Time zones of Europe:

light blue	Western European Time (UTC+0)
blue	Western European Time (UTC+0) Western European Summer Time (UTC+01:00)
red	Central European Time (UTC+01:00) Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00)
yellow	Eastern European Time (UTC+02:00) Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+03:00)
orange	Further-eastern European Time (UTC+03:00)
light green	Moscow Time (UTC+04:00)

Light colours indicate countries that do not observe summer time: Algeria, Belarus, Iceland, Russia, Tunisia.

Central European Time (CET), used in most parts of the European Union, is a standard time that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The time offset from UTC can be written as +01:00. The same standard time, UTC+01:00, is also known under other names.^{[clarification needed]}

The 15th meridian east is the central axis for UTC+01:00 in the world system of time zones.

As of 2011 all member states of the European Union observe summer time, those that use CET in winter use Central European Summer Time (CEST) daylight saving time in summer, with UTC+02:00.

Usage[link]

Usage in Europe[link]

Exact Central European Time on 15th meridian (Trebnje, Slovenia)

• 1884
  • The areas of current Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia start using CET.
• 1890
  • The areas of current Slovakia, Hungary start using CET.
• 1891
  • The areas of current Czech Republic start using CET.
• 1893
  • The German Empire unified its time zones to use CET (MEZ).
  • Italy, Malta use CET.
  • Austria uses CET.
• 1894
  • Switzerland switches from UTC+00:30 to CET
  • Liechtenstein introduces CET.
  • Denmark adopts CET.
• 1895
  • Norway adopts CET.
• 1900
  • Sweden adopts CET.
• 1904
  • Luxembourg introduces CET, but leaves 1918.
• 1914
  • Albania.
• 1914-1918
  • During World War I CET was implemented in all German occupied territories.
• 1920
  • Lithuania adopts CET, but rescinds in 1940.
• 1922
  • Poland adopts CET.
• 1940
  • Under German occupation:
    • The Netherlands were switched from UTC+00:20 to CET.
    • Belgium was switched from UTC+00:00.
    • Luxembourg was switched from UTC+00:00.
  • France was switched to CET.

After WWII Monaco, Spain, Andorra and Gibraltar implemented CET.

Portugal used CET in the years 1966–76 and 1992–96.

Proposed adoption in the United Kingdom[link]

This section may stray from the topic of the article into the topic of another article, British Summer Time. Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page. (October 2011)

The time around the world is based on Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) which is roughly synonymous with Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). From late March to late October, clocks in the United Kingdom are put forward by one hour for British Summer Time (BST). Since 1997, most of the European Union aligned with the British standards for BST. Central European Time is thus always one hour ahead of British time.

Since the late 1960s, particularly since the 1990s, there have been arguments about the benefits of changing to a system based on Central European Time.

In 1968 there was a three-year experiment called British Standard Time, when the UK and Ireland experimentally employed British Summer Time (GMT+1) all year round; clocks were put forward in March 1968 and not put back until October 1971. This provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact on a number of issues, particularly road casualties. The conclusions were not clear cut. A review by the UK Parliament found it was impossible to quantify the most important advantages and disadvantages, and concluded that a decision on whether to retain the new system would depend on a qualitative judgement. Nor was the experiment universally popular: opponents, particularly those based in Scotland, highlighted an increased number of road accidents (many involving children walking to school) in the dark winter mornings. However, the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA), a strong proponent of a change to Single/Double Summer Time (SDST) in Britain (which would in effect align the UK with CET), has pointed out that the increase in morning road accidents was more than compensated for by a reductions in evening road accidents, and that in all, 2,500 deaths and serious injuries were saved in each year of the trial period.^[1][2] Nevertheless, the UK Parliament voted by a large majority to discontinue the experiment.

