Different stages of instant film.

2 photographs recorded on instant films.

Instant film is a type of photographic film first introduced by Polaroid that is designed to be used in an instant camera (and, with accessory hardware, with many professional film cameras). The film contains the chemicals needed for developing and fixing the photo, and the instant camera exposes and initiates the developing process after a photograph has been taken.

In earlier Polaroid instant cameras the film is pulled through rollers which breaks open a pod containing a reagent that is spread between the exposed negative and receiving positive sheet. This film sandwich develops for a predetermined time, depending on film type and ambient temperature, after which the positive sheet is peeled away from the negative to reveal the developed photo.

In 1972, Polaroid introduced integral film, which incorporated timing and receiving layers to automatically develop and fix the photo without any intervention from the photographer.

Instant film is available in sizes from 24 mm × 36 mm (similar to 135 film) up to 50.8cm × 61cm size, with the most popular film sizes for consumer snapshots being approximately 83mm × 108mm (the image itself is smaller as it is surrounded by a border). Early instant film was distributed on rolls, but later and current films are supplied in packs of 8 or 10 sheets, and single sheet films for use in large format cameras with a compatible back.

Integral film packs may contain a flat Polapulse electrical battery to operate exposure and focusing mechanisms, an electronic flash, and a film ejection motor in the camera. The inclusion of the battery within the film pack ensures that a fresh battery with suitable characteristics is available with each new pack of film.

Though the quality of integral instant film is not as good as conventional film, peel apart black and white film, and to a lesser extent colour film approached the quality of traditional film types. Instant film was used where it was undesirable to have to wait for a roll of conventional film to be finished and processed, e.g., documenting evidence in law enforcement, in health care and scientific applications, and producing photographs for passports and other identity documents, and simply for snapshots to be seen immediately. Some photographers use instant film for test shots, to see how a subject or setup looks before using conventional film for the final exposure. Instant film is also used by artists to achieve effects that are impossible to accomplish with traditional photography, by manipulating the emulsion during the developing process, or separating the image emulsion from the film base. Instant film has been supplanted for most purposes by digital photography, which allows the result to be viewed immediately on a display screen or printed with dye sublimation, inkjet, or laser home or professional printers.

Instant film is notable for having had a wider range of film speeds available than other negative films of the same era: instant film has been produced with ISO 4 to ISO 20,000. Current instant film formats typically have an ISO between 80 and 3000.

As of 2009^[update] two companies manufacture instant film: Fuji, and The Impossible Project (see notes below), a group of people who took control of old Polaroid manufacturing equipment to continue making Polaroid compatible instant films after falling in love with the Polaroid artwork of Stefanie Schneider.^{[citation needed]}

How it works[link]

Instant positive film (which produced a print) uses diffusion transfer to move the dyes from the negative to the positive via a reagent. The process varies according to the film type.

Black and white roll/pack film[link]

A negative sheet is exposed inside the camera, then lined up with a positive sheet and squeezed through a set of rollers which spread a reagent between the two layers, creating a developing film sandwich. The negative develops quickly, after which some of the unexposed silver halide grains (and the latent image it contains) are solubilized by the reagent and transferred by diffusion from the negative to the positive. After a minute, the negative is peeled away to reveal the photo which was transferred to the positive receiving sheet.^[1]

Subtractive Colour films[link]

Colour film is much more complex because of the multiple layers of emulsion and dye layers. The negative consists of three emulsion layers sensitive to the primary colours (red, green, and blue) each with a layer of developing dye beneath it of the complimentary colour (cyan, magenta, and yellow). Once light exposed the negative, the reagent was spread between the negative and positive and the developing dye layer would migrate to the positive surface where it would form the photo. Emulsion layers which were exposed to their respective colour blocked the complimentary dye below it, reproducing the original colour. For example, a photo of a blue sky would expose the blue emulsion, blocking all the yellow dye beneath it and allowing the magenta and cyan dye layers to migrate to the positive to form blue.^[1]

Integral film[link]

This process is similar to subtractive color instant film with added timing and receiving layers. The film itself integrates all the layers to expose, develop, and fix the photo into a plastic envelope commonly associated with a Polaroid photo.

