The Sunday Tribune was an Irish Sunday broadsheet newspaper published by Tribune Newspapers plc. It was edited in its final years by Nóirín Hegarty, who changed both the tone and the physical format of the newspaper from broadsheet to tabloid. Previous editors were Conor Brady, Vincent Browne,Peter Murtagh, Matt Cooper and Paddy Murray. The Sunday Tribune was founded in 1980, closed in 1982, relaunched in 1983 and entered receivership in February 2011 after which it ceased to trade.

Foundation, collapse and first relaunch[link]

The newspaper was founded in 1980 by John Mulcahy as a tabloid with Conor Brady (later editor of The Irish Times) as its first editor. Format changed to broadsheet with addition of colour supplement magazine after first year. It was moderately successful but its growing financial stability (it had not yet made a profit but was moving in that direction) was undermined when its then owner, Hugh McLaughlin, launched the financially misjudged downmarket tabloid Daily News in 1982.^[1] The News proved to be a publishing disaster, with poor quality printing, bad distribution, and misjudged content, and pulled its sister paper, the Tribune, down with it within weeks. The Tribune went into receivership. The title was bought by Vincent Browne, who relaunched it in 1983 and became its editor.

Second near collapse[link]

The paper became one of Ireland's most successful newspapers in the 1980s, eating into the market of The Sunday Press, which like other Press titles was hæmorrhaging readers through underfunding, an aging market and poor management decisions. Replicating McLoughlin's mistake of a decade earlier, against advice Browne launched a new sister paper, the Dublin Tribune, which collapsed pulling the Sunday Tribune down with it.

The Dublin Tribune, though a commercial failure, was a breeding ground for a number of talented young journalists under the direction of editors Michael Hand and Rory Godson, and news editor Colin Kerr. These included Patricia Deevy, Diarmuid Doyle, Ursula Halligan, Nicola Byrne, Ronan Price, Richard Balls, Paul Howard, Colm Murphy, Brendan Fanning, Conn O Midheach and Ed O'Loughlin who is on the shortlist for the Booker Prize for his novel Not Untrue And Not Unkind.

The Sunday Tribune was saved from bankruptcy by Tony O'Reilly's Independent News and Media (then called Independent Newspapers plc), which acquired a 29.9 per cent stake in the company. Even before the investment the relationship between Browne and the board of the company had been contentious. In the aftermath of the Dublin Tribune debacle Browne was sacked as editor.^[2]

Browne was succeeded as editor by Peter Murtagh,^[3] a Dublin-born journalist formerly with The Irish Times who moved to London in 1985 and was news editor at The Guardian. Appointed Sunday Tribune editor in 1994, Murtagh had limited success, seeing early circulation growth dissipate and the paper starved of resources. He resigned after just over two years, telling journalists he could not secure sufficient investment from the Board. Later, he rejoined The Irish Times where is now a managing editor.^[4]

After taking its 29.9 per cent stake, Independent Newspapers made an offer to increase its share to a majority level, however the Minister for Industry and Commerce, Desmond O'Malley, blocked the takeover attempt in 1992. Despite this, it is believed by many Irish business journalists that Independent Newspapers effectively control the Sunday Tribune via a series of loans.^[5]

Matt Cooper,^[6] a business journalist with O'Reilly's Irish Independent newspaper, succeeded Murtagh as editor from 1996 to 2003. When Cooper departed the Sunday Tribune in early 2003 and moved into broadcast journalism with Today FM radio station, he was succeeded by Paddy Murray,^[7] who was before and is now again a columnist with the Sunday World newspaper.

Murray's tenure was marked by a rise in circulation to well above 80,000, aided four or five times a year by classical music CD promotions. Readership under Murray reached 281,000 - its highest to date - according to the Joint National Readership Survey of 2005.^[8] That represented an 8.4 per cent share. During his time as editor, Murray launched a campaign in the paper to save the Gabhra Valley from destruction by the M3 motorway. The campaign was later dropped by the Sunday Tribune, but Murray has kept it up in the Sunday World.

The paper was alone among Irish newspapers at the time, to come out strongly against the invasion of Iraq, Murray's editorial predicting, accurately, that the invasion was akin to opening Pandora's Box. Though the future of the newspaper has long thought to be uncertain it has continued to survive in the increasingly competitive Irish newspaper market. Its survival was helped by the collapse of the Irish Press group, which removed its highly popular Sunday Press from the market. Though many of its readers would not necessarily have been politically close to the Sunday Tribune, they were closer to it than the main alternative, the Sunday Independent.

The Tribune's closure[link]

After Murray's tenure as editor ended in January 2005 he was succeeded as Sunday Tribune editor by Noirin Hegarty,^[9] a former deputy editor at the INM-owned Dublin morning tabloid Evening Herald. Many journalists believe that in the following years, the Sunday Tribune moved closer to tabloid-style content in a bid to combat INM's rival, Associated Newspapers's tabloid Irish Mail On Sunday newspaper, which launched in 2006.

Over time, circulation and readership of the newspaper declined.

On 1 February 2011 it was announced that the Sunday Tribune had gone into receivership, with fresh investment being sought by McStay Luby.^[10] The following day it was announced that there would be no further edition of the newspaper for four weeks.^[11] The last issue appeared on 30 January 2011. On 6 February 2011, the Irish Mail on Sunday committed a "shameless" crime when it allowed copies of its newspaper go on sale with an imitation Sunday Tribune cover.^[12] This plagiarism was "denounced" when it became public.^{[13][14][15][16]} The Irish Mail on Sunday was subsequently sued.^[17]

The paper was often humorously referred to as "The Turbine", especially in the satirical magazine The Phoenix.

On 22 February 2011, following a review by the Receiver, in consultation with the management of the company, of the financial and risk areas of the Sunday Tribune it was decided that publication of the newspaper together with its online edition would be deferred during the sale process.^{[clarification needed]}

Competitors[link]

The newspaper's main Irish broadsheet Sunday competitors were the Sunday Independent and The Sunday Business Post, as well as the Irish edition of UK newspaper The Sunday Times.

References[link]

Sunday (ⁱ/ˈsʌndeɪ/ or /ˈsʌndi/) is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. For most Christians, Sunday is observed as a day for worship of God and rest, due to the belief that it is Lord's Day, the day of Christ's resurrection.

Sunday is a day of rest in most Western countries, part of 'the weekend'. In most Muslim countries, and Israel, Sunday is a working day.

According to the Hebrew calendars, traditional Christian calendars, Sunday is literally the "first day" of the week. According to the International Organization for Standardization ISO 8601 Sunday is the seventh and last day of the week.

No century in the Gregorian calendar starts on a Sunday, whether its first year is '00 or '01.^[1] The Jewish New Year never falls on a Sunday. (The rules of the Hebrew calendar are designed such that the first day of Rosh Hashanah will never occur on the first, fourth, or sixth day of the Jewish week; i.e., Sunday, Wednesday, or Friday).

