholas III named Kilwardby Cardinal Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina. He then resigned Canterbury and left England, taking with him papers, registers and documents belonging to the see. He also left the see deep in debt again, after his predecessor had cleared the debt. He died in Italy in 1279 and was buried in the Dominican convent in Viterbo, Italy. While in theory this was a promotion, probably it was not, as the pope was unhappy with Kilwardy's support of efforts to resist the payment of papal revenues and with the lack of effort towards the reforms demanded at the Second Council of Lyon in 1274.
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Roger Bacon
Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), (scholastic accolade Doctor Mirabilis, meaning "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method inspired by the works of Aristotle and later pseudo-Aristotelian works, like the works of Muslim scientist Alhazen. However, more recent reevaluations emphasize that he was essentially a medieval thinker, with much of his "experimental" knowledge obtained from books, in the scholastic tradition. A survey of the reception of Bacon's work over centuries found that it often reflects the concerns and controversies central to the receivers.
Roger Bacon was born in Ilchester in Somerset, England, possibly in 1213 or 1214 at the Ilchester Friary. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the Opus Tertium, written in 1267, that "forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet". The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and may have meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220/1222. In the same passage he reports that for all but two of those forty years he had always been engaged in study. His family appears to have been well-off, but, during the stormy reign of Henry III of England, their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile.
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Rudolf Bultmann
Rudolf Karl Bultmann (August 20, 1884, Wiefelstede – July 30, 1976, Marburg) was a German Lutheran theologian and New Testament scholar who was one of the major figures of 20th century biblical studies and a prominent voice in liberal Christianity. Bultmann was for three decades professor of New Testament Studies at the University of Marburg. He is perhaps most well-known for his concept of demythology, which called for theologians to make an almost complete split between history and faith, taking out any perceived mythic elements from the Christian faith. Bultmann contended that only the bare fact of Christ crucified was necessary for Christian faith. He was also a friend and colleague of the influential philosopher Martin Heidegger, who had a profound influence on Bultmann's work.
Bultmann was born in Wiefelstede, Oldenburg, the son of Arthur Kennedy Bultmann, a Lutheran minister. He did his Abitur at the Altes Gymnasium in Oldenburg, and studied theology at Tübingen. After three terms, Bultmann went to the University of Berlin for two terms, and finally to Marburg for two more terms. He received his degree in 1910 from Marburg with a dissertation on the Epistles of St Paul. After submitting a Habilitation two years later, he became a lecturer on the New Testament at Marburg.
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Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (May 18, 1891 – September 14, 1970) was an influential German-born philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter. He was a major member of the Vienna Circle and an advocate of logical positivism.
Carnap was born to a west German family that had been humble until his parents' generation. He began his formal education at the Barmen Gymnasium. From 1910 to 1914, he attended the University of Jena, intending to write a thesis in physics. But he also studied carefully Kant's Critique of Pure Reason during a course taught by Bruno Bauch, and was one of very few students to attend Gottlob Frege's courses in mathematical logic. After serving in the German army during World War I for three years, he was given permission to study physics at the University of Berlin, 1917–18, where Albert Einstein was a newly appointed professor. Carnap then attended the University of Jena, where he wrote a thesis defining an axiomatic theory of space and time. The physics department said it was too philosophical, and Bruno Bauch of the philosophy department said it was pure physics. Carnap then wrote another thesis, with Bauch's supervision, on the theory of space in a more orthodox Kantian style, and published as Der Raum (Space) in a supplemental issue of Kant-Studien (1922). In it he makes the clear distinction between formal, physical and perceptual (e.g., visual) spaces.
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Stephen Toulmin
Stephen Edelston Toulmin (25 March 1922 - 4 December 2009) was a British philosopher, author, and educator. Influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, Toulmin devoted his works to the analysis of moral reasoning. Throughout his writings, he sought to develop practical arguments which can be used effectively in evaluating the ethics behind moral issues. His works were later found useful in the field of rhetoric for analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, was considered his most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric and communication, and in computer science.
Stephen Toulmin was born in London, England, on 25 March 1922 to Geoffrey Edelson Toulmin and Doris Holman Toulmin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from King's College, Cambridge in 1942. Soon after, Toulmin was hired by the Ministry of Aircraft Production as a junior scientific officer, first at the Malvern Radar Research and Development Station and later at the Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Germany. At the end of World War II, he returned to England to earn a Master of Arts degree in 1947 and a PhD in philosophy from Cambridge University, subsequently publishing his dissertation as An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). While at Cambridge, Toulmin came into contact with the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, whose examination on the relationship between the uses and the meanings of language shaped much of Toulmin’s own work.
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Søren Kierkegaard
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (/ˈsɔrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑrd/ or /ˈkɪərkəɡɔr/; Danish: [ˈsɶːɐn ˈkiɐ̯ɡəɡɒːˀ] ( listen)) (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish philosopher, theologian and religious author. He was a critic of idealist intellectuals and philosophers of his time, such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel. He was also critical of the state and practice of Christianity, primarily that of the Church of Denmark. He is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher.
Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over abstract thinking, and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment.
His theological work focuses on Christian ethics, on the institution of the Church, and on the differences between purely objective proofs of Christianity. He wrote of the individual's subjective relationship to Jesus Christ, the God-Man, which came through faith. Much of his work deals with the art of Christian love.
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Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), in some older texts Thomas Hobbs of Malmsbury, was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.
Hobbes was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign but he also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid.
He was one of the founders of modern political philosophy. His understanding of humans as being matter and motion, obeying the same physical laws as other matter and motion, remains influential; and his account of human nature as self-interested cooperation, and of political communities as being based upon a "social contract" remains one of the major topics of political philosophy.
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Wikipedia Persondata
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Wilhelm Windelband
Wilhelm Windelband (May 11, 1848, Potsdam – October 22, 1915, Heidelberg) was a German philosopher of the Baden School.
Windelband is now mainly remembered for the terms nomothetic and idiographic, which he introduced. These have currency in psychology and other areas, though not necessarily in line with his original meanings. Windelband was a neo-Kantian who protested other neo-Kantians of his time and maintained that "to understand Kant rightly means to go beyond him". Against his positivist contemporaries, Windelband argued that philosophy should engage in humanistic dialogue with the natural sciences rather than uncritically appropriating its methodologies. His interests in psychology and cultural sciences represented an opposition to psychologism and historicism schools by a critical philosophic system.
Windelband relied in his effort to reach beyond Kant on such philosophers as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Johann Friedrich Herbart and Hermann Lotze. Closely associated with Windelband was Heinrich Rickert. Windelband's disciples were not only noted philosophers, but sociologists like Max Weber and theologians like Ernst Troeltsch and Albert Schweitzer.
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Wilhelm Wundt
Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (16 August 1832 - 31 August 1920 in Germany) was a German physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, and professor, known today as one of the founding figures of modern psychology. He is widely regarded as the "father of experimental psychology". In 1879, Wundt founded the first formal laboratory for psychological research at the University of Leipzig.
By creating this laboratory he was able to explore the nature of religious beliefs, identify mental disorders and abnormal behavior, and find damaged parts of the brain. In doing so, he was able to establish psychology as a separate science from other topics. He also formed the first journal for psychological research in 1881.
Asteroids 635 Vundtia and 11040 Wundt are named in his honour.
Wundt was born at Neckarau, Baden on August 16th, 1832 (now part of Mannheim), the fourth child to parents Maximilian Wundt (a Lutheran minister), and his wife Marie Frederike. When about four years of age, Wundt's family moved to Heidelsheim which was known to be a small town. He studied from 1851 to 1856 at the University of Tübingen, University of Heidelberg, and the University of Berlin. After graduating in medicine from Heidelberg (1856), Wundt studied briefly with Johannes Peter Müller, before joining the University's staff, becoming an assistant to the physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholtz in 1858. There he wrote Contributions to the Theory of Sense Perception (1858–62). In 1865, he wrote a textbook about human physiology. In 1867 he became a professor in acquainting medical students with the exact physical needs for medical investigation. In 1874, he became a professor of "Inductive Philosophy" in Zurich. In 1875, he moved back to Leipzig.
wn.com/Wilhelm_Wundt -
William of Ockham
William of Ockham ( /ˈɒkəm/; also Occam, Hockham, or several other spellings; c. 1288 – c. 1348) was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey. He is considered to be one of the major figures of medieval thought and was at the centre of the major intellectual and political controversies of the fourteenth century. Although he is commonly known for Ockham's razor, the methodological principle that bears his name, William of Ockham also produced significant works on logic, physics, and theology. In the Church of England, his day of commemoration is 10 April.
William of Ockham joined the Franciscan order at an early age. It is believed that he studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but never completed his master's degree (the usual undergraduate degree in those times). Because of this, he acquired the byname Venerabilis Inceptor, or "Worthy Beginner" (an inceptor was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). He was also known as the Doctor Invincibilis or "Unconquerable Teacher."
wn.com/William_of_Ockham -
William Whewell
William Whewell ( /ˈhjuːəl/ HEW-əl; 24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. He was Master of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Whewell was born in Lancaster. His father, a carpenter, wished him to follow his trade, but his success in mathematics at Lancaster and Heversham grammar schools won him an exhibition (a type of scholarship) at Trinity College, Cambridge (1812). In 1814 he was awarded the Chancellor's Gold Medal for poetry. He was Second Wrangler in 1816, President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1817, became fellow and tutor of his college, and, in 1841, succeeded Dr Christopher Wordsworth as master. He was professor of mineralogy from 1828 to 1832 and Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy (then called "moral theology and casuistical divinity") from 1838 to 1855.
Whewell died in Cambridge 1866 as a result of a fall from his horse.
Full bibliographical details are given by Isaac Todhunter, W. Whewell: an Account of his Writings (2 vols., 1876). See also Life of W. Whewell, by Mrs Stair Douglas (1881).
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Xavier Tilliette
Xavier Tilliette is a French philosopher, historian of philosophy and theologian, born on July 23, 1921, in Corbie (Somme). Former student of Jean Wahl and of Vladimir Jankélévitch, he is a member of the Society of Jesus (1938) and professor emeritus at the Catholic Institute of Paris (1969), at the Pontifical Gregorian University of Rome (1972), at the Lateran University and at the Centre Sèvres in Paris.
Xavier Tilliette also taught philosophy at various universities as a "visiting professor" in France and abroad : Lima, Santiago, Berlin, Bremen, Fribourg, Heidelberg, Hamburg, Munich, Bonn, Tübingen, Turin, Ferrara, Urbino, Rome, Macerata, Naples, Palermo. He speaks fluent English, Italian, German and Spanish, in addition to Latin, Greek and Hebrew, and he reads Portuguese and Danish.
Specialist of Schelling and of Jaspers, he has been developing since the 1970s a "philosophical christology" which he initiated. In the tradition of Schelling and of Maurice Blondel, he defends and illustrates the idea of a Christian philosophy born from the Revelation. He is also a specialist of Claudel, of phenomenology (Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty) and of German idealism.
wn.com/Xavier_Tilliette
Famous quotes by Karl Jaspers:
"Conflicts may be the sources of defeat, lost life and a limitation of our potentiality but they may also lead to greater depth of living and the birth of more far-reaching unities, which flourish in the tensions that engender them"
"Reason is like an open secret that can become known to anyone at any time; it is the quiet space into which everyone can enter through his own thought"
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Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
1968
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Ein_Selbstportrait_1_3
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee and Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee, Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time xial Age or Axial Period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the Axis Age. Jaspers, in his Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History), identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged. Jaspers saw in these developments in religion and philosophy a striking parallel without any obvious direct transmission of ideas from one region to the other, having found no recorded proof of any extensive intercommunication between Ancient Greece, the Middle East, India, and China. Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared. Jaspers' approach to the culture of the middle of the first millennium BC has been adopted by other scholars and academics, and has become a point of discussion in the history of religion. Jaspers argued that during the Axial Age "the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Judea, and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still ...
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers,_Arnold_Toynbee_and_Eric_Voegelin_on_the_Axis_of_Time
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee, Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time xial Age or Axial Period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the Axis Age. Jaspers, in his Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History), identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged. Jaspers saw in these developments in religion and philosophy a striking parallel without any obvious direct transmission of ideas from one region to the other, having found no recorded proof of any extensive intercommunication between Ancient Greece, the Middle East, India, and China. Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared. Jaspers' approach to the culture of the middle of the first millennium BC has been adopted by other scholars and academics, and has become a point of discussion in the history of religion. Jaspers argued that during the Axial Age "the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Judea, and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still ...
- published: 18 Sep 2012
- views: 533
- author: Uncle Theodor
Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
4 mins english translation
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers
Professor Landau discusses Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Professor Iddo Landau reflects on a philosophical passage from Karl Jaspers' book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
http://wn.com/Professor_Landau_discusses_Karl_Jaspers
Professor Iddo Landau reflects on a philosophical passage from Karl Jaspers' book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
- published: 06 May 2011
- views: 787
- author: TransSophia
Karl Jaspers on Boundary Situations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a passage from Karl Jasper's book "Way to Wisdom," in which Jaspers explains his important concept of Boundary Situations. These are situations which we cannot avoid - such as death, chance, and guilt - and which can take us back to ourselves. The video is part of a series of videos on self-transformation, www.PhiloLife.net, run by Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala.
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_on_Boundary_Situations
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a passage from Karl Jasper's book "Way to Wisdom," in which Jaspers explains his important concept of Boundary Situations. These are situations which we cannot avoid - such as death, chance, and guilt - and which can take us back to ourselves. The video is part of a series of videos on self-transformation, www.PhiloLife.net, run by Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala.