Benefits of a switch to CET that have been cited by RoSPA and supported by other leading organisations such as the Confederation of British Industry include not only improvements to road casualty figures but also benefits to the environment, business, tourism, leisure, health and well-being, crime and the elderly. In 2010, a Private Members' Bill tabled in the UK Parliament by Conservative Member of Parliament Rebecca Harris, which proposes a move to Single/Double Summer Time, received its first reading in the House of Commons on 3 December 2010, when the lawmakers voted by 92 to 10 in support. However, the Bill is unlikely to be passed without Government support, and at the end of the Parliamentary debate concerning the Bill the government minister responsible for this area of policy, Ed Davey, said the government opposed the Bill, because "the necessary consensus across all parts of the UK does not yet exist to justify a change, or the passing of any legislation on the matter".^[3] Strong feelings for and against the proposal had been expressed in the British media. Newspapers such as the Daily Express supporting it, but others, notably the Daily Mail, opposed it, in a rare occasion where these two conservative tabloids disagree.^{[citation needed]}

Central European Summer Time[link]

The following countries and cities have introduced the use of Central European Summer Time between 1:00 UTC on the last Sunday of March, and 1:00 UTC on the last Sunday of October:

• Albania, regularly since 1975
• Andorra, regularly since 1984
• Austria, regularly since 1980
• Belgium, regularly since 1977 (before in 1916 and till 1940)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina, regularly since 1983
• Croatia, regularly since 1983
• Czech Republic, regularly since 1979
• Denmark (metropolitan), regularly since 1980
• France (metropolitan), regularly since 1976
• Macedonia, regularly since 1983
• Germany, regularly since 1980
• Gibraltar, regularly since 1982
• Hungary, regularly since 1980
• Italy, regularly since 1966
• Liechtenstein
• Luxembourg, regularly since 1977
• Malta, regularly since 1974
• Monaco, regularly since 1976
• Montenegro, regularly since 1983
• Netherlands (metropolitan), regularly since 1977
• Norway, regularly since 1997
• Poland, regularly since 1977
• San Marino, regularly since 1976
• Serbia, regularly since 1983
• Slovakia, regularly since 1979
• Slovenia, regularly since 1983
• Spain (except the Canary Islands), regularly since 1974
• Sweden, regularly since 1997
• Switzerland, regularly since 1981
• Vatican City, regularly since 1966

Other countries[link]

For other countries see UTC+1.

Discrepancies between official CET and geographical CET[link]

European winter

European summer

Legal, political and economic, as well as physical or geographical criteria are used in the drawing of time zones so official time zones rarely adhere to meridian lines. The CET time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, would consist of exactly the area between meridians 7°30′ E and 22°30′ E. As a result, there are European locales that despite lying in an area with a "physical" UTC+1 time, actually use another time zone (UTC+2 in particular – there are no "physical" UTC+1 areas that employ UTC). Conversely, there are European areas that have gone for UTC+1, even though their "physical" time zone is UTC (typically), UTC-1 (westernmost Spain), or UTC+2 (e.g. the very easternmost parts of Norway, Sweden, Poland and Serbia). On the other hand, the people in Spain still have all work and meal hours one hour later than France and Germany even if they have the same time zone.^{[citation needed]} Following is a list of such "incongruences":

Historically Gibraltar maintained UTC+1 all year until the opening of the land frontier with Spain in 1982 when it followed its neighbour and introduced CEST.

Areas located within UTC+1 longitudes using other time zones[link]

Areas between 7°30′ E and 22°30′ E ("physical" UTC+1), all using UTC+2[link]

• The westernmost part of Greece, including the cities of Patras, Ioannina and the island of Corfu
• The westernmost parts of the Bulgarian provinces of Vidin and Kyustendil
• The westernmost part of Romania, including most of the area of the counties of Caraş-Severin, Timiş (capital Timişoara), Arad, and Bihor, as well as the westernmost tips of the counties of Mehedinţi and Satu Mare
• The westernmost tip of Ukraine, near the border with Hungary and Slovakia, at the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Oblast (Zakarpattia Oblast), essentially comprising the city of Uzhhorod and its environs. (Although CET is used as local, non-official time in Transcarpathia).
• The Russian exclave of Kaliningrad, excluding however its easternmost slice (the city of Nesterov is east of 22°30′ E, but that of Krasnoznamensk is not)
• Western Lithuania, including the cities of Klaipėda, Tauragė, and Telšiai
• Western Latvia, including the cities of Liepāja and Ventspils
• The westernmost parts of the Estonian islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, including the capital of the Saare County, Kuressaare
• The southwestern coast of Finland, including the city of Turku; also the Åland islands (of Finnish jurisdiction) – the Åland islands are the westernmost locale applying EET in the whole of Europe
• The northwesternmost part of Finland, including Kilpisjärvi and Kaaresuvanto.

