West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga[3]) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous.[4] It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants.[4] Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's net domestic product.[5] Noted for its political activism, the state was ruled by democratically elected communist government for three decades. West Bengal is noted for its cultural activities, with the state capital Kolkata earning the sobriquet "cultural capital of India". The state's cultural heritage, besides folk culture, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artist. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing soccer besides the national favourite sport cricket.
The name of Bengal, or Bangla, is of unknown origins. Many theories have been formulated to explain the origin of the word "Bengal" or "Bangla". One theory suggests that the word derives from Dravidian tribes of 1000 B.C present at that time.[9] The word might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga, or Banga. Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the region's early history is obscure. The region was part of Mauryan empire under Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.
Stone age tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state.[10] Remnants of civilization in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years,[11][citation needed] when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The region was a part of the Vanga Kingdom, one of ancient kingdoms of Epic India. The kingdom of Magadha was formed in 7th century BC, consisting of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Mahavira and the Buddha, and consisted of several Janapadas.[12] During the rule of Maurya dynasty, the Magadha Empire extended over nearly all of South Asia, including Afghanistan and parts of Persia under Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC.
One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention of a land named Gangaridai by the Ancient Greeks around 100 BC. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal.[13] Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi (Burma, Lower Thailand, Lower Malay Peninsula, and the Sumatra).[14] According to Mahavamsa, Vijaya Singha, a Vanga prince, conquered Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) and gave the name "Sinhala" to the country.[15]
From the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire. The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, reigning around early 7th century.[16] After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam made its first appearance in Bengal during the 12th century when Sufi missionaries arrived. Later, occasional Muslim raiders reinforced the process of conversion by building mosques, madrassas and Sufi Khanqah. Between 1202 and 1206, Bakhtiar Khilji, a military commander from the Delhi Sultanate, overran Bihar and Bengal as far east as Rangpur, Bogra and the Brahmaputra River. Although he failed to bring Bengal under his control, the expedition managed to defeat Lakshman Sen and his two sons moved to a place then called Vikramapur (present-day Munshiganj District), where their diminished dominion lasted until the late 13th century.
During the 14th century, the former kingdom became known as the Sultanate of Bengal, ruled intermittently with the Sultanate of Delhi as well as powerful Hindu states and land-lords-Baro-Bhuyans. The Hindu Deva Kingdom ruled over eastern Bengal after the collapse Sena Empire. The Sultanate of Bengal was interrupted by an uprising by the Hindus under Raja Ganesha. The Ganesha dynasty began in 1414, but his successors converted to Islam. Bengal came once more under the control of Delhi as the Mughals conquered it in 1576. There were several independent Hindu states established in Bengal during the Mughal period like those of Maharaja Pratap Aditya of Jessore and Raja Sitaram Ray of Burdwan. These kingdoms contributed greatly to the economic and cultural landscape of Bengal. Extensive land reclamations in forested and marshy areas were carried out and trade as well as commerce were highly encouraged. These kingdoms also helped introduce new music, painting, dancing and sculpture into Bengali art-forms as well as many temples were constructed during this period. Militarily, they served as bulwarks against Portuguese and Burmese attacks. Koch Bihar Kingdom in the northern Bengal, flourished during the period of 16th and the 17th centuries as well as weathered the Mughals and survived till the advent of the British.
European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century. Their influence grew until the British East India Company gained taxation rights in Bengal subah, or province, following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, when Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab, was defeated by the British.[17] The Bengal Presidency was established by 1765, eventually including all British territories north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh), from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives.[18] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772. The Bengal Renaissance and Brahmo Samaj socio-cultural reform movements had great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal. The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in transfer of authority to the British Crown, administered by the Viceroy of India.[19] Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into two zones.[20] Bengal suffered from the Great Bengal famine in 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.[21]
Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when Subhash Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army from Southeast Asia against the British. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving rise to independent Bangladesh in 1971).[22] Both West and East Bengal suffered from large refugee influx during the partition in 1947, leading to the political unrests later on. The partition of Bengal entailed the greatest exodus of people in Human History. Millions of Hindus migrated from East Pakistan to India and thousands of Muslims too went across the borders to East Pakistan. Because of the immigration of the refugees, there occurred the crisis of land and food in West Bengal; and such condition remained in long duration for more than three decades.The politics of West Bengal since the partition in 1947 developed round the nucleus of refugee problem. Both the Rightists and the Leftists in the Politics of West Bengal have not yet become free from the socio-economic conditions created by the partition of Bengal. These conditions as have remained unresolved in some twisted forms have given birth to local socio-economic, political and ethnic movements.[23]
In 1950, the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal after King Jagaddipendra Narayan signed the Instrument of Accession with India.[24] In 1955, the former French enclave of Chandannagar, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were subsequently merged with West Bengal.
During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Naxalite movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation. The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.[25] The 1974 smallpox epidemic killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by Communist Party of India (Marxist), governed for the state for the subsequent three decades.[26]
The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms were introduced in the mid-1990s by the central government, aided by the advent of information technology and IT-enabled services. As of 2007, armed activists have been conducting minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,[27][28] while clashes with the administration are taking place at several sensitive places over the issue of industrial land acquisition.[29][30] Although the state's GDP has risen significantly since the 1990s, West Bengal has remained affected by political instability and bad governance.[31] The state continues to suffer from regular bandhs (strikes),[32][33] a low Human Development Index level,[34] substandard healthcare services,[35][36] a lack of socio-economic development,[37] poor infrastructure,[38][39] political corruption and civil violence.[40][41]
Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by
monsoon
West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88,752 square kilometres (34,267 sq mi).[1] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains Sandakfu (3,636 m or 11,929 ft)—the highest peak of the state.[42] The narrow Terai region separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.
