Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, a Spanish writer, depicted with the tools of the trade.

A writer is a person who produces literature or nonfiction, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, essays, articles, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images.

A writer's output sometimes contributes to the cultural content of a society, and a society may value his or her work as art.

Broadly, a writer is anyone who writes, especially one who writes professionally. The term writer is customarily used as a synonym of author, although the latter term has a somewhat broader meaning.^[1]

See also[link]

	Writing portal
	Literature portal

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Writers

Look up category in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Category, plural categories, may refer to:

Philosophy and Cognitive Science[link]

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Mathematics[link]

• Category (mathematics)
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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up Korean in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Korean typically refers to the Korean language or a Korean person.

Other uses include:

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This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Park Chan-wook
Park Chan-wook at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival
Born	(1963-08-23) August 23, 1963 (age 48) Seoul, South Korea
Other names	Bakridamae (박리다매)
Occupation	Film director Screenwriter Producer Former film critic
Years active	1992–present
Korean name
Hangul	박찬욱
Hanja	朴贊郁
Revised Romanization	Bak Chanuk
McCune–Reischauer	Pak Ch'anuk

Park Chan-wook (Hangul: 박찬욱; born August 23, 1963) is a South Korean film director, screenwriter, producer, and former film critic. One of the most acclaimed and popular filmmakers in his native country, Park is most known for his films Joint Security Area, Thirst and what has become known as The Vengeance Trilogy, consisting of 2002's Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance, Oldboy in 2003 and Sympathy for Lady Vengeance in 2005. His films are noted for their immaculate framing and often brutal subject matter.

In a May 2004 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, Park listed Sophocles, Shakespeare, Kafka, Dostoevsky, Balzac, Kurt Vonnegut and others as being influences on his career.^[1] In a later interview for Lady Vengeance, Park listed Alfred Hitchcock, Robert Aldrich, Ingmar Bergman, Sam Fuller, Roman Polanski and Kim Ki-young as cinematic influences.^[2]

Biography[link]

Park was born and raised in Seoul,^[3] and studied philosophy at Sogang University, where he started a cinema-club called the "Sogang Film Community" and published a number of articles on contemporary cinema. Originally intending to be an art critic, upon seeing Vertigo he resolved to try to become a filmmaker.^[1] After graduation, he wrote articles on film for journals, and soon became an assistant director of films like Kkamdong, directed by Yu Yeong-jin, and Watercolor painting in a Rainy Day, directed by Kwak Jae-yong (My Sassy Girl).

His debut feature film was The Moon Is... the Sun's Dream (1992), and after five years, he made his second film Trio. Park's early films were not successful, and he pursued a career as a film critic to make a living.^[4]

In 2000, Park directed Joint Security Area, which was a great success both commercially and critically, even surpassing Kang Je-gyu's Shiri as the most-watched film ever made in South Korea.^[5] This success made it possible for him to make his next film more independently - Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance is the result of this creative freedom.

After winning the Grand Prix at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival for the film Oldboy, a journalist asked, "in your film, why is the vengeance repeating?". According to Park, he decided to make three consecutive films with revenge as the central theme. Park said his films are about the utter futility of vengeance and how it wreaks havoc on the lives of everyone involved.^[6]

His so-called Vengeance Trilogy consists of Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance, Oldboy and Sympathy for Lady Vengeance. It was not originally intended to be a trilogy. Sympathy for Lady Vengeance, shortened to Lady Vengeance, was distributed by Tartan Films for American theatrical release in April 2006.^[7]

Despite extreme violence in his films, Park is regarded as one of the most popular film directors in Korea, with three of his last five feature films (Joint Security Area, Oldboy and Sympathy for Lady Vengeance) all drawing audiences of over 3 million. This makes Park the director of three films in the thirty all-time highest grossing films in South Korea. (9th, 29th, 26th respectively as of January 2007).^[8]

In addition to being a film director and screenwriter, Park is also a film critic with several published editions to his name. None have been translated into English as yet.

American director Quentin Tarantino is an avowed fan of Park. As the head judge in 2004 Cannes Film Festival, he personally pushed for Park's Oldboy to be awarded the Palme d'Or (the honor eventually went to Michael Moore's Fahrenheit 9/11).^[9] Oldboy garnered the Grand Prix, the second-highest honor in the competition. Tarantino also regards Park's Joint Security Area to be one of "the top twenty films made since 1992."

He was offered the chance to remake The Evil Dead but he turned it down.^[10]

In 2006, he was the member of official section jury at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival.

In February 2007, Park won the Alfred Bauer prize at the 57th Berlin International Film Festival. The award, named after the festival's founder and in praise of movies opening up new perspectives, went to Park for his film, I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK.^[11]

In 2009, Park directed his first vampire film, Thirst starring Song Kang-ho which won Prix du Jury along with Fish Tank, directed by Andrea Arnold at 2009 Cannes Film Festival. He considered directing Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy but ultimately turned it down. ^[12]

In 2011, Park said his new fantasy-horror film Paranmanjang (Night Fishing) was shot entirely on the iPhone.^[13] The film was co-directed with Park's younger brother, Park Chan-kyong who never had any experience on film directing. It was nominated for Berlinale Shorts during the 2011 Berlin Film Festival, which won Golden Bear for Best Short Film.

