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Experimental rock or avant-garde rock is a type of music based on rock which experiments with the basic elements of the genre,^[1] or which pushes the boundaries of common composition and performance technique.^[2]

Performers may also attempt to individualize their music with unconventional time signatures, instrumental tunings, unusual harmony and key signatures, compositional styles, lyrical techniques, elements of other musical genres, singing styles, instrumental effects or custom-made experimental musical instruments.

According to Allmusic, "experimental rock is the diametric opposite of standard 'verse-chorus-verse' music."^[2]

History[link]

1960s[link]

The late 1960s was an era of explosive growth and experimentation in rock music.^[3] Bands drew influences from free jazz artists such as John Coltrane and Sun Ra and avant-garde composers like John Cage and Karlheinz Stockhausen. The Velvet Underground, which at one point counted Lou Reed, John Cale, and Angus Maclise among its members and was associated with Andy Warhol and LaMonte Young, fused elements of minimalism and avant-garde music with standard rock song structures. The sounds of Indian and Arabic music were also widely admired and adapted. Even such popularly successful bands as Pink Floyd, The Beatles, The Beach Boys and The Rolling Stones were able to incorporate outside and foreign influences into their songs without sacrificing their broad fanbase. For example, Pink Floyd's "Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" was directly influenced by Egyptian music.

In the television program Howard Goodall's 20th-Century Greats, Goodall says that in mixing pop and classical techniques, and cross-fertilising them with Indian and electronic music, The Beatles refreshed and revitalised western harmony. They also transformed the recording studio from a dull box where you recaptured your live sound, into a musical laboratory, of exciting and completely new sounds.^[4]

Other important experimental bands in this period include The Monks, The Fugs, The Godz, Os Mutantes, Red Crayola, Silver Apples, Captain Beefheart and the Magic Band and The Mothers of Invention. These bands were also the inspiration for Plastic People of the Universe, which emerged in the 1970s behind the Iron Curtain.

1970s[link]

Influenced by the experiments of these groups came another wave of experimental rock bands in the early 1970s. There was, for instance, the so-called Krautrock scene in Germany, which included psychedelic bands like Amon Düül II and Popol Vuh, sound-collage artists like Faust, and the extremely improvisational and almost unclassifiable Can. Brian Eno was another important figure, especially after his departure from Roxy Music in order to pursue his own ideas (which ultimately led to his invention of the term "ambient music"). Some other artists in this period, such as David Bowie and Scott Walker, also departing from more pop-oriented styles in order to experiment with songwriting and production. Some of Miles Davis' early-70s work such as On the Corner or A Tribute to Jack Johnson straddles or even defies the line between jazz fusion, funk and rock. At the same time, there was the experimental wing of the already somewhat experimental progressive rock scene, including a number of bands who were influenced by contemporary classical music -- Magma, Zao, Henry Cow, Samla Mammas Manna, Area, Univers Zero, Frank Zappa, and so on. In the late 70s, punk rock developed a number of experimental offshoots, most notably post-punk. This genre includes everything from arty punk rockers like Pere Ubu, The Electric Eels and Suicide to the dub-influenced Public Image Ltd. Other punk offshoots included industrial music (bands such as Cabaret Voltaire, Einstürzende Neubauten and Throbbing Gristle) and No Wave (bands such as James Chance and the Contortions and DNA).

1980s[link]

Experimentalism was a large part of the college rock and underground music scene in the 1980s. Influenced by their punk and post-punk predecessors, bands like Sonic Youth, Band of Susans, and Live Skull who all originated in New York's No Wave scene, The Scene Is Now, Negativland, Butthole Surfers, Swans, Beme Seed and Dinosaur Jr. further expanded the boundaries of rock by introducing influences from minimalism and conceptualism, as well as pop art, situationism and fluxus and influences from the new media culture of the 1980s. The late 80s underground scene saw the rise of a number of bands influenced by the Velvet Underground and 1960s psychedelia, including Agitpop, Opal, Pixies, Treatment, Yo La Tengo, and Big Black. Hardcore punk, with its DIY ethic, was also a big influence on many of the experimental rock bands of the day. Toward the end of the 1980s rap emerged into a mature, experimental phase exploring the possibilities of sampling and dealing with social and racial issues. Sampling technology had been present within pop music for a large portion of the decade, however, artists such as Kate Bush, Brian Eno and so forth innovated an experimental pop music take on the use of sampling technology. The influences of this form of sampling also aided as an influence on modern electronica. Rap's impact on experimental rock was huge, as many rock bands were impressed by the power and innovation of rap artists such as Public Enemy, Dream Warriors and Digital Underground and sought to incorporate aspects of rap and hip hop into their music, with Sonic Youth's 1990 "Kool Thing" featuring an appearance by Chuck D. of Public Enemy. Beginning in 1988 Oxbow's music has blended elements including noise rock, avant-garde jazz, musique concrète, blues, non-Western music and contemporary classical music, among others.

1990s[link]

The commercialization of underground music in the first part of the 1990s led to the rise of a representative "Alternative" style which featured multiple, layered distorted guitars and overwrought male vocals. The experimentalism that had characterized the 1980s declined as grunge took hold as the dominant style in rock music. Originated in the Pacific Northwest in the 1980s by metal, psychedelia and punk influenced bands such as Mudhoney, and Mother Love Bone, Nirvana was the genre's breakout artist. Soon follow up bands like Pearl Jam, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden & Alice in Chains were dominating the charts while hewing close to the accepted list of influences on their genre and even adding elements of arena rock such as extended guitar solos and intricate time signatures to what had been a stripped-down, nonvirtuosic style. Bands such as the Butthole Surfers and Sonic Youth discarded many unconventional and abrasive elements and began working within traditional structures. Artists such as Ween and Redd Kross continued their predecessors inventiveness with less impact, as did some bands referring to 1970s funk such as Praxis. North California's Mr. Bungle combined the skillful musicianship of progressive rock with a confrontational, absurdist approach more often associated with No Wave, by switching genres in between whole songs, and getting rid of traditional song structures.