The Ganges is the main river, which divides in West Bengal. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma or Pôdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Farakka barrage over Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal, and its water flow management has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh.[43] The Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers such as the Damodar, Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.[44] Damodar, another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the "Sorrow of Bengal" (due to its frequent floods), has several dams under the Damodar Valley Project. At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater, and an estimated 8.7 million people drink water containing arsenic above the World Health Organisation recommended limit of 10 µg/L.[45]
West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savanna in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India, with the highest day temperature ranging from 38 °C (100 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F).[46] At nights, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur.[47] West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian ocean monsoon that moves in a northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250 cm is observed in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar district. During the arrival of the monsoons, low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the occurrence of storms in the coastal areas. Winter (December–January) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F).[46] A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. However, the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall at places.
As of 2009, recorded forest area in the state is 11,879 km2 (4,587 sq mi) which is 13.38% of the state's geographical area,[49] compared to the national average of 21.02%.[50][51] Reserves, protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of the forest area.[49] Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans, is located in southern West Bengal.[52]
From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.[53] The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, compounded with favorable rainfall, make this region especially fertile.[53] Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state shares floristic similarities with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.[53] The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the Sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name.[54]
The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with Sal and other tropical evergreen trees.[55] However, above an elevation of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), temperate-forest trees such as oaks, conifers, and rhododendrons predominate.[55]
West Bengal has 3.26% of its geographical area under protected areas comprising 15 wildlife sanctuaries and 5 national parks[49] — Sundarbans National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara National Park, Neora Valley National Park and Singalila National Park. Extant wildlife include Indian rhinoceros, Indian elephant, deer, bison, leopard, gaur, tiger, and crocodiles, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.[56] The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter barking deer, red panda, chinkara, takin, serow, pangolin, minivet and Kalij pheasants. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project conserving the endangered Bengal tiger, although the forest hosts many other endangered species, such as the Gangetic dolphin, river terrapin and estuarine crocodile.[57] The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting coastal fishes along the Bay of Bengal.[57] Recognizing its special conservation value, Sundarban area has been declared as a Biosphere Reserve.[49]
Calcutta High Court is the highest court in West Bengal
West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs,[58] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to Lok Sabha[59] and 16 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[60]
The main players in the regional politics are the All India Trinamool Congress, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front alliance (led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M)). Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power (getting 225 seats in the legislature).[61] West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for the 34 years (1977–2011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[26]
The 19 districts of West Bengal are as listed below.[62]
Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service.[63] Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[62]
The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata – the third-largest urban agglomeration[64] and the seventh-largest city[65] in India. Asansol is the second largest city & urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata.[64] Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India. Other major cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Durgapur, Raniganj, Haldia, Jalpaiguri, Kharagpur, Burdwan, Darjeeling, Midnapore, and Malda.[65]
Roadside vegetable vendor in a semi-rural area. A large proportion of residents are employed in informal sector.
| Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2004–05 Base)[5]
figures in crores of Indian Rupees
|
| Year |
Net State Domestic Product |
| 2004–2005 |
190,073 |
| 2005–2006 |
209,642 |
| 2006–2007 |
238,625 |
| 2007–2008 |
272,166 |
| 2008–2009 |
309,799 |
| 2009–2010 |
366,318 |
In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 57.8% of the state domestic product compared to 24% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 18.2% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[66]:12 Agriculture is the leading occupation in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the top five crops of the state.[66]:14 Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high quality teas.[66]:14 State industries are localized in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and Haldia port region.[67] The Durgapur–Asansol colliery belt is home to a number of major steel plants.[67] Manufacturing industries playing an important economic role are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established a number of industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilizers. Natural resources like tea and jute in and nearby parts has made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries.