Areas located outside UTC+1 longitudes using UTC+1 time[link]

Areas between 22°30′ W and 7°30′ W ("physical" UTC-1)[link]

• The westernmost part of mainland Spain (Galicia, e.g. the city of A Coruña); Cape Finisterre and nearby points in Galicia, at 9°18′ W, are the westernmost places where CET is applied.
• The Norwegian island of Jan Mayen lies entirely within this area and extends nearly as far west as Cape Finisterre, with its western tip at 9°5′ W and its eastern tip at 7°56′ W.

Areas between 7°30′ W and 7°30′ E ("physical" UTC)[link]

• Andorra
• Belgium
• France, except for the absolutely easternmost part, in Alsace, incl. Strasbourg, and except for Corsica
• The very westernmost part of Germany, incl. the cities of Saarbrücken, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Aachen, and Trier
• The absolutely westernmost part of Italy, incl. the cities of Aosta in Aosta Valley and Cuneo in Piedmont
• Luxembourg
• Monaco
• Netherlands
• The westernmost part of Norway, incl. the cities of Bergen and Stavanger
• Mainland Spain, except for the westernmost part (see above), Balearic Islands, and the African cities of Ceuta and Melilla.
• Gibraltar
• The part of Switzerland west of Bern (inclusive), also incl. cities such as Geneva, Lausanne, and Fribourg

Areas between 22°30′ E and 37°30' E ("physical" UTC+2)[link]

• The easternmost part of the Republic of Macedonia, including the city of Strumica
• The easternmost part of Serbia, in the Pirot District, including the city of Pirot, and small easternmost parts of Bor District.
• The easternmost tips of Hungary and Slovakia, bordering to the north and south respectively the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Oblast (Zakarpattia Oblast), a bit to the east of Vásárosnamény, Hungary – Uzhhorod, Ukraine (both at 22°18′ E) line
• The easternmost part of Poland, including the cities of Lublin and Białystok
• The northeast of Sweden, in the Norrbotten province, including the cities of Kalix and Haparanda
• The northeast of Norway, lying north of Finland, roughly coinciding with the county of Finnmark; for instance Vadsø, the capital of Finnmark, has a longitude of 23°49′ E. Actually, the easternmost town in Norway, Vardø, lies at 30°51′ E, which is so far east, so as to be east even of the central meridian of EET (UTC+2), i.e. east of Istanbul and Alexandria. The sun reaches its highest point at 10:56 (when not DST).
  The Norwegian-Russian border (incl. border passings such as Kirkenes) is the only place where CET (UTC+1/+2) borders Moscow time (UTC+4), resulting in a two hours time change (or three hours in winter) for the passenger crossing that border.

• More so, there exists a "tri-zone" point (where UTC+1, UTC+2, and UTC+4 meet) at the Norway-Finland-Russia tripoint near Nautsi. It is interesting to perform the following mental experiment when looking at this map: Go to the westernmost point of the red area (the Jäniskoski-Niskakoski area); this belongs to Russian jurisdiction, hence the time there is UTC+4 (formerly UTC+3). Then, take a northeastern (NE) direction (that is an eastwards direction); you will soon be crossing into Finnish territory, thus moving to the UTC+2 time zone. Continuing in that direction, you will eventually reach the Finland-Norway border and enter Norway, thus passing into the UTC+1 time zone. So, moving in a (north–)easterly direction, you will be moving from UTC+4 to UTC+2 to UTC+1.

See also[link]

• Time zone
• European Summer Time
• Amsterdam Time
• UTC+1
• Other countries and territories in UTC+1 time zone

References[link]

External links[link]

• German Time Act
• Dutch Time Act

Jeff Mills
Jeff Mills performing at the Smartbar in Chicago. Photo by: Purplexed
Background information
Birth name	Jeff Mills
Born	(1963-06-18) June 18, 1963 (age 49) Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
Genres	Techno
Occupations	Disc jockey
Instruments	Turntables
Labels	Axis Records

Jeff Mills (born 18 June 1963 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American techno DJ and producer.