Half way through the nineties the lo-fi movement became a prominent factor in exploring new recording techniques at home with direct plugged in guitars as well as heavily pre amps channels for acoustic instruments raising the noise in the music. Experimental lo-fi rock bands are Sebadoh, Guided by Voices, Half Japanese, Slicing Grandpa, and Eric's Trip.

In the later 1990s, many indie rock bands diverged into a style called post-rock, which has been described as "using rock instrumentation to make non-rock music." Although post-rock can often be traced back to the late-80s/early-90s works of Slint (influenced by hardcore punk) and late-era Talk Talk (influenced by Miles Davis and ambient music), the term did not become prevalent until the late-90s/early-00s to describe the mostly-instrumental music of bands such as Mogwai, Tortoise and Godspeed You! Black Emperor. By now "post-rock" can refer to almost any complex instrumental rock coming out of the indie scene, from the delicate, classical-influenced chamber rock of Rachel's to the massive, forbidding sonic landscapes of Godspeed You! Black Emperor. Other experimental rock styles of this period are math rock and post-hardcore, with bands like Shellac, Fugazi, Les Savy Fav. Noise rock took a more radical course and speedy with bands like Melt-Banana and Lightning Bolt. At the end of the nineties some indie rock bands like The Notwist and Enon went into a more electronic way of music making to explore new textures.

In the latin american music, one rock band that was pioneering of the experimentation was Soda Stereo, leaving sample particularly in his albums Dynamo of 1992 and Sueño Stereo of 1995. This set a precedent for the Latin American music.

2000s[link]

As the 1990s passed, non-instrumental forms of indie rock also became increasingly experimental. Later experimental indie bands include Circus Devils, Deerhoof, Deerhunter, The Fiery Furnaces, Kling Klang, Liars, Man Man, and Xiu Xiu.^[5] British band Radiohead, who became popular in the 1990s playing alternative rock, began experimenting with different musical styles at the turn of the millennium, with the album Kid A, and then in 2001 with Amnesiac. These albums took influence from electronica and Krautrock, as well as jazz and classical music, creating a radical shift in direction for the group, polarizing critics and fans.

Animal Collective performing live in Prague on October 14, 2008

Experimental luthier Yuri Landman created several experimental musical instruments for notable experimental rock acts like Enon, Jad Fair, Liars, Lou Barlow, Mauro Pawlowski and Sonic Youth. The band Neptune also built several similar electric instruments. With multi-layered sound over sound delay tracks Liam Finn incorporated noise rock sound structures in his singer songwriter songs.

The New Weird America movement with bands like Animal Collective emerged as a distinct presence. Bands like Chicks on Speed draw on the No Wave sounds of the early 1980s. Other experimental rock acts founded after 2000 are Kellermensch, Ponytail, Pre and The Luyas.

Common elements[link]

Some of the more common techniques include:

• Extended techniques: Any of a number of methods of performing with voice or a musical instrument that are unique, innovative, and sometimes regarded as improper.

• Prepared instruments—ordinary instruments modified in their tuning or sound-producing characteristics. For example, guitar strings can have a weight attached at a certain point, changing their harmonic characteristics. A different form is not hanging objects on the strings, but divide the string in two with a third bridge and play the inverse side, causing resonating bell-like harmonic tones at the pick-up side.
• Unconventional playing techniques—for example, the tuning pegs on a guitar can be rotated while a note sounds (called a "tuner glissando").
• Extended vocal techniques — any vocalized sounds that are not normally utiliized in classical or popular music, such as moaning, screaming, using death growls, howling or making a clicking noise.

• Incorporation of instruments, tunings, rhythms or scales from non-Western musical traditions.
• Use of sound sources other than conventional musical instruments such as trash cans, telephone ringers, and doors slamming.
• Playing with deliberate disregard for the ordinary musical controls (pitch, duration, volume).
• Creating experimental musical instruments for enhancing the timbre of compositions and exploring new techniques or possibilities.
• Use of dissonance, atonality and noise
• Experimental rock is also very often influenced by 20th century classical music

See also[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Martin, Bill (1998). Listening to the Future: The Time of Progressive Rock, 1968–1978. Open Court. ISBN 0-8126-9368-X. 

References[link]

The Rock
Johnson at the Tribeca Film Festival, April 25, 2009.
Ring name(s)	Flex Kavana[1] Rocky Maivia[1] The Rock[1] Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson[2]
Billed height	6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)[3]
Billed weight	260 lb (120 kg)[3]
Born	(1972-05-02) May 2, 1972 (age 40)[4] Hayward, California
Resides	Los Angeles[citation needed]
Billed from	Miami, Florida[3]
Trained by	Rocky Johnson[5] Pat Patterson[5]
Debut	1996[5]

Dwayne Douglas Johnson^[6] (born May 2, 1972),^[4] also known by his ring name The Rock, is an American actor and professional wrestler who is signed to WWE, appearing on the Raw brand.^[7][8] He is often credited as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson.^[3]

Johnson was a college football player. In 1991, he was part of the University of Miami's national championship team. He later played for the Calgary Stampeders in the Canadian Football League, and was cut two months into the 1995 season.^[9] This led to his decision to become a professional wrestler like his grandfather, Peter Maivia, and his father, Rocky Johnson. He gained mainstream fame as a wrestler in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1996 to 2004, and was the first third-generation superstar in the company's history. Johnson was quickly given a push as a heroic character in the WWF, originally billed as "Rocky Maivia", and then as "The Rock". He would subsequently turn into a villain as a member of the Nation of Domination in 1997. Two years after he joined the WWF, Johnson won the WWF Championship, and became one of the most popular wrestlers within the company's history for his engaging interviews and promos. Johnson is regarded by many as one of the greatest talkers in professional wrestling history, Rock was voted third by the fans for his microphone ability behind Roddy Piper and Stone Cold Steve Austin who were second and first respectively.^[10][11]

Johnson is widely considered one of the greatest professional wrestlers of all time.^[12][13] He won a total of 16 championships in WWF/E. This included nine World Heavyweight Championships (the WWF/E Championship seven times and the WCW/World Championship twice), two WWF Intercontinental Championships, and five times as co-holder of the WWF Tag Team Championships. He was the sixth WWF/E Triple Crown Champion, and the winner of the 2000 Royal Rumble.

