Behavior or behaviour (see American and British spelling differences) refers to the actions and mannerisms made by organisms, systems, or artificial entities in conjunction with their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the physical environment. It is the response of the system or organism to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary.

Biology[link]

In humans, behavior is believed to be controlled primarily by the endocrine system and the nervous system. It is most commonly believed that complexity in the behavior of an organism is correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior.

Behaviors can be either innate or learned, however, current research in the Human Microbiome Project points towards a possibility that human behavior may be influenced by the composition of the microbe population within a human body.^[1]

Behavior can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment.^[2]

Psychology[link]

Human behavior (and that of other organisms and mechanisms) can be common, unusual, acceptable, or unacceptable. Humans evaluate the acceptability of behavior using social norms and regulate behavior by means of social control. In sociology, behavior is considered as having no meaning, being not directed at other people and thus is the most basic human action, although it can play a part in diagnosis of disorders such as the autism spectrum disorders. Animal behavior is studied in comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology and sociobiology. According to moral values, human behavior may also depend upon the common, usual, unusual, acceptable or unacceptable behavior of others.

Behavior became an important construct in early 20th century psychology with the advent of the paradigm known subsequently as "behaviorism." Behaviorism was a reaction against "faculty" psychology which purported to see into or understand the mind without the benefit of scientific testing. Behaviorism insisted on working only with what can be seen or manipulated and in the early views of John B. Watson, a founder of the field, nothing was inferred as to the nature of the entity that produced the behavior. Subsequent modifications of Watson's perspective and that of "classical conditioning" (see under Ivan Pavlov) led to the rise of operant conditioning or "radical behaviorism," a theory advocated by B.F. Skinner, which took over the academic establishment up through the 1950s and was synonymous with "behaviorism" for many.

For studies on behavior, ethograms are used.

Other fields[link]

Behavior outside of psychology includes physical property and chemical reactions.

Computer science[link]

Behavior as used in computer science is an anthropomorphic construct that assigns "life" to the activities carried out by a computer, computer application, or computer code in response to stimuli, such as user input. Also, "a behavior" is a reusable block of computer code or script that, when applied to an object, especially a graphical one, causes it to respond to user input in meaningful patterns or to operate independently. Also, behavior is a value that changes over time^[3] (one of the key concepts in functional reactive programming). The term can also be applied to some degree to functions in mathematics, referring to the anatomy of curves.

Earth sciences[link]

In environmental modeling and especially in hydrology, a "behavioral model" means a model that is acceptably consistent with observed natural processes, i.e., that simulates well, for example, observed river discharge. It is a key concept of the so-called Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology to quantify how uncertain environmental predictions are.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Look up behavior in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• A Unified Theory of Human Behavior

Daniel Dwayne Simmons III (born March 21, 1995), better known by his stage name Diggy Simmons or simply as Diggy, is an American rapper and the fourth child of Joseph "Rev. Run" Simmons. He, along with his parents and five siblings, were the primary subjects of the MTV reality television show Run's House. Diggy is also the youngest member of the hip-hop collective All City Chess Club.

Music career[link]

Diggy Simmons released his debut mixtape, The First Flight, in 2009.^[1][2] More than 100,000 people downloaded the album from Simmons' blog.^[3] Following the album's release, according to Simmons, five record labels showed interest in signing him; he chose Atlantic Records.^[4] Early in 2010, Simmons uploaded a video of himself freestyling over the Nas song, "Made You Look". The video became a viral hit^[1] and garnered praise from Kanye West, who responded on Twitter: "I knew this kid was [going] to be fresh. I knew it!"^[5]

Airborne, Simmons' second mixtape, was released in 2010.^[1][6] It was preceded by the leak of the song "Oh Yeah!", which featured Pharrell Williams and Lupe Fiasco.^[7] Album track "Great Expectations" was featured that year in a national AT&T television commercial.^[1][8] Simmons released his third mixtape, "Past Presents Future", in December. The album, hosted by DJ Premier, features samples of songs from the 1980s and 1990s by such artists as Nas, A Tribe Called Quest and Rakim. A video was released for the track "Shook Ones", which samples the Mobb Deep song of the same name.^[9]

Early the next year, Simmons was named one of Billboard's "Artists to Watch 2011" and was selected to XXL's annual Freshmen list.^[10][11] "Click Clack Away", a song featuring Bruno Mars, leaked onto the internet in May. Simmons noted that the track would not be included on his debut studio album, set to be released by the end of the year.^[12][13] He released his first major-label single, "Copy, Paste", soon thereafter.^[1][14] The song's video was directed by Phil the God, who previously directed Simmons' "Made You Look", "What They Been Waiting For" and "Shook Ones".^[15][16] Simmons performed the song during the pre-show for the 2011 BET Awards.^[17] "Copy, Paste" peaked at number 29 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in September.^[18] That month, Simmons released the song "Just Begun" however Simmons tweeted on twitter it was not going to be on the album.^[19] Simmons is featured on the singles "Like 'Em All" by Jacob Latimore, "Mrs. Right" by Mindless Behavior and "Yeah Right" by Dionne Bromfield.^[9][20][21] "Yeah Right" reached number 36 on the UK Singles Chart in April 2011.^[22] On October 24th 2011 Diggy released "Do It Like You" as the second official single from his debut album, Unexpected Arrival a music video has been released with the song's featured artist Jeremih appearing in the clip. Also on February 24 the song "88" was released as the third official single. The song features Jadakiss and a viral music video was released for the track. ^[23]

Simmons has cited many rappers as his influences including Jay-Z, Nas, Kanye West, Lupe Fiasco, A Tribe Called Quest and Wu-Tang Clan.^[8] He has also expressed an interest in alternative music, including such bands as Maroon 5, Passion Pit and Arctic Monkeys. Simmons said, "It’s a genre I would want to try in the future."^[2]

Clothing line[link]

In 2010, Simmons launched a line of urban sneakers called Chivalrous Culture. He says he gets inspiration from other artists such as Kanye and Jay-Z ^[1] The first shoe model is called the "Hamachi".^[24]

Discography[link]

Mixtapes

• The First Flight (2009)
• Airborne (2010)
• Past Presents Future (2010)

Singles[link]

As featured artist[link]

See also[link]

• Run's House

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Diggy Simmons

• Official website
• Diggy Simmons on Twitter
• Diggy Simmons's channel on YouTube
• Diggy Simmons on Myspace