Career[link]

Starting in the early 1980s, Mills, using the name "The Wizard", was a recurring guest DJ on "The Electrifying Mojo" radio show on WJLB. He performed DJ tricks like beat juggling and scratching during his sets, some of which were pre-recorded.

Mills and former Parliament bass player 'Mad' Mike Banks were founding members of Detroit techno collective Underground Resistance (UR), which embraced revolutionary rhetoric and only appeared in public dressed in ski masks and black combat suits.

Mills never officially left UR, but did relocate from Detroit, first to New York, then Berlin (as a resident at the Tresor club), and then Chicago. There in 1992, with fellow Detroit native Robert Hood, he set up the record label Axis, and later, sub-labels Purpose Maker, Tomorrow, and 6277, all aiming for a more minimal sound than most of the techno being produced in those years.

In his DJ sets, Mills usually uses three decks, a Roland TR-909 drum-machine, and up to seventy records in one hour. Mills' Exhibitionist DVD, from 2004, features him mixing live on three decks and CD player in a studio.

Releases[link]

Albums[link]

• 1992 Waveform Transmission - Volume 1
• 1994 Waveform Transmission - Volume 3
• 1996 Mix-Up Volume 2 Live at the Liquid Room (a live DJ set)
• 1996 Purpose Maker Compilation
• 1997 The other Day
• 1999 From the 21st
• 2000 Every Dog Has Its Day
• 2000 Metropolis (soundtrack to the Fritz Lang film)
• 2000 The Art of Connecting
• 2000 Lifelike
• 2002 Actual
• 2002 At First Sight
• 2004 Exhibitionist (a live DJ set, also available as a DVD)
• 2004 Choice: A Collection of Classics
• 2005 The Three Ages (new soundtrack to the Buster Keaton film)
• 2005 Contact Special
• The Mission Objective (2005) (a live DJ set)
• 2006 Blue Potential
• 2007 One Man Spaceship
• 2008 Gamma Player Compilation Vol 1: The Universe By Night
• 2009 Sleeper Wakes
• 2010 The Occurrence
• 2011 The Power
• 2011 2087
• 2011 Fantastic Voyage

Axis[link]

• AX-001 - Tranquilizer
• AX-004 - Mecca
• AX-005 - Thera
• AX-006 - More Drama
• AX-008 - Cycle 30
• AX-009ab - AX-009 Series
• AX-009 cd - Actual
• AX-009ef - Medium
• AX-010 - Growth
• AX-011 - Purpose Maker EP
• AX-012 - Humana
• AX-013 - Tephra
• AX-015 - Other Day EP
• AX-016 - Very (first released vinyls were perfume-scented to 'enhance the idea of influence through interaction)
• AX-018 - Tomorrow EP
• AX-019 - Apollo
• AX-019 OUR - From the 21st part 1
• AX-019 AFV - From the 21st part 2
• AX-020 - Every Dog has its Day vol. 1
• AX-021 - Lifelike EP
• AX-022 - Metropolis
• AX-023 - Every Dog has its Day vol. 2
• AX-024 - 4Art/UFO
• AX-026 - Every Dog has its Day vol. 3
• AX-030 - Every Dog has its Day vol. 4
• AX-036 - See the Light Part 1
• AX-037 - See the Light Part 2
• AX-038 - See the Light Part 3
• AX-039 - Expanded
• AX-040 - The Tomorrow Time Forgot
• AX-041 - Suspense/Dramatized
• AX-043 - Time Mechanic
• TM-002 - Time Mechanics 02 Eternity
• TM-003 - Time Mechanics 03 Adjustments
• AX-044 - Blade Runner (EP) (inspired by the Ridley Scott film)
• AX-048 - Systematic/The Sin
• AX-049 - Alpha Centauri
• AX-052 - Flyby - X-102
• AX-055 - The Good Robot
• AX-056 - The Defender
• SITS-001 - Something In The Sky
• SITS-002 - Something In The Sky 2
• SITS-003 - Something In The Sky 3
• SITS-004 - Something In The Sky 4
• SITS-005 - Something In The Sky 5
• SITS-006 - Something In The Sky 6
• SITS-007 - Something In The Sky 7
• SITS-008 - Something In The Sky Mix

Purpose Maker[link]