Etymology[link]

A depiction of Máni, the personified moon, and his sister Sól, the personified sun, from Norse mythology (1895) by Lorenz Frølich.

The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai, which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag, Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the Ancient Greek heméra helíou.^[2] The p-Celtic Welsh language also translates the Latin "day of the sun" as dydd Sul.

In most Indic languages, the word for Sunday is Ravi-vāsara or Aditya-vāsara or its derived forms — vāsara meaning day, Aditya and Ravi both being a style (manner of address) for Surya, the chief solar deity and one of the Adityas. Ravi-vāsara is first day cited in Nakshtra Jyotish, which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day. In the Thai solar calendar of Thailand, the name ("Waan Arthit") is derived from Aditya, and the associated color is red.

In Russian the word for Sunday is Воскресенье (Voskreseniye) which means "Resurrection". In other Slavic languages the word means "no work", for example Polish: Niedziela, Belorussian: Нядзеля, Croatian: Nedjelja, Serbian and Slovenian: Nedelja, Czech: Neděle,Bulgarian: Неделя.

The Modern Greek word for Sunday, Κυριακή, derives from Κύριος (Lord) also, due to its liturgical significance as the day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, i.e.The Lord's Day.

Position in the week[link]

Culture and languages[link]

In the Judaeo-Christian as well as in Islamic tradition, Sunday has been considered as the first day of the week. A number of languages express this position either by the name for the day or by the naming of the other days. In Hebrew it is called יום ראשון yom rishon, in Arabic أحدal-ahad, in Persian and related languages یکشنبه yek-shanbe, all meaning "first". In Greek, the names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday ("Δευτέρα, "Τρίτη,", "Τετάρτη," and "Πέμπτη") mean "second," "third", "fourth", and "fifth," respectively. This leaves Sunday in the first position of the week count. The current Greek name for Sunday, Κυριακή (Kyriake), means "Lord's Day" coming from the word Κύριος (Kyrios), which is the Greek word for "Lord". Similarly in Portuguese, where the days from Monday to Friday are counted as Segunda-feira, Terça-feira, Quarta-feira, Quinta-feira and Sexta-feira, while Sunday itself similar to Greek has the name of "Lord's Day" (domingo). In Vietnamese, the working days in the week are named as: "Thứ Hai" (second day), "Thứ Ba" (third day), "Thứ Tư" (fourth day), "Thứ Năm" (fifth day), "Thứ Sáu" (sixth day), "Thứ Bảy" (seventh day). Sunday is called "Chủ Nhật," a corrupted form of "Chúa Nhật" meaning "Lord's Day." Some colloquial text in the south of Vietnam and from the church may still use the old form to mean Sunday.

A similar system of naming days of the week occurs in Portuguese. Monday is "segunda-feira," which means "second day," also showing Sunday ("domingo") to be counted as the first day. Modern Latin uses "feria secunda" for Monday.

Slavic languages implicitly number Monday as day number one, not two. For example, Polish has "czwartek" (4th) for Thursday and "piątek" (5th) for Friday. Hungarian péntek (Friday) is a Slavic loanword, so the correlation with "five" is not evident to Hungarians. Hungarians use Vasárnap for Sunday, which means "market day".

In the Maltese language, due to its Siculo-Arabic origin, Sunday is called "Il-Ħadd," a corruption of "wieħed" meaning "one." Monday is "It-Tnejn" meaning "two." Similarly Tuesday is "It-Tlieta" (three), Wednesday is "L-Erbgħa" (four) and Thursday is "Il-Ħamis" (five).

In Armenian, Monday is (Erkushabti) literally meaning 2nd day of the week, Tuesday (Erekshabti) 3rd day, Wednesday (Chorekshabti) 4th day, Thursday (Hingshabti) 5th day. Saturday is (Shabat) coming from the word Sabbath or Shabbath in Hebrew, And "Kiraki" coming from the word "Krak" meaning "fire" is Sunday, "Krak" describing the sun by fire. Apostle John also refers to the "Lord's Day" (in Greek, Κυριακή ημέρα, "kyriake hemera" i.e. the day of the Lord) in Rev. 1:10, which became the Armenian word for Sunday.

However, in many European countries calendars almost always show Monday as the first day of the week.^[3]

In the Persian calendar, Sunday is the second day of the week. However, it is called "number one" as counting starts from zero; the first day - Saturday - is denoted as 00.

ISO 8601[link]

The international standard ISO 8601 for Representation of dates and times states that Monday is the first day of the week.

Sunday and Sabbath[link]

Christians from very early times have had differences of opinion on the question of whether Sabbath should be observed on a Saturday or a Sunday. The issue does not arise for Jews, for whom "Shabbat" is unquestionably on Saturday, nor for Muslims whose day of assembly (jumu'ah) is on a Friday.

The first given evidence for a differentiation, between traditional Jewish "Shabbat" observance and the religious observance of the first day of the week, appears in Acts 20:7 where the disciples met and "broke bread" together. Some believe this was a participation in the ordinance of the sacrament. Seventh-day Sabbatarians say that the believers met on all days of the week to "break bread" together for the sake of meals and fellowship, such as in Acts 2:46, regarding the incident in Acts 20:7 as nothing outside of usual practice.

Col. 2:16 suggests that early Christians had been judged by others in their traditions of eating foods and in observance of particulars of Sabbath and festivals. Also, the Jews had defined "forty minus one" works to be abstained from on "Shabbat," and Jesus and his disciples had been accused of breaking some of these customs during his ministry.

The Apostle John also refers to the "Lord's Day" ("kuriake hemera") in Rev. 1:10. "Kuriake," meaning "Lord's," later became the Greek word for Sunday. However, in light of the texts Mark 2:28 and Luke 6:5 it is seen that Jesus himself (as the Son of Man) claimed to be the Lord of the Sabbath, and that day fell on the seventh day. Some early Christians observed Sabbath on Saturday, while others gathered for worship on Sunday. However, in AD 363 a seventh-day Sabbath was prohibited by Canon 29 of the Council of Laodicea.^[4]

The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight-day nundinal cycle, a market week, but in the time of Augustus, the seven-day week also came into use. The two weeks were used side-by-side until at least the Calendar of 354 and probably later,^[5] despite the official adoption of Sunday as a day of rest by Constantine in AD 321.^[6] Mithraism kept Sunday holy in honor of Mithras.^[7] On 7 March 321, Constantine I, Rome's first Christian Emperor (see Constantine I and Christianity), decreed that Sunday would be observed as the Roman day of rest:

On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country, however, persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain-sowing or vine-planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.^[8]

Many Christians today consider Sunday a holy day and a day of rest and church-attendance. Denominations which observe Saturday as Sabbath are called "Sabbatarians", but the name "Sabbatarian" has also been claimed by Christians, especially Protestants, who believe Sunday must be observed with just the sort of rigorous abstinence from work associated with "Shabbat". For most Christians the custom and obligation of Sunday rest is not as strict. A minority of Christians do not regard the day they attend church as important, so long as they attend, as the apostles and disciples gathered on Sundays, on Saturdays, and whenever they could. There is considerable variation in the observance of Sabbath rituals and restrictions, but some cessation of normal weekday activities is customary.

