The 1820s decade ran from January 1, 1820, to December 31, 1829.
Main article:
British MalayaMain article:
Nguyen dynasty
- 1824-1826: The First Anglo-Burmese War ended in a British victory, and by the Treaty of Yandabo, Burma lost territory previously conquered in Assam, Manipur, and Arakan.[1] The British also took possession of Tenasserim with the intention to use it as a bargaining chip in future negotiations with either Burma or Siam.[2]
- 1824-1826 - Rattanakosin Kingdom (Siam): Rama II died in 1824 and was peacefully succeeded by his son Jessadabodindra (Rama III). In 1825 the British sent another mission to Bangkok led by East India Company emissary Henry Burney. They had by now annexed southern Burma and were thus Siam's neighbours to the west, and they were also extending their control over Malaya. The King was reluctant to give in to British demands, but his advisors warned him that Siam would meet the same fate as Burma unless the British were accommodated. In 1826, therefore, Siam concluded its first commercial treaty with a western power, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Siam–UK) (also called the Burney Treaty). Under the treaty, Siam agreed to establish a uniform taxation system, to reduce taxes on foreign trade and to abolish some of the royal monopolies. As a result, Siam's trade increased rapidly, many more foreigners settled in Bangkok, and western cultural influences began to spread. The kingdom became wealthier and its army better armed.
- 1824 – The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is finally adopted as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.
- September 13, 1824 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney.
- December 25, 1826 – Major Edmund Lockyer arrives at King George Sound to take possession of the western part of Australia, establishing a settlement near Albany.
- June 3, 1829 – The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western 'third' of the Australian landmass for the British.
- August 12, 1829 – Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship Sulphur, cuts down a tree to mark the day of the founding of the town of Perth, Western Australia.
- June 19, 1821 – The Philikí Etaireía are decisively defeated by the Ottomans at Drăgăşani (in Wallachia).
- December 1825 – The Decembrist Revolt breaks out in Russia, but is thoroughly suppressed.
- December 1, 1825 – Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.
- June 14–June 15, 1826 – The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.
- September 29, 1828 – Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Varna is taken by the Russian army.
- July 2, 1829 – Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Transbalkan offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68 km of Istanbul.
- September 16, 1829 – Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: The Treaty of Adrianople gains for Russia some territory at the mouth of the Danube and along the eastern coast of the Black Sea.
- January 1, 1820 – A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7) (see Mid-nineteenth century Spain).
- March 9, 1820 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Liberal Triennium ("Trienio Liberal").
- July 1820 – A Constitutionalist revolution occurs in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
- August 24, 1820 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.
- September 15, 1820 – A revolution breaks out in Lisbon (see Portugal's crises of the Nineteenth Century).
- September 22, 1822 – Portugal approves its first Constitution.[citation needed]
- January 4, 1825 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies.
- May 28, 1826 – Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.
- June 23, 1828 – Portugal: King Miguel I overthrows his niece Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.
At the start of the decade, most of Greece was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, as it had been since 1453, despite frequent revolts.[3] In early 1821, a secret organization called the Filiki Eteria instigated several battles that, together with the blessing of a Greek flag and proclamation of uprising by Bishop Germanos of Patras on March 25, marked the beginning of the revolution.[4][5][6] The uprising successfully established a foothold in the Peloponnese, seizing Tripolitsa in September 1821, and had some success in Crete, Macedonia and Central Greece.
Between 1821 and 1824, first and second national assemblies were held, and the constitutions of 1822 and of 1823 were established. However, revolutionary activity was fragmented, resulting in the civil wars of 1824–1825. The Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because, during this period, the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and uncoordinated.
That changed when the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and secured most of the peninsula by the end of 1825. He then helped break the siege of Missolonghi. Although Ibrahim was defeated in Mani, he had succeeded in suppressing most of the revolt in the Peloponnese and Athens had been retaken.
Following years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence. That year, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the First Hellenic Republic. With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, Greece was finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832.