Johnson's autobiography co-written with Joe Layden, The Rock Says..., was released in 2000. It debuted at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list, and remained on the list for several weeks.^{[citation needed]} Johnson's first leading role as an actor was in The Scorpion King in 2002. For this film, he received the highest salary for an actor in his first starring role, earning $5.5 million.^[14] He has since appeared in several blockbuster movies such as The Rundown, Be Cool, Walking Tall, Gridiron Gang, The Game Plan, Get Smart, Race to Witch Mountain, Planet 51, Tooth Fairy, Doom, The Other Guys, Faster, and most recently Fast Five starring opposite Vin Diesel and Paul Walker.

Early life[link]

Dwayne Johnson, the son of Ata Johnson (née Maivia) and Rocky Johnson, was born in Hayward, California.^[4] His maternal grandfather, "High Chief" Peter Maivia, was also a professional wrestler. His maternal grandmother, Lia Maivia, ran Polynesian Pacific Pro Wrestling from 1982 until 1988, following her husband's death, becoming one of wrestling's few female professional promoters.^[15][16] His father is of Black Nova Scotian (Canadian) origin and his mother is of Samoan heritage.^[17][18] For a brief period, Johnson lived in Auckland, New Zealand, with his mother's family.^[19] During this time his mother Ata ensured Johnson was exposed to one of the urban Polynesian cultural strongholds of the southern hemisphere.^[19] Johnson attended Richmond Road Primary School before returning to the United States with his parents.^[19]

He spent 10th grade at President William McKinley High School in Honolulu, Hawaii. As he entered 11th grade, Johnson's father's job required his relocation to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the state's Lehigh Valley region. He began playing football at Bethlehem's Freedom High School in the highly competitive East Penn Conference.^[18] In addition to playing football at Freedom High School, he also was a member of the high school's track and field and wrestling teams.^[18]

On April 17, 2009, changes to Canadian nationality law came into effect, which made all children born in the first generation abroad to Canadian-born parents automatically (and retroactively to date of birth) Canadian citizens. Since Johnson's father was born in Canada and Johnson was born in the first generation abroad, he automatically received Canadian citizenship.^[20]

Education[link]

Johnson was heavily recruited by many Division I collegiate programs but ultimately accepted a full scholarship from the University of Miami to play defensive tackle. In 1991, he was part of the Miami Hurricanes' national championship team.^[21] After an injury kept him sidelined, Johnson was replaced by fellow Hurricane and future National Football League (NFL) star Warren Sapp.^[18]

While attending Miami, Johnson met his future wife, Dany Garcia. Garcia, who graduated from the university in 1992, is a member of its Board of Trustees,^[22] and the founder of a Miami-based wealth management firm. The two have remained close to their alma mater, giving a $2-million donation in 2006 to build a living room at the University's Newman Alumni Center. Johnson graduated from Miami in 1995 with a Bachelor of General Studies^[23] degree in criminology and physiology. Johnson continued his football career in 1995, joining the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League after being passed over by the NFL, but he was cut two months into the season.^[9][18] On November 10, 2007, he returned to the Orange Bowl in Miami to participate in the festivities surrounding the University of Miami's last home football game at the stadium. Johnson has two nephews who play football. Kaluka Maiava played football at USC and was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in 2009, while Kaluka's brother Kai Maiava currently plays at UCLA.

Professional wrestling career[link]

Training (1995–1996)[link]

Along with his father and grandfather, several members of Johnson's family are current and former professional wrestlers, including his uncles, the Wild Samoans (Afa and Sika Anoa'i) and cousins, such as Manu, Yokozuna, Rikishi, Rosey, and Umaga.^[19] When he declared his intention to join the family business, his father resisted, but agreed to train his son himself, warning him that he would not go easy on him.^[18] With help from veteran wrestler Pat Patterson, Johnson had several tryout matches with the WWF in 1996; he defeated The Brooklyn Brawler at a house show under his real name, Dwayne Johnson,^[24] and lost the others to Chris Candido and Owen Hart.^[19] Impressed by his talent and charisma, Johnson was signed to a contract after wrestling at Jerry Lawler's United States Wrestling Association, where he wrestled under the ring name "Flex Kavana".^[5] While there, he won the USWA World Tag Team Championship twice with Bart Sawyer in the summer of 1996.

World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (1996–2004)[link]

Early WWF run (1996–1997)[link]

Johnson made his WWF debut as Rocky Maivia, which combined his father and grandfather's ring names; Johnson was initially reluctant to the idea, but was persuaded to go ahead with the name by Vince McMahon and Jim Ross.^[16][25] In addition to taking on the nickname "The Blue Chipper," the WWF played up his connection to his father and grandfather, calling him the company's first third-generation wrestler.^[3]

Johnson, who was first portrayed as a clean-cut face character (fan favorite), was pushed heavily from the start despite his lack of in-ring experience. He debuted at Survivor Series in November 1996 and was the sole survivor,^[26] and he won the WWF Intercontinental Championship from Hunter Hearst Helmsley on Raw on February 13, 1997, after only three months in the company.^[27][28][29] He scored a notable victory, albeit by disqualification, over Bret Hart in a title defense on the March 31 episode of Raw.^[30] Fans, however, quickly grew sick of the one-dimensional good guy character, thanks in part to the increasing popularity of Stone Cold Steve Austin.^[1] As a result, a regular occurrence during Johnson's matches was the fans' angry chants of "Die Rocky Die!" and "Rocky Sucks!"^[1][5][16]

Nation of Domination (1997–1998)[link]

The Rock as Intercontinental Champion, during his time with the Nation of Domination, at WWF Mayhem in Manchester, April 1998.