A significant part of the state is economically backward, namely, large parts of six northern districts of Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Malda, North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur; three western districts of Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum; and the Sundarbans area.[68] Years after independence, West Bengal was still dependent on the central government for meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant and the Indian green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant spurt in food production since the 1980s, and the state now has a surplus of grains.[68] The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 1980–81, declining to 5% by 1997–98. However, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[68]
Freshly sown saplings of
paddy; in the background are stacks of
jute sticks
In terms net state domestic product (NSDP), West Bengal has the sixth largest economy (2009–2010) in India, with an NSDP of 366,318 crore Indian rupees, behind Maharashtra (817,891 crores), Uttar Pradesh (453,020 crores), Andhra Pradesh (426,816 crores), Tamil Nadu (417,716 crores), and Gujarat (370,400 crores).[5] In the period 2004–2005 to 2009–2010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee term), lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[66]:4 The state’s per capita GSDP at current prices in 2009–10 was US$ 956.4, improved from US$ 553.7 in 2004–05,[66]:10but lower than the national per capita GSDP of US$ 1,302.[66]:4 The state's total financial debt stood at 
191,835 crore (US$38.27 billion) as of 2011.[69]
The state has promoted foreign direct investment, which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields; Kolkata is becoming a major hub for the Information technology (IT) industry. Rapid industrialisation process has given rise to debate over land acquisition for industry in this agrarian state.[70] NASSCOM–Gartner ranks West Bengal power infrastructure the best in the country.[71] Notably, many corporate companies are now headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, India Government Mint, Kolkata, Haldia Petrochemicals, Exide Industries, Hindustan Motors, Britannia Industries, Bata India, Birla Corporation, CESC Limited, Coal India Limited, Damodar Valley Corporation, PwC India, Peerless Group, United Bank of India, UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank. In 2010s, events such as adoption of "Look East" policy by the government of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikkim as a border trade-route with China and immense interest in the South East Asian countries to enter the Indian market and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position for development in future, particularly with likes of Myanmar, where India needs oil from military regime.[72][73]
As of 2011, the total length of surface road in West Bengal is over 92,023 km (57,180 mi);[66]:18 national highways comprise 2,578 km (1,602 mi)[74] and state highways 2,393 km (1,487 mi).[66]:18 As of 2006, the road density of the state is 103.69 km per 100 km² (166.92 mi per 100 sq mi), higher than the national average of 74.7 km per 100 km² (120 mi per 100 sq mi).[75] Average speed on state highways varies between 40–50 km/h (25–31 mi/h); in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 20–25 km/h (12–16 mi/h) due to the substandard quality of road constructions and low maintenance. As of 2011, the total railway route length is around 4,481 km (2,784 mi).[66]:20 Kolkata is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian Railways—Eastern Railway and South Eastern Railway.[76] The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) plies in the northern parts of the state. The Kolkata metro is the country's first underground railway.[77] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, part of NFR, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[78]
The state's only international airport is Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum, Kolkata. Bagdogra airport near Siliguri is another significant airport in the state. Kolkata is a major river-port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks.[79] There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferry is a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport and these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.[80]
Several government-owned organisations operate substandard bus services in the state, including the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation, and the Calcutta Tramways Company, thus leading to mismanagement. There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, cycle rickshaws, and in Kolkata, hand-pulled rickshaws, are also used for short-distance travel. Large-scale transport accidents in West Bengal are common, particularly the sinking of transport boats and train crashes.[81]
Main article:
Bengali people
| Population Growth |
| Census |
Pop. |
|
%± |
| 1951 |
26,300,000 |
|
—
|
| 1961 |
34,926,000 |
|
32.8% |
| 1971 |
44,312,000 |
|
26.9% |
| 1981 |
54,581,000 |
|
23.2% |
| 1991 |
68,078,000 |
|
24.7% |
| 2001 |
80,176,000 |
|
17.8% |
| 2011 |
91,348,000 |
|
13.9% |
| Source:Census of India[82] |
According to the provisional results of 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population).[1] Majority of the population comprises Bengalis.[83] The Marwaris, Bihari and Oriya minority are scattered throughout the state; communities of Sherpas and ethnic Tibetans can be found in Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. Darjeeling district has a large number of Gurkha people of Nepalese origin. West Bengal is home to indigenous tribal Adivasis such as Santals, Kol, Koch-Rajbongshi and Toto tribe. There are a small number of ethnic minorities primarily in the state capital, including Chinese, Tamils, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Punjabis, and Parsis.[84] India's sole Chinatown is in eastern Kolkata.[85]
| Religions in West Bengal[86] |
| Religion |
|
|
Percent |
|
| Hindu |
|
72.5% |
| Muslim |
|
25.2% |
| Others |
|
2.3% |
The official language is Bengali and English.[87] Nepali is the official language in three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.[87] As of 2001, in descending order of number of speakers, the languages of the state are: Bengali, Hindi, Santali, Urdu, Nepali, and Oriya.[87] Languages such as Rajbongshi and Ho are used in some parts of the state.
As of 2001, Hinduism is the principal religion at 72.5% of the total population, while Muslims comprise 25.2% of the total population , being the second-largest community as also the largest minority group; Sikhism, Christianity and other religions make up the remainder.[86] The state contributes 7.8% of India's population.[88] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate was 13.93%,[1] lower than 1991–2001 growth rate of 17.8%,[1] and also lower than the national rate of 17.64%.[89] The gender ratio is 947 females per 1000 males.[89] As of 2011, West Bengal has a population density of 1,029 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670 /sq mi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar.[89]
The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%.[90] Data of 1995–1999 showed the life expectancy in the state was 63.4 years, higher than the national value of 61.7 years.[91] About 72% of people live in rural areas. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 1999–2000 was 31.9%.[68] Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population respectively in rural areas, and 19.9% and 1.5% respectively in urban areas.[68] A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the value of public provision of health services to mitigate against poverty and the impact of illness on poor households.[92]
The crime rate in the state in 2004 was 82.6 per 100,000, which was half of the national average.[93] This is the fourth-lowest crime rate among the 32 states and union territories of India.[94] However, the state reported the highest rate of Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes.[95] In reported crimes against women, the state showed a crime rate of 7.1 compared to the national rate of 14.1.[94] Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.[96] The population of prostitutes in Sonagachi constitutes mainly of Nepalese, Indians and Bangladeshis.[96] Some sources estimate there are 60,000 women in the brothels of Kolkata.[96] The largest prostitution area in city is Sonagachi.[96] West Bengal was the first Indian state to constitute a Human Rights Commission of its own.[94]
The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, shared with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, Mangalkavya, Shreekrishna Kirtana, Thakurmar Jhuli, and stories related to Gopal Bhar. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernized in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Jibananda Das and Manik Bandyopadhyay. In modern times Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others are well known.
The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music, which has also been influenced by regional music traditions.[99] Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. West Bengal also has an heritage in North Indian classical music. "Rabindrasangeet", songs composed and set into tune by Rabindranath Tagore and "Nazrul geeti" (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are other musical forms like Dwijendralal, Atulprasad and Rajanikanta's songs, and "adhunik" or modern music from films and other composers.
