Adam Bernard Mickiewicz [mit͡sˈkʲɛvit͡ʂ] (
listen)) (Belarusian: Ада́м Берна́рд Міцке́віч; Lithuanian: Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; 24 December 1798 – 26 November 1855) was a Polish[1] poet, publicist and political writer. A prime representative of the Polish Romantic period, he is one of that country's Three Bards and the greatest poet in all Polish literature.[2][3][4] He is also considered one of the greatest Slavic[5] and European[6] poets. He has been described as a "Slavic bard".[7] He was a leading Romantic dramatist[8] and has been compared in Poland and in western Europe to Byron and Goethe.[7][8]
He is known primarily as the author of the poetic novel Dziady and national epic Pan Tadeusz, which is considered the last great epic of Polish-Lithuanian noble culture. Mickiewicz's other influential works include Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna. All served as inspiration during regional uprisings and as foundations for the concept of Poland as "the Christ of Nations."
Mickiewicz was active in the struggle to achieve independence for his homeland, then part of the Russian Empire. Having spent five years in internal exile in central Russia for political activities, he left the Empire in 1829 and spent the rest of his life in emigration, like many of his compatriots. He settled first in Rome, later in Paris, where he became professor of Slavic literature at the Collège de France. He died, probably of cholera, at Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire, where he had gone to help organize Polish forces to fight against Russia in the Crimean War. His remains were later moved to Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, Poland.
Zaosie manor, presumed birthplace
Church of Transfiguration of Jesus,
Navahrudak, where Mickiewicz was baptized
Adam Mickiewicz was born at his uncle's estate in Zaosie (now Zavosse) near Navahrudak (Nowogródek) in what was then the Russian Empire (now Belarus). The region was on the outskirts of Lithuania Propria[9] and had been a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania until the 1795 Third Partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The area had historically been inhabited by ethnic Lithuanians,[10] although at the time of his birth it was largely Belarusian.[10] Belarusian folklore would exert a major influence on his work[10] along with Lithuanian historic themes.[9] The regions upper classes, such as Mickiewicz's family, were however either Polish or polonized.[9] Poet's father, Mikołaj Mickiewicz, was a lawyer, and a member of the petty Polish[11] nobility (szlachta) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and bore the hereditary Poraj coat-of-arms[12], his mother was Barbara Mickiewicz (maiden name: Majewska).
Mickiewicz enrolled at the Imperial University of Vilnius. His personality and later works were greatly influenced by his four years of living and studying in Vilnius. He took a strong interest in Polish, Belarusian, and Lithuanian history, which later became important themes in his poetry. In 1817, together with Tomasz Zan and other friends, he created a secret organization, the Philomaths, that advocated progressive causes and independence from the Russian Empire. Following graduation, in 1819–23, under the terms of his university scholarship, he taught secondary school at Kaunas.
In 1823 he was arrested, investigated for his political activities, specifically his membership in the Philomaths society, and in 1824 banished to central Russia. He had already published two small volumes of miscellaneous poetry at Vilnius, which had been favorably received by the Slavic public, and on his arrival at Saint Petersburg found himself welcomed into the leading literary circles, where he became a great favorite both for his agreeable manners and his extraordinary talent of improvisation. In 1825 he visited the Crimea, which inspired a collection of sonnets (Sonety Krymskie — The Crimean Sonnets) with their admirably elegant rhythm and rich Oriental coloring. The most beautiful[says who?] are "The Storm," "Bakhchisaray", and "The Grave of Countess Potocka".
In 1828 appeared Mickiewicz's Konrad Wallenrod, a narrative poem describing the battles of the Teutonic Knights with the heathen people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In it, under a thin veil, Mickiewicz represented the sanguinary passages of arms and burning hatred which had characterized the long feuds of the Russians and Poles. The objects of the poem, though obvious to many, escaped the Russian censors, and the poem was allowed to be published, complete with the telling motto, adapted from Machiavelli: "Dovete adunque sapere come sono duo generazioni da combattere — bisogna essere volpe e leone." ("Ye shall know that there are two ways of fighting — you must be a fox and a lion.") This striking long poem contains at least two revered subsections, including the Alpuhara Ballad.