Additive Colour Film[link]

Additive film (such as Polavision and Polachrome slide film) used a colour mask of microscopically thin transparent red, green, and blue lines (3000 lines per inch) and a black and white emulsion layer to reproduce colour images in transparency film. The resulting dye developers (unexposed emulsion) would block the colours not needed and project the colour or combination of colours which would form in the resulting image. Since the lines were so close to each other, the human eye easily blended the primary colours together to form the correct colour, much like an LCD display or television. For instance, a photo of a yellow flower would expose the emulsion beneath the red and green masks and not the blue mask. The developing process removed the exposed emulsion (under the red and green masks) and diffused the unexposed dye developer (under the blue mask) to its receiving layer, blocking light from coming through. This resulted in the projected light shining through the red and green masks but not the blue mask, creating the colour yellow. Because of the film density, film speeds were necessarily slow. High precision was required for the production of this film .

Film brands[link]

Polaroid[link]

Polaroid produced six types af film.: Roll film was distributed in two separate negative and positive rolls and developed inside the camera. It was introduced in 1948 and was manufactured until 1992. Sheet film was introduced in 1958 for 4x5" film holder #500. Each sheet contains a reagent pod, negative and receiving positive and was loaded separate and developed outside the film holder. In 1973 Polaroid introduced 8x10" Instant film. Pack film was distributed in a film pack which contained both negative and positive sheets and developed outside the camera. It was introduced in 1963. Integral film: is also distributed in a film pack, but each film envelope contains all the chemical layers to expose, develop, and fix the photo. It was introduced in 1972.

Polavision was an instant motion picture film, Polavision, was introduced by Polaroid in 1978, with an image format similar to Super 8 mm film, and based on an additive color process. Polavision required a specific camera and tabletop viewer, and was not a commercial success, but did lead to the development of an instant 35-mm. color slide film. Polavision film has been taken off the market. Polachrome was an easy to develop 35mm film, available in colour, monochrome and 'blue' formats (the latter intended for making title cards). Each roll of film came with a cartridge containing developing chemicals which were pressed between the film and a developing strip by a hand-cranked machine called the AutoProcessor. The AutoProcessor was very cheap and did not require a darkroom; the results were somewhat variable, the resolution was not as good as conventional film due to the matrix of tiny red, green and blue filters required to make the monochrome emulsion work in colour, and the sensitivity was low, even for slide film; in tungsten light, Polachrome CS is rated at ISO 40. It was introduced in 1983.

Preservation[link]

Polaroids have the same storage standards under ISO 18920:2000 as any other photograph.^[2] Regular storage conditions should be less than 70 degrees Fahrenheit and between 50% and 30% relative humidity (RH). Cold storage (0 degrees Fahrenheit optimum) is not helpful unless RH can be controlled and cold storage RH is generally drier than required. RH below 30% will create an environment that is too dry and may cause the photograph to curl.

End of production[link]

In February 2008, Polaroid (under the control of Thomas J. Petters of Petters Group Worldwide) announced it would cease production of all instant film; the company will shut down three factories and lay off 450 workers.^[3] Sales of chemical film by all makers have dropped by at least 25% per year since 2000, but a new birth of interest around Fujifilm and in particular The Impossible Project's new films is seeing a rise in its popularity amongst creative artists.

Integral film[link]

A sample shot of Polaroid Type 600, ISO 640, color film

SX-70 cameras (integral film, develops automatically, 3.1 × 3.1 inch), 600 cameras (integral film, develops automatically, 3.1 × 3.1 inch), Spectra / Image / 1200 cameras (integral film, develops automatically, 3.6 × 2.9 inch), Captiva/Vision (integral film, for Captiva and Joycam, 4.4 × 2.5 inch, 11.1 × 6.4 cm), i-Zone (integral film, for i-Zone, Tomy Xiao, 1.5 × 1 inch, 3.6 cm × 2.4 cm), i-Zone200 (integral film, for i-Zone200 only, 1.5 × 1 inch, 3.6 cm × 2.4 cm) and Type 330 series AutoFilm (integral film for use Polaroid CB-33 backs, 3¼ × 4¼ inch).^{[citation needed]}

Packfilm[link]

Type 667

Type 100 series packfilm for Land cameras (timed peel-apart development, sometimes called type 660, 10.8 × 8.3 cm; 4.25 × 3.25 inch), Type 550 series packfilm, 4 × 5 inch, for Polaroid 550 film backs. Introduced in 1981, Type 80 series packfilm, 8.3 × 8.6 cm, (3¼ × 3⅜ inch) Introduced in 1971 (re-introduced in 2003).^{[citation needed]}