Dance with Rabindra Sangeet.
From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence and popularisation of new genres of music, including fusions of Baul and Jazz by several Bangla bands, as well as the emergence of what has been called Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chau dance of Purulia is a rare form of mask dance. State is known for Bengali folk music such as baul and kirtans and gajan, and modern songs including Bengali adhunik songs. From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence of new genres of music, including the emergence of what has been called Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism) by artists like Anjan Dutta, Kabir Suman, Nachiketa and folk/alternative/rock bands like Moheener Ghoraguli, Chandrabindoo, Bhoomi, Cactus and Fossils. Dutta's songs are influenced by classical music, and especially country music and blues and Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen which he fused with Bengali tradition of east west, as did Suman. American urban folk and grunge are also an inspiration for this generation.[100]
Mainstream Hindi films are popular in Bengal, and the state is home to a thriving cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood". Tollygunj in Kolkata is the location of numerous Bengali movie studios, and the name "Tollywood" (similar to Hollywood and Bollywood) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its art films, and has produced acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and Ritwik Ghatak. Prominent contemporary directors include Buddhadev Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose, Aparna Sen and Rituparno Ghosh.
Bengal had been the harbinger of modernism in fine arts. Abanindranath Tagore, called the father of Modern Indian Art had started the Bengal School of Art which was to create styles of art outside the European realist tradition which was taught in art colleges under the colonial administration of the British Government. The movement had many adherents like Gaganendranath Tagore, Ramkinkar Baij, Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups like the Calcutta Group and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal which dominated the art scene in India.
The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. These social reforms have eventually led to a cultural atmosphere where practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination or untouchability, the evils that crept into the Hindu society, were abolished.
Patisapta - A kind of
Pitha; which is a popular sweet dish in West Bengal during winter.
Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, machhe bhate bangali, that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".[101] Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favorite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on the texture, size, fat content and the bones. Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. It is an ancient custom among both Hindu and Muslim Bengalis to distribute sweets during festivities. The confectionery industry has flourished because of its close association with social and religious ceremonies. Competition and changing tastes have helped to create many new sweets. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rôshogolla, Chômchôm, Kalojam and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread or dimsum are specialties of winter season. Sweets like coconut-naru, til-naru, moa, payesh, etc. are prepared during the festival of Lakshmi puja. Popular street food includes Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, and phuchka.[102][103]
The variety of fruits and vegetables that Bengal has to offer is incredible. A host of gourds, roots and tubers, leafy greens, succulent stalks, lemons and limes, green and purple eggplants, red onions, plantain, broad beans, okra, banana tree stems and flowers, green jackfruit and red pumpkins are to be found in the markets or anaj bazaar as popularly called. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water)with onion & green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas. Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen are cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies, turmeric, etc. People of erstwhile East Bengal use a lot of ajmoda, coriander leaves, tamarind, coconut and mustard in their cooking; while those aboriginally from West Bengal use a lot of sugar, garam masala and red chilli powder. Vegetarian dishes are mostly without onion and garlic.
Bengali women commonly wear the shaŗi , often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western attire. Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti, often on cultural occasions.
Durga Puja in October is the most popular festival in the West Bengal.[104] Poila Baishakh (the Bengali New Year), Rathayatra, Dolyatra or Basanta-Utsab, Nobanno, Poush Parbon (festival of Poush), Kali Puja, SaraswatiPuja, LaxmiPuja, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Muharram are other major festivals. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bôŗodin (Great day) in Bengali is celebrated by the minority Christian population. Poush mela is a popular festival of Shantiniketan, taking place in winter. West Bengal has been home to several famous religious teachers, including Sri Chaitanya, Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Paramahansa Yogananda. The swami is credited with introducing Hinduism to western society and became a religious symbol of the nation in the eyes of the intellectuals of the west.
West Bengal schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.[105] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
West Bengal has eighteen universities.[106][107] The University of Calcutta, one of the oldest and largest public universities in India, has more than 200 affiliated colleges. Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It is the gateway to the revolution of European education. Sir William Jones (philologist) established the Asiatic Society in 1794 for promoting oriental studies. People like Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and William Carey played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the city. The Fort William College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed as the Presidency College.[108] The Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.[109] Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance.[110] The state has several higher education institutes of national importance including Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), National Institute of Technology, Durgapur and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. After 2003 the state govt supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal State University and Gour Banga University.
Besides these, the state also has Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University and North Bengal University-all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state and also an Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Also recently Presidency College, Kolkata became a University named Presidency University. Apart from this there is another private university run by Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math. There are a number of research institutes in kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman got Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done in IACS. Also Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Variable Energy Cyclotron Center are most prominent. A large number of Indian Scholars are educated at different universities in Bengal. State has produced likes of Jagadish Chandra Bose, Satyendra Nath Bose and RC Bose.
West Bengal had 505 published newspapers in 2005,[111] of which 389 were in Bengali.[111] Ananda Bazar Patrika, published from Kolkata with 1,277,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.[111] Other major Bengali newspapers are Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Jago Bangla, Uttarbanga Sambad and Ganashakti. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu and Punjabi are also read by a select readership.
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda, Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, News Time, 24 Ghanta, Mahuaa Khobor, Ne Bangla, CTVN Plus, Channel 10 and R Plus.[112][113] All India Radio is a public radio station.[113] Private FM stations are available only in cities like Kolkata, Siliguri and Asansol.[113] Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Uninor, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.