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 607
- author: TransSophia
Gespräch mit Hans Saner über Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:01
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Gesendet als Podcast am Sonntag, 20. April 2008 SF
http://wn.com/Gespräch_mit_Hans_Saner_über_Karl_Jaspers
Existenzphilosophie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Karl Theodor Jaspers (* 23. Februar 1883 in Oldenburg; † 26. Februar 1969 in Basel) war ein deutscher Psychiater, der als Philosoph weit über Deutschland hinaus bekannt wurde. Der Begriff Existenzphilosophie bezeichnet eine philosophische Richtung, die im Zentrum ihres Denkens die Existenz des Menschen im weitesten Sinne hat. Innerhalb der Existenzphilosophie werden zwar verschiedene Positionen beschrieben, die sich jedoch alle durch den grundlegenden Vorrang der Erhellung des eigentlichen Existierens vor allem spekulativen Idealismus oder dem Wissenschaftsglauben des Positivismus auszeichnen. Von der Existenzphilosophie im allgemeinen Sinne kann der Existentialismus als besondere Ausdrucksform der französischen Existenzphilosophie unterschieden werden. Jaspers gilt als herausragender Vertreter der Existenzphilosophie, die er vom Existentialismus Jean-Paul Sartres strikt unterschied. Er war zunächst Lehrer und anschließend lebenslanger Freund von Hannah Arendt, mit der ihn auch ein jahrzehntelanger Briefwechsel verband. Auch mit Martin Heidegger stand er in Briefwechsel, der in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus unterbrochen nach dem Krieg nur noch spärlich war. Mit Max Weber, Hans W. Gruhle und Kurt Schneider verband ihn eine langjährige Freundschaft. Ursprünglich Mediziner hat Jaspers grundlegend zur wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung der Psychiatrie beigetragen. Sein philosophisches Werk wirkt insbesondere in den Bereichen der Religionsphilosophie, Geschichtsphilosophie und ...
http://wn.com/Existenzphilosophie
Karl Theodor Jaspers (* 23. Februar 1883 in Oldenburg; † 26. Februar 1969 in Basel) war ein deutscher Psychiater, der als Philosoph weit über Deutschland hinaus bekannt wurde. Der Begriff Existenzphilosophie bezeichnet eine philosophische Richtung, die im Zentrum ihres Denkens die Existenz des Menschen im weitesten Sinne hat. Innerhalb der Existenzphilosophie werden zwar verschiedene Positionen beschrieben, die sich jedoch alle durch den grundlegenden Vorrang der Erhellung des eigentlichen Existierens vor allem spekulativen Idealismus oder dem Wissenschaftsglauben des Positivismus auszeichnen. Von der Existenzphilosophie im allgemeinen Sinne kann der Existentialismus als besondere Ausdrucksform der französischen Existenzphilosophie unterschieden werden. Jaspers gilt als herausragender Vertreter der Existenzphilosophie, die er vom Existentialismus Jean-Paul Sartres strikt unterschied. Er war zunächst Lehrer und anschließend lebenslanger Freund von Hannah Arendt, mit der ihn auch ein jahrzehntelanger Briefwechsel verband. Auch mit Martin Heidegger stand er in Briefwechsel, der in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus unterbrochen nach dem Krieg nur noch spärlich war. Mit Max Weber, Hans W. Gruhle und Kurt Schneider verband ihn eine langjährige Freundschaft. Ursprünglich Mediziner hat Jaspers grundlegend zur wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung der Psychiatrie beigetragen. Sein philosophisches Werk wirkt insbesondere in den Bereichen der Religionsphilosophie, Geschichtsphilosophie und ...
- published: 17 Jul 2009
- views: 24073
- author: vitrohype
KARL JASPERS UN AUTORRETRATO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:15
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Esta entrevista encierra no sólo un valor documental de enorme valor en sí mismo, sino que debería servir también como contraste para valorar la función de la universidad, de la libertad de expresión y la libertad de conocimiento y de investigación.
http://wn.com/KARL_JASPERS_UN_AUTORRETRATO
Esta entrevista encierra no sólo un valor documental de enorme valor en sí mismo, sino que debería servir también como contraste para valorar la función de la universidad, de la libertad de expresión y la libertad de conocimiento y de investigación.
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 387
- author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (2/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:28
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
1968
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Ein_Selbstportrait_2_3
Karl Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Kapitel 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:51
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Inhalt I. Was ist Philosophie} Philosophie ist umstritten Wissenschaft und Philosophie 9 Philosophie ohne Wissenschaft Jeder hält sich für urteilsfähig - Kinderfragen - Geisteskranke - Öffentliche Redewendungen
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Einführung_in_die_Philosophie_Kapitel_1
Inhalt I. Was ist Philosophie} Philosophie ist umstritten Wissenschaft und Philosophie 9 Philosophie ohne Wissenschaft Jeder hält sich für urteilsfähig - Kinderfragen - Geisteskranke - Öffentliche Redewendungen
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 6985
- author: tueku
Giovanni Stanghellini: la Psicopatologia Generale di Karl Jaspers compie 100 anni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Durante le XIII GIORNATE PSICHIATRICHE ASCOLANE abbiamo incontrato e intervistato il Prof. Giovanni Stanghellini, Facoltà di Psicologia Università di Chieti
http://wn.com/Giovanni_Stanghellini_la_Psicopatologia_Generale_di_Karl_Jaspers_compie_100_anni
Durante le XIII GIORNATE PSICHIATRICHE ASCOLANE abbiamo incontrato e intervistato il Prof. Giovanni Stanghellini, Facoltà di Psicologia Università di Chieti
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 1134
- author: PsychiatryonlineITA1
Karl Jaspers's The Origin and Goal of History by John David Ebert Part One 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
The rest of this series is now available for download exclusively on Google Play at: play.google.com Chapter One: The Axial Period; My new book "The Age of Catastrophe" is out and can be ordered on Amazon at www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers's_The_Origin_and_Goal_of_History_by_John_David_Ebert_Part_One_1_2
The rest of this series is now available for download exclusively on Google Play at: play.google.com Chapter One: The Axial Period; My new book "The Age of Catastrophe" is out and can be ordered on Amazon at www.amazon.com
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 328
- author: johndavidebert
Karls Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Teil 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:10
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
******************** KARL JASPERS ******************** * Oldenburg (Oldenburg) 23. 2. 1883, † Basel 26. 2. 1969; Studium der Medizin in Berlin, Göttingen und Heidelberg, danach Assistent an der psychiatrischen Klinik in Heidelberg, seit 1916 Professor für Psychologie in Heidelberg, seit 1920 für Philosophie ebenda, unter dem Nationalsozialismus Lehrverbot (1933--45), weil seine Ehefrau Jüdin war; nach Kriegsende wieder Professor in Heidelberg. Aus Enttäuschung über die politische Entwicklung verließ Jaspers Deutschland und war 1948--61 Professor für Philosophie in Basel. Jaspers erhielt 1958 den Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, 1959 den Erasmuspreis. -- Jaspers war auf drei Gebieten tätig: 1) der Psychiatrie, 2) der Philosophie, 3) als politischer Schriftsteller. Im Zentrum aller seiner Aktivitäten stand jedoch seine Philosophie der möglichen Existenz. Zunächst schuf Jaspers eine geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Psychopathologie des »einfühlenden Verstehens« (»Allgemeine Psychopathologie«, 1913). Bereits mit dem von W. Dilthey und M. Weber beeinflussten Versuch einer Typologie der möglichen Weltanschauungen (»Psychologie der Weltanschauungen«, 1919) wandte er sich aus der Erfahrung der Begrenztheit und Ergänzungsbedürftigkeit rationalwissenschaftlicher Welterkenntnis der Existenzphilosophie zu. In seinem ersten philosophischen Hauptwerk, das er »Philosophie« (1932, 3 Bände) betitelte, greift er die drei großen Themenfelder traditioneller Philosophie -- Welt ...
http://wn.com/Karls_Jaspers_Einführung_in_die_Philosophie_Teil_1
******************** KARL JASPERS ******************** * Oldenburg (Oldenburg) 23. 2. 1883, † Basel 26. 2. 1969; Studium der Medizin in Berlin, Göttingen und Heidelberg, danach Assistent an der psychiatrischen Klinik in Heidelberg, seit 1916 Professor für Psychologie in Heidelberg, seit 1920 für Philosophie ebenda, unter dem Nationalsozialismus Lehrverbot (1933--45), weil seine Ehefrau Jüdin war; nach Kriegsende wieder Professor in Heidelberg. Aus Enttäuschung über die politische Entwicklung verließ Jaspers Deutschland und war 1948--61 Professor für Philosophie in Basel. Jaspers erhielt 1958 den Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, 1959 den Erasmuspreis. -- Jaspers war auf drei Gebieten tätig: 1) der Psychiatrie, 2) der Philosophie, 3) als politischer Schriftsteller. Im Zentrum aller seiner Aktivitäten stand jedoch seine Philosophie der möglichen Existenz. Zunächst schuf Jaspers eine geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Psychopathologie des »einfühlenden Verstehens« (»Allgemeine Psychopathologie«, 1913). Bereits mit dem von W. Dilthey und M. Weber beeinflussten Versuch einer Typologie der möglichen Weltanschauungen (»Psychologie der Weltanschauungen«, 1919) wandte er sich aus der Erfahrung der Begrenztheit und Ergänzungsbedürftigkeit rationalwissenschaftlicher Welterkenntnis der Existenzphilosophie zu. In seinem ersten philosophischen Hauptwerk, das er »Philosophie« (1932, 3 Bände) betitelte, greift er die drei großen Themenfelder traditioneller Philosophie -- Welt ...
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 6564
- author: eDysfunktion
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (3/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:28
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
1968
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Ein_Selbstportrait_3_3
Karl Jaspers - Wahrheit und Wissenschaft (Audio) 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Die Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung des philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens von den alten Griechen bis zu Werner Heisenberg (Zum 500jährigen Jubiläum der Universität Basel, 1960).
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Wahrheit_und_Wissenschaft_Audio_1_3
Die Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung des philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens von den alten Griechen bis zu Werner Heisenberg (Zum 500jährigen Jubiläum der Universität Basel, 1960).
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 2593
- author: thinkingchannel
Karl Jaspers, el gran filósofo alemán
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers,_el_gran_filósofo_alemán
Karl Jaspers ein Selbstportraet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:15
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_ein_Selbstportraet
Karl Jaspers 01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Subtítulos en español por Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre.
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_01
Subtítulos en español por Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre.
- published: 06 Mar 2011
- views: 5251
- author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
Ran Lahav reading from Jaspers' Way to Wisdom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a philosophical passage by Karl Jaspers' from his book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
http://wn.com/Ran_Lahav_reading_from_Jaspers'_Way_to_Wisdom
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a philosophical passage by Karl Jaspers' from his book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
- published: 11 Jun 2011
- views: 470
- author: TransSophia
In Curve Box Wave P2MR morph Henry Eyring Sr.,Karl Jaspers,Richard G. Scott,John Noble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:16
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/In_Curve_Box_Wave_P2MR_morph_Henry_Eyring_Sr,Karl_Jaspers,Richard_G_Scott,John_Noble
Hannah Arendt: Laudatio an Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:05
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Gehalten 1958 anlässlich der Verleihung des Friedenspreises des dt. Buchhandels an Karl Jaspers. *********************** HANNAH ARENDT *********************** Amerikanische politische Theoretikerin und Philosophin deutscher Herkunft, * Hannover 14. 10. 1906, † New York 4. 12. 1975; Schülerin u. a. von M. Heidegger und K. Jaspers, 1929--37 mit G. Anders, ging 1933 als Jüdin ins Pariser Exil, 1941 in die USA. Zunächst v. a. publizistisch tätig, wurde sie 1963 Professorin an der University of Chicago, 1967 an der New York School for Social Research. Aufsehen erregte sie u. a. mit ihrem Werk »The origins of totalitarianism« (1951; deutsch »Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft«), einer klassischen Studie zum Totalitarismus, sowie mit ihrem Bericht über den Eichmann-Prozess (»Eichmann in Jerusalem. A report of the banality of evil«, 1963; deutsch »Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen«). Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Sowjetkommunismus setzte eine nahezu weltweite Rezeption ihres Werks zu politisch-philosophischen Grundsatzfragen ein. Unterschiedliche politische und intellektuelle Strömungen berufen sich auf sie. ******* LINKS ******* Hannah Arendt-Zentrum der Universität Oldenburg: www.arendt-zentrum.uni-oldenburg.de Hannah-Arendt-Institut für Totalitarismusforschung der TU Dresden: www.hait.tu-dresden.de Hannah Arendt Center, New School for Social Research NY: www.newschool.edu HannahArendt.net - Zeitschrift für politisches Denken: www.hannaharendt ...
http://wn.com/Hannah_Arendt_Laudatio_an_Karl_Jaspers
Gehalten 1958 anlässlich der Verleihung des Friedenspreises des dt. Buchhandels an Karl Jaspers. *********************** HANNAH ARENDT *********************** Amerikanische politische Theoretikerin und Philosophin deutscher Herkunft, * Hannover 14. 10. 1906, † New York 4. 12. 1975; Schülerin u. a. von M. Heidegger und K. Jaspers, 1929--37 mit G. Anders, ging 1933 als Jüdin ins Pariser Exil, 1941 in die USA. Zunächst v. a. publizistisch tätig, wurde sie 1963 Professorin an der University of Chicago, 1967 an der New York School for Social Research. Aufsehen erregte sie u. a. mit ihrem Werk »The origins of totalitarianism« (1951; deutsch »Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft«), einer klassischen Studie zum Totalitarismus, sowie mit ihrem Bericht über den Eichmann-Prozess (»Eichmann in Jerusalem. A report of the banality of evil«, 1963; deutsch »Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen«). Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Sowjetkommunismus setzte eine nahezu weltweite Rezeption ihres Werks zu politisch-philosophischen Grundsatzfragen ein. Unterschiedliche politische und intellektuelle Strömungen berufen sich auf sie. ******* LINKS ******* Hannah Arendt-Zentrum der Universität Oldenburg: www.arendt-zentrum.uni-oldenburg.de Hannah-Arendt-Institut für Totalitarismusforschung der TU Dresden: www.hait.tu-dresden.de Hannah Arendt Center, New School for Social Research NY: www.newschool.edu HannahArendt.net - Zeitschrift für politisches Denken: www.hannaharendt ...
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 946
- author: eDysfunktion
karl jaspers-m07
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 27 Aug 2010
trabalho sobre o filosofo Karl Jaspers
http://wn.com/karl_jaspers-m07
Centochiodi pensiero Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 29 Feb 2012
http://wn.com/Centochiodi_pensiero_Karl_Jaspers
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Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
4 mins english translation
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
1968
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Ein_Selbstportrait_1_3
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee and Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee, Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time xial Age or Axial Period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the Axis Age. Jaspers, in his Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History), identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged. Jaspers saw in these developments in religion and philosophy a striking parallel without any obvious direct transmission of ideas from one region to the other, having found no recorded proof of any extensive intercommunication between Ancient Greece, the Middle East, India, and China. Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared. Jaspers' approach to the culture of the middle of the first millennium BC has been adopted by other scholars and academics, and has become a point of discussion in the history of religion. Jaspers argued that during the Axial Age "the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Judea, and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still ...