In the 1820s, the British government was formally headed by King George IV, but in practice, was led by his Prime Ministers Lord Liverpool (1812–1827), George Canning (1827), Lord Goderich (1827–1828), and Duke of Wellington (1828–1830). This decade was largely peaceful for Britain, but Britain did intervene in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government. The British also intervened in 1827 on the side of the Greeks in their war for independence. During this time, London became the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.[7]
Domestic tensions ran high at the start of the decade, with the Peterloo Massacre (1819), the Cato Street Conspiracy (1820), and the Radical War (1820) in Scotland. However, by the end of the 1820s, many of the repressive laws were repealed in Britain. In 1822, Britain repealed the death penalty for over 100 crimes, and punishments such as drawing and quartering and flagellation fell out of use. Seditious Meetings Prevention Act (barring large assemblies) and the Combination Act (banning trade unions) were repealed in 1824. The Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granted a substantial measure of Catholic Emancipation in Britain and Ireland.[8]
- December 3, 1820 – U.S. presidential election, 1820: James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed. He is sworn in on March 4, 1821 for his second term.
- December 3, 1824 – U.S. presidential election, 1824: None of the four candidates for U.S. President gain a majority of the electoral votes. As a result, the election is decided in the United States House of Representatives, who elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States on February 9, 1825. He is sworn in on March 4, 1825.
- July 4, 1826 – Former US Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th Anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.
- May 21, 1827 – The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.
- December 3, 1828 – U.S. presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States. He succeeds John Quincy Adams as the 7th President of the United States of America on March 4, 1829.
- Temperance movement emerges in U.S.
- July 10, 1821 – The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.
- December 2, 1823 – James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.
- March 7, 1824 – Florida State Capitol moves from St. Augustine, Florida to Tallahassee, Florida
- March 11, 1824 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Ely S. Parker of the Seneca tribe becomes its first director.
- August 16, 1824 – Lafayette visits the United States, departing in September 7, 1825
- December 23, 1824 – Chief Pushmataha of the Choctaw Nation dies in Washington
- February 12, 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west.
- December 25, 1826 – The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours, but is squelched by Christmas chapel service.
- February 20, 1820 – A revolt begins in Santa María Chiquimula, Totonicapán department of Guatemala.
- The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823.
- September 15, 1821 – Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain (see History of Central America).
- November 28, 1821 – Panama declares independence from Spain (see History of Panama).
- July 1– The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America and a Republican system of government is established.
- June 22, 1826 – The Pan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify the American republics.
La Batalla de Carabobo by
Martín Tovar y Tovar, depicting the Battle of Carabobo, in which Simón Bolívar secured Venezuela's independence from Spain in 1821
- October 9, 1820 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain (see also History of Ecuador).
- June 24, 1821 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain (see Venezuela's independence).
- September 7, 1821 – The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
- May 24, 1822 – Battle of Pichincha: Simón Bolívar secures the independence of Quito.
- July 26, 1822 – José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Simón Bolívar.
- July 27, 1822 – Simón Bolívar and General José de San Martín meet in Guayaquil. Bolívar later annexes Guayaquil (See Guayaquil Conference).
- June 3, 1828 – Gran Colombia – Peru War: President Simón Bolívar declares war on Peru.
- August 27, 1828 – Simón Bolívar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.
The oldest surviving photograph, Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1826
- 1823 – Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.
- January 8, 1824 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society with only one vote against him.
- October 21, 1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland Cement.
- 1824 – The Panoramagram is developed, creating the first volumetric display.
- Invention of the photograph and the first still existing photograph taken in 1826.
- 1825 – Hans Christian Ørsted reduces aluminium chloride to make aluminium.
- June 1826 – Photography: Nicéphore Niépce makes a true photograph.
- 1826 – Aniline is first isolated from the destructive distillation of indigo by Otto Unverdorben.
- May 25, 1827 – Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge.
- 1827 – Englishman John Walker invents the first friction match which he names Lucifer.
- 1828 – Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes Urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism.
- 1828 – Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.