Salt Lake Stadium – Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata
Cricket and football (soccer) are popular sports in the state. West Bengal, unlike most other states of India, is noted for its passion and patronage of football. Kolkata is one of the major centers for football in India[114] and houses top national clubs such as East Bengal, Mohun Bagan and Mohammedan Sporting Club.[115] Indian sports such as Kho Kho and Kabaddi are also played. Calcutta Polo Club is considered as the oldest polo club of the world,[116] and the Royal Calcutta Golf Club is the oldest of its kind outside Great Britain.[117]
West Bengal has several large stadiums—The Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheaters in the world, although renovations will reduce this figure.[118] Kolkata Knight Riders, East Zone and Bengal play there, and the 1987 World Cup final was there although in 2011 World Cup, Eden Gardens was stripped due to construction incompleteness. Salt Lake Stadium—a multi-use stadium—is the world's second highest-capacity football stadium.[119][120] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[121] National and international sports events are also held in Durgapur, Siliguri and Kharagpur.[122] Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes, and chess grand master Dibyendu Barua. Other major sporting icons over the years include famous football players such as Chuni Goswami, PK Banerjee and Sailen Manna as well as swimmer Mihir Sen and athlete Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (winner of gold medals at the Asian Games).[123]
- ^ a b c d e "Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ "Sex ratio, 0-6 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal". Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ Special correspondent (19 August 2011). "West Bengal may be renamed PaschimBanga". The Hindu (Chennai, India). http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2373155.ece. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ a b "India: Administrative Divisions (population and area)". Census of India. http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gadm&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&va=x. Retrieved April 17, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Net state domestic product at factor cost—state-wise (at current prices)". Handbook of statistics on Indian economy. Reserve Bank of India. 15 September 2011. http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=13592. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ "Bangldesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. September 1988. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+bd0014%29. Retrieved 2 March 2012. "Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal."
- ^ Sarkar, Sebanti (March 28, 2008). "History of Bengal just got a lot older". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080328/jsp/frontpage/story_9067406.jsp. Retrieved 13 September 2010. "Humans walked on Bengal’s soil 20,000 years ago, archaeologists have found out, pushing the state’s pre-history back by some 8,000 years."
- ^ Bharadwaj, G (2003). "The Ancient Period". In Majumdar, RC. History of Bengal. B.R. Publishing Corp.
- ^ Sultana, Sabiha. "Settlement in Bengal (Early Period)". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/S_0221.HTM. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Chowdhury, AM. "Gangaridai". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/G_0019.htm. Retrieved 8 September 2006.
- ^ Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 28. ISBN 978-81-7017-053-2. http://books.google.com/?id=mFW3sXnzEQ4C&pg=PA231&dq=ancient+history+of+bengal+trade#v=onepage&q=bengal&f=false. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
- ^ Geiger, Wilhelm (2003) [1908]. "Chapter VI: The Coming of Viajaya". Mahavamsa: Great Chronicle of Ceylon. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 51–54. ISBN 81-206-0218-8. http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap006.html. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Bhattacharyya, P.K.. "Shashanka". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/S_0122.HTM. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Chaudhury, S; Mohsin, KM. "Sirajuddaula". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/S_0411.HTM. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Fiske, John. "The famine of 1770 in Bengal". The Unseen World, and other essays. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/f/fiske/john/f54u/chapter9.html. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
- ^ (Baxter 1997, pp. 30–32)
- ^ (Baxter 1997, pp. 39–40)
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley (1999). India. Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
- ^ Islam, Sirajul. "Partition of Bengal, 1947". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. http://www.banglapedia.org/httpdocs/HT/P_0101.HTM. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ Dr. Sailen Debnath, 'West Bengal in Doldrums'ISBN 978-81-86860-34-2; & Dr. Sailen Debnath ed. Social and Political Tensions In North Bengal since 1947, ISBN 81-86860-23-1
- ^ Dr. Sailen Debnath,ed. Social and Political Tensions In North Bengal since 1947, ISBN 81-86860-23-1.
- ^ (Bennett & Hindle 1996, pp. 63–70)
- ^ a b Biswas, Soutik (16 April 2006). "Calcutta's colourless campaign". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ Ghosh Roy, Paramasish (22 July 2005). "Maoist on rise in West Bengal". VOA Bangla. Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
- ^ "Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)". Left-wing extremist group. South Asia Terrorism Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
- ^ "Several hurt in Singur clash". rediff news. 28 January 2007. http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/28singur.htm. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ "Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid". The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). 15 March 2007. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp. Retrieved 15 March 2007.
