Coordinates: 32°03′25″S 115°44′38″E / 32.0569°S 115.7439°E / -32.0569; 115.7439
Fremantle (
/ˈfriːmæntl/) is a city in Western Australia, located at the mouth of the Swan River. Fremantle Harbour serves as the port of Perth, the state capital. Fremantle was the first area settled by the Swan River colonists in 1829. It was declared a city in 1929, and has a population of approximately 25,000.
The city is named after Captain Charles Howe Fremantle, the English naval officer who had pronounced possession of Western Australia and who established a camp at the site. The city contains well-preserved 19th-century buildings and other heritage features. The Western Australian vernacular diminutive for Fremantle is Freo.[1]
Fremantle lies on a series of limestone hills known by the Nyungar people as Booyeembara; the sandplain to the east is Gardoo.[2][3] The original vegetation of the area was mainly Xanthorrhoea and eucalyptus trees, which were traditionally fired annually by the Aboriginal people.
Fremantle is the end of the Fremantle railway line which runs from Perth to Fremantle, run by the Western Australia's Public Transport Authority. Major highways including Stirling Highway, Canning Highway and Leach Highway have Fremantle as their start point and/or terminus.
Fremantle has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The regular sea breeze is known as the Fremantle Doctor, as it provides cooling relief from the summer heat.
The Noongar people inhabited the area that is now Fremantle, which was known as Walyalup.[4]
Completed in 1831, the
Round House is the oldest public building in Western Australia. It can be seen atop Arthur Head in the painting below.
The area was considered as a site for possible British settlement in 1827, when Captain James Stirling, in HMS Success, explored the coastal areas near the Swan River. His favourable report was welcomed by the British Government, who had for some time been suspicious of French colonial intentions towards the western portion of Australia. As a result of Stirling's report, Captain Charles Howe Fremantle of HMS Challenger, a 603 ton, 28-gun frigate, was instructed to sail to the west coast of Australia to establish a settlement there.[5]
On 2 May 1829, Fremantle hoisted the Union Flag in a bay near what is now known as Arthur Head, and in accordance with his instructions, took formal possession "of the whole of the West Coast of New Holland" in the name of George IV of the United Kingdom.[6]
Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) is observed on the first Monday in June, although it was actually on 2 June 1829 that Captain James Stirling on the Parmelia arrived with Surveyor-General Roe and the first contingent of immigrants to set up the Swan River Colony.[7] The settlement of Perth began on 12 August 1829.
Captain Fremantle left the colony on 25 August after providing much assistance to Stirling in setting up the colony. It was then that Stirling decided to name the port settlement 'Fremantle'.[8]
On 1 June 1850, the first convicts arrived at Fremantle aboard the Scindian. The thirty-seventh and last convict ship to dock at Fremantle was the Hougoumont on 9 January 1868, signalling the end of penal transportation to Australia.[9] Among the 280 convicts on board were 62 Fenian military and political prisoners—members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood—six of whom managed to escape the Convict Establishment in the Catalpa rescue of 1876.[10]
In 1897, Irish-born engineer C. Y. O'Connor deepened Fremantle Harbour and removed the limestone bar and sand shoals across the entrance to the Swan River, thus rendering Fremantle a serviceable port for commercial shipping.[11] This occurred at the height of the late 19th century Western Australian gold rush, transforming Fremantle into a capital of trade and gateway for thousands of gold miners to the inland boom towns of Coolgardie, Kalgoorlie and Southern Cross. Camels and their Afghan drivers were familiar sights, and by-laws regulating the driving of camels through the streets of Fremantle were enacted.[12] The wealth generated during this period resulted in the construction of several prestigious hotels throughout Fremantle (see heritage buildings). Fremantle still serves as the chief general seaport for Western Australia, though far greater tonnages are exported from the iron-ore ports of the Pilbara.
