Look up stem in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Stem may refer to:

Science[link]

• Plant stem, the aboveground structures that have vascular tissue and that support leaves and flowers
     Also see similar:
  • Stipe (botany)
  • Stipe (mycology)
• Stem cell
• The stem or stem group of a clade (in biological classification) consists of extinct organisms more closely related to the crown group than to any other extant clade.

Music[link]

• Stem (music), a part of a written musical note
• "Stem", a song by Canadian musician Hayden from his 1995 album Everything I Long For
• "Stem", a song by American industrial metal band Static-X from its 1999 album Wisconsin Death Trip
• "Stem", a song by DJ Shadow on the album Endtroducing.....
• The Stems, an Australian garage rock/power pop group from the 1980s

Other[link]

• Word stem, the base part of a word not including inflectional morphemes
• Stem (bicycle part), connects the handlebars to the steer tube of a bicycle fork
• A group of audio tracks as used in Stem mixing and mastering.
• Crack stem, a device for smoking crack cocaine
• Stem (REXX language), part of a compound variable in the REXX computer programming language
• Stem (ship), the upright member mounted on the forward end of a vessel's keel, to which the strakes are attached
• Stem (skiing) is a technique in skiing
• Watch stem

STEM may refer to:

• Scanning transmission electron microscopy
• STEM fields, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, as collective fields of study
• Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler, a free software developed by IBM

See also[link]

• STEMM, an American metal band
• Stemme, a German light aircraft manufacturer

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Susan Solomon
Susan Solomon
Born	1956 (age 55–56) Chicago, Illinois
Citizenship	United States
Fields	Atmospheric Chemistry
Institutions	MIT
Alma mater	B.S. Illinois Institute of Technology, Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley
Known for	Ozone Studies
Notable awards	National Medal of Science

Susan Solomon (born 1956 in Chicago)^[1] is an atmospheric chemist working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.^[2] Solomon was one of the first to propose chlorofluorocarbons as the cause of the Antarctic ozone hole.^[2]

Solomon is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the European Academy of Sciences, and the Academy of Sciences of France.^[3]

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Solomon began her interest in science as a child watching The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau.^[1] In high school she placed third in a national science fair, with a project that measured the percent of oxygen in a gas mixture.^[1]

Solomon received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1977.^[4] She received her Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1981, where she specialized in atmospheric chemistry.^[4]

Marriage[link]

Solomon married Barry Sidwell in 1988.^[1]

Work[link]

Solomon is the head of the Chemistry and Climate Processes Group of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Chemical Sciences Division.

Books[link]

The Coldest March: Scott's Fatal Antarctic Expedition - Depicts the tale of Captain Robert Falcon Scott's failed 1912 Antarctic expedition, specifically applying the comparison of modern meteorological data with that recorded by Scott's expedition in an attempt to shed new light on the reasons for the demise of Scott's polar party.

The ozone hole[link]

Solomon was chosen to lead the National Ozone Expedition to McMurdo Sound in Antarctica to investigate the hole in the ozone layer in 1986 and another in 1987.^[2] Her team discovered higher levels of chlorine oxide than expected in the atmosphere, which had been released by the chlorofluorocarbons.^[4]

Solomon also showed that volcanoes could accelerate the reactions caused by chlorofluorocarbons, and so increase the damage to the ozone layer.^[4] Her work formed the basis of the U.N. Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to protect the ozone layer by regulating damaging chemicals.^[1]

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[link]

Solomon served as one of the co-chairs of Working Group 1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.^[2]

Awards[link]

• 2009 – Volvo Environment Prize
• 2008 – Great Medal of the Academy of Sciences of France
• 2007 – Nobel Peace Prize (awarded jointly to Al Gore and all IPCC members)
• 2007 – William Bowie Medal
• 2004 – Blue Planet Prize^[1]
• 2000 – Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal
• 1999 – National Medal of Science^[4]
• 1994 – Antarctic glacier named in her honor

References[link]