- ^ "8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations". Times of India (New Delhi). 22 July 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/8-Indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-African-nations/articleshow/6158960.cms. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "WB takes the cake when it comes to bandhs". Economic Times (New Delhi). 18 December 2006. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNatio/WB_takes_the_cake_when_it_comes_to_bandhs/articleshow/842652.cms. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Business in West Bengal affected ahead of Tuesday strike". sify finance. 26 April 2010. http://sify.com/finance/business-in-west-bengal-affected-ahead-of-tuesday-strike-news-default-ke0sabdcibh.html. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Roy, Hiranmoy; Bhattacharjee, Kaushik (August 2009). "Convergence of human development across Indian States" (PDF). Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. p. 4. http://www.igidr.ac.in/pdf/publication/PP-062-22.pdf. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Shah, Mansi (2007). "Waiting for health care: a survey of a public hospital in Kolkata" (PDF). Centre for Civil Society. http://ccs.in/ccsindia/downloads/intern-papers-08/Waiting-for-Healthcare-A-survey-of-a-public-hospital-in-Kolkata-Mansi.pdf. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
- ^ "West Bengal: health systems development initiative programme memorandum" (PDF). Government of West Bengal. 15 January 2005. http://www.wbhealth.gov.in/Externally_Aided_Projects/HSDI-DFID%20Programme%20Memorandum.pdf. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Impact of social sector development in West Bengal – Midnapore and Birbhum districts". Planning Commission of India. http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm_indx.htm. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Mukherjee, Rudrangshu (5 October 2008). "Murder, most foul - the people of Bengal created the darkness that envelops them". The Telegraph (Kolkata). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081005/jsp/opinion/story_9927371.jsp. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "ADB pep pill for Bengal". The Telegraph (Kolkata). 13 June 2010. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100613/jsp/business/story_12560050.jsp. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Ramesh, Randeep (12 November 2007). "Six killed as farmers and communists clash in West Bengal". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/12/india.randeepramesh. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "West Bengal political violence continues". Economic Times (New Delhi). 8 August 2009. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/West-Bengal-political-violence-continues/articleshow/4871906.cms. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Pal, Supratim (14 May 2007). "Top of world in kingdom of cloud". The Telegraph (Kolkata). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070514/asp/ranchi/story_7772890.asp. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ Jayapalan, N (2001). Foreign policy of India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 344. ISBN 81-7156-898-X.
- ^ "Alarming rise in bacterial percentage in Ganga waters". The Hindu Business Line (Chennai). 4 August 2006. http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/04/stories/2006080402921900.htm. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Groundwater Arsenic Contamination Status in West Bengal". Groundwater Arsenic Contamination in West Bengal – India (17 Years Study). School of Environmental Studies, Jadavpur University. http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb.htm. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ a b "Climate". West Bengal: Land. Suni System (P) Ltd. http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/climate.htm. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
- ^ "kal Baisakhi". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=kal-baisakhi1. Retrieved September 5, 2006.
- ^ a b c "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: West Bengal" (PDF). India state of forest report 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp. 163–166. http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/westbengal.pdf. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Forest cover" (PDF). India state of forest report 2009. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp. 14–24. http://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2009/chapter2.pdf. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ "Environmental Issues" (PDF). West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. pp. 180–182. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ Islam, Sadiq (29 June 2001). "World's largest mangrove forest under threat". CNN. http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/student.bureau/06/29/sundarbans/index.html. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ^ a b c Mukherji, S.J. (2000). College Botany Vol. III: (chapter on Phytogeography). Calcutta: New Central Book Agency. pp. 345–365.
- ^ "Sundarbans National Park". World heritage list. UNESCO World Heritage Center. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/452. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ a b "Natural vegetation". West Bengal. Suni System (P) Ltd. http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/land/forest.htm#N. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ^ "West Bengal: General Information". India in Business. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry. Archived from the original on 19 August 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060819094729/http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/indian-states/westbengal/General.htm. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
- ^ a b "Problems of Specific Regions" (PDF). West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. pp. 200–203. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "West Bengal legislative assembly". Legislative bodies in India. National Informatics Centre, India. http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States%5Cwestbengal%5Cwesbengal-w.htm. Retrieved October 28, 2006.
- ^ Delimitation Commission (15 February 2006). "Notification: order no. 18" (PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. pp. 23–25. http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- ^ "Composition of Rajya Sabha" (PDF). Rajya Sabha at work. New Delhi: Rajya Sabha Secretariat. pp. 24–25. http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/chapter-2.pdf. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ "Statewise results - West Bengal". Election Commission of India. http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS25.htm. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
- ^ a b "Directory of district, sub division, panchayat samiti/ block and gram panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008" (DOC). West Bengal Electronics Industry Development Corporation Limited, Government of West Bengal. March 2008. p. 1. http://www.webel-india.com/blocks%20n%20grampanchayats.doc. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
- ^ "Section 2 of West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973". Department of Panchayat and Rural Department, West Bengal. http://wbdemo5.nic.in/html/asp/g2csw/sections/2.htm. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above". Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/india2/Million_Plus_UAs_Cities_2011.pdf. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011". Provisional population totals, census of India 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "West Bengal". India Brand Equity Foundation. November 2011. http://www.ibef.org/download/West_Bengal_271211.pdf. Retrieved 6 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Industrial infrastructure". West bengal Industrial Development Corporation. http://www.wbidc.com/about_wb/industrial_infrastructure.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e "Introduction and Human Development Indices for West Bengal" (PDF). West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. pp. 4–6. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Mamata seeks debt restructuring plan for West Bengal". Economic Times (New Delhi). 22 October 2011. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/news/30309832_1_debt-restructuring-plan-debt-burden-12th-plan. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
- ^ Ray Choudhury, Ranabir (27 October 2006). "A new dawn beckons West Bengal". The Hindu Business Line (Chennai). http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/10/27/stories/2006102700080100.htm. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ "West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation Ltd." (PDF). India @ Hannover Messe 2006. Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), India. p. 303. http://www.indiaathannover.org/pdf/exhibitorslist.pdf. Retrieved September 7, 2006.
- ^ Saha, Sambit (9 September 2003). "Nathula trade may spur business in NE". rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/sep/09trading.htm. Retrieved 18 September 2007.