Fremantle has seen many industrial conflicts, the most famous of which occurred in 1919 when rioting broke out during "the lumpers' strike", resulting in one death and many injuries.[13]
During World War II, Fremantle was the second largest base for Allied submarines operating in the Pacific theatre. There were up to 125 US, 31 British and 11 Free Dutch submarines operating out of Fremantle,[14] until the Americans moved forward to the Philippines. The movements and presence of USS Sturgeon (SS-187) is a good example of such activity. Fremantle was considered a "veritable Shangri-la"[citation needed] among submariners during the war, however tensions between transient American and non-American soldiers often led to alcohol-fuelled violence. On 11 April 1944, a brawl between U.S. and New Zealand servicemen at the National Hotel resulted in the death from stab wounds of two Maori soldiers.[15] [16]
The Fremantle state seat was continuously held by the Australian Labor Party from 1924 until 2009, when it was lost at a by-election to Greens candidate Adele Carles. The federal electorate has returned Labor members continuously since 1934, including former Prime Minister John Curtin, and is currently represented by Melissa Parke.
The local government of the City of Fremantle consists of a mayor and council. Greens member Brad Pettitt has been the mayor since the 2009 local government elections.[17]
Fremantle has been represented by some significant Australian political figures. John Curtin served as Prime Minister of Australia during World War II, and is often described as one of the nation's greatest political leaders. The state's largest university and a major secondary school in Fremantle are named after him, and his statue stands in Kings Square near the Fremantle Town Hall. A long-serving mayor of the town, Sir Frank Gibson (1919–1923 and 1926–1952), was also a Liberal parliamentarian from 1942 to 1956. Gibson, a pharmacist with a shop in High Street, was admired by all sides of politics for his civic leadership and tireless work for the city, especially during World War II, when he is said to have visited every ship that called at the port. He was a leading figure in many civic organisations and his stepson, Dr Roger Dunkley, was medical officer with the 2nd/2nd Independent Company during the Timor campaign in World War II. Carmen Lawrence, the first female premier of an Australian state, later represented Fremantle in the federal House of Representatives.
On 10 November 2006, Australian state and territory attorney-generals met in Fremantle to sign the Fremantle Declaration, a restatement and affirmation of legal and human rights principles in Australia.[18] In 2011, Prime Minister Julia Gillard launched the Commonwealth Youth Forum in Fremantle as part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011, held in Perth 28 - 30 October.[19]
Looking east along High Street, one of many well-preserved 19th century business and commercial streets in downtown Fremantle
Fremantle is renowned for its well-preserved architectural heritage, including convict-built colonial-era buildings, an old jetty and port, and prisons; presenting a variety and unity of historic buildings and streetscapes. These were often built in limestone with ornate façades in a succession of architectural styles. Rapid development following the harbour works gave rise to an Edwardian precinct as merchant and shipping companies built in the west end and on reclaimed land.[20]
The Round House, the oldest remaining intact building in Western Australia, was built as a gaol between 1830 - 1831.[21] The Round House had eight cells and a gaoler's residence, which all opened up into a central courtyard. In the 1800s, bay whaling was carried out from Bathers Beach below the Round House. As part of the whaling operations, a tunnel was constructed under the Round House to provide whalers with access to the town from the jetty and beach. The Round House is located in what is now known as Fremantle's West End: a collection of streets characterised by late Georgian and Victorian-style architecture at the southern end of the port. A process of gentrification in the early 1990s was accelerated by the establishment of the University of Notre Dame Australia, which occupies, and has restored, many of the buildings in the West End.
When the first 75 convicts arrived from Britain in 1850 to support the colony's dwindling population, it became apparent that the Round House was inadequate to house them. The convicts built a new gaol, Fremantle Prison, which was completed in the 1850s and continued to be used as Fremantle's prison until 1991. Fremantle Prison was once one of the most notorious prisons in the British Empire. It housed British convicts, local prisoners, military prisoners, enemy aliens and prisoners of war. On 1 August 2010, a meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Brazil placed Fremantle Prison and 10 other "Australian Convict Sites" on the World Heritage List - making it the first built environment in Western Australia to be bestowed this honour.[22] It continues to be accessible to the public for guided tours and as a venue for artistic and cultural activities.[23]
The Fremantle Arts Centre is another building constructed in the 1860s by convicts from locally quarried limestone: it is a former lunatic asylum building on Ord Street, and is one of Fremantle's most significant landmarks.[24] Today the imposing Victorian Gothic building and its historic courtyards are used for art exhibitions and music concerts.