Rollfilm[link]

Type 20 series roll film, for "The Swinger" (2½" × 3¼") and Type 40 series roll film (3¼" × 4¼") 8 exposures per roll

Sheet film[link]

Type 50 series sheetfilm for 4x5 inch large format (time peel-apart development, all professional grade) and Type 800 series sheetfilm for 8x10 inch cameras, processors, Daylabs and other purposes.^{[citation needed]}

Polavision[link]

Polavision Phototape^{[citation needed]}

PolaChrome[link]

PolaBlue, PolaChrome CS, PolaChrome HCP, PolaGraph HC, and PolaPan CT were 35mm instant slide films.^{[citation needed]}

20x24[link]

20x24 P3 PolaColor, 20x24 P7 PolaColor, and 20x24 PolaPan.^{[citation needed]}

40x80[link]

• 40x80 PolaColor ER, ISO 80, color

Misc film[link]

• Polaroid IJT-100 transparency film, Type 1001 radiography film, and Type 3000X radiography film.^{[citation needed]}

Fujifilm[link]

In Japan, Fujifilm introduced their own line of instant photographic products in 1981 starting with the Fotorama line of cameras. The name Fotorama came from photograph and panorama, as the film was a wide format compared to the square Polaroid SX70/600 films. These Integral films developed similar to Kodak's with the back layer first. This presented a major problem for Fujifilm because of the ongoing litigation between Kodak and Polaroid. Polaroid also has a separate suit with Fujifilm and their instant film patents in Japan. When Kodak lost, Fujifilm was able to work with Polaroid to allow their cameras and films to remain in the market,^[4] provided that they have a technology sharing agreement. Polaroid was interested in branching out to magnetic media in the boom of the video tape era and had acquired a company called MagMedia Ltd. Fujifilm has a long history in magnetic media dating to the mid 1950s. This led to Polaroid having access to Fujifilm's extensive electronic, video tape and floppy disc magnetic products. This allowed Fujifilm access to Polaroid's film technology.

By the mid 1980s Fujifilm introduced the higher ISO System 800 series, followed by the ACE series in the mid 1990s. Instant ACE is nearly identical to System 800, the only difference is the design of the plastic cartridge in the ACE do not contain the spring mechanism, the spring is in the camera. Most of these products were available only in the Japanese market, that is until the Instax series. In 1999 the Instax series of cameras was released. Fujifilm originally wanted to release the Instax series worldwide including North America and Europe simultaneously,^[5] but decided to work with Polaroid on the mio camera based on the Instax mini 10 for the US market; while Canada did get the Instax Wide 100. Another product was Fujifilm's Digital Instax Pivi film for their battery powered portable printer was made available for those who wanted to print from their mobile phone via IR and later models with USB and Bluetooth.

Fujifilm makes pack film for their passport camera systems, and had been available outside Japan since the mid-1980s. No legal issues arose with Fuji's peel apart instant films as Polaroid's patents had expired. Very popular in Australia as a cheaper alternative to Polaroid, it was generally not too well known elsewhere due to the dominance of Polaroid in most countries. In 2000; Fuji decided to change the way they manufacture pack film, by making the entire pack out of plastic instead of a metal plastic combination. Fujifilm announced at PMA 2003 that pack film would be made available to the North American market.

With the discontinuation of Polaroid instant film in 2008, Fuji started to export more of their instant film product to overseas markets. They started with having more variety of pack film available. In November 2008 the Instax Wide format was available in the US with the Instax 200 camera.^[6] Instax mini series of cameras and films became available in the US during the second half of 2009, with the mini 7s,^[7] also an updated Instax 210 replaced the Instax 200. Fujifilm's FP-100b45 was announced in Sept of 2009 for the US market.^[8] FP-3000b45 arrived in the North American market in Jan 2011, after Fujifilm Japan stopped manufacturing FP-100b. FP-3000b45 was discontinued in an announcement dated 9/29/2011 with expected final shipment June 2012 when stocks are exhausted.^[9]

Current Fuji instant films include:

Packfilm[link]

3¼ × 4¼" (85 × 108mm) Compatible with Polaroid Type 100 packfilm (also known as "Type 660") and 4x5" (102 × 131mm) For use in the Fujifilm PA-45 holder. Compatible with Polaroid Type 550 series 4x5 packfilm versions of Type 50 sheetfilm. ^[10]