After losing the Intercontinental Championship to Owen Hart on the April 28, 1997 episode of Raw is War,^[31] and returning from an injury, The Rock turned into a heel character (villain). He joined the Nation of Domination with Faarooq (later member of the APA), D'Lo Brown, and Kama.^[32] During that time, Johnson refused to acknowledge his actual name, instead referring to himself as "The Rock" and speaking in third person. He attacked and insulted the fans in his promos. In sharp contrast to the overly positive persona, he was now a charismatic bully, eventually driving out the group leader, Faarooq in March 1998.^[32] He also mocked WWF television announcers- with particularly cutting comments for former announcer Kevin Kelly (referred to as an "ugly hermaphrodite").^[32]

Johnson was soon recognized for cutting arguably the best promos in the industry. In his 2000 autobiography, Johnson attributed this skill to his exceptional performance in speech communications classes at Miami, in which he earned "A" grades. At In Your House: D-Generation X, Austin defeated The Rock in less than six minutes to retain the Intercontinental Championship.^[33] The following night on Raw is War, Austin was ordered by Mr. McMahon to defend the Intercontinental Championship in a rematch, but Austin decided to forfeit it instead, and handed the championship over to The Rock before performing the Stone Cold Stunner on him.^[34][35] Rock spent the end of 1997 and the beginning of 1998 feuding with both Austin and Ken Shamrock.^[36][37]

The Rock next feuded with Faarooq, who was angry at him for usurping his position. The two had a title match at Over the Edge, where the Rock retained the Intercontinental Championship.^[38] The Rock then moved into a feud with Triple H and D-Generation X. Nation members fought DX while the Rock fought Triple H over the Intercontinental Championship. They first had a two out of three falls match at Fully Loaded for the Rock's title, where the Rock retained the title in controversial fashion.^[39] This led to a ladder match at SummerSlam where the Rock lost the belt.^[40] At Breakdown, the Rock defeated Ken Shamrock and Mankind in a triple threat steel cage match to become the number one contender to the WWF Championship before feuding with fellow Nation member Mark Henry, effectively disbanding the Nation.^[41][42]

The Corporation (1998–1999)[link]

As part of The Corporation, the Rock feuded with Stone Cold Steve Austin and stole Austin's personalised WWF Championship, the Smoking Skull belt.

Johnson's popularity as the Rock propelled him to the WWF Championship. The Rock began to conduct many entertaining interviews, and thus he got over with the fans. Fan reaction effectively turned him into a face character, and he began to feud with Mr. McMahon, who said he has a "problem with the people" and thus he should target the "People's Champion" (as the Rock claimed himself to be). A double turn occurred at Survivor Series, when The Rock defeated the then-villain Mankind in the finals of the "Deadly Game" tournament^[43] for the vacant WWF Championship.^[44] At the end of the match, The Rock applied a Sharpshooter on Mankind. As he did this, McMahon called for the bell to be rung and then ordered for The Rock to be declared the winner.^[43][44] This was a parody of the Montreal Screwjob, which happened one year earlier at Survivor Series to Bret "The Hitman" Hart.

With the plan coming to fruition, the Rock turned into a villain again and sided with Vince and Shane McMahon as the crown jewel of The Corporation stable.^[43] This was also a start of a double turn, as Mankind became a fan favorite.^[45] Later, The Rock had his own pay-per view, Rock Bottom: In Your House, where he had a rematch against Mankind for the WWF Championship. Mankind won the match by knocking the Rock out with Mr. Socko and the mandible claw, but Mr. McMahon said that The Rock did not tap out and therefore The Rock would retain his title.^[45][46] The Rock began a feud with Mankind over the WWF Championship, during which the title changed hands back and forth between the two, first during the main event of the January 4, 1999 episode of Raw is War, when Mankind defeated The Rock with the help of Stone Cold Steve Austin.^[47] The Rock captured his second WWF Championship in an "I Quit" match at Royal Rumble on January 24, 1999,^[48][49] when a pre-recorded sample of Mankind saying "I quit" from an interview segment was played over the sound system. This second reign did not last long, however. In a match that counter-programmed the Super Bowl halftime show on January 31, 1999, Mankind pinned The Rock using a forklift truck in an Empty Arena Match where the competitors used everything from bags of popcorn to garbage to punish each other.^[50] This feud continued until the February 15 episode of Raw is War, when The Rock won his third WWF Championship in a ladder match after newly debuted The Big Show chokeslammed Mankind off a ladder.^[51][52]

With Mankind out of the way, The Rock had to defend his WWF Championship at WrestleMania XV, but lost the belt to Austin.^[53] The Rock lost the title rematch to Austin at Backlash: In Your House.^[54] Despite him being a villain, WWF fans had begun to cheer The Rock due to his comedic interviews, promos, and segments, which mocked wrestlers and announcers. The Rock transitioned into a face character again after being betrayed by Shane McMahon, and established a feud with Triple H, The Undertaker, and the Corporate Ministry. During this feud, he sometimes found himself fighting alongside Steve Austin. The Rock defeated Triple H at Over the Edge, and then lost to WWF Champion The Undertaker at King of the Ring.^[55][56] During mid-1999 he continued his rivalry with Triple H, losing to him in a number one contender's match at Fully Loaded following interference from Mr. Ass.^[57] Due to this, as well as feuding with Triple H, The Rock commenced a feud with Mr. Ass, including defeating him in a "Kiss My Ass" match at SummerSlam.^[58]

The Rock 'n' Sock Connection (1999)[link]

Towards the latter part of 1999 The Rock found himself in several singles and tag team championship opportunities. He teamed with former enemy Mankind to create the Rock 'n' Sock Connection, after The Rock challenged the team of The Undertaker and The Big Show, which led to Mankind offering his help.^[59] The Rock accepted, and they went on to win the WWF Tag Team Championship three times.^[60][61][62] Aside from the championships, the team was regarded as one of the most entertaining teams in history, as Mankind imitated The Rock, who ignored Mankind, with both wrestlers having support from the crowd. The team was also involved in a segment which occurred on Raw is War called "This Is Your Life", in which Mankind brought out people from The Rock's past, such as his high school girlfriend and his high school football coach. The segment earned an 8.4 Nielsen rating and is, to this day, one of the single highest rated segments in terms of viewership in Raw history.^[60][63]

Feuds for the WWF Championship (2000–2001)[link]

The Rock's popularity was fuelled by his charisma and speech making abilities, which often led to many memorable catchphrases and subsequent merchandise.