The Fremantle Markets opened in 1897, forming a precinct providing handicrafts, speciality foods, dining halls and fish and vegetable markets. The area also hosts buskers and other street performers. The then premier, Sir John Forrest, laid the foundation stone for the markets on Saturday 6 November 1897. Over 150 stalls are housed in the Victorian-era building, which was listed by the National Trust of Australia and the state's Heritage Council in 1980. The Fremantle Markets are adjacent to several other historic buildings, including the Sail & Anchor Hotel (which contains a microbrewery), the Norfolk Hotel, the Warders Cottages, the Fremantle Technical School, and Scots Presbyterian Church.
Some key historical buildings have been lost to development, while others are only extant thanks to community activism that went against the wishes of developers.[25] For example, the art deco Oriana Cinema on the corner of Queen and High streets was demolished in 1972, after only 34 years of operation.[26] This was done to make way for the widening of High Street, but that project was stopped thanks to the campaigning of The Fremantle Society and other community members, and the buildings along the southern side of High Street were retained. The Fremantle Markets nearly suffered a similar fate in the late 70s due to another road-widening proposal.[25]
The National Hotel, one of the city's historic buildings, was almost destroyed by fire on the night of Sunday, 11 March 2007. Though the interior was gutted, the historic façade was saved and the building has since been fully restored.[27]
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Australia Hotel (ca. 1900), now a backpackers' hostel
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Fremantle Prison gatehouse at night
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The City of Fremantle has published a range of sheets related to the history of the port[28] including:
In the 2006 Australian Census conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Fremantle had a population of 24,835 people. For a city of small size, Fremantle is very diverse. Only 62% of the population was born in Australia, compared with the national average of 76%.[30] Indigenous Australians make up 1.6% of the population, and the largest overseas-born groups come from England (8.6%), Italy (4.4%), New Zealand (2.2%), Scotland (1.4%) and Portugal (1.0%).[31] After English, the most common language spoken at home is Italian (6.4%), exceeding the national average of 1.6%.[31] Croatian and Portuguese are each spoken by 1.1% of the population, followed by Spanish and French with 0.7% and 0.5% respectively.[31]
It has a broadly mixed-class of professions, and in 2006 had an unemployment rate of 4.5%. The city has an above-average proportion of rented dwellings (33.2%) of which a larger-than-average proportion is owned by the State Department of Housing (27.7%).[31]
54.3% of the population is Christian, largely Roman Catholic (28.6%) and Anglican (15.7%).[32] Buddhism, Islam, and other religions comprise 3.9% of the population, and approximately 42% of Fremantle residents profess no religion or did not state a religion.[32]
Fremantle is home to the main campus of the private Roman Catholic University of Notre Dame Australia. UNDA occupies many buildings throughout Fremantle, particularly in its historic West End. The use and refurbishment of these buildings by the university assisted in their preservation.
The Central Business District is also home to a major teaching hospital, Fremantle Hospital.
Secondary Schools
Primary Schools
- Beaconsfield Primary School
- Christ the King Primary School.
- East Fremantle Primary School
- Fremantle Primary School.
- Hilton Primary School
- Lance Holt School
- North Fremantle Primary
- Our Lady of Mt. Carmel School
- St Patrick's Primary School.
- Samson Primary School
- Winterfold Primary School.
Fremantle offers a wide variety of dining experiences, with a strong emphasis on Italian and Asian cuisine as well as seafood. Various cafés and coffee shops are situated around Fremantle, particularly on the 'Cappuccino Strip', a section of South Terrace known for its alfresco dining culture.[33] The Fishing Boat Harbour has become a tourist precinct, with a mixture of microbreweries, restaurants and some of Australia's largest fish and chip shops.[33] A number of old buildings on the harbour have been renovated, including Little Creatures Brewery, which occupies a former boat shed and crocodile farm, and contains a café and art gallery.[34] The harbour's annual Fremantle Sardine Festival attracts thousands of seafood lovers every year.[35] Other annual events held at the harbour include Araluen's Fremantle Chilli Festival, the Fremantle Boat Show, and the traditional Italian Blessing of the Fleet ceremony.[36]
Next to the Fishing Boat Harbour is Bathers Beach, a flat beach popular with swimmers. Fremantle is home to other beaches such as South Beach, Leighton Beach and Port Beach. Cottesloe Beach is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north, halfway between Fremantle and Perth. The city's strong afternoon sea breeze (known locally as the 'Freo Doctor') has made its beaches a prime location for wind and kite surfing. The Fremantle Surf Life Saving Club has been active since the 1930s.[37] Fishing takes place at the many jetties and groynes surrounding Challenger, Success Boat and Fishing Boat harbours, and along Blackwall Reach at the Swan River, which is also used for canoeing, rock climbing and cliff diving.[34] A chain of islands listed as A Class nature reserves lie within 20 km (12 mi) of Fremantle, and are accessible by ferry or private boat. The largest and most well-known island is Rottnest Island, followed by Garden Island and Carnac Island. Each island is home to endemic flora and fauna, and provide opportunities for water-based activities such as sunbathing, surfing, snorkeling and scuba diving.[38]
Fremantle—along with the inner suburbs of Northbridge and Leederville—is one of Perth's major nightlife hubs.[39] It attracts people from all over the metropolitan region for its pubs, bars and nightclubs.