Integral film[link]

Instax series ISO 800 films, ACE series ISO 800 films. Compatible with Fujifilm's Fotorama ACE series of instant cameras. (discontinued June 2010), 800 series ISO 800 films. Compatible with Fujifilm's Fotorama 800 series instant cameras. (discontinued June 2010), F Series ISO 160. Compatible with Fotorama F series instant cameras. Discontinued in the mid-1990s, misc film Discontinued, FI-160 ISO 160 (89x114mm) for use with MS-45 4x5 instant back.^{[citation needed]}

Kodak[link]

A pack of Kodak PR-10 Satinluxe instant film, still sealed in original box.

Kodak manufactured Polaroid's instant film from 1963 to 1969, when Polaroid decided to manufacture its own. Kodak's original plan was to create packfilm type instant products. There were many prototypes and test runs of the film with many private demonstrations to their board. Plans changed when Polaroid in 1972 released the integral type film with the introduction of the SX70 system. Kodak decided to scrap the plans for packfilm release and focus on an integral type process. A few years later Kodak introduced its own instant film products in 1976, which was different from Polaroid's in several ways:^[11]

Kodak instant film was exposed from the back without a mirror, the opposite of Polaroid's film which was exposed from the front with a mirror to reverse the image. Kodak used a matte finish on the front, made possible by exposing the film through the back.The negative and empty pod could be removed by peeling it off of the back of the print. Unlike Polaroids integral film packs, Kodak's did not contain a battery, along with conventional batteries, the use of a flat J sized were also common in the cameras.

Polaroid filed suit against Eastman Kodak in April 1976 for the infringement of ten patents held by Edwin Land and others on his development team relating to instant photography. In September 1985, the United States District Court of Massachusetts ruled that seven patents were valid and infringed, two were invalid but infringed, and one was valid but not infringed by Kodak. Kodak appealed but was denied and an injunction prohibiting production of their instant film and cameras was put into effect. Kodak's appeal to the Supreme Court was denied a few months later, and in January 1986, Kodak announced it would no longer be producing their instant line of products. In 1991, Polaroid was awarded $925 million in damages from Kodak.

Alternative Kodak instant film[link]

While Kodak instant films have been discontinued, Fuji's instant film available in Japan since the 1980s is very similar to Kodak's. The pictures are the same size, the cartridge is almost the same, with some easy plastic modifications; the Fuji Fotorama series film can be made to fit. It was closest to the Kodak with the ISO at 160, many of the camera's brightness controls can be adjusted to work with the different ISO; However, the FI-10 series was discontinued in the 1990s. The faster ISO 800 instant films will work as well but would require the use of a filter either on the film cartridge or lens.

The Impossible Project[link]

Shot on Impossible Project PX600 Silver Shade UV+ film

A group called the Impossible Project have acquired Polaroid's old equipment and factory in Enschede, in the Netherlands.^[12] On their website^[13] they state:

We aim to re-start production of analog instant film for vintage Polaroid cameras in 2010.

and

"The Impossible mission is not to re-build Polaroid Integral film but (with the help of strategic partners) to develop a new product with new characteristics, consisting of new optimised components, produced with a streamlined modern setup. An innovative and fresh analog material, sold under a new brand name that perfectly will match the global re-positioning of Integral Films."

On March 22, 2010, it was announced they were successful in manufacturing instant film compatible with Polaroid SX-70/600 instant cameras. Two new products were announced — PX100 and PX600. Their PX100 Silver Shade instant film is a manipulable, monochromatic replacement of old Polaroid brand instant film compatible with SX-70 cameras while the PX600 Silver Shade instant film is compatible with 600 cameras.^{[citation needed]}

PLR IP Holdings, LLC[link]

Summit Global Group; using the Polaroid brand reintroduces instant photography cameras and films starting with the Polaroid PIC 300, based on the Fujifilm's Instax mini 7 series camera.

• 300, ISO 800, color (rebranded FujiFilm Instax Mini)

Toxicity[link]

The liquid chemicals for the developing process contained in the more common instant photo sheets are caustic and can cause chemical burns. For such liquid the manufacture recommendation can be to avoid contact with skin and when contact with skin is made wash immediately with much water.^[14][15] Some instant films have used less common reagents and have had differing suggested responses.