In 1829, after a five-year exile in Russia, the poet obtained permission to travel abroad. He went to Weimar and made the acquaintance of Goethe there. After a cordial reception by the latter he continued through Germany all the way to Italy, which he entered by the Splügen Pass. He visited Milan, Venice and Florence, and finally established his residence in Rome.
There he wrote the third part of his poem Dziady (Forefathers' Eve), which adverts to the ancestor commemoration that had been practiced by Slavic and Baltic peoples; and Pan Tadeusz, his longest poem, which is considered his masterpiece. The latter epos draws a picture of Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the eve of Napoleon's 1812 expedition to Russia. In this "rural idyll," as Aleksander Brückner calls it, Mickiewicz gives a picture of the country seats of the Polish magnates, with their somewhat boisterous but very genuine hospitality. They are seen just as the knell of their nationalism, as Brückner says, seems to be sounding, and therefore there is something melancholy and dirge-like in the poem, in spite of the pretty love story that forms the main incident.
On the first line of Pan Tadeusz Mickiewicz wrote of Lithuania, calling it his "Fatherland", actually referring to his native Grand Duchy of Lithuania through the eyes of a political exile, and gives some of the most delightful descriptions of the skies and the forests of current Belarus and Lithuania. He describes the sounds to be heard in the primeval woods in a country where the trees were sacred. The depiction of clouds are equally striking.
In 1832 Mickiewicz left Rome, where his life was for some time marked by poverty and unhappiness, for Paris. There, on July 22, 1834, he married Celina Szymanowska, daughter of composer and concert pianist Maria Agata Szymanowska. Marital discord, and Celina's later becoming mentally ill, would cause Mickiewicz to attempt suicide in December 1838, by jumping out of a window.
In 1840 Mickiewicz was appointed to the newly-founded chair of Slavic languages and literature at the Collège de France. He was, however, destined to hold it for little more than three years, his last lecture being given on May 28, 1844. His mind had become increasingly possessed by religious mysticism, he had fallen under the influence Polish Messianist philosopher Andrzej Towiański. His lectures became a medley of religion and politics, and thus brought him under censure by the French government. The messianic element conflicted with the contemporary teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and some of his books were placed on its forbidden list, although both Mickiewicz and Towiański regularly attended Catholic masses and encouraged their followers to do so also.[13]
A selection of his lectures has been published in four volumes. They contain some sound criticism, but the philological part is defective [says who?]— Mickiewicz was no scholar, and it is clear that he was acquainted with Polish, Czech, Serbian and Russian literatures, and the latter only to 1830.[citation needed]
A sad picture of his declining years is given in the memoirs of the Russian writer Alexander Herzen. Comparatively early, the poet exhibited signs of premature old age; poverty, despair and domestic affliction[clarification needed] had taken their toll. In the winter of 1848–49, the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin, in the final months of his own life, visited his ailing compatriot and soothed the poet's nerves with his piano music.[14] Over a dozen years earlier, Chopin had set two of Mickiewicz's poems to music (see Polish songs by Frédéric Chopin).[15]
In 1849 Mickiewicz founded a French newspaper, La Tribune des Peuples (The Peoples' Tribune), but survived for only a year. The restoration of the French Empire seemed to kindle his hopes afresh; his last composition is said to have been a Latin ode in honour of Napoleon III.
In 1855 Mickiewicz's wife Celina died. On the outbreak of the Crimean War, he left his under-age children in Paris and went to Constantinople, the Ottoman Empire, where he arrived 22 September 1855, to organize Polish forces to be used in the war against Russia. With his friend Armand Levy, he set about organizing a Jewish legion, the Hussars of Israel, comprising Russian and Palestinian Jews. He returned ill to his apartment from a trip to a military camp and died on 26 November in his apartment on the Yenişehir street in Constantinople (now Istanbul), .[16] He had most probably contracted cholera.[17] The house where he lived in is now a museum.