The city has a large arts community, with a number of small art galleries and musical venues and a community theatre company, Harbour Theatre Inc., which has been performing in the city since 1963. There is also the J Shed situated on Bathers' Beach. J Shed houses four artists studios. Old Customs House, a heritage building just across from the working Fremantle Ports, is home to a not-for-profit artists agency, Artsource, and provides 23 artist studios, and houses several other arts organisations.
Bathers and kite surfers at Port Beach
Fremantle is served by a Community Newspaper Group paper, The Fremantle - Cockburn Gazette, and by an independent local newspaper, the Fremantle Herald.
Fremantle also has an independent local radio station Radio Fremantle 107.9FM.
Online reporting and reviews of events and places within Fremantle are comprehensively covered by a group of local designers on their popular blog, known as 'Love Freo', and by a local photographer with his daily updated blog Freo's View.
Yachts compete in the annual Club Marine Fremantle Harbour Classic, held within the confines of Fremantle Port
Global attention turned to Fremantle when it hosted the America's Cup yachting race in 1987, after Australia was the first country to ever win the race, aside from the USA, in 1983. The unsuccessful cup defence was conducted on the waters in Gage Roads, and is considered a hallmark event of the late 20th century revitalisation and gentrification of the city.[40] Fremantle has subsequently served as a stopover in the Clipper, VELUX and Volvo round-the-world yacht races, and hosted the 2011 ISAF Sailing World Championships, a major qualifying event for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[41]
Organised Australian rules football was first played in Fremantle in the early 1880s with the Fremantle Football Club, a founding member of the West Australian Football Association in 1885. The club disbanded at the end of the 1886 season after winning its first premiership. Founded in 1882, the Fremantle-based Unions Football Club entered WAFA in 1886, attracting many players from the original Fremantle club, and went on to dominate the competition with ten premiership victories. The Unions folded in 1899 and were superseded by East Fremantle (1898–), South Fremantle (1900–), and North Fremantle (1901–1915). The East Fremantle Sharks are by far the most successful club in the West Australian Football League, winning a total of 29 premierships.[43] East Fremantle Oval has been the team's home ground since 1953. Today Fremantle is represented in the Australian Football League by the Fremantle Dockers, who train at the heritage-listed Fremantle Oval, shared with South Fremantle, and play their home matches at Patersons Stadium in Subiaco. The Dockers share a rivalry with the West Coast Eagles, and their best performance was in 2006 when they finished 3rd on the ladder, however they have yet to appear in a Grand Final.[44]
As in many other parts of Australia, Fremantle has seen a rise in popularity of association football (soccer) since the arrival of Southern European immigrants. In 1978, members of Fremantle's Portuguese Australian community founded Benfica United, now known as the Fremantle Spirit. The Fremantle Croatia Soccer Club is supported by local Croatian Australians. Both teams compete in the Football West State League.