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers,_Arnold_Toynbee_and_Eric_Voegelin_on_the_Axis_of_Time
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee, Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time xial Age or Axial Period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the Axis Age. Jaspers, in his Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History), identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged. Jaspers saw in these developments in religion and philosophy a striking parallel without any obvious direct transmission of ideas from one region to the other, having found no recorded proof of any extensive intercommunication between Ancient Greece, the Middle East, India, and China. Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared. Jaspers' approach to the culture of the middle of the first millennium BC has been adopted by other scholars and academics, and has become a point of discussion in the history of religion. Jaspers argued that during the Axial Age "the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Judea, and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still ...
- published: 18 Sep 2012
- views: 533
- author: Uncle Theodor
Professor Landau discusses Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Professor Iddo Landau reflects on a philosophical passage from Karl Jaspers' book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
http://wn.com/Professor_Landau_discusses_Karl_Jaspers
Professor Iddo Landau reflects on a philosophical passage from Karl Jaspers' book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
- published: 06 May 2011
- views: 787
- author: TransSophia
Karl Jaspers on Boundary Situations
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a passage from Karl Jasper's book "Way to Wisdom," in which Jaspers explains his important concept of Boundary Situations. These are situations which we cannot avoid - such as death, chance, and guilt - and which can take us back to ourselves. The video is part of a series of videos on self-transformation, www.PhiloLife.net, run by Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala.
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_on_Boundary_Situations
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a passage from Karl Jasper's book "Way to Wisdom," in which Jaspers explains his important concept of Boundary Situations. These are situations which we cannot avoid - such as death, chance, and guilt - and which can take us back to ourselves. The video is part of a series of videos on self-transformation, www.PhiloLife.net, run by Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala.
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 607
- author: TransSophia
Gespräch mit Hans Saner über Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 58:01
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Gesendet als Podcast am Sonntag, 20. April 2008 SF
http://wn.com/Gespräch_mit_Hans_Saner_über_Karl_Jaspers
Existenzphilosophie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Karl Theodor Jaspers (* 23. Februar 1883 in Oldenburg; † 26. Februar 1969 in Basel) war ein deutscher Psychiater, der als Philosoph weit über Deutschland hinaus bekannt wurde. Der Begriff Existenzphilosophie bezeichnet eine philosophische Richtung, die im Zentrum ihres Denkens die Existenz des Menschen im weitesten Sinne hat. Innerhalb der Existenzphilosophie werden zwar verschiedene Positionen beschrieben, die sich jedoch alle durch den grundlegenden Vorrang der Erhellung des eigentlichen Existierens vor allem spekulativen Idealismus oder dem Wissenschaftsglauben des Positivismus auszeichnen. Von der Existenzphilosophie im allgemeinen Sinne kann der Existentialismus als besondere Ausdrucksform der französischen Existenzphilosophie unterschieden werden. Jaspers gilt als herausragender Vertreter der Existenzphilosophie, die er vom Existentialismus Jean-Paul Sartres strikt unterschied. Er war zunächst Lehrer und anschließend lebenslanger Freund von Hannah Arendt, mit der ihn auch ein jahrzehntelanger Briefwechsel verband. Auch mit Martin Heidegger stand er in Briefwechsel, der in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus unterbrochen nach dem Krieg nur noch spärlich war. Mit Max Weber, Hans W. Gruhle und Kurt Schneider verband ihn eine langjährige Freundschaft. Ursprünglich Mediziner hat Jaspers grundlegend zur wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung der Psychiatrie beigetragen. Sein philosophisches Werk wirkt insbesondere in den Bereichen der Religionsphilosophie, Geschichtsphilosophie und ...
http://wn.com/Existenzphilosophie
Karl Theodor Jaspers (* 23. Februar 1883 in Oldenburg; † 26. Februar 1969 in Basel) war ein deutscher Psychiater, der als Philosoph weit über Deutschland hinaus bekannt wurde. Der Begriff Existenzphilosophie bezeichnet eine philosophische Richtung, die im Zentrum ihres Denkens die Existenz des Menschen im weitesten Sinne hat. Innerhalb der Existenzphilosophie werden zwar verschiedene Positionen beschrieben, die sich jedoch alle durch den grundlegenden Vorrang der Erhellung des eigentlichen Existierens vor allem spekulativen Idealismus oder dem Wissenschaftsglauben des Positivismus auszeichnen. Von der Existenzphilosophie im allgemeinen Sinne kann der Existentialismus als besondere Ausdrucksform der französischen Existenzphilosophie unterschieden werden. Jaspers gilt als herausragender Vertreter der Existenzphilosophie, die er vom Existentialismus Jean-Paul Sartres strikt unterschied. Er war zunächst Lehrer und anschließend lebenslanger Freund von Hannah Arendt, mit der ihn auch ein jahrzehntelanger Briefwechsel verband. Auch mit Martin Heidegger stand er in Briefwechsel, der in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus unterbrochen nach dem Krieg nur noch spärlich war. Mit Max Weber, Hans W. Gruhle und Kurt Schneider verband ihn eine langjährige Freundschaft. Ursprünglich Mediziner hat Jaspers grundlegend zur wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung der Psychiatrie beigetragen. Sein philosophisches Werk wirkt insbesondere in den Bereichen der Religionsphilosophie, Geschichtsphilosophie und ...
- published: 17 Jul 2009
- views: 24073
- author: vitrohype
KARL JASPERS UN AUTORRETRATO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:15
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Esta entrevista encierra no sólo un valor documental de enorme valor en sí mismo, sino que debería servir también como contraste para valorar la función de la universidad, de la libertad de expresión y la libertad de conocimiento y de investigación.
http://wn.com/KARL_JASPERS_UN_AUTORRETRATO
Esta entrevista encierra no sólo un valor documental de enorme valor en sí mismo, sino que debería servir también como contraste para valorar la función de la universidad, de la libertad de expresión y la libertad de conocimiento y de investigación.
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 387
- author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (2/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:28
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
1968
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Ein_Selbstportrait_2_3
Karl Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Kapitel 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:51
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Inhalt I. Was ist Philosophie} Philosophie ist umstritten Wissenschaft und Philosophie 9 Philosophie ohne Wissenschaft Jeder hält sich für urteilsfähig - Kinderfragen - Geisteskranke - Öffentliche Redewendungen
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Einführung_in_die_Philosophie_Kapitel_1
Inhalt I. Was ist Philosophie} Philosophie ist umstritten Wissenschaft und Philosophie 9 Philosophie ohne Wissenschaft Jeder hält sich für urteilsfähig - Kinderfragen - Geisteskranke - Öffentliche Redewendungen
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 6985
- author: tueku
Giovanni Stanghellini: la Psicopatologia Generale di Karl Jaspers compie 100 anni
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:08
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
Durante le XIII GIORNATE PSICHIATRICHE ASCOLANE abbiamo incontrato e intervistato il Prof. Giovanni Stanghellini, Facoltà di Psicologia Università di Chieti
http://wn.com/Giovanni_Stanghellini_la_Psicopatologia_Generale_di_Karl_Jaspers_compie_100_anni
Durante le XIII GIORNATE PSICHIATRICHE ASCOLANE abbiamo incontrato e intervistato il Prof. Giovanni Stanghellini, Facoltà di Psicologia Università di Chieti
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 1134
- author: PsychiatryonlineITA1
Karls Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Teil 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:10
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
******************** KARL JASPERS ******************** * Oldenburg (Oldenburg) 23. 2. 1883, † Basel 26. 2. 1969; Studium der Medizin in Berlin, Göttingen und Heidelberg, danach Assistent an der psychiatrischen Klinik in Heidelberg, seit 1916 Professor für Psychologie in Heidelberg, seit 1920 für Philosophie ebenda, unter dem Nationalsozialismus Lehrverbot (1933--45), weil seine Ehefrau Jüdin war; nach Kriegsende wieder Professor in Heidelberg. Aus Enttäuschung über die politische Entwicklung verließ Jaspers Deutschland und war 1948--61 Professor für Philosophie in Basel. Jaspers erhielt 1958 den Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, 1959 den Erasmuspreis. -- Jaspers war auf drei Gebieten tätig: 1) der Psychiatrie, 2) der Philosophie, 3) als politischer Schriftsteller. Im Zentrum aller seiner Aktivitäten stand jedoch seine Philosophie der möglichen Existenz. Zunächst schuf Jaspers eine geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Psychopathologie des »einfühlenden Verstehens« (»Allgemeine Psychopathologie«, 1913). Bereits mit dem von W. Dilthey und M. Weber beeinflussten Versuch einer Typologie der möglichen Weltanschauungen (»Psychologie der Weltanschauungen«, 1919) wandte er sich aus der Erfahrung der Begrenztheit und Ergänzungsbedürftigkeit rationalwissenschaftlicher Welterkenntnis der Existenzphilosophie zu. In seinem ersten philosophischen Hauptwerk, das er »Philosophie« (1932, 3 Bände) betitelte, greift er die drei großen Themenfelder traditioneller Philosophie -- Welt ...
http://wn.com/Karls_Jaspers_Einführung_in_die_Philosophie_Teil_1
******************** KARL JASPERS ******************** * Oldenburg (Oldenburg) 23. 2. 1883, † Basel 26. 2. 1969; Studium der Medizin in Berlin, Göttingen und Heidelberg, danach Assistent an der psychiatrischen Klinik in Heidelberg, seit 1916 Professor für Psychologie in Heidelberg, seit 1920 für Philosophie ebenda, unter dem Nationalsozialismus Lehrverbot (1933--45), weil seine Ehefrau Jüdin war; nach Kriegsende wieder Professor in Heidelberg. Aus Enttäuschung über die politische Entwicklung verließ Jaspers Deutschland und war 1948--61 Professor für Philosophie in Basel. Jaspers erhielt 1958 den Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, 1959 den Erasmuspreis. -- Jaspers war auf drei Gebieten tätig: 1) der Psychiatrie, 2) der Philosophie, 3) als politischer Schriftsteller. Im Zentrum aller seiner Aktivitäten stand jedoch seine Philosophie der möglichen Existenz. Zunächst schuf Jaspers eine geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Psychopathologie des »einfühlenden Verstehens« (»Allgemeine Psychopathologie«, 1913). Bereits mit dem von W. Dilthey und M. Weber beeinflussten Versuch einer Typologie der möglichen Weltanschauungen (»Psychologie der Weltanschauungen«, 1919) wandte er sich aus der Erfahrung der Begrenztheit und Ergänzungsbedürftigkeit rationalwissenschaftlicher Welterkenntnis der Existenzphilosophie zu. In seinem ersten philosophischen Hauptwerk, das er »Philosophie« (1932, 3 Bände) betitelte, greift er die drei großen Themenfelder traditioneller Philosophie -- Welt ...
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 6564
- author: eDysfunktion
Karl Jaspers's The Origin and Goal of History by John David Ebert Part One 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:01
- Updated: 04 Feb 2013
The rest of this series is now available for download exclusively on Google Play at: play.google.com Chapter One: The Axial Period; My new book "The Age of Catastrophe" is out and can be ordered on Amazon at www.amazon.com
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers's_The_Origin_and_Goal_of_History_by_John_David_Ebert_Part_One_1_2
The rest of this series is now available for download exclusively on Google Play at: play.google.com Chapter One: The Axial Period; My new book "The Age of Catastrophe" is out and can be ordered on Amazon at www.amazon.com
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 328
- author: johndavidebert
Karl Jaspers - Wahrheit und Wissenschaft (Audio) 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Die Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung des philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens von den alten Griechen bis zu Werner Heisenberg (Zum 500jährigen Jubiläum der Universität Basel, 1960).
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Wahrheit_und_Wissenschaft_Audio_1_3
Die Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung des philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens von den alten Griechen bis zu Werner Heisenberg (Zum 500jährigen Jubiläum der Universität Basel, 1960).
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 2593
- author: thinkingchannel
Karl Jaspers 01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 16 Feb 2013
Subtítulos en español por Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre.
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_01
Subtítulos en español por Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre.
- published: 06 Mar 2011
- views: 5251
- author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (3/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:28
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
1968
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_Ein_Selbstportrait_3_3
Karl Jaspers, el gran filósofo alemán
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 07 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers,_el_gran_filósofo_alemán
Karl Jaspers ein Selbstportraet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:15
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Karl_Jaspers_ein_Selbstportraet
Pastor Jaspers interviews Clint
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Clint and Pastor Jaspers agree to disagree when it comes to serving.
http://wn.com/Pastor_Jaspers_interviews_Clint
Clint and Pastor Jaspers agree to disagree when it comes to serving.
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 709
- author: Clint Dupin
Hannah Arendt: Laudatio an Karl Jaspers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 29:05
- Updated: 13 Nov 2012
Gehalten 1958 anlässlich der Verleihung des Friedenspreises des dt. Buchhandels an Karl Jaspers. *********************** HANNAH ARENDT *********************** Amerikanische politische Theoretikerin und Philosophin deutscher Herkunft, * Hannover 14. 10. 1906, † New York 4. 12. 1975; Schülerin u. a. von M. Heidegger und K. Jaspers, 1929--37 mit G. Anders, ging 1933 als Jüdin ins Pariser Exil, 1941 in die USA. Zunächst v. a. publizistisch tätig, wurde sie 1963 Professorin an der University of Chicago, 1967 an der New York School for Social Research. Aufsehen erregte sie u. a. mit ihrem Werk »The origins of totalitarianism« (1951; deutsch »Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft«), einer klassischen Studie zum Totalitarismus, sowie mit ihrem Bericht über den Eichmann-Prozess (»Eichmann in Jerusalem. A report of the banality of evil«, 1963; deutsch »Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen«). Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Sowjetkommunismus setzte eine nahezu weltweite Rezeption ihres Werks zu politisch-philosophischen Grundsatzfragen ein. Unterschiedliche politische und intellektuelle Strömungen berufen sich auf sie. ******* LINKS ******* Hannah Arendt-Zentrum der Universität Oldenburg: www.arendt-zentrum.uni-oldenburg.de Hannah-Arendt-Institut für Totalitarismusforschung der TU Dresden: www.hait.tu-dresden.de Hannah Arendt Center, New School for Social Research NY: www.newschool.edu HannahArendt.net - Zeitschrift für politisches Denken: www.hannaharendt ...
http://wn.com/Hannah_Arendt_Laudatio_an_Karl_Jaspers
Gehalten 1958 anlässlich der Verleihung des Friedenspreises des dt. Buchhandels an Karl Jaspers. *********************** HANNAH ARENDT *********************** Amerikanische politische Theoretikerin und Philosophin deutscher Herkunft, * Hannover 14. 10. 1906, † New York 4. 12. 1975; Schülerin u. a. von M. Heidegger und K. Jaspers, 1929--37 mit G. Anders, ging 1933 als Jüdin ins Pariser Exil, 1941 in die USA. Zunächst v. a. publizistisch tätig, wurde sie 1963 Professorin an der University of Chicago, 1967 an der New York School for Social Research. Aufsehen erregte sie u. a. mit ihrem Werk »The origins of totalitarianism« (1951; deutsch »Elemente und Ursprünge totaler Herrschaft«), einer klassischen Studie zum Totalitarismus, sowie mit ihrem Bericht über den Eichmann-Prozess (»Eichmann in Jerusalem. A report of the banality of evil«, 1963; deutsch »Eichmann in Jerusalem. Ein Bericht von der Banalität des Bösen«). Nach dem Zusammenbruch des Sowjetkommunismus setzte eine nahezu weltweite Rezeption ihres Werks zu politisch-philosophischen Grundsatzfragen ein. Unterschiedliche politische und intellektuelle Strömungen berufen sich auf sie. ******* LINKS ******* Hannah Arendt-Zentrum der Universität Oldenburg: www.arendt-zentrum.uni-oldenburg.de Hannah-Arendt-Institut für Totalitarismusforschung der TU Dresden: www.hait.tu-dresden.de Hannah Arendt Center, New School for Social Research NY: www.newschool.edu HannahArendt.net - Zeitschrift für politisches Denken: www.hannaharendt ...