In Orthodox Christian families and communities, working and requiring somebody else to work are prohibited, including buying goods or services, use of public transport, gardening or driving or washing a car.^{[verification needed]} Allowed exceptions include religious services, electricity, and urgent medical matters. In Roman Catholicism, those who work in the medical field, those in law enforcement, and soldiers in a war zone are dispensed from the usual obligation to avoid work on Sunday.

The majority of Christians observe Sunday as the Lord's day. However, throughout the history of Christianity, some groups have continued or revived the observance of a Saturday Sabbath. More recently, Christians in the Seventh-day Adventist, Seventh Day Baptist, and Church of God (Seventh-Day) denominations, as well as many Messianic Jews have revived the practice of abstaining from work and gathering for worship on Saturdays.

Many languages lack separate words for "Saturday" and "Sabbath." Eastern Orthodox churches, as well as many Roman Catholics, distinguish between Sabbath (Saturday) and Sunday, which some Christians traditionally call the Lord's Day (Rev. 1:10). However, many Protestants and Roman Catholics do refer to Sunday as Sabbath, though this is by no means a universal practice among Protestants and Catholics. Quakers traditionally refer to Sunday as "First Day" eschewing the pagan origin of the English name, while referring to Saturday as the "Seventh day".

In Roman Catholic liturgy, Sunday begins on Saturday evening. The evening Mass on Saturday is liturgically a full Sunday Mass and fulfills the obligation of Sunday Mass attendance, and Vespers (evening prayer) on Saturday night is liturgically "first Vespers" of the Sunday. The same evening anticipation applies to other major solemnities and feasts, and is an echo of the Jewish practice of starting the new day at sunset ("Shabbat" starts on Friday night).

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Sunday begins at the Little Entrance of Vespers (or All-Night Vigil) on Saturday evening and runs until "Vouchsafe, O Lord" (after the "prokeimenon") of Vespers on Sunday night. During this time, the dismissal at all services begin with the words, "May Christ our True God, who rose from the dead ...." Anyone who wishes to receive Holy Communion at Divine Liturgy on Sunday morning is required to attend Vespers the night before (see Eucharistic discipline). Among Orthodox Christians, Sunday is considered to be a "Little Pascha" (Easter), and because of the Paschal joy, the making of prostrations is forbidden, except in certain circumstances. The Russian word for Sunday is "Voskresenie," meaning "Resurrection day." The Greek word for Sunday is "Kyriake" (the "Lord's Day").

The Czech, Polish, Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian, Ukrainian and Belarusian words for Sunday ("neděle," "niedziela," "nedelja," "недеља", "неділя" and "нядзеля" respectively) can be translated as "without acts (no work)."

Common occurrences on Sunday[link]

In government and business[link]

In the United States and Canada, government buildings are closed on Sunday, with a lesser number being closed on Saturday as well. Businesses also tend to close or are open for shorter periods of the day on Sunday than on other days of the week. Non-retail offices such as corporate headquarters are typically closed on both Saturdays and Sundays.

National and regional elections in Belgium and Peru are always on Sunday, because voting is mandatory.

In media[link]

Many American and British daily newspapers publish a larger edition on Sundays, which often includes color comic strips, a magazine, and a coupon section; may only publish on a Sunday, or may have a "sister-paper" with a different masthead that only publishes on a Sunday.

North American Radio stations often play specialty radio shows such as Casey Kasem's countdown or other nationally syndicated radio shows that may differ from their regular weekly music patterns on Sunday morning and/or Sunday evening. In the United Kingdom, there is a Sunday tradition of chart shows on BBC Radio 1 and commercial radio; this originates in the broadcast of chart shows and other populist material on Sundays by Radio Luxembourg when the Reithian BBC's Sunday output consisted largely of solemn and religious programmes.

Many American, Australian and British television networks and stations also broadcast their political interview shows on Sunday mornings.

In sports[link]

Major League Baseball usually schedules all Sunday games in the daytime except for the nationally televised Sunday Night Baseball matchup. Certain historically religious cities such as Boston and Baltimore among others will schedule games no earlier than 1:35 PM to ensure time for people who go to religious service in the morning can get to the game in time.

In the United States, professional American football is usually played on Sunday, although Saturday (via Saturday Night Football), Monday (via Monday Night Football), and Thursday (via Thursday Night Football or Thanksgiving) see some professional games. College football usually occurs on Saturday, and high-school football tends to take place on Friday night or Saturday afternoon.

In the UK, some club and Premier League football matches and tournaments usually take place on Sundays. Rugby matches and tournaments usually take place in club grounds or parks on Sunday mornings. It is not uncommon for church attendance to shift on days when a late morning or early afternoon game is anticipated by a local community.

One of the remains of religious segregation in the Netherlands is seen in amateur football: The Saturday-clubs are by and large Protestant Christian clubs, who were not allowed to play on Sunday. The Sunday-clubs were in general Catholic and working class clubs, whose players had to work on Saturday and therefore could only play on Sunday.

In Ireland, Gaelic football and hurling matches are predominantly played on Sundays, with the first (used to be second) and fourth (used to be third) Sundays in September always playing host to the All-Ireland hurling and football championship finals, respectively.

Professional golf tournaments traditionally end on Sunday.

In the United States and Canada, National Basketball Association and National Hockey League games, which are usually played at night during the week, are frequently played during daytime hours - often broadcast on national television.

Most NASCAR Sprint Cup and IndyCar events are held on Sundays. Formula One World Championship races are always held on Sundays regardless of timezone/country, while MotoGP holds most races on Sundays, with Middle Eastern races being the exception on Saturday. All Formula One events and MotoGP events with Sunday races involve qualifying taking place on Saturday.

Astrology[link]

Sunday is associated with the Sun and symbolized by its symbol ☉.