The Fremantle to Bali Yacht Race started on 23 April 2011 and the yachts reached the finish line at Benoa harbour after completing their 1,440-nautical journey.[45]
The
John Butler Trio in front of a mural on South Terrace by Fremantle artists Joe Record and Horatio T Birdbath
[46]
Fremantle boasts a vibrant live music scene with many local performers and venues. Popular live music venues include Mojo's, Clancy's Fish Pub and the Fly by Night Club, all of which host local and touring performers. Bon Scott, lead singer of the Australian rock band AC/DC, lived in Fremantle as a boy. After his death in 1980 his ashes were interred in Fremantle Cemetery. His grave site has become a cultural landmark.[47] In 2009, a statue of Scott created by Fremantle sculptor Greg James was erected at the Fishing Boat Harbour.[48]
Singer-songwriter John Butler (frontman of the John Butler Trio) lived in Fremantle during his teenage years, and he started his music career busking in the city's streets. Former John Butler Trio member Gavin Shoesmith is also based in Fremantle with his band The Groovesmiths. Alternative rock/folk groups The Waifs, Little Birdy and Eskimo Joe all have connections with Fremantle, and belong to what has been dubbed the 'Freo Sound'.[49] This music scene, and that of neighbouring Perth, were explored in the 2008 documentary Something in the Water.
Other notable musicians from Fremantle include bassist Martyn P. Casey, member of The Triffids and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds;[50] American-born slide guitarist Lucky Oceans;[51] indie pop group San Cisco; rock musician and manager Vince Lovegrove; and Australian Idol finalist Cosima De Vito. A one off "Fremantle supergroup" named The Roundhouse formed in 2010 consisting of Dom Mariani (The Stems), Greg Hitchcock (You Am I, The Kryptonics), Felicity Groom, Steve Gibson (The Kill Devil Hills) and Sophie Elton (The Jam Tarts, Nansing Quartet). Songs by these and other artists have been written about Fremantle; the city is the setting for the title track of Paul Kelly's 1987 album Under the Sun,[52] and The Waifs' 2004 single "Bridal Train" follows a World War II-era war bride on a journey from Fremantle to the USA.[53]
American metal band Fear Factory filmed the video for their 2004 single "Cyberwaste" inside the derelict South Fremantle Power Station.
Redline Records is a Fremantle-based independent label founded in 2000 and co-run by members of Jebediah including frontman and Fremantle-native Kevin Mitchell. Redline's primary focus is on Fremantle and Perth indie bands. In 2002, the John Butler Trio and The Waifs established Jarrah Records in Fremantle.
The West Coast Blues & Roots Festival is held annually at Fremantle Park. RTRFM's annual Fremantle Winter Music Festival features many local Fremantle and Perth performers and is held at multiple venues.[54] From the months of October to March, the Fremantle Arts Centre hosts Courtyard Music, a weekly outdoor music event for picnickers at the property's front garden.[55] Larger concerts are held throughout the year on the Fremantle Arts Centre's 3000 capacity South Lawn.[56] During the early 1990s, Fremantle Oval was one of two venues used during the Perth leg of the Big Day Out music festival. Local, national and international acts continue to perform at the oval.
In the 2004 film Thunderstruck, four devoted AC/DC fans travel across Australia from Sydney to Fremantle to bury their best friend next to Bon Scott's grave. Shooting for the 2006 film Last Train to Freo took place outside Fremantle railway station, and the 2010 musical film Bran Nue Dae had scenes shot in Fremantle's West End. Windrider (1986) was filmed in Fremantle and stars a young Nicole Kidman.[57] Other films shot and set in Fremantle include Wind (1992), Teesh and Trude (2003), and Two Fists, One Heart (2008).
Actors and actresses from Fremantle include Emma Booth, David Frankflin, Mary Ward and Simon Lyndon. Sam Worthington and Megan Gale attended their first acting classes at John Curtin College of the Arts in Fremantle. In 2009, Fremantle model Tahnee Atkinson won the fifth cycle of Australia's Next Top Model.
The children's television series The Sleepover Club and Streetsmartz—premiering in 2003 and 2005 respectively—were shot and set in Fremantle.[58][59] In 2006, Fremantle Prison was featured on an episode of the American version of The Amazing Race. Episodes of the BBC World documentary television series Peschardt's People have been filmed in Fremantle, including an episode with Australian actress Toni Collette and another with Fremantle-based English comedian Ben Elton.
Fremantle is a railway terminus, bus terminus and location of ocean and river ferry berths. It was also a location of a local tramway system until the early 1950's [60]
Fremantle has twin-town relationships with five other cities.[61] They are (in chronological order):
Fremantle also has friendship-city relationships with three cities:
- ^ Australians generally favour the pronunciation "FREE-mantle" over its English antecedent "Fre-MAN-tle". However, the stress commonly reverts to the second syllable in phonetic compounds such as 'North Fre-MAN-tle', 'South Fre-MAN-tle', etc. "Freo" is pronounced FREE-oh.