After being temporarily buried in a crypt under his apartment in Constantinople (now Istanbul), his remains were transported to France and buried at Montmorency. In 1890 they were disinterred, moved to Poland, and entombed in the crypts of Kraków's Wawel Cathedral, which is shared with many of those who are considered important to Poland's political and cultural history.
Lithuanian
folk song written down by Mickiewicz in Lithuanian
Mickiewicz monument,
Minsk
Mickiewicz's temporary grave under his
Istanbul apartment, now an Adam Mickiewicz Museum
The political situation in Poland in the 19th century was often reflected in Polish literature which, since the days of Poland's partitions took a powerful upward swing and reached its zenith during the period between 1830 and 1850 in the unsurpassed patriotic writings of Mickiewicz, among others.
Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin has described Mickiewicz's works as Promethean, as "reaching more Polish hearts" than the other Bards of Poland (Zygmunt Krasiński and Juliusz Słowacki), and affirming George Brandes' assessment of Mickiewicz's works as "healthier" than those of Byron, Shakespeare, Homer, and Goethe.[18]
As a young man, Mickiewicz was influenced by Belarusian folklore, as his native town was Navahrudak in Hrodna region of Belarus. After finishing a school in Navahrudak, he took a leading part in the literary life of the university circles at Vilnius. When the society of Philomaths was closed in 1823 by order of the Russian tsar he was arrested and exiled to Russia. While in the Crimea he wrote his sonnets. In France in 1835 Mickiewicz came under the influence of Towianski, a mystic, and ceased to write. Toward the end of his days he freed himself again of this peculiar thrall which Towianski was able to exert over him.
It was while in Istanbul he wrote the Books of the Pilgrims, which have been called "Mickiewicz's Homilies".
Beside Konrad Wallenrod and Pan Tadeusz, noteworthy is the long poem Grażyna, describing the exploits of a Lithuanian chieftainess against the Teutonic Knights. It was said by Christien Ostrowski to have inspired Emilia Plater, a military heroine of the November 1830 Uprising who died in Lithuania. Another well known poem is the Oriental-themed piece Farys. Notable too are the odes to Youth and to the historian Joachim Lelewel; the former did much to stimulate the efforts of the Poles to shake off their Russian conquerors.
His son Władysław Mickiewicz wrote a Vie d'Adam Mickiewicz (Life of Adam Mickiewicz, 4 volumes, Poznań, 1890–95) and Adam Mickiewicz, sa vie et son œuvre (Adam Mickiewicz: His Life and Works, Paris, 1888).
Translations into English (1881–85) of Konrad Wallenrod and Pan Tadeusz were made by a Miss Biggs. Christien Ostrowski rendered into French Œuvres poétiques de Michiewicz (Poetic Works of Mickiewicz, Paris, 1845). The most recent translation of Pan Tadeusz into English, in the rhyme and rhythm of the original, is by Marcel Weyland of Sydney, Australia (ISBN 1-56700-219-6 in the United States, and ISBN 1-873106-77-7 in the United Kingdom).