Named days[link]

• Black Sunday
• Bloody Sunday
• Cold Sunday
• Easter Sunday represents the resurrection of Christ for many Christians.
• Gaudete Sunday is the third Sunday of Advent.
• Gloomy Sunday
• Good Shepherd Sunday is the fourth Sunday of Easter.
• Laetare Sunday is the fourth Sunday of Lent.
• Low Sunday, first Sunday after Easter, is also known as the Octave of Easter, White Sunday, Quasimodo Sunday, Alb Sunday, Antipascha Sunday, and Divine Mercy Sunday.
• Palm Sunday is the Sunday before Easter.
• Passion Sunday, formerly denoting the fifth Sunday of Lent; since 1970 the term applies to the following Sunday also known as Palm Sunday.
• Selection Sunday
• Septuagesima, Sexagesima and Quinquagesima Sunday are the last three Sundays before Lent. Quinquagesima ("fiftieth"), is the fiftieth day before Easter, reckoning inclusively; but Sexagesima is not the sixtieth day and Septuagesima is not the seventieth but is the sixty-fourth day prior. The use of these terms was abandoned by the Catholic Church in the 1970 calendar reforms (the Sundays before Lent are now simply "Sundays in ordinary time" with no special status). However, their use is still continued in Lutheran tradition: for example, "Septuagesimae".
• Shavuot is the Jewish Pentecost, or 'Festival of Weeks'. For Karaite Jews it always falls on a Sunday.
• Stir-up Sunday is the last Sunday before Advent.
• Super Bowl Sunday
• Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost.
• Whitsunday "White Sunday" is the day of Pentecost.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sunday

• Blue laws
• Saint Kyriake
• Sol Invictus
• Sunday (computer virus)
• Sunday Christian
• Sunday Island
• Sunday league football
• Sunday Morning
• Sunday roast
• Sunday school
• Sunday shopping
• Surya

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Barnhart, Robert K. (1995). The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-270084-7

lez:Гьядvep:Pühäpäiv

Annette Funicello
Funicello as a participant in Seattle Seafair's Torchlight Parade, 1963.
Born	Annette Joanne Funicello (1942-10-22) October 22, 1942 (age 69) Utica, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Actress, singer
Years active	1955–1995
Spouse	Jack Gilardi (1965–1981; three children Glen Holt (1986–present)

Annette Joanne Funicello (born October 22, 1942) is an American singer and actress. She was Walt Disney's most popular cast member of the original Mickey Mouse Club,^[1] and went on to appear in a series of beach party films.

Biography and career[link]

Early life and early stardom[link]

Annette Joanne Funicello was born in Utica, New York, to Italian-Americans Joseph and Virginia Funicello. Her family moved to Southern California when she was four years old.^[2] Funicello took dancing and music lessons as a child to overcome shyness. In 1955, the 12-year-old was discovered by Walt Disney when she performed as the Swan Queen in Swan Lake at a dance recital in Burbank, California. Disney cast her as one of the original "Mouseketeers". She was the last to be selected, and the only one personally picked by Walt Disney himself. She proved to be very popular and by the end of the first season of Mickey Mouse Club, she was receiving 6,000 letters a month, according to her Disney Legends biography.

In addition to appearing in many Mouseketeer sketches and dance routines, Funicello starred in several serials on The Mickey Mouse Club. These included Adventure in Dairyland, Walt Disney Presents: Annette (which co-starred Richard Deacon), and the second and third Spin and Marty serials - The Further Adventures of Spin and Marty and The New Adventures of Spin and Marty. In a hayride scene in the Annette serial, she performed the song that launched her singing career. The studio received so much mail about "How Will I Know My Love" (lyrics by Tom Adair, music by Frances Jeffords and William Walsh^[3][4]), that Walt Disney issued it as a single, and gave Funicello (somewhat unwillingly) a recording contract.^[5]

Actress and singer[link]

Funicello with Richard Tyler, 1959.

As a guest star with Frankie Laine and Danny Thomas on The Danny Thomas Show, 1959.

After the Mickey Mouse Club, she remained under contract with Disney for a time, with television roles in Zorro, Elfego Baca and The Horsemasters. For Zorro she played Anita Campillo in a three-episode storyline about a teen-aged girl who arrives in Los Angeles to visit a father who does not seem to exist. This role was reportedly a birthday present from Walt Disney, and the first of two different characters played opposite Guy Williams as Zorro. Annette also co-starred in Disney-produced movies such as The Shaggy Dog, Babes in Toyland, The Misadventures of Merlin Jones, and The Monkey's Uncle.^[6]

Although uncomfortable being thought of as a singer, Annette had a number of pop record hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s, mostly written by the Sherman Brothers and including: "Tall Paul," "First Name Initial," "O Dio Mio," "Train of Love" (written by Paul Anka) and "Pineapple Princess." They were released by Disney's Buena Vista label. Annette also recorded "It's Really Love" in 1959, a reworking of an earlier Paul Anka song called "Toot Sweet"; Anka reworked the song for a third time in 1962 as "Johnny's Theme" and it opened The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on television for the next three decades. In an episode of the Disney anthology television series titled "Disneyland After Dark," Annette can be seen singing live at Disneyland. Walt Disney was reportedly a fan of 1950s pop star Teresa Brewer and tried to pattern Annette's singing in the same style. However, Funicello credits "the Annette sound" to her record producer, Tutti Camarata, who worked for Disney in that era. Camarata had her double-track her vocals, matching her first track as closely as possible on the second recording to achieve a fuller sound than her voice would otherwise produce.^{[citation needed]} Early in her career, she appeared on the NBC interview program Here's Hollywood. ^[5]

Beach icon and spokeswoman[link]

She moved on from Disney to become a teen idol, starring in a series of "Beach Party" movies with Frankie Avalon for American International Pictures. These included Beach Party, Muscle Beach Party, Bikini Beach, Beach Blanket Bingo, How to Stuff a Wild Bikini and Pajama Party.

When she was cast in her first beach movie, Walt Disney requested that she only wear modest bathing suits and keep her navel covered. However, she wore a pink two-piece in Beach Party, a white two-piece fishnet suit in the second film (Muscle Beach Party) and a blue and white bikini in the third (Bikini Beach). All three swimsuits bared her navel, particularly in Bikini Beach, where it is visible extensively during close up shots in a sequence early in the film when she meets Frankie Avalon's "Potato Bug" character outside his tent.^[7]

She and Avalon became iconic as "beach picture" stars and were re-united in 1987 for the Paramount film Back to the Beach, parodying their own surf-and-sand films two decades earlier. They toured the country as a singing act.

In 1979, Funicello began starring in a series of television commercials for Skippy peanut butter.^[8]

Personal[link]

Funicello was married to her first husband, Jack Gilardi, from 1965 until 1981. They had three children: Gina (b. 1966), Jack, Jr. (b. 1970), and Jason (b. 1974). In 1986, she married California harness racing horse breeder/trainer Glen Holt.^[2] Annette and Glen were frequently seen at Los Alamitos Race Course and at Fairplex in Pomona in the 1980s and 1990s attending harness horse races.

In 1987, Annette reunited with Frankie Avalon for a series of promotional concerts to promote their film Back to the Beach. She began to suffer from dizzy spells, but kept her failing health from her family.

Funicello announced in 1992 that she suffers from multiple sclerosis.^[9] She had kept her condition a secret for many years, but felt it necessary to go public to combat rumors that her impaired ability to walk was the result of alcoholism. That same year, she was inducted as a Disney Legend.^[10] In 1993, she opened the Annette Funicello Fund for Neurological Disorders at the California Community Foundation.

Funicello's best friend is Shelley Fabares. She and Fabares have been friends since they were young teenagers in a catechism class, and Fabares was a bridesmaid at Funicello's first wedding. She is also very close to fellow Mouseketeers Sharon Baird, Doreen Tracey, and her "Beach" movies co-star, Frankie Avalon.