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 946
- author: eDysfunktion
Sobre las tres formas del conocimiento en KARL JASPERS, Prof. Jaime Sánchez
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
Apartes de la Conferencia sobre el Modelo Fenomenológico - Existencial en Psicología desde la reflexión de las tres formas del filosofar de Karl Jaspers.
http://wn.com/Sobre_las_tres_formas_del_conocimiento_en_KARL_JASPERS,_Prof_Jaime_Sánchez
Apartes de la Conferencia sobre el Modelo Fenomenológico - Existencial en Psicología desde la reflexión de las tres formas del filosofar de Karl Jaspers.
- published: 11 Nov 2010
- views: 1582
- author: Daseinanalisis
Ran Lahav reading from Jaspers' Way to Wisdom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:52
- Updated: 25 Dec 2012
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a philosophical passage by Karl Jaspers' from his book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
http://wn.com/Ran_Lahav_reading_from_Jaspers'_Way_to_Wisdom
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a philosophical passage by Karl Jaspers' from his book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
- published: 11 Jun 2011
- views: 470
- author: TransSophia
In Curve Box Wave P2MR morph Henry Eyring Sr.,Karl Jaspers,Richard G. Scott,John Noble
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:16
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/In_Curve_Box_Wave_P2MR_morph_Henry_Eyring_Sr,Karl_Jaspers,Richard_G_Scott,John_Noble
14:59
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (1/3)
1968...
published: 11 Aug 2011
author: SocioPhilosophy
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (1/3)
1968
- published: 11 Aug 2011
- views: 4732
- author: SocioPhilosophy
10:01
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee and Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee, Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time xial Age or Axial Period (...
published: 18 Sep 2012
author: Uncle Theodor
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee and Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time
Karl Jaspers, Arnold Toynbee, Eric Voegelin on the Axis of Time xial Age or Axial Period (Ger. Achsenzeit, "axis time") is a term coined by German philosopher Karl Jaspers to describe the period from 800 to 200 BC, during which, according to Jaspers, similar revolutionary thinking appeared in Persia, India, China and the Occident. The period is also sometimes referred to as the Axis Age. Jaspers, in his Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (The Origin and Goal of History), identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged. Jaspers saw in these developments in religion and philosophy a striking parallel without any obvious direct transmission of ideas from one region to the other, having found no recorded proof of any extensive intercommunication between Ancient Greece, the Middle East, India, and China. Jaspers held up this age as unique, and one to which the rest of the history of human thought might be compared. Jaspers' approach to the culture of the middle of the first millennium BC has been adopted by other scholars and academics, and has become a point of discussion in the history of religion. Jaspers argued that during the Axial Age "the spiritual foundations of humanity were laid simultaneously and independently in China, India, Persia, Judea, and Greece. And these are the foundations upon which humanity still ...
- published: 18 Sep 2012
- views: 533
- author: Uncle Theodor
2:42
Professor Landau discusses Karl Jaspers
Professor Iddo Landau reflects on a philosophical passage from Karl Jaspers' book Way to W...
published: 06 May 2011
author: TransSophia
Professor Landau discusses Karl Jaspers
Professor Iddo Landau reflects on a philosophical passage from Karl Jaspers' book Way to Wisdom. The passage describes an inner transformation that occurs when we come up against our limits. This video is displayed on the website: www.PhiloLife.net in which Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala present and discuss philosophical passages on personal transformation. Viewers are invited to respond and share personal stories.
- published: 06 May 2011
- views: 787
- author: TransSophia
2:39
Karl Jaspers on Boundary Situations
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a passage from Karl Jasper's book "W...
published: 21 Jul 2011
author: TransSophia
Karl Jaspers on Boundary Situations
Dr. Ran Lahav, a philosophical practitioner, presents a passage from Karl Jasper's book "Way to Wisdom," in which Jaspers explains his important concept of Boundary Situations. These are situations which we cannot avoid - such as death, chance, and guilt - and which can take us back to ourselves. The video is part of a series of videos on self-transformation, www.PhiloLife.net, run by Ran Lahav and Carmen Zavala.
- published: 21 Jul 2011
- views: 607
- author: TransSophia
9:17
Existenzphilosophie
Karl Theodor Jaspers (* 23. Februar 1883 in Oldenburg; † 26. Februar 1969 in Basel) war ei...
published: 17 Jul 2009
author: vitrohype
Existenzphilosophie
Karl Theodor Jaspers (* 23. Februar 1883 in Oldenburg; † 26. Februar 1969 in Basel) war ein deutscher Psychiater, der als Philosoph weit über Deutschland hinaus bekannt wurde. Der Begriff Existenzphilosophie bezeichnet eine philosophische Richtung, die im Zentrum ihres Denkens die Existenz des Menschen im weitesten Sinne hat. Innerhalb der Existenzphilosophie werden zwar verschiedene Positionen beschrieben, die sich jedoch alle durch den grundlegenden Vorrang der Erhellung des eigentlichen Existierens vor allem spekulativen Idealismus oder dem Wissenschaftsglauben des Positivismus auszeichnen. Von der Existenzphilosophie im allgemeinen Sinne kann der Existentialismus als besondere Ausdrucksform der französischen Existenzphilosophie unterschieden werden. Jaspers gilt als herausragender Vertreter der Existenzphilosophie, die er vom Existentialismus Jean-Paul Sartres strikt unterschied. Er war zunächst Lehrer und anschließend lebenslanger Freund von Hannah Arendt, mit der ihn auch ein jahrzehntelanger Briefwechsel verband. Auch mit Martin Heidegger stand er in Briefwechsel, der in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus unterbrochen nach dem Krieg nur noch spärlich war. Mit Max Weber, Hans W. Gruhle und Kurt Schneider verband ihn eine langjährige Freundschaft. Ursprünglich Mediziner hat Jaspers grundlegend zur wissenschaftlichen Entwicklung der Psychiatrie beigetragen. Sein philosophisches Werk wirkt insbesondere in den Bereichen der Religionsphilosophie, Geschichtsphilosophie und ...
- published: 17 Jul 2009
- views: 24073
- author: vitrohype
45:15
KARL JASPERS UN AUTORRETRATO
Esta entrevista encierra no sólo un valor documental de enorme valor en sí mismo, sino que...
published: 15 Oct 2012
author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
KARL JASPERS UN AUTORRETRATO
Esta entrevista encierra no sólo un valor documental de enorme valor en sí mismo, sino que debería servir también como contraste para valorar la función de la universidad, de la libertad de expresión y la libertad de conocimiento y de investigación.
- published: 15 Oct 2012
- views: 387
- author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
15:28
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (2/3)
1968...
published: 11 Aug 2011
author: SocioPhilosophy
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (2/3)
1968
- published: 11 Aug 2011
- views: 2091
- author: SocioPhilosophy
12:51
Karl Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Kapitel 1)
Inhalt I. Was ist Philosophie} Philosophie ist umstritten Wissenschaft und Philosophie 9 P...
published: 10 Jan 2011
author: tueku
Karl Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Kapitel 1)
Inhalt I. Was ist Philosophie} Philosophie ist umstritten Wissenschaft und Philosophie 9 Philosophie ohne Wissenschaft Jeder hält sich für urteilsfähig - Kinderfragen - Geisteskranke - Öffentliche Redewendungen
- published: 10 Jan 2011
- views: 6985
- author: tueku
10:08
Giovanni Stanghellini: la Psicopatologia Generale di Karl Jaspers compie 100 anni
Durante le XIII GIORNATE PSICHIATRICHE ASCOLANE abbiamo incontrato e intervistato il Prof....
published: 24 May 2012
author: PsychiatryonlineITA1
Giovanni Stanghellini: la Psicopatologia Generale di Karl Jaspers compie 100 anni
Durante le XIII GIORNATE PSICHIATRICHE ASCOLANE abbiamo incontrato e intervistato il Prof. Giovanni Stanghellini, Facoltà di Psicologia Università di Chieti
- published: 24 May 2012
- views: 1134
- author: PsychiatryonlineITA1
46:10
Karls Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Teil 1)
******************** KARL JASPERS ******************** * Oldenburg (Oldenburg) 23. 2. 1883...
published: 06 Apr 2012
author: eDysfunktion
Karls Jaspers: Einführung in die Philosophie (Teil 1)
******************** KARL JASPERS ******************** * Oldenburg (Oldenburg) 23. 2. 1883, † Basel 26. 2. 1969; Studium der Medizin in Berlin, Göttingen und Heidelberg, danach Assistent an der psychiatrischen Klinik in Heidelberg, seit 1916 Professor für Psychologie in Heidelberg, seit 1920 für Philosophie ebenda, unter dem Nationalsozialismus Lehrverbot (1933--45), weil seine Ehefrau Jüdin war; nach Kriegsende wieder Professor in Heidelberg. Aus Enttäuschung über die politische Entwicklung verließ Jaspers Deutschland und war 1948--61 Professor für Philosophie in Basel. Jaspers erhielt 1958 den Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, 1959 den Erasmuspreis. -- Jaspers war auf drei Gebieten tätig: 1) der Psychiatrie, 2) der Philosophie, 3) als politischer Schriftsteller. Im Zentrum aller seiner Aktivitäten stand jedoch seine Philosophie der möglichen Existenz. Zunächst schuf Jaspers eine geisteswissenschaftlich orientierte Psychopathologie des »einfühlenden Verstehens« (»Allgemeine Psychopathologie«, 1913). Bereits mit dem von W. Dilthey und M. Weber beeinflussten Versuch einer Typologie der möglichen Weltanschauungen (»Psychologie der Weltanschauungen«, 1919) wandte er sich aus der Erfahrung der Begrenztheit und Ergänzungsbedürftigkeit rationalwissenschaftlicher Welterkenntnis der Existenzphilosophie zu. In seinem ersten philosophischen Hauptwerk, das er »Philosophie« (1932, 3 Bände) betitelte, greift er die drei großen Themenfelder traditioneller Philosophie -- Welt ...
- published: 06 Apr 2012
- views: 6564
- author: eDysfunktion
15:01
Karl Jaspers's The Origin and Goal of History by John David Ebert Part One 1/2
The rest of this series is now available for download exclusively on Google Play at: play....
published: 14 Dec 2012
author: johndavidebert
Karl Jaspers's The Origin and Goal of History by John David Ebert Part One 1/2
The rest of this series is now available for download exclusively on Google Play at: play.google.com Chapter One: The Axial Period; My new book "The Age of Catastrophe" is out and can be ordered on Amazon at www.amazon.com
- published: 14 Dec 2012
- views: 328
- author: johndavidebert
9:45
Karl Jaspers - Wahrheit und Wissenschaft (Audio) 1/3
Die Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung des philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens von ...
published: 13 Feb 2011
author: thinkingchannel
Karl Jaspers - Wahrheit und Wissenschaft (Audio) 1/3
Die Entwicklung und Wechselwirkung des philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Denkens von den alten Griechen bis zu Werner Heisenberg (Zum 500jährigen Jubiläum der Universität Basel, 1960).
- published: 13 Feb 2011
- views: 2593
- author: thinkingchannel
Vimeo results:
3:07
Jasper and Karen
January 22, 2010
Santuario de San Antonio | Manila Peninsula Hotel...
published: 22 Jan 2010
author: Karl de Leon
Jasper and Karen
January 22, 2010
Santuario de San Antonio | Manila Peninsula Hotel
3:26
Jasper Drive - Karl Kresin
Featuring Karl Kresin on drums fromJasper Drive (http://www.facebook.com/jasperdrive)...
published: 08 Apr 2012
author: Matt Chesin
Jasper Drive - Karl Kresin
Featuring Karl Kresin on drums fromJasper Drive (http://www.facebook.com/jasperdrive)
14:59
„Free like a leaf in the wind“ 8204 days of correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers 2009 Video 15’
The material is shoot in New York. The cuts are determined by the rhythm of the correspon...
published: 18 Jul 2010
author: Eugenia
„Free like a leaf in the wind“ 8204 days of correspondence between Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers 2009 Video 15’
The material is shoot in New York. The cuts are determined by the rhythm of the correspondence between Karl Jaspers and Hannah Arendt - a pattern created by the posting of 403 letters between New York and Basel.
The panoramas (1 sec.) represent the writing of a letter. The length of the scenes corresponds to the intervals between the letters (1 day – 0,1’). In this way New York will be recognizable only in the moment of communication – one of the central terms of the existence philosophy of Jaspers and Arendt.
The length of the 10 chapters corresponds to the intervals between the meetings during H.A. visits to Europe.
5:04
Der Kuss – Karl Trompete
Karl Trompete – "Der Kuss"
…aus dem Album "Weißes Rauschen" (Release 5.10.2012, @ Kaffee ...
published: 15 Jul 2012
author: Karl Trompete
Der Kuss – Karl Trompete
Karl Trompete – "Der Kuss"
…aus dem Album "Weißes Rauschen" (Release 5.10.2012, @ Kaffee Burger Berlin).
