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A pentapolis, from the Greek words πέντε (pente), "five" and πόλις (polis), "city(-state)" is a geographic and/or institutional grouping of five cities. Cities in the ancient world probably formed such groups for political, commercial and military reasons, as happened later with the Cinque Ports in England.

Significant historical cases[link]

The Pentapolis on the Adriatic was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna, an administrative unit of the Byzantine Empire. Red: The Pentapolis. Orange: Other cities of the Exarchate.

• in the biblical Holy Land, the word, occurring in Wisdom, x, 6, designates the region where five cities — Sodom, Gomorrah, Segor (A. V., Zoar), Admah and Zeboim — united to resist the invasion of Chedorlaomer (Genesis, xiv), and of which four were shortly after utterly destroyed.^[1]
• in Italy there was:
  • first, a Pentapolis including: Ravenna, Forlì, Forlimpopoli, Classe, Caesarea
  • Second, a medieval Duchy of the Pentapolis on the Adriatic coast east of Tuscany and north of the duchy of Spoleto, including the port cities (West to East) of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Sinigaglia and Ancona. It was part of the core of the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. Later, after the fall of the Exarchate, it was transformed into the March of Ancona
• the Philistine Pentapolis: Ashkelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gath, and Gaza
• the Doric – or Dorian Pentapolis: Kos, on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea; Cnidus, in Caria on the west coast of Asia Minor; Lindus, Ialysus and Camirus, all three on Rhodes.
• the Pontic Pentapolis: Apollonia, Callatis, Mesembria, Odessos, and Tomis, all on the Euxeinos Pontos.
• The Western Pentapolis: five main Greek colonies that came to be in the Roman province of Libya Superior, the western part of Cyrenaica until Diocletian's Tetrarchy reform in AD 296 (now Libya). The most important was Cyrene and its port Apollonia, Ptolemais (the next capital after Cyrene's destruction by an earthquake), Barca (the later Arab provincial capital Barka), Balagrae (by Bayda) and Berenice (modern Benghazi); also known as the Pentapolis inferior ('lower P.'). This is the Pentapolis that is referenced in the official title of the Eastern Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
• The Cinque Ports in England – the five being Hastings, New Romney, Hythe, Dover, and Sandwich. Sometimes, though seldom, referred to as the English Pentapolis.

Pentapolis of modern world[link]

Italy[link]

• The Cinque Terre are five rustic coastal towns in Liguria that are now organized into the Cinque Terre National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

India[link]

• The National Capital Region (NCR) consists of five cities, namely, Delhi, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Noida and Faridabad.

United States of America[link]

• The Five Towns, on the southwestern shore of New York's Long Island region, is a group of towns comprising the villages of Lawrence and Cedarhurst, the hamlets of Woodmere and Inwood, and "The Hewletts", which consist of the villages of Hewlett Bay Park, Hewlett Harbor and Hewlett Neck and the hamlet of Hewlett.^[2]
• The Five Boroughs of New York City, which were separately governed city-counties until the 1874 and 1898 annexations.
• The Quad Cities of Iowa and Illinois (so named before the fifth city was founded) that share cultural institutions and infrastructure.

Notes[link]

See also[link]

• Pentapolis (North Africa)
• Monopoli (meaning only city)
• Tripolis (meaning three cities)
• Tetrapolis (meaning four cities)
• Doric Hexapolis (meaning six Doric cities in the eastern Aegean)
• Heptapolis (meaning seven cities)
• Decapolis (meaning ten cities)

Sources and references[link]

• many occurrences in the Catholic Encyclopaedia
• Westermann Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte ('Great Atlas of World History', in German)

For the footballer, see: Nektarios Alexandrou.

For similarly named saints, see Nectarius.

Saint Nectarios of Aegina
Saint Nectarios Metropolitan of Pentepolis
Wonderworker of Aegina
Born	1 October Selymbria, Thrace
Died	1920 Aegina, Greece
Honored in	Eastern Orthodox Church
Canonized	April 20, 1961 by recognized as a Saint by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Feast	9 November

Saint Nectarios of Aegina (1846–1920),^[1] Greek: Άγιος Νεκτάριος Αιγίνης, Metropolitan of Pentapolis and Wonderworker of Aegina, was officially recognized as a Saint by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1961. His Feast Day is celebrated every year on 9 November.

Life[link]

Saint Nektarios

St. Nectarios was born on 1 October 1846 in Selymbria^[2] in Thrace to a poor family. His parents, Dimos and Maria Kephalas, were pious Christians but not wealthy. His given name was Anastasios Kephalas.^[1][2]

At the age of 14, he moved to Constantinople (Istanbul) to work and further his education. In 1866, at age 20, he moved to the island of Chios to take a teaching post. On November 7, 1876, he became a monk, at age 30, in the Monastery of Nea Moni, for he had long wished to embrace the ascetic life.^[2]

Three years after becoming a monk he was ordained a Deacon, taking the name Nectarios. He graduated from the University of Athens in 1885. During his years as a student of the University of Athens he wrote many books, pamphlets, and Bible commentaries.