Adam Mickiewicz, whose works were written in the Polish language,[19] is generally known as a Polish poet.[19][20][21][22] He is described by some authors as "Polish-Lithuanian"[23][24] or as Belarusian-Polish.[25][26]
Mickiewicz had been brought up in the culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, a multi-cultural state that had encompassed most of what today are the separate countries of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. For Mickiewicz, a separation of that multicultural state into individual entities due to trends such as Lithuanian separatism was undesirable[9] if not outright unthinkable.[19] According to Romanucci-Ross, while Mickiewicz called himself a "Lithuanian", at the time the idea of a separate "Lithuanian identity", apart from that of "Polish" did not exist. The same source calls Mickiewicz a Polish poet.[27] Mixture of those multicultural aspects can be seen in his works; his most famous poem, Pan Tadeusz, begins with the (Polish language) invocation, "O Lithuania, my fatherland, thou art like good health..." (Litwo! Ojczyzno moja! ty jesteś jak zdrowie..."), an invocation that translated into Lithuanian eventually became a part of Lithuanian anthem.[19][28] It is generally accepted that Mickiewicz, referring to Lithuania, meant a historical region than a linguistic and cultural entity, and he often used the term "Lithuanian" to refer to the Slavic inhabitants of the Grand Duchy.[9]
Mickiewicz's name is rendered into the Lithuanian language as Adomas Mickevičius. He was descended from an old Lithuanian noble family (Rimvydas) with origins predating the Christianization of the country.[29] The Lithuanian nobility at that time was heavily Polonized and spoke Polish. The Cambridge History of Russia describes him as Polish but sees his ethnic origins as "Lithuanian-Belarusian (and perhaps Jewish)."[30] According to the Belarusian historian Rybczonek, Mickiewicz's mother had Tatar roots.[31]
Some sources assert that Mickiewicz's mother was descended from a converted Frankist Jewish family.[32][33][34][35] Other sources view this as improbable.[36][37][38][39]
Mickiewicz has long been regarded as the national poet of Poland,[40] and a deeply revered figure in Lithuania.[41] Monuments and other tributes to him abound throughout both countries as well as in Ukraine and Belarus.
In 1898, the 100th anniversary of his birth, a towering statue by the sculptor Cyprian Godebski was erected in Warsaw. It is inscribed on the base, "To the Poet from the Nation.[42] He was commemorated on several Polish postage stamps, including one depicting the statue.
- ^ britannica.com. "Adam Mickiewicz". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/380179/Adam-Mickiewicz. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ S. Treugutt: Mickiewicz – domowy i daleki. in: A. Mickiewicz: Dzieła I. Warszawa 1998, p. 7
- ^ E. Zarych: Posłowie. in: A. Mickiewicz: Ballady i romanse. Kraków 2001, p. 76
- ^ Roman Koropeckyj, Adam Mickiewicz as a Polish National Icon, in Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (29 September 2010). HISTORY OF THE LITERARY CULTURES OF EAST-CENTRAL E. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 39–. ISBN 978-90-272-3458-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=YINYl4iv4ecC&pg=PA39. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Krystyna Pomorska; Henryk Baran (1992). Jakobsonian poetics and Slavic narrative: from Pushkin to Solzhenitsyn. Duke University Press. pp. 239–. ISBN 978-0-8223-1233-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=XtWSxYoCAkQC&pg=PA239. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ A. Wójcik i M. Englender: Budowniczowie gwiazd 1. Warszawa 1980, str. 19-10
- ^ a b Adam Mickiewicz w oczach Francuzów. Warszawa 1999, p. 12
- ^ a b T. Macios: Posłowie. in: A. Mickiewicz: Dziady. Kraków 2004, p 239-140
- ^ a b c d e Venclova, Tomas. Venclova.html "Native Realm Revisited: Mickiewicz's Lithuania and Mickiewicz in Lithuania". Lituanus Volume 53, No 3 - Fall 2007. http://www.lituanus.org/2007/07_3_03 Venclova.html. Retrieved 2007-04-24. "This semantic confusion was amplified by the fact that the Nowogródek region, although inhabited mainly by Belarusian speakers, was for several centuries considered part and parcel of Lithuania Propria—Lithuania in the narrow sense; as different from the 'Ruthenian' regions of the Grand Duchy."
- ^ a b c Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish literature, p. 208.[1]
- ^ Vytautas Kubilius (1998). Adomas Mickevičius: poetas ir Lietuva. Lietuvos rašytojų sąjungos leidykla. pp. 49. ISBN 9986-39-082-6.
- ^ Roman Robert Koropeckyj (15 June 2008). Adam Mickiewicz: the life of a romantic. Cornell University Press. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-0-8014-4471-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=Pq1KOMGz2yUC&pg=PA3. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Robert E. Alvis (2005). Religion and the rise of nationalism: a profile of an East-Central European city. Syracuse University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8156-3081-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=Uj2UaAKuE8YC&pg=PA101. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
- ^ Jachimecki, p. 424.
- ^ Jachimecki, p. 423.
