The Guayaquil conference between Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, the greatest libertadores (liberators) of Spanish America.

Libertadores (Spanish: [liβertaˈðoɾes], Portuguese: [libeʁtaˈdoɾis], "Liberators") refers to the principal leaders of the Latin American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal. They are named that way in contrast with the Conquistadors, who were so far the only Spanish/Portuguese peoples recorded in the South American history.^{[1][clarification needed]}

They were largely bourgeois, criollos (local-born people of European, mostly of Spanish or Portuguese, ancestry) influenced by liberalism and in most cases with military training in the metropole (mother country).

The four liberators identified as among the most prominent by both Robert Harvey and Felipe Pigna are:

• Francisco de Miranda
• Simón Bolívar
• José de San Martín
• Bernardo O'Higgins

List of libertadores[link]

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took part in	Contributed to the independence of	Refs
	Simón Bolívar (1783-1830)	Admirable Campaign	Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia	[2]
	José de San Martín (1778-1850)	Crossing of the Andes	Argentina, Chile and Peru	[3]
	Ramón Castilla (1797-1867)		Peru	[4]
	Andrés de Santa Cruz (1764-1850)		Bolivia and Peru	[5]
	José Gervasio Artigas (1764-1850)		Uruguay	[6]
	Manuel Belgrano (1770-1820)		Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia	[7]
	Thomas Cochrane (1775-1860)		Brazil, Chile	[8]
	Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753-1811)		Mexico	[9]
	Agustín de Iturbide (1783-1824)		Mexico	[8]
	Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816)		Venezuela	[10]
	José María Morelos (1765-1815)		Mexico	[11]
	Mariano Moreno (1778-1811)		Argentina	[12]
	Bernardo O'Higgins (1778-1842)		Chile and Peru	[13][14]
	Pedro I of Brazil (1798-1834)		Brazil	[15]
	Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830)		Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela	[16]

Legacy[link]

The flags of Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador follow Francisco de Miranda's design of 1806. Also, Bolivia was named after Bolivar, who in turn was president of Colombia, Bolivia and twice of Venezuela. San Martín served as "President Protector" of Peru.

Liberators' names were used all over South America to name anything from towns and places to institutions and sports clubs. Also, the most prestigious international club football competition in South America is named the Copa Libertadores in their honour.

See also[link]

Spanish American wars of independence portal

• List of national founders
• Father of the Nation
• Founding Fathers of the United States

Bibliography[link]

• Robert Harvey. Liberators: Latin America's Struggle for Independence. Woodstock, The Overlook Press, 2000. ISBN 1-58567-072-3
• Marion Lansing. Liberators and Heroes of South America. Boston, L. C. Page & Co., 1940.
• Irene Nicholson. The Liberators: A Study of Independence Movements in Spanish America. New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1968.
• Pigna, Felipe (2010). Libertadores de América. Buenos Aires: Planeta. ISBN 978-950-49-2420-3. 

References[link]

External links[link]

• (Spanish) "Sucre, Bolívar y San Martín" Argentine Ministry of Economy

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

The terms Old Boys and Old Girls are the usual expressions in use in the United Kingdom for former pupils or alumni of primary and secondary schools.^[1] While these are traditionally associated with independent schools, they are also used for some schools in the state sector. The term is also used for those who attended New Zealand schools, Sri Lankan schools, a few universities in the UK and, to a lesser extent, schools in Australia, Canada and South Africa.

The Old Boy form is given a specific identification for each school. Some schools use an adjectival form of the school name, such as "Old Etonian", "Old Harrovian", or "Old Reptonian" (old boys of Eton College, Harrow School, and Repton School).^[1] Some use a Latin form derived from the Latin name of the school or its location as "Old Novocastrian" (old boys of the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle upon Tyne). Some are based on the name of the founder, such as "Old Wykehamist" and "Old Alleynian" (for old boys of Winchester College, founded by William of Wykeham, and Dulwich College, founded by Edward Alleyn). Some are based on the school's location or street, such as "Old Gowers" (for University College School, originally in Gower Street). Many of the schools have histories dating back several hundred years, and the Old Boy forms may have been in use for a hundred years or more. Other more recently established schools have devised Old Boy names that are distinctive to prevent confusion with other schools. The tradition for many girls schools has been to use the term "Seniors" rather than "Old Girls".

Almost all of these schools have old boy associations that use the official name. Some schools have amalgamated or been renamed through various transformations, but they usually maintain a consistent name for their old boy associations. Many of these schools have teams that compete nationally in sports such as cricket, rugby union, soccer, field hockey and golf, and these teams are usually referred to by the standard Old Boy name, although some also have nicknames. In deference to this tradition, the standard "Old Boys" is often used for sporting clubs and used as part of many sporting associations and clubs worldwide. Examples include Argentine football club Newell's Old Boys, New Zealand rugby union club High School Old Boys RFC and Swiss football club BSC Old Boys.

Lists of schools and old boy associations[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

India[link]

New Zealand[link]

Sri Lanka[link]

South Africa[link]

United Kingdom[link]