Future[link]

Fujifilm[link]

As of 2011^[update], Fujifilm still continues to produce and sell instant film. As of January 2012 Fujifilm is continuing to manufacture Instax Wide, Instax mini integral films and FP-100c, FP-100c45 and FP-3000b pack film. FP-3000b45 pack film remains available but final shipment is expected in June 2012.

[edit] The Impossible Project

TIP acquired 8x10 production equipment in 2009, with plans to produce 8x10 instant film.^[16] In March 2010, black and white film started being sold^[17]; in August 2010, color film was offered for sale.^[18]

New55project[link]

A group called New55project ^[19] Announced in January 2010:

With the news that there are no plans to produce any more Polaroid Type 55 P/N film a small group of Massachusetts tinkerers are starting to make their own instant negative films and processes. The goal of the project is to produce a new, very high quality instant 4X5 and 8X10 negative material to fill a gap caused by the discontinuation of Polaroid Type 55 instant P/N film.

This group is in the product development phase and has demonstrated a practical 4x5 P/N material that is exposed and processed in a Polaroid 545 holder. The final product, if offered for sale to the public, will provide users with a positive print and a high quality 4x5 negative that can be scanned, contact printed, or enlarged.

See also[link]

• Film format
• Photographic film
• Polaroid type 55
• Instant camera

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Instant film

• US patent 2543181, Edwin H. Land, "Photographic product comprising a rupturable container carrying a photographic process", issued 1951-02-27 
• Information about Polaroid Pack film
• Non-Polaroid Instant Film, a summary of other instant film camera makers
• Zink mini printing info on PIC1000 instant camera.
• Music Video Shot Entirely on Polaroid Spectra Film
• A web gallery of instant photographers
• Polaroid-Art SX-70 Polaroid Art Gallery.
• Available Polaroid Film Integral, 4x5, 8x10, packfilm, cameras and accessories.

Mark D. Wallace is an American businessman, former diplomat and lawyer who has served in a variety of government, political and private sector posts. He served in several positions during the administration of President George W. Bush, including as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Representative for UN Management and Reform.

He is currently the CEO of Tigris Financial and CEO of United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI).

Political career[link]

Prior to government service, Wallace was a practicing commercial litigation attorney in Miami, Florida. He began his political career under Florida Governor Jeb Bush and was active in his election campaigns in 1994, 1998 and 2002.^[1]

In 2000 Wallace played a key role working for then Governor George W. Bush’s legal team in the decisive Florida recount in 2000 where he served as counsel to the campaign in Florida and was a spokesman for the legal team in various national media outlets.^[2][3] Wallace was portrayed in the HBO movie Recount for his role in the disputed presidential contest.^[4]

During President Bush's administration from 1999 to 2003 Wallace served in a variety of federal government general counsel positions. At the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), he oversaw and managed all aspects of the FEMA Office of General Counsel, and acted as counsel to the FEMA-led New York and World Trade Center recovery effort in the wake of the 2001 September 11 attacks. He also served as the general counsel of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), during the INS’ transition from the DOJ into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) as part of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 reorganization. After the reorganization Wallace served as the first principal legal advisor to the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement and to the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services for the Department of Homeland Security.^[5]

In 2003, Wallace joined President George W. Bush’s reelection campaign as the deputy campaign manager. In addition to his day-to-day responsibilities of assisting in the management of the national campaign, Wallace was the campaign’s lead liaison to the Republican National Convention, the campaign’s representative in debate negotiations, and led the campaign’s debate team at each of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential debates.^[5]

UN Ambassadorship[link]

In 2005 President Bush nominated Wallace to serve in the United States Department of State, United States Mission to the United Nations as Ambassador, U.S. Representative for UN Management and Reform and Alternative Representative of the United States to Sessions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. The Senate confirmed his appointment in 2006.^[6]

During his tenure as Ambassador to the United Nations, Wallace most notably sought to uncover corruption in UN programs in such places as North Korea and Burma.^[7] He exposed the "Cash for Kim" corruption scandal in North Korea, revealing, among other issues, that the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) had funneled millions of dollars in hard currency to North Korea without assurance that North Korea’s dictatorship would use the money to help the North Korean people instead of diverting it to illicit activities including the country’s illegal nuclear program.^[8] Wallace accused the program of being "systematically perverted for the benefit of the Kim Jong Il regime" and the media drew parallels between UNDP’s corruption in North Korea and the Oil-for-Food scandal in Iraq several years earlier.^[9] The Wall Street Journal wrote that the finding of the Cash for Kim investigation "vindicates" Wallace, "who led the charge for transparency at UNDP."^[10]