In 2011, Park directed his first English-language film Stoker.^[14] He said he learned to accelerate the production process and completed filming in 480 hours.^[12] Although Park does speak English, he used an interpreter on set.^[12] On why the script attracted his attention, Park said: "I like telling big stories through small, artificially created worlds."^[12]

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]

Recurring cast in Park Chan-wook's films[link]

Actor	Joint Security Area	Sympathy for Mr. Vengeance	Oldboy	Cut	Sympathy for Lady Vengeance	I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK	Thirst
Song Kang-ho	Y	Y			Y		Y
Shin Ha-kyun	Y	Y			Y		Y
Choi Min-sik			Y		Y
Yoo Ji-tae			Y		Y
Lee Young-ae	Y				Y
Lee Byung Hun	Y			Y
Kang Hye-jeong			Y	Y	Y
Kim Byeong-ok			Y		Y
Oh Dal-su		Y	Y		Y	Y	Y

The films of Park Chan-wook and his close friend director Kim Ji-woon often share actors. Examples include:

• Lee Byung Hun, Oh Kwang-rok and Oh Dal-su appear in Kim's A Bittersweet Life.
• Yeom Jeong-ah plays the stepmom in Kim's A Tale of Two Sisters and plays the role of the vampire actress in Cut, Park's segment of Three... Extremes.
• Im Su-jeong plays the elder sister in Kim's A Tale of Two Sisters and plays the heroine in Park's I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK.
• Choi Min-sik plays the villain in Kim's I Saw the Devil and the protagonist in Park's Oldboy.

Bibliography[link]

• 2005. Park's Montage (박찬욱의 몽타주). 마음 산책. 299 pages. ISBN 89-89351-81-2.^[15][16]
• 2005. Park's Hommage (박찬욱의 오마주). 마음 산책. 528 pages. ISBN 89-89351-82-0.^[17][18]

See also[link]

	Book: The Vengeance Trilogy
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• List of Korea-related topics
• List of Korean language films
• Contemporary culture of South Korea

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Park Chan-wook

• Park Chan-wook at the Internet Movie Database
• Park Chan-wook at Rotten Tomatoes
• Park Chan-wook at the Korean Movie Database
• Park Chan-wook at AllRovi
• Park Chan-Wook to make korean horror Movie using only iPhone at Korean Horror Movies
• Park Chan-wook: monographic website (Italian & English)
• Cineseoul profile (Korean)
• HanCinema Director Page
• Park Chan-wook at FEARnet
• SuicideGirls interview with Park Chan-wook by Daniel Robert Epstein
• July 2009 Interview with Park Chan-wook at the Korea Society (Audio)

Jim Sturgess
Born	James Anthony Sturgess (1981-05-16) 16 May 1981 (age 31) London, England
Nationality	British
Occupation	Actor, singer-songwriter
Years active	1994–present
Musical career
Instruments	Vocals, piano, drums, guitar
Years active	1996–present
Associated acts	Tragic Toys Dilated Spies Saint Faith
Website	myspace.com/officialjimsturgess

James Anthony "Jim" Sturgess (born 16 May 1981)^[1][2][3] is a British actor and singer-songwriter.^[4] His breakthrough role was appearing as Jude in the musical romance drama film Across the Universe (2007).^[5]

Early life[link]

Sturgess was born in London, England on 16 May 1981. He attended Frensham Heights School, in Farnham, Surrey. He spent most of his youth skateboarding around his local car parks and started his first band as early as 15 years old where they would rehearse in the garage of his Friend's Dad's house. The band would also play gigs in and around his local area to any publican that would turn a blind eye to the fact that they were all under age. Jim's first acting experience came when the local theatre group came to his school, looking for kids to audition for the local play. Quickly realising that he would be able to miss school, he went along to the audition and landed one of the parts in the play.In 1994, when he was 13, he starred in The Browning Version(his first film)^[6] It was clear to both his school and his parents that he had a natural talent but it was always music that was at the forefront of his mind. Jim moved to Manchester to attend Salford University as a way of hoping to start another band and hang around the Manchester music scene, where most of his music idols were from. It was here that he fell in with a group of aspiring actors and film makers, and his passion for acting was re ignited. He started to write and perform his own short films and plays, and it was whilst performing his one person show 'BUZZIN', based around his performance poetry, that Jim was discovered by an acting agent. Jim moved back to London and started to get work as an actor in Television productions such as the ITV Drama 'A Touch of Frost', where he gave an acclaimed performance as a young boy suffering from Asperger's Syndrome. He also joined a seven piece band called 'Saint Faith' where the band recorded and played gigs around the area of Camden Town in London where he was living. He continued to work in British Telefilms and Independent films such as Mouth to Mouth and used it as a way to fund his music. It was at this time that visionary director Julie Taymor was looking for a fresh raw talent, in both music and acting, to star in her Beatle's inspired musical Across the Universe. Jim landed the lead role as Jude, a young lad from Liverpool who goes to America in search of his father, and ends up getting thrown into the electric and revolutionary times of the 1960s.