Die EP ist hier erhältlich: http://karltrompete.bandcamp.com/album/der-kuss-ep
Vielen Dank an: Siobhán Ewert, Simon Schneckenburger, Dominik Sackmann, Daniel Heitz, Reginald Anthony, Silvia Bilela, Louise Feist, Daniel di Franco, Barbara Grill, Annabell Helmke, Dieter Huber, Dorothee Annette Kreuzer, Sarah Kühne, Kathi Läufer, Steffanie Mayer, Nicolette und Francesca Merz, Vera Muders, Rike, Anneli und Jasper Niels Lutz, Sebastian Roder, Dominik Sackmann, Philipp Schipulle, Estella Schweizer, Thorsten Sleifir, Steffen Täger, Sonja Urb, Kristin Werner und Sebastian Ziegler.
Viel Spaß beim Zuschauen wünschen Roni und Karl
Youtube results:
9:48
Karl Jaspers 01
Subtítulos en español por Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre....
published: 06 Mar 2011
author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
Karl Jaspers 01
Subtítulos en español por Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre.
- published: 06 Mar 2011
- views: 5251
- author: Francesc Ballesteros Balbastre
14:28
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (3/3)
1968...
published: 11 Aug 2011
author: SocioPhilosophy
Karl Jaspers - Ein Selbstportrait (3/3)
1968
- published: 11 Aug 2011
- views: 1511
- author: SocioPhilosophy
2:58
Karl Jaspers, el gran filósofo alemán
...
published: 23 Aug 2012
author: pajaritaverde
Karl Jaspers, el gran filósofo alemán
- published: 23 Aug 2012
- views: 92
- author: pajaritaverde
45:15
Karl Jaspers ein Selbstportraet
...
published: 12 Jul 2012
author: Kot Fantazer
Karl Jaspers ein Selbstportraet
- published: 12 Jul 2012
- views: 201
- author: Kot Fantazer
photo: AP / Themba Hadebe
20 Feb 2013
An unnamed witness heard a gunshot, screams and more gunshots at the home of Paralympian Oscar Pistorius on the night of his girlfriend's killing, a police officer told a court on Wednesday. By News Wires (text). . “Blade Runner” Oscar Pistorius returned to court Wednesday to hear explosive allegations that he fought “non-stop” with his slain girlfriend Reeva Steenkamp on the night of her killing ... S ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)
photo: AP / Felice Calabro
20 Feb 2013
The former Portsmouth pair struck in the second half of a memorable victory for the Rossoneri, who defended with their lives to clinch a priceless first-leg victory. By Keeghann Sinanan. More On . AC Milan, FC Barcelona, AC Milan vs FC Barcelona. Comments. Getty Images ... Kevin Constant laid off a free-kick to Riccardo Montolivo, whose shot appeared to cannon off the hand of Zapata ... Follow Goal.com on Twitter ... AC Milan. 32 ... 3.00. 5 ... 4....(size: 11.4Kb)
photo: AP / Themba Hadebe
21 Feb 2013
The lead investigator in the Oscar Pistorius murder case has been charged with attempted murder, according to South African police. On the third day of bail hearings, the defense is seeking to discredit police action. Police confirmed on Thursday that lead investigator Hilton Botha would appear in court in May on seven charges of attempted murder ... His defence has claimed Pistorius had mistaken Steenkamp for an intruder ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
photo: AP/Keystone, Laurent Gillieron
19 Feb 2013
Nestle, the world's biggest food company, has removed beef pasta meals from shelves in Italy and Spain after tests revealed traces of horse DNA. The Swiss-based firm has halted deliveries of products containing meat from a German supplier. Nestle is the latest in a string of major food producers to find traces of horsemeat in beef meals ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
photo: AP / Gregorio Borgia
20 Feb 2013
ROME (Reuters) - Regardless of who wins next weekend's parliamentary election, Italy's long economic decline is likely to continue because the next government won't be strong enough to pursue the tough reforms needed to make its economy competitive again ... Daily Press Eyewitness. Submit photos and videos from your mobile device. You might find your picture featured on Page 2 of the Daily Press ... CAMPER VAN POLITICS ... "The big question is ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)
The Observer
16 Dec 2012
Adam Laing who was found dead on the spanish island Formentera in late May this year. Photograph Copyright. Adrian C. Laing. Before speaking, Adrian Laing takes a small, precise sip of his cappuccino and carefully wipes away the specks of froth from his top lip ... His theories overturned the prevailing orthodoxy of the day that mental illness was, as the German psychiatrist Karl Jaspers had put it, 'un-understandable' ... They can't do both.' ... ....(size: 21.8Kb)
Al Jazeera
03 Oct 2012
A popular definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, and expecting a different result ... It isn't working. Â. And because it isn't working, we're seeing signs of increasingly bizarre behaviour on the right ...  ... These are "grossly frank delusions about external reality, usually of a persecutory nature", which eminent philosopher and psycho-analyst Karl Jaspers, first characterised in terms of \three basic criteria ... ....(size: 22.1Kb)
Al Jazeera
29 Aug 2012
The results are in. Washington's economic experiment has failed. ... He also said. ... Regarding delusion, as Wikipedia explains, the eminent philosopher and psycho-analyst Karl Jaspers, first set out three basic criteria for a delusional belief in his 1913 book General Psychopathology ... and no one in the Bush Department of Justice noticed! The stubborn, widespread persistence of such beliefs clearly meets all three of Jasper's criteria ... 3002....(size: 23.0Kb)
Japan Times
14 Aug 2012
DENVER — Aug. 15 marks the 67th anniversary of the end of the war between the United States and Japan ... The atomic bombing of Hiroshima represented the single most violent act in the history of mankind ... I was approaching my 18th birthday toward the end of World War II ... The German philosopher, Karl Jaspers, in his 1958 book, "The Atom Bomb and The Future of Man," states that "Our age must learn that some things are beyond doing." ... ......(size: 6.6Kb)
New America Foundation
02 Aug 2012
Hybrid Reality. Thriving in the Emerging Human-Technology Civilization ... I ... They prefer to quote, almost at random, the likes of Oswald Spengler and Karl Jaspers instead. This strategy of invoking random Teutonic names and concepts might work on the unsophisticated crowds at Davos and TED, but to imagine that either Spengler or Jaspers have something interesting or original to tell us about cloning, e-books, or asteroid mining is foolish....(size: 36.2Kb)
GlobalResearch
16 Apr 2012
El frente diplomático. Siria a la defensiva ... Para completar este objetivo, Siria ha adoptado numerosas medidas concretas ... Siria ha ganado ya la batalla en la arena del C.S ... M ... M ... El emir de Qatar, Hamad, y el sultan del Reino de Arabia Saudita, Faysal, entraron a la sala de conferencias aullando la célebre frase de Karl Jaspers .« La desesperanza es una derrota anticipada»; Camaradas revolucionarios primaverales, no hay que desesperar! ... ....(size: 16.9Kb)
The Guardian
11 Apr 2012
The writer explains how Candide gave birth to Richard Dawkins, and why Alain de Botton is more novelist than philosopher Mind over matter … the philosopher in Murdoch is more forceful than the novelist, says Seán McGrady. Photograph. Jane Bown. One fine Belfast day in the utterly crazy year of 1972, young Marius Moonston, The Backslider, decides to take a fiver from his sister's purse ... Buy The Backslider by Seán McGrady 1 ... (Karl Jaspers)....(size: 12.3Kb)
Huffington Post
05 Apr 2012
The problem with groups like Take Back NYU! and OccupyNYU is not that their criticism of John Sexton is inane and childish -- it is -- the problem is they've lowered the bar of discourse at NYU so low it's embarrassing to look at. Sexton is not a Gaza-oppressing, union-busting strongman yearning for money and power ... In the piece, available on NYU's website, Sexton builds on Karl Jaspers who refers to the Axial Period between 800 B.C ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
The Times of India
31 Mar 2012
SHARE. AND. DISCUSSTweetMeaningful or meaningless?. The question is completely irrelevant, says Osho. The word "meaning" is irrelevant to life. Life is neither meaningful nor meaningless. But for centuries, our minds have been conditioned to believe that life has great meaning. All that meaning was arbitrary ... Life was meaningful with a God ... A certain maturity has come to us ... Martin Heidegger, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, and Jean-Paul Sartre....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Hindu
25 Feb 2012
Not ready to face a scandal, Heidegger decided to send Arendt to Heidelberg to study under the guidance of Karl Jaspers and finally complete her dissertation on Saint Augustine at the age of 23 ... And not to miss Men in the Dark, an important book on the lives of some of the most inspiring thinkers like Walter Benjamin, Karl Jaspers and Rosa Luxemburg ......(size: 6.7Kb)
The Independent
28 May 2011
The capture of Ratko Mladic is a signal moment in the delivery of the Nuremberg legacy that political and military leaders must eventually pay for their crimes against humanity ... "The capture of Karadzic and Mladic," said a Nato spokesman, "is not worth the blood of one Nato soldier" ... Karl Jaspers pointed out that the German people did not bear collective criminal guilt for Hitler, but they did bear collective political responsibility ... ....(size: 5.7Kb)
The Daily Beast
28 May 2011
by Geoffrey Robertson Info. Geoffrey Robertson QC is a member of the UN's Internal Justice Council and author of Crimes Against Humanity (The New Press). text --> - + print Twitter Email ... Today, with Radovan Karadzic on trial, Croatia’s fugitive Gen ... compound ... Karl Jaspers pointed out that the German people did not bear collective criminal guilt for Hitler, but they did bear collective political responsibility ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
Al Jazeera
14 Apr 2011
And philosophically, German thinkers have exerted a profound influence on modern political and religious thought, perhaps none more than the enigmatic Nietzsche, whose metaphysical scepticism induced a still-not-fully acknowledged courageous humanism, and led generations later to such seminal figures as Karl Jaspers, Paul Tillich, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Juergens Habermas ... Will it be enough to prevent future disasters? ... Source ... ....(size: 14.2Kb)
| File:KarlJaspers.jpg Karl Jaspers |
|
| Born | (1883-02-23)February 23, 1883 Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, Germany |
|---|---|
| Died | February 26, 1969(1969-02-26) (aged 86) Basel, Switzerland |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophy |
| School | Existentialism, Neo-Kantianism |
| Main interests | Psychiatry, Theology, Philosophy of History |
| Notable ideas | Axial Age, coined the term Existenzphilosophie, Dasein and Existenz |
|
Influenced
|
|
Karl Theodor Jaspers (February 23, 1883 – February 26, 1969) was a German psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy. After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system. He was often viewed as a major exponent of existentialism in Germany, though he did not accept this label.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Jaspers was born in Oldenburg in 1883 to a mother from a local farming community, and a jurist father. He showed an early interest in philosophy, but his father's experience with the legal system undoubtedly influenced his decision to study law at university. It soon became clear that Jaspers did not particularly enjoy law, and he switched to studying medicine in 1902 with a thesis about criminology. In 1910 he married Gertrud Mayer (1879-1974), the sister of his close friends Gustav and Ernst Mayer.
Jaspers graduated from medical school in 1909 and began work at a psychiatric hospital in Heidelberg where Emil Kraepelin had worked some years earlier. Jaspers became dissatisfied with the way the medical community of the time approached the study of mental illness and set himself the task of improving the psychiatric approach. In 1913 Jaspers gained a temporary post as a psychology teacher at Heidelberg University. The post later became permanent, and Jaspers never returned to clinical practice. During this time Jaspers was a close friend of the Weber family (Max Weber also having held a professorship at Heidelberg).[1]
At the age of 40 Jaspers turned from psychology to philosophy, expanding on themes he had developed in his psychiatric works. He became a renowned philosopher, well respected in Germany and Europe.
After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Jaspers was considered to have a "Jewish taint" (jüdische Versippung, in the jargon of the time) due to his Jewish wife, and was forced to retire from teaching in 1937. In 1938 he fell under a publication ban as well. Many of his long-time friends stood by him, however, and he was able to continue his studies and research without being totally isolated. But he and his wife were under constant threat of removal to a concentration camp until March 30, 1945, when Heidelberg was liberated by American troops.
In 1948 Jaspers moved to the University of Basel in Switzerland. He remained prominent in the philosophical community until his death in Basel on his wife's 90th birthday in 1969.
Contributions to psychiatry[link]
Jaspers' dissatisfaction with the popular understanding of mental illness led him to question both the diagnostic criteria and the methods of clinical psychiatry. He published a revolutionary paper in 1910 in which he addressed the problem of whether paranoia was an aspect of personality or the result of biological changes. Whilst not broaching new ideas, this article introduced a new method of study. Jaspers studied several patients in detail, giving biographical information on the people concerned as well as providing notes on how the patients themselves felt about their symptoms. This has become known as the biographical method and now forms the mainstay of modern psychiatric practice.
Jaspers set about writing his views on mental illness in a book which he published in 1913 as General Psychopathology. The two volumes which make up this work have become a classic in the psychiatric literature and many modern diagnostic criteria stem from ideas contained within them. Of particular importance, Jaspers believed that psychiatrists should diagnose symptoms (particularly of psychosis) by their form rather than by their content. For example, in diagnosing a hallucination, the fact that a person experiences visual phenomena when no sensory stimuli account for it (form) assumes more importance than what the patient sees (content).
Jaspers felt that psychiatrists could also diagnose delusions in the same way. He argued that clinicians should not consider a belief delusional based on the content of the belief, but only based on the way in which a patient holds such a belief (see delusion for further discussion). Jaspers also distinguished between primary and secondary delusions. He defined primary delusions as autochthonous meaning arising without apparent cause, appearing incomprehensible in terms of normal mental processes. (This is a slightly different use of the term autochthonous than its usual medical or sociological meaning of indigenous.) Secondary delusions, on the other hand, he classified as influenced by the person's background, current situation or mental state.
Jaspers considered primary delusions as ultimately 'un-understandable,' as he believed no coherent reasoning process existed behind their formation. This view has caused some controversy, and the likes of R. D. Laing and Richard Bentall (1999, p. 133-135) have criticised it, stressing that taking this stance can lead therapists into the complacency of assuming that because they do not understand a patient, the patient is deluded and further investigation on the part of the therapist will have no effect. Huub Engels (2009) argues that schizophrenic speech disorder may be understandable as Emil Kraepelin's dream speech is understandable.