- ^ Lyon, R. M., A Glance at the Manners and Languages of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Western Australia, 1833; published in Green 1979 (below).
- ^ Green, N. (ed.) Nyungar: The People, Creative Research Publishing, Mount Lawley College, Perth, 1979
- ^ "Walyalup women weavers". National Museum of Australia. http://www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/now_showing/first_australians/resistance/fanny_balbuk/walyalup_women_weavers/. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
- ^ Jackson, K. (1984). Fremantle, Western Australia, p. 7
- ^ Fremantle-the beginning (1972) In Gateway June 1973, £ol.2, No. 1, p. 12.
- ^ Hitchcock, J.K. (1927). Fremantle, 1829-49, found in Early Days, Vol. 1, Part 1, p. 11
- ^ Appleyard, R. T. and Manford, Toby (1979). The Beginning: European Discovery and Early Settlement of Swan River Western Australia, University of Western Australia Press. ISBN 0-85564-146-0. (for early history)
- ^ Hughes, Robert (1987). The Fatal Shore. London: Harvill Press. pp. 578–580. ISBN 0-00-217361-1.
- ^ The Fenians, FremantlePrison.com.au. Retrieved on 9 December 2011.
- ^ LocalHero. "Local history of Fremantle". http://localhero.biz/article/permatitle/history_of_fremantle,_western_australia/.
- ^ Stevens, Christine (2002). Tin Mosques and Ghan Towns: A History of Afghan Camel Drivers in Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 109–112. ISBN 0-9581760-0-0.
- ^ "The Fremantle Wharf Crisis of 1919 - Wikisource". En.wikisource.org. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Fremantle_Wharf_Crisis_of_1919. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ^ Cairns, L. (1995) Fremantle's secret fleets.
- ^ Soldiers' deaths: Coroner's finding The West Australian, 28 June 1944, p.4, at Trove
- ^ Maoris Tell Vivid Stories Of Fremantle Stabbing Brawl Which Ended In Two Deaths The Mirror, Perth, 1 July 1944, at Trove
- ^ Meet your Council Fremantle Focus (official site)
- ^ Coorey, Phillip; Dick, Tim (11 November 2006). "Fair trials accord adds to pressure over Hicks", The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved on 4 June 2011.
- ^ Mullany, Ashlee (24 October 2011). "Gillard tells youth to be idealistic", Perth Now. Retrieved on 7 November 2011.
- ^ Irving, Robert (arch. consultant); , et al. (1982). Book of Historic Australian Towns. Morrison, Robin (Photos) (1 ed.). Readers Digest. pp. 134–139. ISBN 0-909486-93-X. "Easily quarried limestone was as popular with colonial builders as sandstone or bluestone was with their counterparts in New South Wales or Victoria"
- ^ "Fremantle Focus, History and Heritage". http://www.freofocus.com/things2c/html/roundhouse.cfm.
- ^ Fremantle Prison inscribed on the World Heritage list
- ^ Mission, vision and objectives at Fremantle Prison official site
- ^ Welcome to the Fremantle History Museum WA Museum site, with photographs
- ^ a b Davidson, Ron; Dianne Davidson (2010). Fighting for Fremantle: a history of The Fremantle Society.. Fremantle Press.
- ^ Fremantle Local History Centre. "Search results for 'Oriana Cinema'". Fremantle Local History Centre's photographic collection. http://fremantle.wip.seamless.com.au/imglib/html/iframelocalhistory.cfm?keywords=oriana+cinema&keywordMatchMode=ALL&dates=&searchTreeNodeId=1&formAction=RUN. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
- ^ New life for old National, inmycommunity.com.au. Retrieved on 14 May 2011.
- ^ Fremantle Trails
- ^ http://www.toptrails.com.au
- ^ "Migration" (PDF). 2006 Census. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 29 March 2007. http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdf. Retrieved 23 May 2011. (table 6.6)
- ^ a b c d Australian Bureau of Statistics (25 October 2007). "Fremantle (C) (Local Government Area)". 2006 Census QuickStats. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/LocationSearch?collection=Census&period=2006&areacode=LGA53430&producttype=QuickStats&breadcrumb=PL&action=401. Retrieved 2011-11-09.