In addition he led the U.S. delegation’s "no" vote against using UN money to pay for the 2009 "Durban II" conference, describing it as "noxious to my country and a disgrace in the International Community."^[11][12] He further opposed the 2008-2009 UN Biennium Budget for its "ad hoc" and "piecemeal" approach that ensured spending increases in the UN general budget that far outpaced the general budget increases of member states.^[11]

While at the UN, Wallace also launched the UN Transparency and Accountability Initiative that focused on eight areas of reform related to member states’ access to UN financial documents, ethics, financial disclosure, oversight mechanisms, IPSAS accounting standards and administrative overhead.^[13]

Upon his departure from the U.S. State Department, The Wall Street Journal editorial board compared Wallace to a list of "distinguished" Americans who tried to make the United Nations live up to its original ideals including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Jeane Kirkpatrick and John Bolton.^[14] The opinion piece noted that although Wallace was unpopular with some officials who didn’t want to risk their engagement with North Korea over corruption, "he’s the one who had it right."^[14]

2008 U.S. presidential campaign[link]

During the 2008 presidential campaign Wallace was a senior advisor to Senator John S. McCain. In that role, he led the debate preparation team for Senator McCain’s running mate, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.^[15][16] After the debate, The New York Times commented that Governor Palin's debate performance against Democrat Joe Biden "exceeded expectations in this highly anticipated face-off, though those expectations were low after she had stumbled in recent television interviews."^[17] Wallace was portrayed in the HBO movie Game Change by actor Ron Livingston for his work on the McCain campaign.^[18]

Current work[link]

Wallace currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the Tigris Financial Group, a New York City-based investment, advisory and asset management firm that focuses on natural resources and the natural resources sector through its Electrum Group of Companies. In that capacity, he headed the transaction team for Silver Opportunity Partners in its acquisition of Idaho's historic Sunshine Mine. Regarding that acquisition, Wallace told Bloomberg Businessweek, "It was no doubt a complicated and risky transaction. Through our expertise, we were able to minimize the risk involved, resolve litigation, and reunite the patchwork and fractured ownership interests that inhibited the mine and limited its value over the last decade."^[19] In 2011, Sunshine Silver Mines filed its S1 with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission describing its intention to go public on the NYSE and TSX.^[20]

Wallace’s work with Electrum has included leading its investment and operational entry into the Polish mineral sector through Śląsko Krakowska Kompania Górnictwa Metali Sp. z o.o. (SKKGM) and Amarante Investments S.p. z.o.o. (Amarante). In 2011, SKKGM commenced a drilling program at its Bolesławiec-Iłowa and Osiecznica-Nowiny concessions in Lower Silesia and at its concession near Myskow.^[21] Also in 2011, Amarante announced its application to the Polish government for nine concessions for mineral exploration in and near Wroclaw and Kobierzyce. In relation to their work in Poland, Wallace was quoted as saying that the Group’s team hopes “to make discoveries of copper, tungsten and silver in Poland.” In the same article, Wallace stated that gold, due to the uncertain business environment, has “practically become a currency again,” and that the Group’s belief that supply and demand fundamentals would continue to be the key economic driver for copper, silver and other metals.^[22]

Wallace has also attempted to secure the necessary regulatory approvals and community support for Electrum’s efforts to explore its Paramount mine claims in eastern California’s Bodie Wilderness Study Area. Wallace spoke for Electrum’s Cougar Gold subsidiary at a February 2011 meeting in California. There, he explained that additional exploratory drilling in the area cannot occur until the Wilderness Study Area designation is removed.^[23] In an August 2011 Wall Street Journal article, Wallace described the Bodie dispute as "'the tip of the spear' in a growing national debate over balancing conservation and resource extraction."^[24] In the Los Angeles Times he described the great potential of Paramount. "A lot of us are quite fond of the people there. This could be a real success story."^[25]

Also as part of his work with Electrum, Wallace serves on the board of directors of Niocan Inc., a Canadian TSX listed company whose Quebec mining assets focus on niobium and iron ore.^[26]

United Against Nuclear Iran[link]