Contributions to philosophy and theology[link]
Most commentators associate Jaspers with the philosophy of existentialism, in part because he draws largely upon the existentialist roots of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, and in part because the theme of individual freedom permeates his work. In Philosophy (3 vols, 1932), Jaspers gave his view of the history of philosophy and introduced his major themes. Beginning with modern science and empiricism, Jaspers points out that as we question reality, we confront borders that an empirical (or scientific) method simply cannot transcend. At this point, the individual faces a choice: sink into despair and resignation, or take a leap of faith toward what Jaspers calls Transcendence. In making this leap, individuals confront their own limitless freedom, which Jaspers calls Existenz, and can finally experience authentic existence.
Transcendence (paired with the term The Encompassing in later works) is, for Jaspers, that which exists beyond the world of time and space. Jaspers' formulation of Transcendence as ultimate non-objectivity (or no-thing-ness) has led many philosophers to argue that ultimately, Jaspers became a monist, though Jaspers himself continually stressed the necessity of recognizing the validity of the concepts both of subjectivity and of objectivity.
Although he rejected explicit religious doctrines, including the notion of a personal God, Jaspers influenced contemporary theology through his philosophy of transcendence and the limits of human experience. Mystic Christian traditions influenced Jaspers himself tremendously, particularly those of Meister Eckhart and of Nicholas of Cusa. He also took an active interest in Eastern philosophies, particularly Buddhism, and developed the theory of an Axial Age, a period of substantial philosophical and religious development. Jaspers also entered public debates with Rudolf Bultmann, wherein Jaspers roundly criticized Bultmann's "demythologizing" of Christianity.
Jaspers wrote extensively on the threat to human freedom posed by modern science and modern economic and political institutions. During World War II, he had to abandon his teaching post because his wife was Jewish. After the war he resumed his teaching position, and in his work The Question of German Guilt he unabashedly examined the culpability of Germany as a whole in the atrocities of Hitler's Third Reich. The below quote of Jasper's about the Second World War and its atrocities was used at the end of the sixth episode of the BBC documentary series The Nazis: A Warning from History.[citation needed]
"That which has happened is a warning. To forget it is guilt. It must be continually remembered. It was possible for this to happen, and it remains possible for it to happen again at any minute. Only in knowledge can it be prevented."
Jaspers's major works, lengthy and detailed, can seem daunting in their complexity. His last great attempt at a systematic philosophy of Existenz — Von Der Wahrheit (On Truth) — has not yet appeared in English. However, he also wrote shorter works, most notably, Philosophy is for Everyman. The two major proponents of phenomenological hermeneutics, namely Paul Ricoeur (a student of Jaspers) and Hans-Georg Gadamer (Jaspers's successor at Heidelberg), both display Jaspers's influence in their works.[citation needed]
Political views[link]
Jaspers valued humanism and the continuity of integral cultural tradition in political spheres. He strongly opposed totalitarian despotism and warned about the increasing tendency towards technocracy, or a regime that regarded humans as mere instruments of science or ideological goals. He was also skeptical of majoritarian democracy. Thus, he supported a form of governance that guaranteed individual freedom and limited government yet was rooted in authentic tradition and guided by an intellectual elite.[2]
Jaspers' influences[link]
Jaspers held Kierkegaard and Nietzsche to be two of the most important figures in post-Kantian philosophy. In his compilation, The Great Philosophers, he wrote:
I approach the presentation of Kierkegaard with some trepidation. Next to Nietzsche, or rather, prior to Nietzsche, I consider him to be the most important thinker of our post-Kantian age. With Goethe and Hegel, an epoch had reached its conclusion, and our prevalent way of thinking - that is, the positivistic, natural-scientific one - cannot really be considered as philosophy.
Jaspers also questions whether the two philosophers could be taught. For Kierkegaard, at least, Jaspers felt that Kierkegaard's whole method of indirect communication precludes any attempts to properly expound his thought into any sort of systematic teaching. Though Jaspers was certainly indebted to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, he also owes much to more traditional philosophers, especially Kant and Plato. Walter Kaufmann argues in From Shakespeare to Existentialism that, though Jaspers was certainly indebted to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, he was closest to Kant's philosophy.
Jaspers is too often seen as the heir of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard to whom he is in many ways less close than to Kant...the Kantian antinomies and Kant's concern with the realm of decision, freedom, and faith have become exemplary for Jaspers. And even as Kant "had to do away with knowledge to make room for faith," Jaspers values Nietzsche in large measure because he thinks that Nietzsche did away with knowledge, thus making room for Jaspers' philosophic faith"...
This is supported by Jaspers' essay "On My Philosophy" (link below),
"While I was still at school Spinoza was the first. Kant then became the philosopher for me and has remained so...Nietzsche gained importance for me only late as the magnificent revelation of nihilism and the task of overcoming it."
Books[link]
- Psychologie der Weltanschauungen
- Philosophy of Existence - ISBN 0-8122-1010-7
- Strindberg and Van Gogh: An Attempt of a Pathographic Analysis with Reference to Parallel Cases of Swedenborg and Holderlin - ISBN 0-8165-0608-6
- Reason and Existenz - ISBN 0-87462-611-0
- Way to Wisdom - ISBN 0-300-00134-7
- Philosophy Is for Everyman
- Man in the Modern Age
- Nikolaus Cusanus
Translations[link]
- Jaspers, Karl (1953). The Origin and Goal of History. translated by Michael Bullock. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Jaspers, Karl (1955). Reason and Existenz. translated by William Earle. New York: Noonday Press.
- Jaspers, Karl (1997). General Psychopathology - Volumes 1 & 2. translated by J. Hoenig and Marian W. Hamilton. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
References[link]
- ^ Radkau, Joachim Max Weber: A Biography. 1995. Polity Press. p29.
- ^ Karl Jaspers - Later Works: The Politics of Humanism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Further reading[link]
- Engels, Huub (2009). Emil Kraepelins Traumsprache: erklären und verstehen. In Dietrich von Engelhardt und Horst-Jürgen Gerigk (ed.). Karl Jaspers im Schnittpunkt von Zeitgeschichte, Psychopathologie, Literatur und Film. p. 331-43. ISBN 978-3-86809-018-5 Heidelberg: Mattes Verlag.
- Xavier Tilliette, Karl Jaspers, Aubier, coll. « Théologie », 1960
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Karl Jaspers |
- Jaspers, K., 1941. On My Philosophy
- The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Karl Jaspers -- by Chris Thornhill.
- Existential Primer: Karl Jaspers
- Bibliografia di Karl Jaspers ed. by Claudio Fiorillo in Dialegesthai
- Current scholarly research on Jaspers (in English) is organized by the Karl Jaspers Society of North America and published in Existenz.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jaspers, Karl |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | German psychiatrist and philosopher |
| Date of birth | February 23, 1883 |
| Place of birth | Oldenburg, Germany |
| Date of death | February 26, 1969 |
| Place of death | Basel, Switzerland |
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This article is about the economic historian. For the universal historian, see Arnold J. Toynbee.
| Arnold Toynbee | |
|---|---|
 Arnold Toynbee |
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| Born | (1852-08-23)23 August 1852 Savile Row, London, England |
| Died | 9 March 1883(1883-03-09) (aged 30) Wimbledon, London, England |
| Nationality | British |
| Fields | Economic history |
| Alma mater | Balliol College, University of Oxford |
Arnold Toynbee (23 August 1852 – 9 March 1883) was a British economic historian also noted for his social commitment and desire to improve the living conditions of the working classes.[1]
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Biography[link]
Toynbee was born in London, the son of the physician Joseph Toynbee, a pioneering otolaryngologist.
Arnold Toynbee was the uncle, via his brother Harry Valpy Toynbee, of universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975); with whom he is often confused.
Toynbee attended public schools in Blackheath and Woolwich. In 1873 he began to study political economy at Oxford University, first at Pembroke College and from 1875 at Balliol College, where he went on to teach after his graduation in 1878. His lectures on the history of the Industrial Revolution in 18th and 19th century Britain proved widely influential; in fact, Toynbee coined,[2] or at least effectively popularised, the term "Industrial Revolution" in the Anglophone world—in Germany and elsewhere it had been brought into circulation earlier by Friedrich Engels, also under the impression of the industrial changes in Britain.
He married Charlotte Atwood, 12 years his senior and a cousin of Harold F. Davidson, the famous rector of Stiffkey.
Toynbee died in 1883, at age 30. His health had rapidly deteriorated, probably due to exhaustion by excessive work[citation needed].
Toynbee genealogy[link]
The Toynbees have been prominent in British intellectual society for several generations (note that this diagram is not a comprehensive Toynbee family tree):
| Joseph Toynbee Pioneering otolaryngologist |
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Harriet Holmes |
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| Arnold Toynbee Economic historian 1852–1883 |
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Harry Valpy Toynbee |
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Gilbert Murray Classicist and public intellectual 1866–1957 |
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Lady Mary Howard |
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Arnold J. Toynbee Universal historian 1889–1975 |
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Rosalind Murray 1890–1967 |
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Antony Harry Toynbee 1914–1939 |
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Philip Toynbee Writer and journalist |
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Anne Powell |
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Lawrence Toynbee b. 1922 |
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Josephine Toynbee |
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Polly Toynbee Journalist |
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Economic history[link]
According to Arnold Toynbee, applying the historical method in economics would reveal how supposedly universal economic laws were, in fact, relative. For example, he argued that, despite commonly held beliefs, free trade was not generally advantageous in itself, but only under certain circumstances, which should not be considered absolute. Toynbee considered few laws as universally true, such as the law of diminishing returns. Therefore, there were no universal rules as to how strongly the state should interfere in the marketplace; all depended on the situation and varying degrees of regulation could be appropriate.
Another idea Toynbee dismissed was that free competition was universally beneficial to economic and societal progress, especially as reflected in its apotheosis in Social Darwinism, which promoted laissez-faire capitalism. Toynbee did not equate "a struggle for mere existence and a struggle for a particular kind of existence." From the very beginning of history, he argued, all human civilization was essentially designed to "interfere with this brute struggle. We intend to modify the violence of the fight, and to prevent the weak being trampled under foot."[3] Although economic competition does have its advantages, being the driving force behind technical progress, these were "gained at the expense of an enormous waste of human life and labour, which might be avoided by regulation." Toynbee suggested a differentiation between competition in production on the one hand, and competition in the distribution of goods on the other:
[...] the struggle of men to outvie one another in production is beneficial to the community; their struggle over the division of the joint produce is not. The stronger side will dictate its own terms; and as a matter of fact, in the early days of competition, the capitalists used all their power to oppress the labourers, and drove down wages to starvation point. This kind of competition has to be checked; there is no historical instance of its having lasted long without being modified either by combination or legislation, or both. In England both remedies are in operation, the former through Trades Unions, the latter through factory legislation.[4]
In itself, a market based on competition was neither good nor bad, but like "a stream whose strength and direction have to be observed, that embankments may be thrown up within which it may do its work harmlessly and beneficially". However, in the early phase of industrial capitalism "it came to be believed in as a gospel, [...] from which it was regarded as little short of immoral to depart".
Social commitment[link]
For Toynbee, early industrial capitalism and the situation of the working class in it was not just a subject of ivory-tower studies; he was actively involved in improving the living conditions of the proletariat. He read for workers in large industrial centres and encouraged the creation of trade unions and co-operatives. A focal point of his commitment was the slum of Whitechapel, in east London, where he helped to establish public libraries for the working class population. Toynbee also encouraged his students to offer free courses for working class audiences in their own neighbourhoods.
Inspired by his ideas, Samuel Augustus Barnett and Henrietta Barnett founded the first university settlement in 1884, shortly after Toynbee's death; it was named Toynbee Hall in his honour. A centre for social reform, Toynbee Hall was on Commercial Street, Whitechapel. It remains active today. The concept was to bring upper and middle class students into lower class neighbourhoods, not only to provide education and social aid, but to actually live and work together with their inhabitants. This soon inspired a worldwide movement of university settlements. The idea was to help members of the future elite understand the problems of British society; this was especially important at a time when class divisions were much stronger, social mobility was minimal, and the living conditions of the poor were completely unknown to many members of the upper class. Toynbee Hall attracted many students, especially from Oxford's Wadham College and, Balliol College, where Toynbee had taught.
In 1916, the Arnold Toynbee House in New York was founded by a group of young adults who were part of the Stevenson Club at Madison House and with the help of philanthropist Rose Gruening. Eight years later, the settlement house was renamed Grand Street Settlement.
Views on Industrial Revolution[link]
According to Toynbee, "the essence of the Industrial Revolution" was "the substitution of competition for the medieval regulations which had previously controlled the production and distribution of wealth." Among its components were an "agrarian revolution" that produced "the alienation between farmer and labourer" and in the manufacturing world, the appearance of a "new class of great capitalist employers." "The old relations between masters and men disappeared, and a 'cash nexus' was substituted for the human tie." Summing up his interpretation, Toynbee wrote, "the Wealth of Nations and the steam-engine...destroyed the old world and built a new one." For Toynbee, this coupling seemed self-evident. Steam-powered factories, the Wealth of Nations, competition, the cash-nexus and the rise of pauperism formed part of a single phenomenon.
In response to this bleak scenario, Toynbee proposed a test for when the state should become involved in the regulation of an economic or social sphere of society to even the balance between industry and labor. He proposed the "Radical Creed," which, "as I understand it, is this: We have not abandoned our old belief in liberty, justice, and Self-help, but we say that under certain conditions the people cannot help themselves, and that then they should be helped by the State representing directly the whole people. In giving this State help, we make three conditions: first, the matter must be one of primary social importance; next, it must be proved to be practicable; thirdly, the State interference must not diminish self-reliance. Even if the chance should arise of removing a great social evil, nothing must be done to weaken those habits of individual self-reliance and voluntary association which have built up the greatness of the English people."[5]
Works[link]
- 1884: Lectures On The Industrial Revolution In England: Public Addresses, Notes and Other Fragments, together with a Short Memoir by B. Jowett, London, Rivington's (1884); Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing (pb 2004). ISBN 1-4191-2952-X
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ F. C. Montague, "Arnold Toynbee", in Social Science, Municipal and Federal Government, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University (1889), pp. 5-53.
- ^ Susan J. Winter and S. Lynn Taylor, The Role of Information Technology in the Transformation of Work: A Comparison of Postindustrial, Industrial and Protoindustrial Organization, in DeSanctis, Gerardine, Janet Fulk. Shaping Organization Form: Communication, Connection, and Community, Sage Publications Inc, 1999, p.105. ISBN 0-7619-0495-6
- ^ Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England, 2nd ed., London, Rivington's (1887), p. 86.
- ^ Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the 18th Century in England, 2nd ed., London, Rivington's (1887), p. 87.