- ^ a b City of Fremantle: What is our religion?, profile.id.com.au. Retrieved on 22 May 2011.
- ^ a b O'Brien, Katrina; Swaffer, Andrew. West Coast Australia Handbook. Footprint Travel Guides, 2003. ISBN 1-903471-55-9, p. 98
- ^ a b Hayes, Joshua (12 May 2006). "Perth's best kept secrets", 3rd Degree, Edith Cowan University Journal. Retrieved on 4 June 2011.
- ^ Food Festivals, Ninemsn Travel (19 July 2006). Retrieved on 17 May 2011.
- ^ Fremantle Fishing Boat Harbour :: Events, fremantlefishingboatharbour.com. Retrieved on 19 June 2011.
- ^ Walton, Graham (2001). Fremantle Surf Lifesaving Club History, freosurf.com.au. Retrieved on 17 May 2011.
- ^ Fremantle Tours: Fremantle Waters, escapadecharters.com.au. Retrieved on 18 June 2011.
- ^ Ashworth, Susie; Bain, Carolyn; Smitz, Paul. Lonely Planet Australia. Lonely Planet, 2004. ISBN 1-74059-447-9, p. 847
- ^ Hall, C. Michael; Selwood, John H.; Fagence, Michael (ed.); J. Craig-Smith, Stephen (ed.) (1995). "Chapter 7: Event Tourism and the Creation of a Postindustrial Portscape: The Case of Fremantle and the 1987 America's Cup". Recreation and Tourism as a Catalyst for Urban Waterfront Development: An International Survey. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 105–114. ISBN 0-275-94550-2. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4ffhKxKeixgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ Longley, John (28 November 2011). "Sailors chase Olympic dreams", The West Australian. Retrieved on 1 January 2012.
- ^ Townsend, Josh (3 June 2011). "Sharks have most to lose", The West Australian. Retrieved on 8 June 2011.
- ^ Season by Season Record, fremantlefc.com.au. Retrieved on 8 June 2011.
- ^ http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/11/fremantle-bali-yacht-race-returns-after-long-hiatus.html
- ^ Gino's Wall: Proof of Concept, Mastery Multimedia. Retrieved on 25 January 2012.
- ^ Weber, Mark (17 February 2006). "Bon Scott's grave given heritage listing", PM, ABC Radio National. Retrieved on 5 June 2011.
- ^ Bon Scott Greg James Sculpture-Public Art
- ^ O'Donnell, Mick (13 October 2004). "'Freo Sound' dominates ARIA nominations", The 7.30 Report. Retrieved on 24 May 2011.
- ^ Ferguson, Katherine (6 May 2008). "Mid-aged musos to release first album", eMU News. Retrieved on 6 November 2011.
- ^ Episode 54 transcript: Lucky Oceans, George Negus Tonight (ABC). Retrieved on 6 November 2011.
- ^ Horsburgh, Susan (4 June 2007). "Song lines", Brisbane Times. Retrieved on 26 May 2011.
- ^ Brabazon, Tara. Liverpool of the South Seas: Perth and its Popular Music. Perth: UWA Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-920694-30-7, p. 217
- ^ Events / Fremantle Winter Music Festival, rtrfm.com.au. Retrieved on 26 May 2011.
- ^ Courtyard Music, fac.org.au. Retrieved on 26 May 2011.
- ^ Concerts, fac.org.au. Retrieved on 27 November 2011.
- ^ WA Films at the State Library, slwa.wa.gov.au. Retrieved on 22 November 2011.
- ^ Filming locations for "The Sleepover Club", imdb.com. Retrieved on 1 June 2011.
- ^ Filming locations for "Streetsmartz", imdb.com. Retrieved on 1 June 2011.
- ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/157661467 for the opening, the closing in 1952 - see "BUSES REPLACING TRAMS AT PORT.". The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879 - 1954) (Perth, WA: National Library of Australia): p. 4. 17 May 1952. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article49032206. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
- ^ Sister cities and international relations, fremantle.wa.gov.au. Retrieved on 22 May 2011.
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