Her autobiography, published in 1994, is A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes: My Story. The title is taken from a song from the Disney movie Cinderella. A made-for-TV movie based on the book, A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes: The Annette Funicello Story, was made in 1995. In the final scene, the actress portraying Funicello (Eva LaRue), riding in a wheelchair, is turned away from the camera — turning back, it is Funicello herself, who delivers a message to a group of children. During this period she also produced her own line of teddy bears for the Annette Funicello Collectible Bear Company.^[2] The last collection in the series was made in 2004. She also has her own fragrance, "Cello by Annette".

Her parents died within two years of each other. On September 2, 2007, Annette's mother, Virginia Funicello, died of pneumonia, a month after her 86th birthday. On May 21, 2009, Annette's father, Joe Funicello, died of natural causes at the age of 93. The only on-screen appearance her parents made was in the above-mentioned A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes: The Annette Funicello Story.

On March 10, 2011, her Encino, California, home caught fire. She suffered smoke inhalation, but was otherwise unharmed.^[11]

Discography[link]

Numbers in parentheses indicated peak position in Billboard charts ^[12]

Albums[link]

• Annette -- Vista BV-3301—1959
• Annette Sings Anka (#21) -- Vista BV-3302—1960
• Hawaiiannette (#38) -- Vista BV-3303—1960
• Italiannette -- Vista BV-3304—1960
• Dance Annette -- Vista BV-3305—1961
• The Story of My Teens -- Vista BV-3312—1962

  The above albums were issued in mono only

• Annette's Beach Party (#39) -- Vista BV-3316 (Mono)/STER-3316 (Stereo) -- July 1963
• Muscle Beach Party -- Vista BV-3314/STER-3314—April 1964
• Annette On Campus -- Vista BV-3320/STER-3320—1964
• Annette At Bikini Beach -- Vista BV-3324/STER-3324—September 1964
• Pajama Party -- Vista BV-3325/STER-3325—November 1964
• Something Borrowed Something Blue -- Vista BV-3328/STER-3328—1964
• Annette Sings Golden Surfin' Hits -- Vista BV-3327/STER-3327—July 1965
• Annette Funicello -- Vista BV-4037—1972
• Annette Funicello Country Album -- Starview 4001—1984
• Best of Annette—Rhino RNDF-206—1984

Also released as a picture disk on Rhino RNLP-702

• Annette: A Musical Reunion with America's Girl-Next-Door -- Vista 60010—1993
• A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes -- Time/Warner 520564—released April 16, 1995
• The Best of Annette -- Vista—Released August 14, 1991

Singles[link]

• "How Will I Know My Love"/"Don't Jump To Conclusions" -- Disneyland 102 (1958)
• "That Crazy Place In Outer Space"/"Gold Doubloons and Pieces of Eight" -- Disneyland 114 (1958)
• "Tall Paul" (#7)/"Ma, He's Making Eyes at Me" -- Disneyland 118 (1959)
• "Jo Jo the Dog Faced Boy" (#73)/"Lonely Guitar" -- Vista 336 (1959)

Later pressings feature "Love Me Forever" as the B-side

• "Lonely Guitar" (#50)/"Wild Willie" -- Vista 339 (1959)
• "Especially For You"/"My Heart Became Of Age" -- Vista 344 (1959)
• "First Name Initial" (#20)/"My Heart Became of Age" (#74) -- Vista 349 (1959)
• "O Dio Mio" (#10)/"It Took Dreams" -- Vista 354 (1960)
• "Train of Love" (#36)/"Tell Me Who's The Girl" -- Vista 359 (1960)
• "Pineapple Princess" (#11)/"Luau Cha Cha Cha" -- Vista 362 (1960)
• "Talk to Me Baby" (#92)/"I Love You Baby" -- Vista 369 (1960)
• "Dream Boy" (#87)/"Please, Please Signore" -- Vista 374 (1961)
• "Indian Giver"/"Mama, Mama Rosa (Where's The Spumoni)" -- Vista 375 (1961)
• "Hawaiian Love Talk"/"Blue Muu Muu" (#107) -- Vista 384 (1961)
• "Dreamin' About You" (#106)/"Strummin' Song" -- Vista 388 (1961)
• "That Crazy Place From Outer Space"/"Seven Moons (Of Batalyre) (By Danny Saval & Tom Tyron) -- Vista 392 (1962)
• "The Truth About Youth"/"I Can't Do The Sum" -- Vista 394 (1962)
• "My Little Grass Shack"/"Hukilau" -- Vista 400 (1962)
• "He's My Ideal"/"Mr. Piano Man" -- Vista 405 (1962)
• "Bella Bella Florence"/"Canzone d'Amoure" -- Vista 407 (1962)
• "Teenage Wedding"/"Walkin' and Talkin'" -- Vista 414 (1962)
• "Treat Him Nicely"/"Promise Me Anything" (#123) -- Vista 427 (1963)
• "Merlin Jones"/"The Scrambled Egghead" -- Vista 431 (1964)

Duets with Tommy Kirk

• "Custom City"/"Rebel Rider" -- Vista 432 (1964)
• "Muscle Beach Party"/"I Dream About Frankie" -- Vista 433 (1964)
• "Bikini Beach Party"/"The Clyde" -- Vista 436 (1964)
• "The Wah-Watusi"/"The Clyde" -- Vista 437 (1964)
• "Something Borrowed, Something Blue"/"How Will I Know My Love" -- Vista 438 (1965)

B-side is a new version of Annette's first recording

• "The Monkey's Uncle"/"How Will I Know My Love" -- Vista 440 (1965)

A-side features Annette with The Beach Boys

• "Boy To Love"/"No One Else Could Be Prouder" -- Vista 442 (1965)
• "No Way To Go But Up"/"Crystal Ball" -- Vista 450 (1966)
• "What's A Girl To Do"/"When You Get What You Want" -- Tower 326 (1967)

Annette's name is misspelled on both sides as "Annettte"

• "The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes"/"Merlin Jones" -- Vista 475 (1970)
• "(Together We Can Make A) Merry Christmas"/"The Night Before Christmas" -- Pacific Star 569 (1981)

Duets with Frankie Avalon

• "The Promised Land"/"In Between and Out Of Love" -- Starview 3001 (1983)

Filmography[link]

• The Shaggy Dog (1959)
• Babes in Toyland (1961)
• Elfego Baca: Six Gun Law (1962) (compilation of episodes from Wonderful World of Color serial)
• The Horsemasters (1962) (compilation of episodes from Wonderful World of Color serial)
• Beach Party (1963)
• The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964)
• Muscle Beach Party (1964)
• Bikini Beach (1964)
• Pajama Party (1964)
• Beach Blanket Bingo (1965)
• The Monkey's Uncle (1965)
• Ski Party (1965) (Cameo)
• How to Stuff a Wild Bikini (1965)
• Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine (1965) (Cameo)
• Fireball 500 (1966)
• Thunder Alley (1967)
• Head (1968)
• Back to the Beach (1987)
• Troop Beverly Hills (1989) (Cameo)