- ^ Arnold Toynbee and Prof Benjamin Jowett, Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England; Popular Addresses, Notes and Other Fragments (1884), pp. 85, 88, 92-93, 189, 219.
External links[link]
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1885–1900 Dictionary of National Biography's article about Toynbee, Arnold. |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Arnold Toynbee |
- Alfred Marshall, "On Arnold Toynbee", ed. John K. Whitaker, Marshall Studies Bulletin 6 (1996): 45-48.
- SocioSite: Toynbee links
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Toynbee, Arnold |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | 19th century economic historian |
| Date of birth | August 23, 1852 |
| Place of birth | London, England |
| Date of death | March 9, 1883 |
| Place of death | London, England |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Born | January 3, 1901 Cologne, Germany |
|---|---|
| Died | January 19, 1985 Stanford, California, USA |
| Era | 20th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western Philosophers |
| School | Western Philosophy |
| Main interests | History, Consciousness, Religion, Political Science |
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Influenced by
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Eric Voegelin, born Erich Hermann Wilhelm Vögelin, (January 3, 1901 – January 19, 1985) was a German-born American political philosopher. He was born in Cologne, then Imperial Germany, and educated in political science at the University of Vienna. He became a teacher and then an associate professor of political science at the Faculty of Law. In 1938 he, with his wife, fled from the Nazi forces which had recently entered Vienna, emigrating to the United States, where they became citizens in 1944. He spent most of his academic career at the University of Notre Dame, Louisiana State University, the University of Munich and the Hoover Institution of Stanford University.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Voegelin was born in Cologne in 1901. He taught political theory and sociology at the University of Vienna after his habilitation there in 1928. While in Austria Voegelin established the beginnings of his long lasting friendship with F. A. Hayek.[1] In 1933 he published two books criticizing Nazi racism, and was forced to flee from Austria following the Anschluss in 1938. After a brief stay in Switzerland, he arrived in the United States and taught at a series of universities before joining Louisiana State University's Department of Government in 1942. His advisers on his dissertation were Hans Kelsen and Othmar Spann.
Voegelin remained in Baton Rouge until 1958 when he accepted an offer by Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität to fill Max Weber's former chair in political science, which had been empty since Weber's death in 1920. In Munich he founded the Institut für Politische Wissenschaft. Voegelin returned to America in 1969 to join Stanford University's Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace as Henry Salvatori Fellow where he continued his work until his death on January 19, 1985. He was a member of the Philadelphia Society.[2]
Work[link]
Voegelin worked throughout his life to account for the endemic political violence of the twentieth century in an effort variously referred to as a philosophy of politics, history, or consciousness.
Voegelin published scores of books, essays, and reviews in his lifetime. An early work was Die politischen Religionen (1938), (The Political Religions), on totalitarian ideologies and their structural similarities to religion. His magnum opus is the multi-volume (English-language) Order and History, which began publication in 1956 and remained incomplete at the time of his death 29 years later. His 1951 Charles Walgreen lectures, published as The New Science of Politics, is generally seen as a prolegomenon to this, and remains his best known work. He left many manuscripts unpublished, including a history of political ideas that has since been published in eight volumes.
Order and History was originally conceived as a six-volume examination of the history of order occasioned by Voegelin's personal experience of the disorder of his time. The first three volumes, Israel and Revelation, The World of the Polis, and Plato and Aristotle, appeared in rapid succession in 1956 and 1957 and focused on the evocations of order in the ancient Near East and Greece.
Voegelin then encountered difficulties that slowed the publication down. This, combined with his university administrative duties and work related to the new institute, meant that seventeen years separated the fourth from the third volume. His new concerns were indicated in the 1966 German collection Anamnesis: Zur Theorie der Geschichte und Politik, and the fourth volume, The Ecumenic Age, appeared in 1974. It broke with the chronological pattern of the previous volumes by investigating symbolizations of order ranging in time from the Sumerian King List to Hegel. Continuing work on the final volume, In Search of Order, occupied Voegelin's final days and it was published posthumously in 1987.[original research?]
One of Voegelin's main points in his later work is that a sense of order is conveyed by the experience of transcendence. This transcendence can never be fully defined nor described, though it may be conveyed in symbols. A particular sense of transcendent order serves as a basis for a particular political order. It is in this way that a philosophy of politics becomes a philosophy of consciousness. Insights may become fossilised as dogma. The main aim of the political philosopher is to remain open to the truth of order, and convey this to others.
Voegelin is more interested in the ontological issues that arise from these experiences than the epistemological questions of how we know that a vision of order is true or not. For Voegelin, the essence of truth is trust. All philosophy begins with experience of the divine. Since God is experienced as good, one can be confident that reality is knowable. As Descartes would say, God is not a deceiver.
Voegelin's work does not fit in any standard classifications, although some of his readers have found similarities in it to contemporaneous works by, for example, Ernst Cassirer, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, and Hans-Georg Gadamer. He has a sometimes unapproachable style and a heavy reliance upon extensive background knowledge. Voegelin often invents terms or uses old ones in new ways. However, there are patterns in his work with which the reader can quickly become familiar.
Among indications of growing engagement with Voegelin's work are the 305 page international bibliography published in 2000 by Munich's Wilhelm Fink Verlag; the presence of dedicated research centers at universities in the United States, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom; the appearance of recent translations in languages ranging from Portuguese to Japanese; and the publishing of the nearly complete 34 volume collection of his primary works by the University of Missouri Press and various primary and secondary works offered by the Eric-Voegelin-Archiv of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität.
Voegelin on Gnosticism[link]
In his The New Science of Politics, Order and History, and Science, Politics and Gnosticism, Voegelin opposed what he believed to be unsound Gnostic influences in politics. He defined gnosis as "a purported direct, immediate apprehension or vision of truth without the need for critical reflection; the special gift of a spiritual and cognitive elite."[3] Gnosticism is a "type of thinking that claims absolute cognitive mastery of reality. Relying as it does on a claim to gnosis, gnosticism considers its knowledge not subject to criticism. Gnosticism may take transcendentalizing (as in the case of the Gnostic movement of late antiquity) or immanentizing forms (as in the case of Marxism)."[4]
Apart from the Classical Christian writers against heresy, his sources on Gnosticism were secondary, since the texts in the Nag Hammadi library were not yet widely available. For example Voegelin uses Hans Urs von Balthasar, Henri de Lubac, and the Jewish German philosopher Hans Jonas.[5]
Voegelin perceived similarities between ancient Gnosticism and modernist political theories, particularly communism and nazism. He identified the root of the Gnostic impulse as alienation, that is, a sense of disconnection from society and a belief that this lack is the result of the inherent disorder, or even evil, of the world. This alienation has two effects:
- The first is the belief that the disorder of the world can be transcended by extraordinary insight, learning, or knowledge, called a Gnostic Speculation by Voegelin (the Gnostics themselves referred to this as gnosis).
- The second is the desire to implement and or create a policy to actualize the speculation, or Immanentize the Eschaton, i.e., to create a sort of heaven on earth within history.
According to Voegelin the Gnostics are really rejecting the Christian eschaton of the kingdom of God and replacing it with a human form of salvation through esoteric ritual or practice.
The primary feature that characterizes a tendency as gnostic for Voegelin is that it is motivated by the notion that the world and humanity can be fundamentally transformed and perfected through the intervention of a chosen group of people (an elite), a man-god, or men-Gods, Übermensch, who are the chosen ones that possess a kind of special knowledge (like magic or science) about how to perfect human existence.
This stands in contrast to a notion of redemption that is achieved through the reconciliation of mankind with the divine. Marxism therefore qualifies as "gnostic" because it purports that we can establish the perfect society on earth once capitalism has been overthrown by the "proletariat." Likewise, Nazism is seen as "gnostic" because it posits that we can achieve utopia by attaining racial purity, once the master race has freed itself of the racially inferior and the degenerate.
In the two cases specifically analyzed by Voegelin, the totalitarian impulse is derived from the alienation of the individuals from the rest of society. This leads to a desire to dominate (libido dominandi) which has its roots not just in the Gnostic's conviction of the imperative of his vision but also in his lack of concord with a large body of his society. As a result, there is very little regard for the welfare of those who are harmed by the resulting politics, which ranges from coercive to calamitous (e.g. the Russian proverb: "You have to crack a few eggs to make an omelet").
Immanentizing the eschaton[link]
Main article: Immanentize the eschaton
One of his most quoted passages (by such figures as William F. Buckley, Jr.[6]) is the following:
The problem of an eidos in history, hence, arises only when a Christian transcendental fulfillment becomes immanentized. Such an immanentist hypostasis of the eschaton, however, is a theoretical fallacy.[7]
From this comes the catchphrase: "Don't immanentize the eschaton!" which simply means: "Do not try to make that which belongs to the afterlife happen here and now." or "Don't try to create heaven on earth."
When Voegelin uses the term gnosis negatively, it is to reflect the word as found in the Manichaeism and Valentinianism of antiquity. As it is later then immanentized (or manifest) in modernity in the wake of Joachim of Fiore and in the various ideological movements outlined in his works.[8] Voegelin also builds on the term gnosticism as it is defined by Hans Jonas in his The Gnostic Religion in reference to Heidegger's gnosticism. Which is to have an understanding and control over reality that makes Mankind as powerful as the role of God in reality.
Voegelin was arguing from a Hellenistic position that good gnosis is derived from pistis (faith) and that the pagan tradition made a false distinction between faith and noesis. Furthermore, this dualist perspective was the very essence of gnosticism via the misuse of Noema and caused a destructive division between the internal and external world in human consciousness. To reconcile the internal (subjective) and external (objective) world of consciousness was the restoration of order.[9][10]
Social alienation[link]
Voegelin identified the root of the Gnostic impulse as alienation, that is, a sense of disconnection with society, and a belief that this disconnection is the result of the inherent disorder, or even evil, of the world. This alienation has two effects:
- The belief that the disorder of the world can be transcended by extraordinary insight, learning, or knowledge, called a Gnostic Speculation by Voegelin (the Gnostics themselves referred to this as gnosis).
- The desire to create and implement a policy to actualize the speculation, or as Voegelin described it, to Immanentize the Eschaton, to create a sort of heaven on earth within history by triggering the apocalypse.
Voegelin’s conception of gnosis and his analysis of Gnosticism in general has been criticized by Eugene Webb. In an article entitled "Voegelin’s Gnosticism Reconsidered," Webb explains that Voegelin’s concept of Gnosticism was conceived "not primarily to describe ancient phenomena but to help us understand some modern ones for which the evidence is a great deal clearer."[11] Webb continues, "the category (of Gnosticism) is of limited usefulness for the purpose to which he put it…and the fact that the idea of Gnosticism as such has become so problematic and complex in recent years must at the very least undercut Voegelin’s effort to trace a historical line of descent from ancient sources to the modern phenomena he tried to use them to illuminate."[12]
See also[link]
- James H. Billington
- Juan Linz
- Athanasios Moulakis
- Eugene Webb
- Ellis Sandoz
- American philosophy
- List of American philosophers
- Eric Hoffer[13]
References[link]
- ^ Federici, Michael. Eric Voegelin: The Restoration of Order, ISI Books, 2002, p. 1
- ^ http://phillysoc.org/DistinguishedMembers.pdf
- ^ "According to Voegelin, the claim to gnosis may take intellectual, emotional, and volitional forms." [Webb 1981:282] Glossary of Voegelin terms online
- ^ of Voegelin terms online [Webb 1981:282]
- ^ Voegelin, Eric, Ellis Sandoz, Gilbert Weiss, and William Petropulos. The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, Louisiana State University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8071-1826-5
- ^ Buckley, Jr., William F. Cancel Your Own Goddam Subscription: Notes & Asides from National Review, Basic Books, 2007, pp. 23-24 (http://www.scribd.com/doc/62797891/Cancel-Your-Own-Goddam-Subscription-Notes-and-Asides-From-National-Review accessed on 1/31/2012)
- ^ Voegelin, Eric (1987). The New Science of Politics, p. 120.
- ^ voegelin, New Science Of Politics, chap. 4
- ^ Eric Voegelin, THE ECUMENIC AGE, ORDER & HISTORY, vol. 4, esp. introduction & chap. 5,
- ^ COLLECTED WORKS OF ERIC VOEGELIN, vol. 17, ed. Michael Franz (University of Missouri Press, 2000)
- ^ Webb, E; Voegelin’s “Gnosticism” Reconsidered; Political Science Reviewer; 34; 2005
- ^ Webb, E; "Voegelin’s “Gnosticism” Reconsidered"; Political Science Reviewer; 34; 2005
- ^ The Fifties Spiritual Marketplace: American Religion in a Decade of Conflict by Robert S. Ellwood Publisher: Rutgers University Press ISBN 0-8135-2346-X ISBN 978-0-8135-2346-0 [1]
Further reading[link]
Primary literature[link]
All of Voegelin's writing is published as his Collected Works (CW), which is reviewed by Mark Lilla, *"Mr. Casaubon in America" The New York Review of Books 54/11 (June 28, 2007) : 29-31.
Secondary literature[link]
- Cooper, Barry: Eric Voegelin and the Foundations of Modern Political Science, University of Missouri Press, 1999.
- Federici, Michael: Eric Voegelin: The Restoration of Order, ISI Books 2002, basic introduction
- Sandoz, Ellis: The Vogelinian Revolution: A Biographical Introduction Louisiana State UP, 1981. advanced
- Trepanier, Lee, and Steven F. McGuire, eds. Eric Voegelin and the Continental Tradition: Explorations in Modern Political Thought (University of Missouri Press; 2011) 284 pages; Essays on his relationship to Hegel, Schelling, Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Gadamer.
- Webb, Eugene: "Eric Voegelin: Philosopher of History" Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1981.
Primary sources[link]
- The closest to an introduction to his thought in his own words is the: Autobiographical Reflections.
- A Friendship That Lasted a Lifetime: The Correspondence Between Alfred Schutz and Eric Voegelin edited by Gerhard Wagner and Gilbert Weiss, translated by William Petropulos (University of Missouri Press; 2011) 240 pages
External links[link]
- Coetsier, Meins G. S. Etty Hillesum and the Flow of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis. Columbia Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2008.
- Coetsier, Meins G. S. 'God? ... Licht in het duister: Twee denkers in barre tijden: de Duitse filosoof Eric Voegelin en de Nederlands- Joodse schrijfster Etty Hillesum,'in Etty Hillesum Studies: Etty Hillesum in context, red. Ria van den Brandt en Klaas A.D. Smelik, Assen: Gorcum, 2008.