Following his graduation he went to Alexandria, Egypt, where he was ordained a Priest and served the Church of Saint Nicholas in Cairo with great distinction. In recognition of his piety and brilliance as a preacher, as well as his administrative ability, he was consecrated Metropolitan bishop of Pentapolis (an ancient diocese in Cyrenaica, in what is now Libya) by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch Sophronios in 1889.

He served as a Bishop in Cairo for one year, and was removed from his post by clerics who disliked his popularity with the people. Lies were made up against him by the jealous clergy. Patriarch Sophronios refused to listen to St. Nectarios. He was sent away from Egypt without trial or explanation, and was never given an opportunity to defend himself.

After his dismissal, he returned to Greece in 1891, and spent several years as a preacher (1891–1894). He was then appointed director of the Rizarios Ecclesiastical School for the education of priests in Athens, where his service was exemplary for fifteen years. He developed many courses of study, and wrote numerous books, all while preaching widely throughout Athens.

In 1904 at the request of several nuns, he established a monastery for them on the island of Aegina. The Monastery was named Holy Trinity Monastery.

Nectarios ordained two women as deaconesses in 1911.^[3] Up to the 1950s, a few Greek Orthodox nuns also became monastic deaconesses. In 1986, Christodoulous, then the metropolitan of Demetrias, later to become archbishop of Athens and all of Greece, ordained a woman deacon in accordance with the "ritual of St. Nektarios" (the ancient Byzantine text St. Nektarios had used).^[3]

In December 1908, at the age of 62, St. Nectarios resigned from his post as school director and withdrew to the Holy Trinity Convent on Aegina, where he lived out the rest of his life as a Monk. He wrote, published, preached, and heard confessions from those who came from near and far to seek out his spiritual guidance.

While at the monastery, he also tended the gardens, carried stones, and helped with the construction of the monastery buildings that were built with his own funds.

St. Nectarios died on the evening of 9 November 1920 (O.S. 8 November) at the age of 74, following hospitalization for prostate cancer. His body was taken to the Holy Trinity Convent, where he was buried by his best friend St Savvas of Kalymnos, who later painted the first icon of St. Nectarios. The funeral of St. Nectarios was attended by multitudes of people from all parts of Greece and Egypt. His anathema was not lifted by the Alexandrian Patriarchate until 1998.

Veneration[link]

Many people regarded St. Nectarios as a Saint during his lifetime because of his prayerful life, his humility, his purity and other virtues, his writings, as well as the miracles he performed. St. Nectarios also had the gift of prescience.

The relics of St. Nectarios were removed from the grave on 2 September 1953. Official recognition of Nectarios as a Saint by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople took place on 20 April 1961.

The Feast Day of St. Nectarios is celebrated every year on 9 November. Thousands of miracles have been attributed to his intercession.

Decision of Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Alexandria[link]

Church of Agios Nectarios, Aegina

On September 15, 1998, the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa restored the ecclesiastical order of Saint Nektarios:^[2]

Alexandria 15th September 1998

The Holy Spirit has enlightened the gathered members of the Holy Synod of the Patriarchate of Alexandria and all Africa, under the leadership of H.B. Petros VII, Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa, more than a century since Saint Nektarios, the great Teacher and Father of the Holy Eastern Orthodox Church was expelled from the Church of Alexandria, to reach the following decision:

Taking into account the resolution of the Church to rank Saint Nektarios amongst the saints because of his innumerable miracles and his acceptance within the religious conscience of Orthodox Christians throughout the world, we appeal to the mercy of the ever-charitable God.

We hereby restore the ecclesiastical order of the Saint of our Century, Saint Nektarios, and grant to him all due credits and honors. We beseech Saint Nektarios to forgive both us, unworthy as we are, and our predecessors, our brothers of the Throne of Alexandria, for opposition to the Saint and for all which, due to human weakness or error, our Holy Father, Bishop of Pentapolis, Saint Nektarios, suffered.

PETROS VII, By the Grace of God

Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa.

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nectarios

Biographical Accounts

• A Brief Account Of The Life Of St. Nectarios, Metropolitan of Aegina at www.serfes.org
• Nectarios at www.st-seraphim.com
• Saint Nektarios at www.fatheralexander.org
• Saint Nectarios of Aegina, Miracle Worker of the 20th Century at www.saint-nectarios-of-aegina.org

Selected Writings

• Father Demetrios Serfes - St. Nectarios of Aegina at www.serfes.org

Some Miracle Accounts

• Saint Nectarios at www.sprint.net.au
• Saint Nectarios of Aegina, Miracle Worker of the 20th Century at www.saint-nectarios-of-aegina.org

St. Nectarios' Miraculous Relics

• Visiting Aghios Nectarios, Aegina island, Greece (departing from Athens) - With photos

Other

• Vespers (in Romanian)
• Agni Parthene (in Arabian)
• Supplicatory Canon (in English)
• Dismissal Hymn (in Greek)