At Royal Rumble in early 2000, The Rock entered in the Royal Rumble match and lasted until he and The Big Show were the final two men. In the final moment of the match, The Big Show was seemingly going to throw The Rock over the top rope in a running powerslam-like position, but when they got to the apron The Rock reversed the blow, sending The Big Show to the outside floor and then came back up.^[64] The Rock's feet, however, hit the floor first, although those watching the event did not see that. The Big Show attempted to prove that The Rock's feet, not his, touched the ground first. He provided video footage showing that he was the rightful winner. Despite that, the decision that The Rock had won the Rumble match could not be reversed, so a number one contender's match for the WWF Championship at No Way Out was held, which saw The Big Show come out on top after Shane McMahon interfered, knocking The Rock in the head with a steel chair as he attempted to finish off his opponent with a People's Elbow.^[65] The Rock later defeated The Big Show on March 13, 2000 episode of Raw is War to regain the right to face the WWF Champion, Triple H, at WrestleMania 2000 (XVI) in a Fatal Four-Way Elimination match also featuring The Big Show and Mick Foley.^[66][67] Each competitor had a McMahon in their corner; for Triple H, his on-screen wife and then off-screen girlfriend Stephanie McMahon; for Mick Foley, the matriarch Linda McMahon; for The Rock, Vince McMahon; and in Big Show's corner, Shane McMahon.^[67][68] Triple H retained the title when Vince betrayed The Rock, hitting him with a chair, allowing Triple H to pin The Rock for the three-count.^[68][69]

Over the next couple of months The Rock feuded with Triple H over the WWF Championship. A month after the match at WrestleMania 2000, The Rock had a rematch with Triple H at Backlash in which The Rock won his fourth WWF Championship, after Stone Cold Steve Austin made a brief return and intervened on The Rock's behalf.^[70][71][72] Later, at Judgment Day, the two had an Iron Man match with Shawn Michaels as the special guest referee, that saw The Undertaker return.^[73] The Rock got disqualified and lost the title, as a result of The Undertaker attacking Triple H.^[73] The following night on Raw is War, The Rock got his revenge, taking out the entire McMahon-Helmsley Faction with the help of The Undertaker.^[74] He later won his fifth WWF Championship at King of the Ring in a tag team match, which saw him team up with Kane and The Undertaker to fight Vince McMahon, Shane McMahon and Triple H.^[75][76] He successfully defended the championship against superstars such as Chris Benoit, Kurt Angle, Triple H, Kane, The Undertaker, and Shane McMahon.^[71][77][78]

The Rock later lost the WWF Championship to Angle at No Mercy in October.^[71][79] During this time, he feuded with Rikishi and defeated him at Survivor Series.^[71][80] He also participated in a six-man Hell in a Cell match at Armageddon for the WWF Championship, in which Kurt Angle retained the title.^[71][81] Around that same time, Rock held the WWF Tag Team Championship with The Undertaker and the duo exchanged the titles with Edge and Christian.^[71][82]

In 2001, The Rock continued his feud with Angle over the WWF Championship, which they eventually settled at No Way Out. After a battle that saw both wrestlers kick out of each other's finishers, The Rock finally came out on top and won the WWF Championship for the sixth time.^[71][83][84] Afterwards, he feuded with the Royal Rumble winner, Stone Cold Steve Austin. The Rock went into WrestleMania X-Seven as the WWF Champion, but he was defeated after Austin used Mr. McMahon to win the title.^[71][85] During a Steel Cage match with Austin in a rematch for the WWF Championship on the following night's Raw is War, Triple H came down to the ring with a sledgehammer. Many thought he was coming to aid The Rock, due to the hatred between Austin and Triple H (and an argument with Vince earlier in the night), but it transpired that he had joined the Austin/McMahon partnership by hitting The Rock instead.^[86] Austin and Triple H became a tag team called "The Two-Man Power Trip",^[87] while according to the storyline The Rock was indefinitely suspended, during which time he acted in the movie "The Mummy Returns".^[5]

The Invasion (2001)[link]

The Rock taunts Rob Van Dam at ringside.

He returned in late July 2001 and had to decide if he wanted to join the WWF or The Alliance (a combination of WCW and ECW) during The Invasion, eventually siding with the WWF.^[71] At SummerSlam, The Rock defeated Booker T to win the WCW Championship.^[71][88][89] He lost the WCW Championship to Chris Jericho, with whom he won the WWF Tag Team Championship around the same time, at No Mercy.^[90][91]

The Rock defeated Jericho on November 5 episode of Raw for his second WCW Championship.^[92] Continuing with the WWF's battle against The Alliance, The Rock was involved in a "Winner Takes All" match at Survivor Series, which saw him end up one on one with Steve Austin who had joined The Alliance. The Rock seemed to be superior to Austin, until Chris Jericho, who was also a member of team WWF and was eliminated a few minutes before that point, came inside the ring and attacked The Rock. Austin took advantage of that and tried to defeat The Rock, but Kurt Angle, a supposed Alliance teammate of Austin, proved to be a mole planted by Vince McMahon and hit Austin in the head with a title belt. This allowed The Rock to eliminate him, and destroyed The Alliance once and for all.^[71][93]

Undisputed WWE Champion, final storylines (2001–2003)[link]

The Rock closed out the year losing the WCW Championship to Chris Jericho at Vengeance, when Jericho won both the WCW and WWF titles to become the first Undisputed WWF Champion.^[94]

In early 2002, Rock feuded with Jericho and challenged him for the Undisputed Championship at Royal Rumble, but lost the match.^[95] After losing to Jericho, Rock defeated The Undertaker at No Way Out,^[96] before issuing a challenge to the newly returned Hollywood Hulk Hogan on Raw for a match at WrestleMania X8. He then engaged in a feud with Hogan and the re-formed New World Order (nWo); Rock defeated Hogan at WrestleMania in an "Icon vs Icon" match,^[97] but fan reaction resulted in Hogan again becoming a fan favorite, with the two befriending each other after the match and occasionally teaming against the nWo.^[98] On July 21, The Rock won his record-breaking seventh and final WWE Championship, which was known as the Undisputed WWE Championship at the time.^[99] He defeated Kurt Angle and The Undertaker in a match at Vengeance, after he hit the Rock Bottom on Angle.^[99][100] The Rock successfully defended the title at Global Warning against Triple H and Brock Lesnar by pinning Triple H, who then saved The Rock after Lesnar tried to ambush him after the match.^[101] Johnson finally dropped the Undisputed WWE Championship to Lesnar at SummerSlam, ending his final championship reign, and making Lesnar the youngest WWE Champion in history, a record previously held by The Rock.^[102] The Rock then went on an extended hiatus from WWE.^[71]

Johnson at WWE Axxess in 2002.