• PM-001 - Java
• PM-002 - Kat Moda
• PM-003 - Force Universelle
• PM-004 - Our Man in Havanna
• PM-005 - Steampit
• PM-006 - Vanishing Act
• PM-007 - Live Series
• PM-008 - Skin Deep
• PM-009 - If/Tango
• PM-010 - Circus
• PM-012 - Jetset
• PM-014 - Electrical Experience
• PM-015 - Divine
• PM-016 - Kana
• PM-020 - The Bells [10th Anniversary]
• PM-021 - Natural World
• PMWCD9601 - Purpose Maker Compilation [CD]
• PMWLP9601 - Purpose Maker Compilation [2xLP]

Tomorrow[link]

• TW-001 - Preview EP
• TW-300 - Sculptures 1-3 CD (by Petar Dundov)
• TW-400 - Europa CD (by Mitch Walcott)
• TW-800 - Time Machines CD

6277[link]

• MISSION 01 Elektrabel - Elektrabel EP 2003
• MISSION 02 Hieroglyphic Being - Du Commencement A L'Eternite 2004
• MISSION 03 Elektrabel - Crocks EP 2005
• MISSION 04 Elektrabel - For Various Reasons 2005
• MISSION 05 Sub Space - First Step EP 2005
• MISSION 06 Zachary Lubin - Controllability 2005
• MISSION 07 Various artists (Jeff Mills Mix) - The objective Mission [Top Secret] 2005
• MISSION 08 Trefa - Elektrabel 2006
• MISSION 09 Ben Gibson - No Signify EP 2006
• MISSION 10 CounterPart - The Martian Mystique 2006
• MISSION 11 Johannes Volk - The Mysteries Of Tharsis Montes 2006
• MISSION 12 Jeroen - New Reality

Something In The Sky[link]

• SITS 001 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2009
• SITS 002 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2010
• SITS 003 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2010
• SITS 004 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2010
• SITS 005 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2010
• SITS 006 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2010
• SITS 007 Jeff Mills Untitled (12") 2011
• SITS 008 Jeff Mills/Dj Surgeles Something In The Sky Mix (CD) 2012

Tresor Records[link]

• Waveform Transmission Vol. 1
• The Extremist
• Waveform Transmission Vol. 3
• Waveform Transmission Vol. 3 (Detroit Cut)
• Atlantis (under moniker X-103)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jeff Mills discography at Discogs.
• See Deep House Page for some very rare live Chicago sets from around 1985-86.
• Higher Frequency Interview
• Hardware Interview
• Real Detroit Weekly Interview

Péter Balázs
Péter Balázs, 2009
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary
In office 14 April 2009 – 29 May 2010
Preceded by	Kinga Göncz
Succeeded by	János Martonyi
European Commissioner for Regional Policy
In office 1 May 2004 – 21 November 2004
President	Romano Prodi
Preceded by	Monika Wulf-Mathies
Succeeded by	Danuta Hübner
Personal details
Born	(1941-12-05) 5 December 1941 (age 70) Kecskemét, Kingdom of Hungary
Political party	Independent
Profession	diplomat, economist, politician

Péter Balázs is a Hungarian politician and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, born in Kecskemét, 1941. In addition to his native Hungarian, he also speaks English, French, German and Russian.

He graduated from Budapest School of Economics in 1963 and worked in the Hungarian government until 1 May 2004 when his country joined the European Union and was appointed to the European Commission with Michel Barnier under Romano Prodi.

He became the Hungarian European Commissioner holding the Regional Policy portfolio until the end of the Prodi Commission on 21 November 2004. He was succeeded by László Kovács as the Hungarian Commissioner and Danuta Hübner as Commissioner for regional policy.

Balázs became a professor at the International Relations and European Studies Department of the Central European University (CEU), Budapest. In 2005, he established a new research center for EU Enlargement Studies at the CEU.

Péter Balázs became the Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs in April 2009, serving until May 2010. Péter Balázs, when addressing the topic of Hungary-Slovakia relations compared the creation of the language law of Slovakia to the politics of the Ceauşescu regime on the use of language.^[1][2][3] He was succeeded by János Martonyi.

External links[link]

• Website on ec.europa.eu
• CV on ec.europa.eu
• Interview with Euractiv.com

References[link]

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