Television work[link]

• Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959)
• Zorro (as Anita Campillo in Season 2)
• The Danny Thomas Show (cast member in 1959)
• Walt Disney anthology television series (in 1961 as Constancia in the second hour-long Zorro episode, "The Postponed Wedding," on the Disney anthology series, during the hiatus of Zorro due to a legal dispute with ABC)
• The Horsemasters (1961)
• Escapade in Florence (1962)
• "Rosetta", The Greatest Show on Earth (1964)
• Easy Does It... Starring Frankie Avalon (1976) (Four-week summer variety series)
• Frankie and Annette: The Second Time Around (1978) (unsold pilot)
• "Ghostbreaker" episode Fantasy Island (1978) ^[13]
• The Mouseketeer Reunion (November 23, 1980)
• Lots of Luck (1985; made-for-TV movie)
• Growing Pains episode "The Seavers and the Cleavers" (guest star, 1985)
• Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special (guest star, 1988)
• Full House episode "Joey Goes Hollywood" (guest star with Frankie Avalon, March 29, 1991)
• A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes: The Annette Funicello Story (1995; made-for-TV movie)

Book[link]

• Funicello, Annette and Patricia Romanowski. A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes: My Story 1994, ISBN 0-7868-8092-9
• The Annette Mysteries- Box Set of 4 (Walt Disney Presents) includes The Desert Inn Mystery, The Mystery at Moonstone Bay, The Mystery at Smugglers' Cove, and Sierra Summer

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Annette Funicello

• Annette Funicello at the Internet Movie Database

Harry Browne (June 17, 1933 – March 1, 2006) was an American libertarian writer, politician, and free-market investment analyst. He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of the Libertarian Party in 1996 and 2000.

Early life and writing career[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (February 2012)

Browne was born in New York City, New York to CBS radio personalities Cecil Margaret Davis and Edson Bradford Browne and grew up in Los Angeles, California. He lived in Vancouver, Canada and Zurich, Switzerland in the late 1970s and early 1980s and resided in Franklin, Tennessee, at the time of his death.

He was inducted into the U.S. Army on May 5, 1953. He went to the Southwestern Signal Corps Training Center at Camp San Luis Obispo, California to study cryptography. On October 4, 1953 he was sent to Bikini Island in the Marshall Islands. He had a top-secret and atomic-energy clearance and on March 1, 1954 he witnessed the Bikini H-bomb test.

In 1955 Browne was sent to Eniwetok to finish his tour of duty and afterwards was transferred to the Army Reserves at Fort Huachuca, Arizona. He was released from active military service on July 17, 1956. He was honorably discharged from the Armed Forces on February 28, 1961 and discharged from the Army Reserves on July 1, 1961.

Browne was a successful advertising and sales executive in the 1960s, but he gave it up to devote full time to the “Americanist” cause. Tired of hearing complaints about the press, he set to work to do something positive. He believed that the newspapers of America would willingly buy material promoting the American way of life. So in 1961 he took on the proprietorship of American Way Features, Inc., a newspaper feature service, and as managing editor inaugurated a plan to turn the service from a subsidized program into a profit-making service. It sold “Americanist” features, in competition with all the recognized syndicates. His own column, The American Way, appeared in over 200 newspapers throughout America.

In the summer of 1962, Browne was named the advertising manager for the Liberty Amendment Committee's bimonthly publication American Progress for Economic Freedom. In October he was named associate editor, and in November he was the editor. The following Spring the magazine was renamed Freedom Magazine, and Browne continued as its editor until February of 1964 when he turned his full-time attention to the American Way Features, Inc.

Also in the 1960s, Browne taught courses such as: The Economics of Freedom, The Tools of Success, Tools of the Market, The Economics of Success, and The Art of Profitable Living.

Browne was an investment advisor for much of his life. He came into prominence in 1970 with his first book, How You Can Profit From The Coming Devaluation, which correctly predicted the devaluation of the dollar and subsequent inflation. The book helped many Americans survive, and some even profit, during the 1970s. It also introduced millions of people to the Austrian school of economics regarding the dangers fiat currency poses to liberty and prosperity. According to Texas Republican Congressman Dr. Ron Paul in his "A Tribute to the Late Harry Browne" which was read into the Congressional Record in 2006, "How You Can Profit From the Coming Devaluation is generally recognized as the founding document of the hard money movement, which combined the insights of the Austrian economists with a practical investment strategy."

Browne's second book in 1973, How I Found Freedom In An Unfree World, focused on maximizing personal liberty and showed how to use libertarian principles to make your life much freer right now. It presented a unique libertarian view of morality, government, society, and human nature. Part I identifies the mental traps that are so easy to fall into — traps that prevent you from being as free as you could be. Part II provides specific techniques you can use today to obtain greater freedom from government, from societal restrictions, and from business, personal, and family problems. Part III shows how to make necessary changes to a freer life right now. Over the years this book became a classic handbook for personal liberty. Some politically active libertarians objected to his attitude of non-participation in politics, an attitude he himself changed later.

You Can Profit from a Monetary Crisis was Browne's third book and reached #1 on the New York Times bestseller list. He continued to author books and articles on investing through the late 1990s and hosted an Internet radio call-in show. In all, Browne wrote 13 books and sold 2 million copies of his books.

Browne's books are popular with libertarians, hard money proponents, and survivalists.^[1]

More than just a political and economic mind, Browne also authored books and gave lectures on actively living a Libertarian lifestyle. His book How I Found Freedom In An Unfree World gave a detailed explanation of how one can bring Libertarian concepts to every aspect of your life. His posthumously released 1960s lecture series, "The Art of Profitable Living," was released as a 20-CD album titled, "Rule Your World."

He suggested that people think about structuring their lives in a way that would allow them freedom from social, economic, moral, and psychological entanglements. In the social sphere he taught about what he called the "identity trap" in which a person expects of others and themselves what is not in their nature. Instead, he taught how one should recognize one's nature and the nature of others, and then maximize the benefit that is there in reality, rather than wasting one's life trying to change oneself and others.

Browne pointed out a dozen or so "traps" and then gave a detailed explanation of how one can break out of these traps. He suggested that you put values on all things, like what is the price it would take to remove a "trap", and ask yourself if it is worth that cost; putting values on all things from relationships to one's own worth as a friend, consumer, producer, becomes very valuable in making perfect sense of a complex world.^[2]

Presidential campaigns[link]

Browne was the presidential nominee of the United States Libertarian Party in 1996 and 2000. He received 485,798 votes or 0.5% of the vote in 1996 and 384,516 votes or 0.4% of the vote in 2000. His campaign qualified for matching funds during each election but didn't accept them. Browne's refusal to accept matching funds won him expected praise from libertarians and those who are against the concept of federal matching funds, but also earned him somewhat greater exposure in the "mainstream" media, as very few American presidential candidates who qualified for matching funds refused them. In interviews, Browne had claimed he needed to be true to what he had preached in his libertarian speeches and that "it would be highly inappropriate for me to stick my nose in the trough after having denounced the Republicans and Democrats for doing so." During both of these elections, the Libertarian Party managed to get on the ballot in all fifty states and the District of Columbia. Browne did not appear on the 2000 Arizona ballot, however, as the Arizona Libertarian Party instead chose to run L. Neil Smith, whose candidacy was a protest against that of Browne.