The Rock began his last villainous turn on SmackDown!, publicly criticizing Hulk Hogan and taking the persona of a smug sellout who made it clear the WWE (and its fans) was no longer a priority.^[103] Their WrestleMania X8 rematch at No Way Out ended with The Rock claiming victory again, with assistance from Vince McMahon and the referee, Sylvain Grenier.^[71][82] The Rock later drafted himself to the Raw brand and started a feud with The Hurricane and other fan favorites.^[104] He also had a comical gimmick, where he played the guitar and sang songs mocking the host city for the event, which culminated in a "Rock concert" that took place during the main event of the March 24, 2003 episode of Raw, where The Rock mocked the host city, Sacramento, California, because of the Sacramento Kings' inability to beat the Los Angeles Lakers.^[105]

When Stone Cold Steve Austin returned, they again feuded, and The Rock defeated Austin at WrestleMania XIX, which was Austin's last major appearance in a wrestling role.^[71][106] The Rock then had a feud with Bill Goldberg, to whom Rock lost at Backlash.^[71][107] The Rock then turned into a fan favorite once more by engaging in a one night feud against Chris Jericho and Christian.^[108] During his previous villainous turn, he had declared Christian as his favorite wrestler, leading Christian to begin calling himself the "new people's champion" and referring to his fans as "his peeps."^[108][109]

Part–time appearances (2004–2009)[link]

The Rock made occasional wrestling appearances up to 2004's WrestleMania XX, when the storyline revolving around Mick Foley had him brought back to help in his feud with Evolution (Ric Flair, Randy Orton, Triple H and Batista).^[3] One humorous in-ring segment involved The Rock hosting his own version of "This Is Your Life" for Foley on the March 8, 2004 episode of Raw.^[71][110] Rock reunited with Foley after five years, as the Rock 'n' Sock Connection. The duo went on to lose to Orton, Flair and Batista at WrestleMania XX in a handicap match when Orton pinned Foley with an RKO.^[71][111]

He made sporadic appearances in WWE following WrestleMania, including standing up for Eugene, making a cameo appearance in his hometown of Miami and helping Foley turn back La Résistance.^[1] In 2004, he hosted a "Pie-Eating Contest" during the WWE Diva Search and ended the segment by giving Jonathan Coachman a spinebuster and a People's Elbow.^[1] After this appearance, Johnson reported in several interviews that he was no longer under contract with WWE.^[1] He also reported that the reason he was able to continue using the name "The Rock" was part of a dual ownership between him and WWE.^[112]

On March 12, 2007, The Rock made an appearance on WWE after a near three year absence, appearing on Raw via a pre-taped segment on the TitanTron. He correctly "predicted" that Bobby Lashley would defeat Umaga at WrestleMania 23 in Donald Trump and Vince McMahon's "Battle of the Billionaires" match.^[113]

On March 29, 2008, The Rock inducted his father, Rocky Johnson, and his grandfather, Peter Maivia into the WWE Hall of Fame. During his induction speech he roasted WWE superstars such as John Cena, Santino Marella, Chris Jericho, Mick Foley, Shawn Michaels, and Steve Austin.^[114]

In September 2009, Johnson appeared at a World Xtreme Wrestling show in order to support the debut of Sarona Snuka (daughter of longtime friend and mentor Jimmy Snuka, later known as "Tamina") in professional wrestling.^[115] On October 2, 2009, on the 10th anniversary of SmackDown, The Rock made a special appearance in a pre-recorded video.

Return to WWE (2011–present)[link]

The Rock as host of WrestleMania XXVII.

On the February 14, 2011 episode of Raw, the Rock was revealed as the Host of WrestleMania XXVII, appearing live on Raw for the first time in almost seven years. During a lengthy promo that ran 20 minutes over the usual Raw end time, the Rock addressed the fans, Michael Cole, The Miz, and John Cena, calling him a "big fat bowl of Fruity Pebbles", as a response of a shoot interview Cena did on the Rock a couple of years ago.^[116]

After numerous appearances via satellite, the Rock made a live appearance the Raw before WrestleMania to confront Cena, whom he had been feuding with through social networking. At the beginning of the Rock's live promo, he again made fun of Cena's accessories, calling him a "homeless power ranger" and "Vanilla Ice". After an exchange of words with Cena, the Miz and Alex Riley appeared and attacked the Rock. the Rock fended off the Miz and Riley, but Cena then blindsided the Rock with the Attitude Adjustment.^[117]

At WrestleMania XXVII on April 3, the Rock opened the show by cutting a promo. After numerous backstage segments that aired on camera, the Rock appeared during the main event between Cena and the Miz to restart the match that ended in a draw, making it a No Disqualifications match. However, in response to the Attitude Adjustment that Cena performed on the Rock on Raw,the Rock hit Cena with his finisher, the Rock Bottom, this allowed The Miz to pin and retain his title. However, Rock then nailed The Miz with The People's Elbow right after The Miz retained his title.^[118]

The Rock and John Cena agree to a match at WrestleMania XXVIII, one year in advance.