- ^ Raja Mohan, C. (16 July 2004). "A foreign policy for the East". Chennai: The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/16/stories/2004071601841000.htm. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Statewise Length of national highways in India". National Highways. Department of Road Transport and Highways; Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways; Government of India. http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=366. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Suhrid Sankar (January–February 2006). "Remarkable Growth". Frontline (Chennai, India: The Hindu) 23 (2). http://www.flonnet.com/fl2302/stories/20060210004209800.htm. Retrieved March 31, 2008.
- ^ "Geography : Railway Zones". IRFCA.org. Indian Railways Fan Club. http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
- ^ "About Kolkata Metro". Kolkata Metro. http://www.kolmetro.com/. Retrieved September 1, 2007.
- ^ "Mountain Railways of India". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944. Retrieved April 30, 2006.
- ^ "Port info: cargo statistics". Kolkata Port Trust. Kolkata Port Trust, India. http://www.kolkataporttrust.gov.in/. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
- ^ "Intra-city train travel". reaching India (Times Internet Limited). http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/articleshow/657741.cms. Retrieved August 31, 2007.
- ^ "India ferry disaster kills scores". BBC News. November 2, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11679012.
- ^ "Census Population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf. Retrieved December 18, 2008.
- ^ Hoddie, Matthew (2006). Ethnic realignments: a comparative study of government influences on identity. Lexington Books. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-7391-1325-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=6ka0nMJgKbYC. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta. Anthem Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-905835-5-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ Banerjee, Himadri; Gupta, Nilanjana; Mukherjee, Sipra, eds. (2009). Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta. Anthem Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-81-905835-5-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC&dq. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
- ^ a b "Data on Religion". Census of India (2001). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070812142520/http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)". Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 122–126. http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM47thReport.pdf. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ Population of West Bengal (80,221,171) is 7.8% of India's population (1,027,015,247)
- ^ a b c "Table 1: Distribution of population, sex ratio, density and decadal growth rate of population: 2011". Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 India: series 1. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "Table 2(3): Literates and literacy rates by sex : 2011". Provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011 India: series 1. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ "An Indian life: Life expectancy in our nation". India Together. Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. http://www.indiatogether.org/health/infofiles/life.htm. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
- ^ Kanjilal, Barun; Swadhin Mondal, Moumita Mukherjee, Debjani Barman, Arnab Mondal (October 2008). "Catastrophic Health Care Payment: how much protected are the users of public hospitals?". FHS Research Brief (4). http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/fhs-india-research-brief-4-catastrophic-health-care-payment.html.
- ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "Crimes in Mega Cities" (PDF). Crime in India-2004. Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 158. http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/CHAP2.pdf. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
- ^ a b c "Human security" (PDF). West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. pp. 167–172. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ National Crime Records Bureau (2004). "General Crime Statistics Snapshots 2004" (PDF). Crime in India-2004. Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 1. http://ncrb.nic.in/crime2004/cii-2004/Snapshots.pdf. Retrieved April 26, 2006.
- ^ a b c d "Plight of prostitutes in Kolkata". Merinews.com. http://www.merinews.com/article/plight-of-prostitutes-in-kolkata/137536.shtml. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ Georg, Feuerstein (2002). The Yoga Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600. ISBN 3-935001-06-1.
- ^ Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
- ^ "The Bauls of Bengal". Folk Music. BengalOnline. http://bengalonline.sitemarvel.com/bengali-folklore.asp?art=baul. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "Chau: The Rare Mask Dances". Dances of India. Boloji.com. http://www.boloji.com/dances/00109.htm. Retrieved October 22, 2006.
- ^ Gertjan de Graaf, Abdul Latif. "Development of freshwater fish farming and poverty alleviation: A case study from Bangladesh" (PDF). Aqua KE Government. http://govdocs.aquake.org/cgi/reprint/2003/1201/12010300.pdf. Retrieved October 22, 2006.
- ^ Saha, S (January 18, 2006). "Resurrected, the kathi roll – Face-off resolved, Nizam's set to open with food court". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph (Kolkata). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060118/asp/calcutta/story_5733258.asp. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "Mobile food stalls". Bangalinet.com. http://www.bangalinet.com/mobile_foodstalls.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "Durga Puja". Festivals celebrated throughout West Bengal. Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/festival-home. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
- ^ "Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India". Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. http://mhrd.gov.in/recognized_boards. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "UGC recognised Universities in West Bengal with NAAC accreditation status". Education Observer. http://www.educationobserver.com/resources/universsities/west_bengal.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "West Bengal University of Health Sciences". West Bengal University of Health Sciences. http://www.thewbuhs.org/. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "List of Affiliated Colleges". University of Calcutta. Archived from the original on February 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080201164051/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/coll.htm. Retrieved March 29, 2008.
- ^ Mitra, P (August 31, 2005). "Waning interest". Careergraph (Calcutta, India: The Telegraph). http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050831/asp/careergraph/story_5174502.asp. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "Visva-Bharati: Facts and Figures at a Glance". Visva-Bharati Computer Centre. http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/at_a_glance/at_a_glance.htm. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ a b c "General Review". Registrar of Newspapers for India. https://rni.nic.in/pii.asp. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "Bengali News Channel took 5 months to reach no.1 position". News Center. http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bengali-news-channel-took-5-months-to-reach-no1-position_242437.html. Retrieved Sep 7, 2006.
- ^ a b c "CALCUTTA : Television, Radio Channels". Calcutta Web. http://www.calcuttaweb.com/tvradio.shtml. Retrieved Sep 7, 2006.