Acting career[link]

In 2007, he made his big break in Julie Taymor's musical Across the Universe, portraying Jude Feeny, a paternally-shorn young man who travels to the US amid the raging throes of the late 1960s and falls in love with sheltered American teenager, Lucy, played by Evan Rachel Wood.

In 2008, he appeared in the historical drama The Other Boleyn Girl in the supporting role of George Boleyn opposite Natalie Portman, Scarlett Johansson and Eric Bana. He also starred in 21 as the male lead Ben Campbell, a movie about five MIT students, who, by counting cards, take Las Vegas casinos for millions. Sturgess' co-stars in 21 include Kevin Spacey and Laurence Fishburne.

He played Gavin Kossef in Crossing Over (2009), appearing with Harrison Ford, Ray Liotta and Ashley Judd. Set in Los Angeles, the storyline revolves around immigrants from different countries and backgrounds who share a common bond in desperately trying to gain legal status. Also in 2009, he starred in Kari Skogland’s Fifty Dead Men Walking loosely based on the best-selling true story book by Martin McGartland about a young Irishman recruited by the British police to infiltrate and spy on the Irish Republican Army and who saved about 50 innocent lives in the process.

Heartless, a film directed by Philip Ridley, premiered on 31 August 2009^[7] at the London FrightFest Film Festival, a popular horror film festival. Sturgess appears as Jamie Morgan, a young man whose life has always been blighted by the large, heart-shaped port wine birthmark on his face and sells his soul to the devil. Jim Sturgess won the Best Actor Award at the 2010 Fantasporto Film Festival for his role. The film also won the Best Film Award and the Best Director Award for Philip Ridley.

In 2010, Sturgess starred as a character based on Sławomir Rawicz, a young Polish officer who escaped from a Russian gulag during World War II. The film, The Way Back, is based on a true story and directed by the highly acclaimed Peter Weir.

Additionally in 2010, he provided voice-over work in director Zack Snyder's 3-D animated feature film Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole based on the children's book series, Guardians of Ga'Hoole by Kathryn Lasky.

In May 2010, Sturgess officially signed on to appear in One Day (based on the novel of the same title by David Nicholls) co-starring with Anne Hathaway. The novel is based on two students who meet on 15 July 1988. The story follows them every 15 July over the following twenty years. Directed by Lone Scherfig,^[8] filming was completed on 17 September 2010^[9] and theatrical release in August 2011.

During 2010, he additionally filmed Upside Down. Filming was completed in May 2010 in Montreal and is currently^[when?] in post-production.^[10] Described as a "sci-fi romance". The film is the second full-length feature from writer and director Juan Solanas and is slated for release in 2011.^[11]

A third film project in 2010 was Promised Land to be directed by Michael Winterbottom and according to Variety "will recount the lead up to the 1948 partition of Palestine and the subsequent creation of the state of Israel". Jim Sturgess will star as a British officer hunting down the extremist Jewish factions. Filming is due to begin in October.^[12]

In March and April 2011, filming took place for Ashes,^[13] a film directed by Mat Whitecross. The picture has been described as a contemporary film noir thriller that stars Ray Winstone and Lesley Manville along with Sturgess. Filmed in the Isle of Man, the production is being partially funded by the band Coldplay, university friends of the director.^[14] In September 2011, filming began for Cloud Atlas to be released in October 2011.^{[dated info]}

Music career[link]

Jim has been writing a performing his own music since the age of 15. He has played in bands around the Camden music scene for many years in bands such as Saint Faith and Dilated Spies. He has also written music for some of his films including 2 tracks that he wrote and performed for the film Crossing Over. He also co wrote the track Panic and Magic with Mickey O'Brien and collaborated with Director Philip Ridley in 3 tracks that appear in the film Heartless. He is currently working alongside his girlfriend Mickey O'Brien, keyboardist for the band La Roux on his latest band Tragic Toys.

	"Panic & Magic" noicon Sturgess has written music related to both Crossing Over and Heartless
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Filmography[link]

Discography[link]

Soundtrack[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

• 2008: Won, "Best Ensemble" – 21 (shared w/co-stars) at the ShoWest Convention, USA
• 2008: Nominated, "Choice Movie Breakout Male" – 21 at the Teen Choice Awards
• 2008: Nominated, "Choice Movie Breakout Male" – Across the Universe at the Teen Choice Awards
• 2008: Nominated, "Best Performance By An Actor In A Canadian Film" – Fifty Dead Men Walking at the Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards
• 2009: First Runner Up, "Best Actor Golden Space Needle Award" – Fifty Dead Men Walking^[20] at the Seattle International Film Festival
• 2009: Nominated, "Best Newcomer"^[21] at the Jameson Empire Awards (UK)
• 2010: Won, "Best Actor" – Heartless^[22] at the Fantasporto awards.

Notes[link]

1.^ From the soundtrack 21 – Original Motion Picture Score, not to be confused with the film's other soundtrack Music From The Motion Picture 21.

• Jim Sturgess talks about his music tastes
• Jim Sturgess interview at Reviewgraveyard.com