Browne's 1996 campaign platform ^[3]

Controversy[link]

Claims of wrongdoing within Browne's 1996 presidential campaign surfaced during his second run in 2000. In 2001, it was revealed that Perry Willis had worked on behalf of Browne's 1996 campaign while serving as national director of the Libertarian Party. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, party bylaws prohibit any party staffer from working for a campaign before a nominee is officially decided. After an investigation, the party leadership ^[4] censured Willis and admonished Browne, who denied any personal wrongdoing and responded in detail to allegations surrounding the controversy.^[5]

Policy advocate[link]

After the 2000 elections, Browne had continued working to increase the popularity of libertarian goals to reduce the size and scope of government. In addition to writing and making appearances on behalf of the Downsize DC Foundation (an organization he helped to co-found and for which he served as Director of Public Policy for a year and a half), he hosted two weekly network radio shows,^[6] one on Saturdays dealing with politics, which he often called “The Libertarian Conversation” (since listeners were encouraged to call in), and the other on Sundays, called "The Money Show", dealing with financial topics. Both of these radio programs were on the Genesis Communications Network. Browne also worked with the Free Market News Network, of which he was the President for much of 2005, and a Senior Political Analyst. Via Free Market News, he had his own internet-based television show called This Week In Liberty, which ran for 25 episodes.^[7]

Prior to his death, he was also working on a book called The War Racket: The Lies, Myths, and Propaganda that Feed the American War Machine. War, he contended, was just another government program, and was essentially flawed because "government never solves anything." According to Jim Babka, "As Harry explained to me, the book was unlike any other he had ever written. Harry was well-read in his history, but after starting on the project he realized that 'well-read’ wasn’t enough." According to Browne's wife, Pamela, he collected over 400 books, read almost all of them, and made copious notes. He was struggling with the book's structure at the time of his death.^[8]

Harry Browne also authored thousands of articles, most of which can be found on his website, HarryBrowne.org. He was also a contributor to the news and opinion blog LewRockwell.com, to Antiwar.com, and to World Net Daily. He published the financial newsletter Harry Browne Special Reports from 1974 to 1997.

A column he wrote titled “When Will We Learn” discussing the September 11 attacks persuaded Larry Elder to break with the Libertarian Party and join the Republican Party. Browne, however, always tried to make it clear that his opinions were his own, and not necessarily reflective of the Libertarian Party. It was his most-read column, ever, and was also published in foreign languages.^{[citation needed]}

According to Jim Babka, “Harry had warned that a day like [September 11, 2001] was coming and he was actually surprised that some of those who’d listened to him and supported him were shocked. He thought the anger should’ve been directed at the 'geniuses' who’d managed our nation’s foreign policy.”

Death[link]

Browne suffered from MND (motor neuron disease) and FTD (frontal temporal dementia), more commonly known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease. During the year prior to his death he spent a considerable amount of time in the hospital and a wheelchair, but he continued to write, give speeches, and host an ETV (internet-based television) show called "This Week in Liberty with Harry Browne" on the Internet-based Free Market News Network. He died on the evening of March 1, 2006 at his home in Franklin, Tennessee with his wife, Pamela, beside him. He was 72 years old.^[9] He is survived by his wife, Pamela Lanier Wolfe Browne, and his daughter, Autumn Lee Browne.

On March 30, 2006, Harry Browne was eulogized in Congress by the U.S. Representative for Texas, Dr. Ron Paul.^[10]

Bibliography[link]

Books

• How You Can Profit from the Coming Devaluation. Arlington House. 1970. ISBN 978-0-87000-073-7. 
• How I Found Freedom in an Unfree World: A Handbook for Personal Liberty. 1973. 
• You Can Profit from a Monetary Crisis. Macmillan Publishing Co. 1974. ISBN 978-0-02-517460-3. 
• Complete Guide to Swiss Bank Accounts. McGraw-Hill. 1976. ISBN 978-0-07-008483-4. 
• New Profits from the Monetary Crisis. Morrow. 1978. ISBN 978-0-688-03373-6. 
• Inflation-Proofing Your Investments: A Permanent Program That Will Protect You Against Inflation and Depression. Morrow. 1981. ISBN 978-0-688-03576-1.  (with Terry Coxon)
• Investment Rule #1. 1985.  (Privately published)
• Why the Best-Laid Investment Plans Usually Go Wrong & How You Can Find Safety and Profit in an Uncertain World. William Morrow & Co. 1987. ISBN 978-0-688-05995-8. 
• The Economic Time Bomb: How You Can Profit from the Emerging Crises. St. Martin's Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-312-02581-6. 
• Why Government Doesn’t Work. St. Martin's Press. 1995. 
• Fail-Safe Investing: Lifelong Financial Security in 30 Minutes. St. Martin's Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-312-24703-4. 
• The Great Libertarian Offer. 2000. 
• Liberty A to Z. 2004. 

Unfinished books

• The War Racket (unfinished at the time of his death)

Articles

• "When Will We Learn?". WND Commentary (WND.com Inc). September 12, 2001. http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=24444. 

Posthumous collections

Since his death, Harry's wife Pamela has put together several collections of his speeches and writings in audio and e-book format.

• 99% of All You Need to Know About Money & its Effect Upon the Economy
• Freedom Speeches, Volume 1
• Freedom the American Way
• How You Can Profit from the Coming Devaluation & Monetary Crisis
• Investment Strategy in an Uncertain World
• Rule Your World!
• The Secret of Selling ~ Anything
• The War Racket - Part 1
• The War Racket - Part 2

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (February 2012)

Further reading[link]

• "Libertarian leader Browne dies at 72". The Washington Times. March 3, 2006. http://washingtontimes.com/national/20060302-112917-9413r.htm. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Harry Browne

• Official website
• Harry Browne - In Memoriam at the Advocates for Self-Government website

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Robert Fisk
Robert Fisk at a book festival in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2008.
Born	(1946-07-12) 12 July 1946 (age 65) Maidstone, Kent, England
Education	Lancaster University (B.A., 1968) Trinity College, Dublin (Ph.D., 1985)
Occupation	Middle East correspondent for The Independent
Notable credit(s)	Jacob's Award, Amnesty International UK Press Awards, British Press Awards, International Journalist of the Year, "Reporter of the Year", David Watt prize, Lannan Cultural Freedom Prize
Website
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/fisk/

Robert Fisk (born 12 July 1946) is an English writer and journalist from Maidstone, Kent. As Middle East correspondent of The Independent, he has primarily been based in Beirut for more than 30 years.^[1] He has published a number of books and has reported on the United States's war in Afghanistan and its 2003 invasion of Iraq. Fisk holds more British and International Journalism awards than any other foreign correspondent.^[2]

Career[link]

The New York Times once described Robert Fisk as "probably the most famous foreign correspondent in Britain."^[3] He reported the Northern Ireland troubles in the 1970s, the Portuguese Revolution in 1974, the Lebanese Civil War, the Iranian revolution in 1979, the Soviet war in Afghanistan, the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. A vernacular Arabic speaker,^[4] he is one of few Western journalists to have interviewed Osama bin Laden, and did so three times between 1994 and 1997.^[5][6] His awards include being voted International Journalist of the Year seven times.