Wallace also serves as Chief Executive Officer of United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI), a bipartisan non-profit dedicated to prevent Iran from producing nuclear weapons. Wallace founded UANI in 2008 alongside former CIA Director R. James Woolsey, the late Richard Holbrooke and Dennis Ross.^[27] Under Wallace, UANI and its Advisory Board has grown to include prominent foreign policy experts such as Graham Allison, Les Gelb and Fouad Ajami, and former government officials including former U.S. Homeland Security Advisor Fran Townsend, former Mossad Chief Meir Dagan, former head of the German Intelligence Service Dr. August Hanning, and former head of the British MI6 Chief Sir Richard Dearlove, among others.^[28]

Since its founding, Wallace has led UANI in dozens of successful business and corporate campaigns that have called on such multinational firms as General Electric,^[29] Huntsman,^[30] Caterpillar,^[31] Ingersoll Rand,^[32] Porsche, Hyundai,^[33] Fiat,^[34] Royal Dutch Shell,^[35] Terex^[36] and Siemens^[37] to end their business dealings in Iran. Wallace and UANI led the first successful campaign to convince a Chinese company to end its work in Iran. After various discussions between Wallace, UANI and Huawei, the company announced that it was scaling back its business in Iran. The decision by Huawei and the role of UANI was prominently featured in the news media including The Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times^[38] and Reuters.^[39] In The Wall Street Journal piece, Wallace was quoted saying of the decision: "This is a significant milestone. For the first time a major Chinese business is pulling back from Iran in the face of mounting international scorn for Iran’s brutal regime."^[40]

Wallace and UANI launched a campaign calling on SWIFT to terminate its relationships with Iran’s banks and financial institutions, arguing that SWIFT was in violation of U.S. and EU sanctions by affording Iranian banks BICs and access to SWIFT and, therefore, access to the international financial system.^[41] Subsequently, SWIFT announced that it would comply with new EU sanctions and cease providing messaging services to sanction designated Iranian banks. “It’s a good positive step forward and it will cause real difficulties for the regime,” said Wallace.^[42] SWIFT’s decision and UANI’s campaign were extensively covered in media outlets around the world.

UANI and Wallace have pursued a successful “Auto Campaign” that has focused on the lucrative Iranian automobile industry. UANI has called on international automobile manufactures to leave Iran including, among others, Nissan, Fiat, Peugeot, GM and Hyundai.^[43] Every year, UANI launches its annual Hotels Campaign, calling on all New York area hotels and venues to refuse to host President Ahmadinejad and the Iranian delegation during the United Nations’ annual meeting in New York City.^[44]

Wallace and UANI have authored and/or supported a variety of federal and state legislative and regulatory initiatives designed to enhance Iran’s economic isolation. Their model legislation has been incorporated into both federal bills and state bills, including the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (CISADA),^[45] the Iran Transparency and Accountability Act (ITAA),^[46] the Iran Financial Sanctions Improvement Act of 2012 (H.R. 4179 as introduced by Chairwoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen and Congressman Brad Sherman),^[47] California’s Iran Contracting Act of 2010 (AB1650) and New York’s Iran Divestment Act of 2011 (A08668) among others.^[48] In May 2012, Wallace along with Meir Dagan, August Hanning, R. James Woolsey, Lord Charles Guthrie and Kristen Silverberg co-authored an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal calling for “the most robust sanctions against Iran in history” as a means “for the international community to truly isolate the regime.”^[49] Wallace described a proposed strategy to implement such sanctions during testimony before the U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs on May 17, 2012 by proposing legislation focused on four areas, namely Banking, Insurance and Reinsurance, Disclosure and Debarment and Shipping (UANI BIDS) in order to achieve an “economic blockade” of Iran.^[47]

Wallace is a frequent media contributor and op-ed author and has been featured in news outlets around the world including The Wall Street Journal,^[50] The New York Times,^[51] the Financial Times,^[52] CNN,^[53] Fox News,^[54] Huffington Post,^[55] the New York Post,^[56] and CNBC.^[57]

Wallace also serves on the Board of Advisors of the Nonproliferation Policy Education Center.^[58]

Personal life[link]

Wallace attended the University of Miami, where he received both his Bachelor's and law degrees.^[1] He is married to Nicolle Wallace, a New York Times best-selling novelist and political commentator who served as President George W. Bush’s communications director and senior advisor to Senator John McCain’s 2008 presidential bid.^[59]

References[link]