- ^ Muzeum Adama Mickiewicza w Stambule (przewodnik). Ministerstwo Kultury i Turystyki Republiki Turcji - Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, 26 November 2005.
- ^ Christopher John Murray (2004). Encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760-1850, Volume 2. Taylor & Francis. p. 742. ISBN 978-1-57958-422-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=wgS2nYRIuUEC&pg=PA742&lpg=PA742&dq=Adam+Mickiewicz+cholera&source=bl&ots=bA-oyi1-CA&sig=hUTC4pM5SPDkfp02typrgd21vMU&hl=en&ei=rkdOTN7FFcTSnAfJ2_XTAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBAQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Adam%20Mickiewicz%20cholera&f=false.
- ^ Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin (1917). The Political History of Poland. Polish Book Importing Co.. http://books.google.com/books?id=WEtpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA449&lpg=PA449&dq=He+feels+for+millions+and+is+pleading+before+God+for+their+happiness+and+spiritual+perfection.&source=bl&ots=mOeHPKrmIF&sig=_glTlv6RljGb_WHmF0ky-o1bB2E&hl=en&ei=MrivS7W8JqSuMuC0ub0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=He%20feels%20for%20millions%20and%20is%20pleading%20before%20God%20for%20their%20happiness%20and%20spiritual%20perfection.&f=false.
- ^ a b c d Kevin O'Connor (2006). Culture and customs of the Baltic states. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 123–. ISBN 978-0-313-33125-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=8Dl2i1Fkd_cC&pg=PA123. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Manfred Kridl (1951). Adam Mickiewicz, poet of Poland: a symposium. Columbia University Press. pp. 33. http://books.google.com/books?id=TyhiAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Christopher John Murray (2004). Encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760-1850. Taylor & Francis. pp. 739–. ISBN 978-1-57958-422-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=wgS2nYRIuUEC&pg=PA739. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ Olive Classe (1 December 2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English: M-Z. Taylor & Francis. pp. 947–. ISBN 978-1-884964-36-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=C1uXah12nHgC&pg=PA947. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
- ^ William Richard Morfill, Poland, 1893, p. 300.
- ^ Karin Ikas, Gerhard Wagner, Communicating in the Third Space, 2008, p. 182.
- ^ "United Nations in Belarus - Culture". United Nations. http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/culture/. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
- ^ Studia Polonijne, Tomy 22-23 page 266 Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 2001
- ^ Ethnic identity: problems and prospects for the twenty-first century, p. 74
- ^ Balázs Trencsényi, Michal Kopeček (2007). Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770-1945). CEU Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-963-7326-60-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=TpPWvubBL0MC&pg=PA214&dq=o+lithuania+my+country+thou+art&hl=en&ei=6XCTTN7lNYTZngfqivSHBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=o%20lithuania%20my%20country%20thou%20art&f=false.
- ^ "Adomas Mickevičius (Adam Mickiewicz)". Lithuanian Classic Literature Anthology (UNESCO "Publica" series). http://www.antologija.lt/texts/11/autor.html. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
- ^ Maureen Perrie, D. C. B. Lieven, Ronald Grigor Suny (2006). The Cambridge History of Russia: Imperial Russia, 1689-1917. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-521-81529-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=NzR0cmnP3J8C&pg=PA173&dq=lithuanian+belarusian+mickiewicz&hl=en&ei=xlNQTMPkLomknQeWob38BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=lithuanian%20belarusian%20mickiewicz&f=false.
- ^ Rybczonek, S., "Przodkowie Adama Mickiewicza po kądzieli" ("Adam Mickiewicz's Ancestors on the Distaff Side"), Blok-Notes Muzeum Literatury im. Adama Mickiewicza, 1999, no. 12/13.
- ^ Balaban, Meir, The History of the Frank Movement, 2 vols., 1934-35, pp. 254-259.
- ^ "Mickiewicz's mother, descended from a converted Frankist family": "Mickiewicz, Adam," Encyclopaedia Judaica. "Mickiewicz's Frankist origins were well-known to the Warsaw Jewish community as early as 1838 (according to evidence in the AZDJ of that year, p. 362). "The parents of the poet's wife also came from Frankist families": "Frank, Jacob, and the Frankists," Encyclopaedia Judaica.