- ^ Prabhakaran, Shaji (January 18, 2003). "Football in India – A Fact File". LongLiveSoccer.com. http://www.longlivesoccer.com/indiafootball.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "Indian Football Clubs". Iloveindia.com. http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/index.html. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "History of Polo". Hurlingham Polo Association. http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
- ^ "Royal Calcutta Golf Club". Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-511285/Royal-Calcutta-Golf-Club. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
- ^ "India – Eden Gardens (Kolkata)". Cricket Web. http://www.cricketweb.net/country/venue.php?CategoryIDAuto=12&VenueIDAuto=26. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "100 000+ Stadiums". World Stadiums. http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/stadium_list/100000.shtml. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "The Asian Football Stadiums (30.000+ capacity)". Gunther Lades. http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/listeafc.html. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ Raju, Mukherji (March 14, 2005). "Seven Years? Head Start". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- ^ "Sports & Adventure". West Bengal Tourism. http://www.wbtourism.com/sports_adventure/index.htm. Retrieved October 22, 2006.
- ^ "Famous Indian Football Players". Iloveindia.com. http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/players/index.html. Retrieved October 26, 2006.
- Baxter, C (1997). Bangladesh, From a Nation to a State. Westview Press. p. 0813336325. ISBN 1-85984-121-X
- Bennett, A; Hindle, J (1996). London Review of Books: An Anthology. Verso. pp. 63–70. ISBN 1-85984-121-X
- Roy, A; Alsayyad, N (2004). Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America and South Asia. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0741-0
- West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. 2004. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asiathepacific/india/India_West%20Bengal_2004_en.pdf
- Impact of Social Sector Development in West Bengal. Planning Commission, Government of India. 2009. http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm_indx.htm.
- Klass, L; Morton, S (1996). Community Structure and industrialization in West Bengal. University Press of America Inc.. ISBN 0-7618-0420-X
- Sunny, C (1999). "Poverty and social development in west bengal". India Rural Development Report, NIRD. http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/wbm/wbm_ch2.pdf. Retrieved 1999
- KPMG India, V (December 10, 2001). "Sustainable economic development in West Bengal – A Perspective". Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). http://www.in.kpmg.com/TL_Files/Pictures/West_Bengal.pdf. Retrieved 2007
- Amrita Basu, V. (1997). Two Faces of Protest: Contrasting Modes of Women's Activism in India. University of California Press ltd.. ISBN 0-520-06506-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ZyY0Yb5BrqgC&pg=PA25&dq=communism+in+west+bengal&cd=5#v=onepage&q=communism%20in%20west%20bengal. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
- Jasodhara Bagchi, Sarmistha Dutta Gupta, V. (2000). The changing status of women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: the challenge ahead. Saga Publication India Pvt Ltd.. ISBN 0-7619-3242-9. http://books.google.com/?id=KYYW8Un5zFAC&pg=PA119&dq=violence+west+bengal&cd=1#v=onepage&q=violence%20west%20bengal. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
- Magnus Öberg, Kaare Strom, V. (2008). Resources, governance and civil conflict. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-41671-9. http://books.google.com/?id=eBW-KtJ28ZsC&pg=PA93&dq=Naxalite+in+west+bengal&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Naxalite%20in%20west%20bengal. Retrieved June 16, 2004.
- Atul Kohli, I. (1987). The State and Poverty in India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37876-5. http://books.google.com/?id=vxLAK8EXo84C&pg=PA117&dq=poverty+in+west+bengal&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%20west%20bengal. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
- Marvin, Davis (1983) [1983]. Rank and rivalry: the politics of inequality in rural West Bengal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24657-1.
- Richard Maxwell Eaton, The rise of Islam and the Bengal frontier, 1204–1760, 1993, University of California Press, California, California,1993, ISBN 0-520-08077-7.
- Ross Mallick. (1955). Development Policy of a Communist Government: West Bengal Since 1977, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (Reprinted 2008) ISBN 978-0-521-43292-4.
- Jasodhara Bagchi, Sarmistha Dutta Gupta, V. (2009). A Story of Ambivalent Modernization in Bangladesh and West Bengal: The Rise and Fall of Bengali Elitism in South Asia. Peter Lang Publishing; First printing edition. ISBN 978-1-4331-0820-4.
- Tapan Raychaudhuri (2002). Europe Reconsidered: Perceptions of the West in Nineteenth-Century Bengal. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-566109-5.
- Harriss-White, Barbara (editor) (2008). Rural Commercial Capital: Agricultural Markets in West Bengal. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-569159-8 .
- Raychaudhuri, Ajitava (editor); Das, Tuhin K. (editor) (2005). West Bengal economy: some contemporary issues. Jadavpur University Press, India. ISBN 81-7764-731-8. http://books.google.com/?id=NTeHPuhTsXcC&pg=PA45&dq=politics+in+west+bengal&cd=42#v=onepage&q .
- Inden; Ronald B.; Ralph W (2005). Kinship in Bengali Culture. The University of Chicago Press, 1977. ISBN 81-8028-018-7 .
- Davis, Marvin (1983). Rank and rivalry: the politics of inequality in rural West Bengal. 1st edition. Cambridge University Press. xxvii, 239. ISBN 0-521-24657-1.
- Banerjee, Anuradha (1998). Environment, population, and human settlements of Sundarban Delta. Ashok Kumar Mittal. ISBN 81-7022-739-9 .
- Government
- Other
Coordinates: 22°34′N 88°22′E / 22.567°N 88.367°E / 22.567; 88.367 (West Bengal)
0.625 (.gif)
_3.jpg){kind=small}
.jpg){kind=small}
Media related to 
West Bengal 