- 1828 – Casparus van Houten Sr. (father of Coenraad Johannes van Houten) patents an inexpensive method for pressing cocoa butter from roasted cocoa beans[10], leaving cocoa solids. This is an important step in modern solid chocolate production.
- May 6, 1829 – The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by Cyrill Demian (Officially approved on May 23.)
- July 23, 1829 – In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter.
- 1825 – The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.
- September 27, 1825 – The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.
- October 26, 1825 – The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.
- 1825: The Ohio and Erie Canal is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to the Ohio River.
- January 30, 1826 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.
- April 1, 1826 – Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.
- October 1, 1826 – Opening of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway in Scotland.[11]
- September 21, 1826 – Construction of the Rideau Canal begins in Canada.
- October 7, 1826 – The first train operates over the Granite Railway in Massachusetts.[12][13]
- 1826 – The first railway tunnel is built en route between Liverpool and Manchester in England.
- February 28, 1827 – The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad in America offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.
- April 26–May 24, 1827 - The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer Curaçao makes the first Transatlantic Crossing by steam, from Hellevoetsluis to Paramaribo.[14]
- July 4, 1829 – George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London.[15]
- October 8, 1829 – Rail transport: Stephenson's Rocket wins the Rainhill Trials.
- November 30, 1829 – The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie.
- 1820: John Keats completes Ode on Melancholy, one in a series of his famous Odes.
- 1820: John Clare 13 July 1793 - 20 May 1864 publishes Poems Descriptive of Rural life 1820
- July 20, 1820 – Saint Cronan's Boys National School opens in Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland under the title Bray Male School. It is the oldest school in Bray and its notable past pupils include the former President of Ireland, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
- 1820: Indiana University is founded as the Indiana State Seminary and renamed the Indiana College in 1846, to later be renamed Indiana University.
- February 9, 1821 – The George Washington University is chartered as The Columbian College of the District of Columbia by President Monroe.
- June 27, 1821 – The New Hampton School is founded in the United States state of New Hampshire.
- September 18, 1821 – Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts.
- August 12, 1822 – St David's College (now the University of Wales, Lampeter) is founded by Bishop Thomas Burgess.
- November 13, 1822 – founding of the Congregation of St. Basil
- June 5, 1823 – Raffles Institution, then the Singapore Institution, was founded by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.
- 1823 – Jackson Male Academy, precursor of Union University, is founded in Tennessee.
- 1823 – The Oxford Union is founded.
- January 24, 1824 – The Westminster Review, No1. is published.
- June 16, 1824 – Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established in Great Britain.
- October 10, 1824 – The Edinburgh Town Council makes a decision to found the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first fire brigade in Britain.
- November 5, 1824 – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (the first technological university in the English-speaking world) is founded in Troy, New York.
- December 24, 1824 – The First American Fraternity, Chi Phi (ΧΦ), is founded at Princeton University.
- 1824 – The Cimetière du Montparnasse is established in Paris, France.
- September 1825 – The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.
- 1825 – The City of Brisbane is founded (see History of Brisbane).
- 1825 – The United States Postal Service started a dead letter office.
- February 11, 1826 – University College London is founded, under the name University of London.
- February 13, 1826 – The American Temperance Society is founded.
- March 16, 1827 – Freedom's Journal, the first African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in New York City by John Russwurm.
- 1827 – Egypt: Cairo University School of Medicine is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East.
- 1827 – J. J. Audubon begins publishing Birds of America.
- April 11, 1828 – Bahía Blanca is founded.
- June 1, 1829 – The Philadelphia Inquirer is founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer.
- October 1, 1829 – South African College inaugurated in Cape Town.
- 1829 – King's College London is founded under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister The Duke of Wellington. It will become the third official university in England.
- 1829 – The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg.
- November 20, 1820 After the sinking of the Essex (whaleship) of Nantucket by a whale the survivors were left floating in three small whaleboats. They eventually resorted, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.
- 1820: Mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle.
- February 6, 1822 – Chinese junk Tek Sing sinks in the South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board.
- May 26, 1822 – 116 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.