- ^ M.Mieses, Polacy-Chrześciane pochodzenia żydowskiego (Christian Poles of Jewish Descent), vols. I–IV, Warsaw, 1938.
- ^ Magdalena Opalski and Israel Bartal, Poles and Jews: a Failed Brotherhood, pp. 119-21.
- ^ "Her (Barbara Mickiewicz) maiden name was Majewska. In old Lithuania, every baptised Jew became ennobled, and there were Majewskis of Jewish origin. That must have been the reason for the rumours, repeated by some of the poet's contemporaries, that Mickiewicz's mother was a Jewess by origin. However, genealogical research makes such an assumption rather improbable." (Wiktor Weintraub, The Poetry of Adam Mickiewicz, p. 11.)
- ^ "The mother’s low social status—her father was a land steward—argues against a Frankist origin. The Frankists were usually of the nobility and therefore socially superior to the common gentry." (Czesław Miłosz, The Land of Ulro, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000 ed., p. 116.)
- ^ (Polish) Paweł Goźliński, "Rzym koło Nowogródka", interview with historian Tomasz Łubieński, editor-in-chief of Nowe Ksiąźki, Gazeta Wyborcza, 16 October 1998.
- ^ (Polish) "Muzeum Historii Polski" by Fortepresse Mickiewicz past, an unproven theory (last paragraph on the page).
- ^ Gardner, Monica Mary (1911). Adam Mickiewicz: the national poet of Poland. New York: J.M. Dent & Sons. OCLC 464724636. http://books.google.com/books?id=zEUDAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
- ^ Dalia Grybauskaitė (2008). "Address by H.E. Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of the Republic of Lithuania, at the Celebration of the 91st Anniversary of Polish Independence Day". President of the Republic of Lithuania. http://www.lrp.lt/en/activities/speeches/address_by_h.e._dalia_grybauskaite_president_of_the_republic_of_lithuania_at_the_celebration_of_the_91st_anniversary_of_polish_independence_day.html. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
- ^ Jabłoński, Rafał (2002). Warsaw and surroundings. Warsaw: Festina. p. 103. OCLC 680169225.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Adam Mickiewicz". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company. - Zdzisław Jachimecki, "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek," Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. III, Kraków, Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1937, pp. 420–26.
- Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish literature.
- Wiktor Weintraub, The Poetry of Adam Mickiewicz, Mouton & Co., 1954.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Adam Mickiewicz, Konrad Wallenrod and Grażyna, translated by Irene Suboczewski, Rowman & Littlefield, 1989, ISBN 0-8191-7556-0.
- Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1992, ISBN 0-7818-0033-1.
- Treasury of Love Poems by Adam Mickiewicz, bilingual edition, translated by Kenneth R. MacKenzie, New York, Hippocrene Books, 1998, ISBN 0-7818-0652-6.
- Adam Mickiewicz, The Sun of Liberty: Bicentenary Anthology, 1798-1998, bilingual edition, Warsaw, Energeia, 1998, ISBN 83-85118-74-8.
- Roman Koropeckyj, Adam Mickiewicz: The Life of a Romantic, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8014-4471-5.
- Jadwiga Maurer, Z matki obcej... Szkice o powiązaniach Adama Mickiewicza ze światem Żydow (Of a Foreign Mother... Sketches about Adam Mickiewicz's Ties to the Jewish World), London, Polska Fundacja Kulturalna, 1990, ISBN 0-85065-217-0.
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| Name |
Mickiewicz, Adam Bernard |
| Alternative names |
Адам Міцкевіч (Belarusian); Mickevičius, Adomas Bernardas (Lithuanian) |
| Short description |
Polish poet, essayist |
| Date of birth |
December 24, 1798 |
| Place of birth |
Zaosie near Nowogródek |
| Date of death |
November 26, 1855 |
| Place of death |
Constantinople |
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