The next night on Raw, the Rock and Cena had a confrontation, after Cena called out the Rock and challenged him to a match which he accepted for WrestleMania XXVIII on April 1, 2012 a little under a year. The two of them then came together to fend off an attack by The Corre (which at that time consisted of Wade Barrett, Heath Slater, Justin Gabriel and Ezekiel Jackson).^[119] the Rock made an appearance live on Raw in his hometown of Miami on May 2, 2011 to celebrate his 39th birthday. On the same night, Cena, WWE Champion at that time, stated that he would keep his title until WrestleMania XXVIII so that their match would be for the WWE Championship.^[120]

On September 16, WWE announced that the Rock was confirmed to take part in a traditional 5-on-5 Survivor Series tag team match alongside his WrestleMania 28 opponent John Cena at the 25th anniversary of Survivor Series on November 20.^[121] This stipulation was changed on the October 24 episode of Raw, when Cena chose the Rock as his tag team partner in a standard tag team match against Awesome Truth, an alliance formed by the Miz and R-Truth.^[122] The following week, the Rock accepted Cena's offer albeit the hyped tension between them.^[123] On the November 14 episode of Raw, the Rock made a live appearance, delivering Rock Bottoms to Awesome Truth and Mick Foley, the latter who had been hosting a "This Is Your Life" segment for Cena.^[124] At Survivor Series, despite the hatred between the Rock and Cena, they defeated Awesome Truth when the Rock pinned the Miz with "The People's Elbow". Following the match, the Rock gave Cena a Rock Bottom.^[125]

The Rock celebrating his victory at WrestleMania 28.

From the February 27, 2012 and up to WrestleMania, The Rock and John Cena had various verbal confrontations on Raw, but they never came to blows.^[126][127] On March 12, 2012 edition of Raw, The Rock hosted his first Rock Concert after 8 years since 2004. The Rock also explained that having beaten Hulk Hogan and Stone Cold Steve Austin at WrestleMania, he needed only to beat Cena to become the greatest wrestler of all time.^[128]

At WrestleMania XXVIII, the Rock faced Cena in the main event match which had been building for a year and that was billed as "once in a lifetime". The climax of the match came when Cena made the mistake of attempting the People's Elbow on the Rock, as the Rock countered with a Rock Bottom to seal the victory.^[129] The next night on Raw, the Rock praised Cena for putting up a good fight, calling their match an honor. The Rock then vowed to once again become WWE Champion.^[130]

Television and film career[link]

Dwayne Johnson
Johnson photographed by Jerry Avenaim for Vanity Fair in 2001.
Born	Dwayne Douglas Johnson (1972-05-02) May 2, 1972 (age 40) Hayward, California, US
Other names	The Rock, Rocky Maivia
Occupation	Actor, wrestler, philantropist
Years active	1995–2004; 2011–present (wrestler) 1999–present (actor)
Spouse	Dany Garcia (1997–07)

The success of Johnson's in-ring character allowed him to cross over into mainstream popularity, and he appeared on Wyclef Jean's 2000 single "It Doesn't Matter" and the accompanying video.^[131][132] That same year, he hosted Saturday Night Live.^[133] Fellow wrestlers Triple H, The Big Show, and Mick Foley appeared on the show.^[3][134] According to Johnson, it was due to the success of that episode that he began receiving offers from Hollywood studios.^[135]

Johnson filmed guest roles on Star Trek: Voyager, where he played an alien wrestler that used Johnson's famous moves,^[136] and That '70s Show, where he played his father, Rocky Johnson. His motion picture debut was a brief appearance as The Scorpion King in the opening sequence of The Mummy Returns. His character later appears in the climax as a CGI Character.^[3][133] The film's financial success led to his first leading role starring in the follow-up, The Scorpion King.^[3] He was considered for the lead in a feature-length Johnny Bravo film, but it was canceled during production.^[19]

Since his last WWE match in 2004, he had quit wrestling and focused solely on acting.^[137] He also continued to make television appearances, including Disney Channel's hit show Cory in the House, in the episode entitled “Never the Dwayne Shall Meet.”^[138] When Johnson was not active with WWE, the company continued to sell "The Rock" merchandise, and Johnson continued to be featured prominently in the opening montages of their television programming.^[19] The Rock has continued to show a multitude of his acting/talent skills including film roles like the cocky famous football player Joe Kingman in The Game Plan, and in Get Smart where he played Agent 23.

Johnson was featured in the 2007 Guinness Book of World Records for having the highest salary as an actor in his first starring role, receiving US$5.5 million.^[139][140] He appeared at the 80th Academy Awards on February 24, 2008 as a presenter for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects.^[141] He was nominated for Favorite Movie Actor at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his role in The Game Plan, but lost out to Johnny Depp, who won for his performance in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.^[142][143] He then had a supporting role in the Steve Carell action comedy Get Smart.

Dwayne Johnson at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.

On March 20, 2009, Johnson appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Johnson hosted the 2009 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards on March 28. Johnson also appeared on the Wizards of Waverly Place episode "Art Teacher" as part of his stint with The Walt Disney Company. Johnson has made various guest appearances on Saturday Night Live, reviving his character of The Rock Obama, a parody of The Hulk... "When you make Barack Obama angry, he turns into The Rock Obama."^[144] Also in 2009, Johnson played an ex-con turned cab driver Jack Bruno in Las Vegas in the movie Race To Witch Mountain. His role was to accompany and protect two aliens siblings, Seth and Sara, played by Alexander Ludwig and AnnaSophia Robb respectively, who crashed landed their spaceship and retrieve it before Earth is destroyed while being pursued by "Siphon", a powerful armored alien assassin. He also voice acted as Capt. Charles 'Chuck' Baker in the movie Planet 51.

In 2010, Johnson headlined the family comedy Tooth Fairy. Johnson also made an uncredited cameo in the 2010 film Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married Too? as a handsome psychiatrist who asks out the recently widowed Patricia Agnew (Janet Jackson). He had a brief appearance in the Will Ferrell/Mark Wahlberg film The Other Guys as an action seeking detective along with Samuel L. Jackson. He made his return to action films after a string of family films and supporting roles with Faster.

In 2011, Johnson appeared in the fourth sequel in The Fast and the Furious film series, Fast Five , as Luke Hobbs, a Diplomatic Security Service agent assigned to hunt down the series' protagonists, played by Vin Diesel and Paul Walker. Johnson was cast in the role after Diesel had read comments and feedback from fans, one of whom wanted to see Diesel and Johnson in a movie together. Additionally, Johnson, a fan of the franchise, had wanted to work with Universal again after they had given him his first film roles. Critics and audiences alike considered Johnson's involvement a welcome addition to the franchise and plans are to have him return for future installments. The film grossed at over $86 million its opening weekend, making it the best opening for a 'Fast & Furious' film, the biggest opening for an April release,^[145] and Johnson's best opening weekend.^[146]

In 2012, Johnson appearred in Journey 2: The Mysterious Island, and will play Roadblock in G.I. Joe: Retaliation.