Fisk has said that journalism must "challenge authority, all authority, especially so when governments and politicians take us to war." He has quoted with approval the Israeli journalist Amira Hass: "There is a misconception that journalists can be objective ... What journalism is really about is to monitor power and the centres of power."^[7] Speaking on "Lies, Misreporting, and Catastrophe in the Middle East," at the First Congregational Church of Berkeley, 22 September 2010, Fisk stated, "I think it is the duty of a foreign correspondent to be neutral and unbiased on the side of those who suffer, whoever they may be." ^[8]

He has written at length on how much of contemporary conflict has its origin, in his view, in lines drawn on maps: "After the allied victory of 1918, at the end of my father's war, the victors divided up the lands of their former enemies. In the space of just seventeen months, they created the borders of Northern Ireland, Yugoslavia and most of the Middle East. And I have spent my entire career—in Belfast and Sarajevo, in Beirut and Baghdad—watching the people within those borders burn."^[9]

Fisk is a pacifist and has never voted.^[10]

The blogosphere term fisking originates from various American conservative blogs, which have taken particular issue with Mr. Fisk, who holds a "very skeptical view of U.S. foreign policy", and his articles and reports. Many of these bloggers have responded by reprinting his dispatches on their blogs, adding their own paragraph-by-paragraph commentary, purportedly dissecting and debunking Fisk's facts and opinions.^[11] Irrespective of the success of their endeavour, the term "fisking" has come to denote the practice of "savaging an argument and scattering the tattered remnants to the four corners of the internet".^[12]

In a 2002 appearance at the Cambridge Union Society, actor John Malkovich when asked whom he would most like to "fight to the death", replied that he would "rather just shoot" journalist Robert Fisk and British MP George Galloway.^[13] Both Fisk and Galloway reacted with outrage.^[14][15]

Early career[link]

Fisk was educated at Yardley Court preparatory school,^[16] Sutton Valence School and at Lancaster University ^[17] and has a PhD in Political Science, from Trinity College, Dublin in 1983.^[18] The title of his doctoral thesis was "A condition of limited warfare: Éire’s neutrality and the relationship between Dublin, Belfast and London, 1939–1945".^[18] He worked on the Sunday Express diary column before a disagreement with the editor, John Junor, prompted a move to The Times.^[19] From 1972–75, the height of The Troubles, Fisk served as Belfast correspondent for The Times, before becoming its correspondent in Portugal covering the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution. He then was appointed Middle East correspondent (1976–1988). When a story of his was spiked (Iran Air Flight 655) after Rupert Murdoch's takeover, he moved to The Independent, with his first report published there on 28 April 1989.

Lebanon, and other conflicts[link]

Fisk has been living in Beirut since 1976,^[20] and was present in Beirut throughout the Lebanese civil war. He was one of the first journalists to visit the scene of the Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon, as well as the Syrian Hama Massacre. His book on the Lebanese conflict, Pity the Nation, was first published in 1990. Fisk also reported on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Kosovo war, the Algerian civil war, and the Iran-Iraq War. Fisk suffered partial but permanent hearing loss as a result of being close to Iraqi heavy artillery in the Shatt-al-Arab when covering the early stages of the Iran-Iraq conflict.^{[citation needed]}

Osama bin Laden[link]

Fisk is one of the few Western journalists to have interviewed Osama bin Laden—three times (all published by The Independent: 6 December 1993, 10 July 1996, and 22 March 1997). During one of Fisk's interviews with Bin Laden, Fisk noted an attempt by Bin Laden to convert him. Bin Laden said; "Mr Robert, one of our brothers had a dream. He dreamed ... that you were a spiritual person ... this means you are a true Muslim." Fisk replied; "Sheikh Osama, I am not a Muslim ... I am a journalist ... A journalist's task is to tell the truth." Bin Laden replied: "If you tell the truth, that means you are a good Muslim."^[21][22]

During the 1996 interview, Bin Laden accused the Saudi royal family of corruption. During the 1997 (and final) interview, Bin Laden said he sought God's help "to turn America into a shadow of itself".^[23]

11 September attacks[link]

Fisk condemned the 11 September 2001 attacks, describing them as a "hideous crime against humanity." He also denounced the Bush administration's response to the attacks, arguing that "a score of nations" were being identified and positioned as "haters of democracy" or "kernels of evil," and urged a more honest debate on U.S. policy in the Middle East. He argued that such a debate had hitherto been avoided "because, of course, to look too closely at the Middle East would raise disturbing questions about the region, about our Western policies in those tragic lands, and about America's relationship with Israel."^[24]

In August 2007 Fisk expressed personal doubts about the official historical record of the 11 September attacks. In an article for The Independent, he claimed that, while the Bush administration was incapable of successfully carrying out such attacks due to its organisational incompetence: "I am increasingly troubled at the inconsistencies in the official narrative of 9/11." He proceeded to raise his concerns about a lack of aircraft debris, the melting point of steel, the collapse of World Trade Center 7, misidentified suicide-hijackers, the authenticity of correspondence attributed by the CIA to Mohamed Atta, and other familiar questions that have circulated within the 9/11 Truth Movement. He added that he does not condone the "crazed 'research' of David Icke [...] I am talking about scientific issues".^[25] Fisk had earlier addressed similar concerns in a speech at Sydney University in 2006.^[26] During the speech, Fisk said: "Partly I think because of the culture of secrecy of the White House, never have we had a White House so secret as this one. Partly because of this culture, I think suspicions are growing in the United States, not just among Berkeley guys with flowers in their hair [...] But there are a lot of things we don’t know, a lot of things we’re not going to be told [...] perhaps the plane was hit by a missile, we still don’t know."^[27]

War in Afghanistan[link]

After the United States launched its attack on Afghanistan, Fisk was for a time transferred to Pakistan to provide coverage of that conflict. While reporting from there, he was attacked and beaten by a group of Afghan refugees fleeing heavy bombing by the United States Air Force. He was saved from this attack by another Afghan refugee. In his graphic account of his own beating, Fisk pardoned the attackers of responsibility and pointed out that their "brutality was entirely the product of others, of us—of we who had armed their struggle against the Russians and ignored their pain and laughed at their civil war and then armed and paid them again for the 'War for Civilisation' just a few miles away and then bombed their homes and ripped up their families and called them 'collateral damage.'"^[28]

Iraq[link]