- 1822 – An earthquake in Chile raises the coastal area.
- July 15, 1823 – The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.
- November 7, 1824 – In the worst flood to date in Saint Petersburg, water rises 421 cm above normal and 200 lose their lives.
- October 7, 1825 – The Miramichi Fire breaks out in New Brunswick.
- August, 1826 – The town of Crawford Notch suffers a landslide. Those killed include the Willey family, after whom Mount Willey is named.
- 1828 – A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Kyūshū, Japan.
- 1820: Joseph Smith, Jr. receives his First Vision in the spring in Palmyra, New York.
- September 22, 1823 – Joseph Smith, Jr. says that he was directed by God through the angel Moroni to the place where the Golden plates are stored.
- February 11, 1826 – Swaminarayan wrote the Shikshapatri, an important test within the Swaminarayan faith.
- July 26, 1826 – The last auto-da-fé is held in Valencia, Spain.
- March 31, 1829 – Pope Pius VIII succeeds Pope Leo XII as the 253rd pope.
- June 19, 1829 – Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act establishes the Metropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nicknames "bobbies" or "peelers", go on patrol on September 29.[8]
- ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967). History of Burma. London: Susil Gupta. pp. 236–247.
- ^ D.G.E.Hall (1960). Burma. Hutchinson University Library. pp. 109–113. http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/Burma/bur_history.pdf.
- ^ Woodhouse, A Story of Modern Greece, 'The Dark Age of Greece (1453-1800)', p. 113, Faber and Faber (1968)
- ^ "Greek Independence Day.". www.britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1436276/Greek-Independence-Day. Retrieved 2009-09-09. "The Greek revolt was precipitated on March 25, 1821, when Bishop Germanos of Patras raised the flag of revolution over the Monastery of Agia Lavra in the Peloponnese. The cry “Freedom or Death” became the motto of the revolution. The Greeks experienced early successes on the battlefield, including the capture of Athens in June 1822, but infighting ensued."
- ^ Frazee, Charles A. (1969). The Orthodox Church and independent Greece, 1821-1852. CUP Archive. pp. 18–20. ISBN 0-521-07247-6. "On 25 March, Germanos gave the revolution its great symbol when he raised a banner with the cross on it at the monastery of Ayia Lavra."
- ^ McManners, John (2001). The Oxford illustrated history of Christianity. Oxford University Press. pp. 521–524. ISBN 0-19-285439-9. "The Greek uprising and the church. Bishop Germanos of old Patras blesses the Greek banner at the outset of the national revolt against the Turks on 25 March 1821. The solemnity of the scene was enhanced two decades later in this painting by T. Vryzakis….The fact that one of the Greek bishops, Germanos of Old Patras, had enthusiastically blessed the Greek uprising at the onset (25 March 1821) and had thereby helped to unleash a holy war, was not to gain the church a satisfactory, let alone a dominant, role in the new order of things."
- ^ [1]
- ^ a b c d Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
- ^ British and foreign state papers
- ^ "Onderzoekers in actie: Peter van Dam De geschiedenis van de firma Van Houten Cacao" (in Dutch). http://home.zonnet.nl/daniellerenkema/25ste-pagina.html. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
- ^ Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-049-7.
- ^ "Granite Railway". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241709/Granite-Railway. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ "The First Railroad in America". Catskill Archive. Granite City B.P.O.E. - Quincy Lodge No. 943. 1924. http://catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnegr1.Html. Retrieved 2008-05-19.
- ^ "Steamship Curaçao". Archived from the original on 24 December 2010. http://www.vrcurassow.com/2dvrc/sscuracao/sscuracao.html. Retrieved 2011-02-02.
- ^ a b "Icons, a portrait of England 1820-1840". Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ Grove, George (1 October 1904). "Mendelssohn's Scotch Symphony". The Musical Times 45 (740): 644. JSTOR 904111.
- ^ The boat race.org
- ^ Richard Acland Armstrong (1881). The Modern review. J. Clarke & Co.. pp. 152–. http://books.google.com/books?id=Jr0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA152. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