Filmography[link]

Personal life[link]

Dany Garcia and Johnson at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.

Johnson married Dany Garcia on May 3, 1997, the day after his 25th birthday.^[147] Johnson and his wife have a daughter, Simone Alexandra, born August 14, 2001.^[147] On June 1, 2007, Johnson and Garcia announced that they would be splitting up after 10 years of marriage.^[147] They indicated that their parting was amicable and that they would spend the rest of their lives together as best friends.^[147]

Johnson's autobiography co-written with Joe Layden, The Rock Says..., was released in 2000, debuting at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list, and remaining on the list for several weeks.^{[citation needed]}

Johnson is a good friend of actor and former Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.^[148]

Public activities[link]

In 2000, Johnson attended both the 2000 Republican National Convention^[3] and the 2000 Democratic National Convention,^[149] giving a speech at the former. Both appearances were part of the WWE's non-partisan "Smackdown your Vote" campaign which aims to increase voting among young people without endorsing any candidate or party.^[150]

Because his mother, Ata Fitisemanu Maivia, had royal blood, Samoan King Malietoa Tanumafili II bestowed Johnson with the noble title of Seiuli during his visit to Samoa in July 2004 in recognition of his service to the Samoan people. He is therefore known in Samoan circles as Seiuli Dwayne Johnson.^[151] He is a supporter of the Samoa national rugby union team, as the team's website during the run-up to the 2007 Rugby World Cup showed him holding a personalized Manu Samoa jersey with "The Rock" emblazoned on the back.^[152] He also acknowledges his heritage through a tattoo he got in 2003.^[153]

Philanthropy[link]

In 2006, Johnson began "The Dwayne Johnson Rock Foundation", which is known for its charitable work with at-risk and terminally ill children.^[154] On October 2, 2007, Johnson and his ex-wife donated an additional $1 million to the University of Miami to support the renovation of its football facilities; it was noted as the largest donation ever given to the university's athletics department by former students. The University of Miami renamed the Hurricanes' locker room in Johnson's honor.^[155]

In wrestling[link]

The Rock preparing to hit the People's Elbow on John Cena at WrestleMania XXVIII.

• Finishing moves
  • People's Elbow^[3] / Corporate Elbow^[156] (Running delayed high-impact elbow drop, with theatrics)
  • Rock Bottom^[3] (Lifting side slam) 1997–present
  • Running shoulderbreaker^[71] – 1996–1997; used as a signature move from 1997-2003
• Signature moves
  • Float-over DDT^[71]
  • Flowing snap DDT, sometimes followed by a kip-up^[71]
  • Flying clothesline^[157]
  • Running swinging neckbreaker^[71]
  • Running thrust lariat^[71]
  • Samoan drop^[71]
  • Sharpshooter^[71] – used as a tribute to Owen Hart from 1999 onwards^{[citation needed]}; usually preceded by a legwhip.
  • Spinebuster^[71]
  • Snap overhead belly-to-belly suplex, sometimes to an oncoming opponent^[71]
  • Fisherman suplex
  • Diving Crossbody used as Rocky Maivia
  • Powerslam used from 1996–1999
  • La magistral
  • The Rock punch combo
  • The Rock stomp
  • Catapult
  • Dropkick used as Rocky Maivia
  • Armbar

• Managers
  • Debra
  • Vince McMahon^[71]
  • Shane McMahon^[71]

• Nicknames
  • "The People's Champion"^[3][158]
  • "The Brahma Bull"^[158]
  • "The Corporate Champion"^[159]
  • "The Great One"^[158]
  • "The Most Electrifying Man in Sports Entertainment"^[3]
  • "The Most Electrifying Man in All of Entertainment"

• Entrance themes
  • World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment
    • As Rocky Maivia
      • "Destiny" by Jim Johnston (1996–1997)
    • As The Rock
      • "Nation Of Domination" by Jim Johnston (1997–1998)
      • "Do You Smell It" by Jim Johnston (1998–1999)
      • "Know Your Role" by Jim Johnston (September 26, 1999 – April 2, 2001; 2004, 2007, 2008)
      • "Know Your Role" by Method Man (2000)
      • "If You Smell..." by Jim Johnston (July 30, 2001 – February 20, 2003)
      • "Is Cookin'" by Jim Johnston (February 23, 2003 - June 2, 2003; December 8, 2003; March 1, 2004)
      • "Electrifying" by Jim Johnston (February 14, 2011 – present) ^[160][161]

Relatives in wrestling[link]

Championships and accomplishments[link]

The Rock as WWF Champion.

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI Match of the Year (1999) vs. Mankind in an "I Quit" match at Royal Rumble^[162]
  • PWI Match of the Year (2002) vs. Hulk Hogan at WrestleMania X8^[162]
  • PWI Most Popular Wrestler of the Year (1999, 2000)^[163]
  • PWI Wrestler of the Year (2000)^[164]
  • PWI ranked him #2 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2000^[165]
  • PWI ranked him #76 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003^[166]

• United States Wrestling Association
  • USWA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Bart Sawyer^[167]

• World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment
  • WCW/World Championship (2 times)^1[168]
  • WWF/E Championship (7 times)^2[169]
  • WWF Intercontinental Championship (2 times)^[170]
  • WWF Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Mankind (3), The Undertaker (1), and Chris Jericho (1)^[171]
  • Royal Rumble (2000)^[3]
  • Slammy Award for New Sensation (1997)
  • Slammy Award for Game Changer of the Year (2011) – with John Cena
  • Slammy Award for Guess Who's Back or: Return of the Year (2011)
  • Sixth Triple Crown Champion

• Wrestling Observer Newsletter
  • Best Box Office Draw (1999–2000, 2011)^[172]
  • Best Gimmick (1999)
  • Best on Interviews (1999–2000)
  • Most Charismatic (1999–2002, 2011)^[172]
  • Most Improved (1998)
  • Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2007)

¹Won during The Invasion.
²Final reign was as Undisputed WWE Champion.

References[link]