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eric Voegelin |
- The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin
- Eric-Voegelin-Archiv
- The Eric Voegelin Institute
- The Centre of Eric Voegelin Studies(EVS),Ghent University
- Etty Hillesum and the Flow of Presence: A Voegelinian Analysis (engl.) (dt.)
- Coetsier, Meins G. S. Heaven in Hell: A Voegelinian Exploration of the Life and Writings of Etty Hillesum PDF
- Eric Voegelin Study Page
- An Eric Voegelin page
- Stephen Mcknight "Gnosticism and Modernity: Voegelin’s Reconsiderations Twenty Years After The New Science of Politics"
- The Eric Voegelin Colloquium (Discussion Forum)
- Voegelin's Theory of Consciousness applied to Dostoevsky's Possessed
- Intellectual Conservatives Greatest Works No 23
- The suggestion of pneumopathological consciousness as the proper term of Voegelin's intended Gnosticism
- "Voegelin in Toronto"—the DVD of the famous 1978 conference in Toronto at York University featuring Eric Voegelin, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Allan Bloom, Bernard Lonergan, etc. 4½ hrs.
- Voegelin--Research News [Slow loading]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Voegelin, Eric |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American philosopher |
| Date of birth | January 3, 1901 |
| Place of birth | Cologne, Germany |
| Date of death | January 19, 1985 |
| Place of death | Stanford, California, USA |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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John David Ebert (born June 26, 1968) is a writer, thinker & raconteur interested in mythology and popular culture and the myriad ways they intersect with modern life. He is respected for the breadth & depth of his scholarship and generosity in sharing it, most propitiously in his engrossing series of You Tube videos on subjects ranging from Rudolph Steiner, Oswald Spengler, Jean Gebser & Marshall McLuhan, to Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley & The Beatles.
John David Ebert's style of discourse has been described variously as conversational, relaxed, intimate, erudite, witty, discursive, polemical, off-the-cuff, solemn, brilliant. His growing audience, while tending to skew towards those who came of age around or after the end of the Cold War, seems united less by age or background than the shared awareness of love of learning & wisdom....a feeling of being short-changed if not outright betrayed by compulsory and higher "Education"....which Ebert's spontaneous penchant for thinking extemporaneously vividly illuminate Plato's observation that learning is a form of remembering -- a natural, joyful state.
Contents |
[edit] Twilight of the Clockwork God - 1999
Ebert's first book is a collection of his interviews with seminal scholars & scientists Stanislav Grof, Terence McKenna, Rupert Sheldrake, Deepak Chopra, Ralph Abraham, William Irwin Thompson, Lynn Margulis, Brian Swimme. The book is supplemented by introductory essays preceding each subject and two more essay-length meditations on the possible future of the sciences and more generally, science itself, thus anticipating the breakdown of cultural consensus about "truth" characterizing high-tech consumer society during the early 21st Century. (The book's title does homage to Friedrich Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols)
[edit] Celluloid Heroes & Mechanical Dragons - 2005
Ebert's second book Celluloid Heroes & Mechanical Dragons: Film as the Mythology of Electronic Society is an examination of the last three decades of film, and in particular, it looks at the influence of mythology upon the cinema. Beginning with Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey in 1968, the book walks the reader through a labyrinth of celluloid ideas.
He attempts to show how the movie theater emerged out of the camera obscura, which in turn was bequeathed to the West by the Arabs, who had carried on and miniaturized Plato's cavern cosmology, confining it to their theory of optics. Thus, in Ebert's view, the movie theater is a vestigial survival of the ancient Paleolithic cosmology of the telling of stories before flickering firelight inside of a cave. The Arabs, in preserving an optical theory which, in contrast to the Greeks, viewed the eye as a sort of miniature cavern, eventually led, by way of a long story, to the camera obscura and hence, to the blowing up of the movie theater as a sort of large Arabic vision of the eyeball-as-cave. As Ebert writes:
- At this point in our cultural history of the world as cavern, we arrive at a nexus where optics, cosmology and the origins of cinema converge, for the principle of the camera obscura was indeed the ancestor of the movie theater. "Camera obscura" is Latin for "dark room," and if you miniaturize a room so that it becomes portable, then you're got a "camera." If you then line up a series of cameras, as Muybridge did, in order to capture the motion of a galloping horse through a sequence of still photographs, then your portable "room" is on the way to becoming enlarged again, but this time into the size of a public cavern with which to encompass the illusion of motion you have captured with the help of the little djinn of your technology. In fact, the entire world of the cinema may be regarded, a la McLuhan, as an extension of the human eye, for the movie theater is itself a kind of magic eye shared by the public, like the Graea, the three blind witches of Greek mythology, who could see only by sharing one eye.[1]
[edit] Dead Celebrities, Living Icons - 2010
Ebert's third book "Dead Celebrities, Living Icons: Tragedy and Fame in the Age of the Multimedia Superstar" examines the popular mythology of the dying and reviving celebrity. It maintains that the current adulation of mega-famous celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley and James Dean corresponds to a modern myth formation in the contemporary psyche that is analogous to the role of the Catholic saints in the Middle Ages. Certain celebrities, such as Princess Diana or Michael Jackson, generate a near-religious aura because they activate fairy tale-like archetypes in the collective psyche, especially as the result of a tragic death, which casts a mythic aura about such personages. As Ebert writes:
- The fatal quality shared by these particular celebrities was an effect of accelerating their personae to light speed via the electronic media of their day. For the process of exposing the personality to electronic replication and duplication tends to have a disintegrative effect upon it by splitting it asunder into multiple egos--like the thousand-fold Malkoviches in Being John Malkovich. These egos can proliferate with such bewildering speed that the accelerated individual soon finds himself thrust into playing roles--and donning masks--that he had no idea would be required of him. These clones and doppelgangers are like golems, for they are nearly impossible to kill once awakened to the light of day. Their originators tend, more often than not, to become unwitting victims in a war of images and icons that often require them to sacrifice their lives. [2]
[edit] The New Media Invasion - 2011
Ebert's fourth book "The New Media Invasion: Digital Technologies and the World They Unmake" is a series of essays recording the devastating effects of the so-called Digital Revolution, beginning with the turning over of the Internet to the private sector in 1995, upon traditional printed media. The book discusses the traumatic effects of the New Media Invasion upon the media of the Gutenberg Galaxy, noting the disappearance of record stores, the near disappearance of book stores, and the folding up of magazines and newspapers with the rise of new media such as the Internet, cell phones, the Kindle, the iPad, the iPod, etc. The book's chapter on Wikipedia, interestingly, frames the advent of this particular website as a "knowledge catastrophe." As Ebert writes:
- With Wikipedia, furthermore, 'knowledge' is never complete. It never even attains the status of knowledge, for the information that appears on Wikipedia may disappear within minutes. A knowledge base which appears and disappears without warning cannot be regarded in any way, shape or form as an encyclopedia of any kind. If what I just read a few minutes ago may disappear since I read it, and thus no longer has the status of being 'true,' then what I have read cannot be regarded as knowledge at all, but rather something more akin to the status of rumor, which is information that may or may not be true and may even change its status in the very process of its utterance. [3]
[edit] The Age of Catastrophe: Disaster and Humanity in Modern Times - Forthcoming: Nov. 2012
Works[link]
- Twilight of the Clockwork God: Conversations on Science & Spirituality at the End of an Age (Council Oak Books, 1999)
- Celluloid Heroes & Mechanical Dragons: Film as the Mythology of Electronic Society (Cybereditions, 2005)
- Dead Celebrities, Living Icons: Tragedy and Fame in the Age of the Multimedia Superstar (Praeger - Greenwood, 2010)
- The New Media Invasion: Digital Technologies and the World They Unmake (McFarland Books, 2011)
- The Age of Catastrophe: Disaster and Humanity in Modern Times (McFarland Books, 2012)
See also[link]
References[link]
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ebert, John David |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | June 26, 1968 |
| Place of birth | Phoenix, Arizona |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/John_David_Ebert
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_David_Ebert
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Henry Eyring, see Henry Eyring (disambiguation).
| Henry Eyring | |
|---|---|
| File:HenryEyring1951.jpg Henry Eyring |
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| Born | February 20, 1901 (1901-02-20) Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Died | December 26, 1981 (1981-12-27) Salt Lake City, Utah, USA |
| Residence | United States |
| Nationality | American |
| Fields | Chemist |
| Institutions | Princeton University University of Utah |
| Alma mater | University of Arizona University of California, Berkeley |
| Doctoral students | Keith J. Laidler |
| Known for | Transition state theory |
| Notable awards | Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1980) National Medal of Science (1966) |
|
Notes
He is the father of Henry B. Eyring. |
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Henry Eyring (February 20, 1901 – December 26, 1981) was a Mexican-born American theoretical chemist whose primary contribution was in the study of chemical reaction rates and intermediates.
A prolific writer, he authored more than 600 scientific articles, ten scientific books, and a few books on the subject of science and religion. He received the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1980 and the National Medal of Science in 1966 for developing the Absolute Rate Theory or Transition state theory of chemical reactions, one of the most important developments of 20th-century chemistry. Several other chemists later received the Nobel prize for work based on it, and his failure to receive the Nobel prize was a matter of surprise to many.[1] The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences apparently did not understand Eyring's theory until it was too late to award him the Nobel; the academy awarded him the Berzelius Medal in 1977 as partial compensation.[2] Sterling M. McMurrin believed he should have received the Nobel Prize but was not awarded it because of his religion.[3]
He was also elected president of the American Chemical Society in 1963 and the Association for the Advancement of Science in 1965.
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History[link]
Eyring, a third generation Mormon, was reared on a cattle ranch in Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, a Mormon colony, for the first 11 years of his life. In July 1912, the Eyrings and about 4,200 other immigrants were driven out of Mexico by violent insurgents during the Mexican Revolution and moved to El Paso, Texas. After living in El Paso for approximately one year, the Eyrings relocated to Pima, Arizona, where Henry completed high school and showed a special aptitude for mathematics and science. He also studied at Gila Academy in Thatcher, Arizona, now Eastern Arizona College, where one of the pillars at the front of the main building still bears his name, along with that of his brother-in-law, Spencer W. Kimball, later president and prophet of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His father was the last mainstream LDS to practice polygamy, which he did until 1954 when one of his two wives died.[citation needed]
By 1919, Eyring had received a state fellowship to the University of Arizona, where he received degrees in mining engineering, metallurgy, and chemistry. He subsequently pursued and received his doctoral degree in Chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1927 for a thesis entitled: A Comparison of the Ionization by, and Stopping Power for, Alpha Particles of Elements and Compounds.
After a review of his dissertation, Princeton University recruited Eyring as an instructor in 1931. He would continue his work at Princeton until 1946[4] when he was offered a position as dean of the graduate school at the University of Utah. The chemistry building on the University of Utah campus is now named in his honor.
He had three sons with his wife, Mildred Bennion. The oldest, Edward M. "Ted" Eyring is a chemistry professor at the University of Utah. Henry B. Eyring is the First Counselor in the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Harden B. Eyring, is a higher education administrator for the State of Utah.
Religious beliefs[link]
Eyring was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints throughout his life. His views of science and religion were captured in this quote: "Is there any conflict between science and religion? There is no conflict in the mind of God, but often there is conflict in the minds of men."[5]
As a member of the LDS Church, he served as a branch president, district president, and, for over twenty years, a member of the general board of the Deseret Sunday School Union.
Awards[link]
- AAAS Newcomb Cleveland Prize (1932)
- Bingham Medal (1949) of the Society of Rheology
- Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry (1964)
- National Medal of Science (1966)
- Irving Langmuir Award (1967)
- Linus Pauling Award (1969)
- Elliott Cresson Medal (1969) from the Franklin Institute
- T. W. Richards Medal (1975)
- Priestley Medal (1975)
- Berzelius Medal (1979)
- Wolf Prize (1980)
- Member of International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science
Scientific publications: books[link]
Henry Eyring authored, co-authored, or edited the following books or journals:
- A generalized theory of plasticity involving the virial theorem
- The activated complex in chemisorption and catalysis
- An examination into the origin, possible synthesis, and physical properties of diamonds
- Annual Review of Physical Chemistry
- Basic chemical kinetics
- Deformation Kinetics with Alexander Stephen Krausz
- Electrochemistry
- Kinetic evidence of phase structure
- Modern Chemical Kinetics
- Non-classical reaction kinetics
- Physical Chemistry, an Advanced Treatise (1970)
- Quantum Chemistry
- Reactions in condensed phases
- The significance of isotopic reactions in rate theory
- Significant Liquid Structures
- Some aspects of catalytic hydrogenation
- Statistical Mechanics
- Statistical Mechanics and Dynamics
- Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Perspectives. Volume 2
- The Theory of Rate Processes in Biology and Medicine with Frank H. Johnson and Betsy Jones Stover
- Theory of Optical Activity (Monographs on Chemistry series) with D.J. Caldwell
- Time and Change
- Valency
Religious publications: books[link]
- Reflections of a Scientist (1983)[5]
- The Faith of a Scientist. Bookcraft, Inc. (1967)
- Science and your Faith in God. Bookcraft, Inc. (1958)
See also[link]
- Eyring equation
- Mormon Scientist: The Life and Faith of Henry Eyring - book about Henry Eyring.
- Mormon Scientist: The Life and Faith of Henry Eyring - video about Henry Eyring.
References[link]
- ^ G.B. Kauffman; The Nobel Centennial 1901—2001; Chem. Educator 2001, 6, 370—384
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry: The Development of Modern Chemistry". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 Jun 2010.
- ^ "Matters of Conscience: Conversations With Sterling M. McMurrin on Philosophy, Education, and Religion" by Sterling M. McMurrin & L. Jackson Newell, Signature Books, 1996
- ^ AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society
- ^ a b Eyring, Harden Romney; Eyring, Henry (1983). Reflections of a scientist. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co. pp. 2. ISBN 0-87747-944-5.
External links[link]
- The Chemistry Department:1946-2000 by Edward M. Eyring, April K. Heiselt, & Kelly Erickson (University of Utah)
- Biography from the National Academy of Sciences
- Mini-Biography of Henry Eyring
- Biography at the AAAS
- The Eyring papers
- "The Reconciliation of Faith and Science: Henry Eyring's Achievement" - 1982 article on Eyring as an LDS scientist from Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Eyring, Henry D |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Chemist specialized in kinetics |
| Date of birth | 1901-02-20 |
| Place of birth | Colonia Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico |
| Date of death | 1981-12-26 |
| Place of death | Salt Lake City, Utah, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Eyring
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
