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A landform in the earth sciences and geology sub-fields, comprises a geomorphological unit, and is largely defined by its surface form and location in the landscape, as part of the terrain, and as such, is typically an element of topography. Landform elements also include seascape and oceanic waterbody interface features such as bays, peninsulas, seas and so forth, including sub-aqueous terrain features such as submersed mountain ranges, volcanoes, and the great ocean basins.

Physical characteristics[link]

Landforms are categorised by characteristic physical attributes such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type.

Gross physical features or landforms include intuitive elements such as berms, mounds, hills, ridges, cliffs, valleys, rivers, peninsulas and numerous other structural and size-scaled (i.e. ponds vs. lakes, hills vs. mountains) elements including various kinds of inland and oceanic waterbodies and sub-surface features.

This panorama in Great Smoky Mountains National Park has the readily identifiable physical features of a rolling plain, actually part of a broad valley, distant foothills, and a backdrop of the old, much weathered Appalachian mountain range

Hierarchy of classes[link]

Oceans and continents exemplify the highest-order landforms. Landform elements are parts of a high-order landforms that can be further identified and systematically given a cohesive definition such as hill-tops, shoulders, saddles, foreslopes and backslopes.

Some generic landform elements including: pits, peaks, channels, ridges, passes, pools and plains, may be extracted from a digital elevation model using some automated techniques where the data has been gathered by modern satellites and stereoscopic aerial surveillance cameras.^[1] Until recently, compiling the data found in such data sets required time consuming and expensive techniques of many man-hours.

Terrain (or relief) is the third or vertical dimension of land surface. Topography is the study of terrain, although the word is often used as a synonym for relief itself. When relief is described underwater, the term bathymetry is used. In cartography, many different techniques are used to describe relief, including contour lines and TIN (Triangulated irregular network).

Elementary landforms (segments, facets, relief units) are the smallest homogeneous divisions of the land surface, at the given scale/resolution. These are areas with relatively homogenous morphometric properties, bounded by lines of discontinuity. A plateau or a hill can be observed at various scales ranging from few hundred meters to hundreds of kilometers. Hence, the spatial distribution of landforms is often scale-dependent as is the case for soils and geological strata.

A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition, can generate and affect landforms. Biological factors can also influence landforms— for example, note the role of vegetation in the development of dune systems and salt marshes, and the work of corals and algae in the formation of coral reefs.

Landforms do not include man-made features, such as canals, ports and many harbors; and geographic features, such as deserts, forests, grasslands, and impact craters.

Many of the terms are not restricted to refer to features of the planet Earth, and can be used to describe surface features of other planets and similar objects in the Universe. Examples are mountains, hills, polar caps, and valleys, which are found on all of the terrestrial planets.

See also[link]

• List of landforms
• Terrain

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Landforms

Look up landform in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Solar Fields
Solar Fields
Background information
Origin	Gothenburg, Sweden
Genres	IDM Ambient Psybient Psytrance Downtempo
Years active	2001 - present
Labels	Ultimae Records
Associated acts	H.U.V.A Network
Website	http://www.solarfields.com/
Members
Magnus Birgersson

Solar Fields is the stage name of Swedish electronic music artist Magnus Birgersson. He has released eleven albums, and has also scored all interactive in-game music for the Electronic Arts game Mirror's Edge.^[1] His eleventh album, Random Friday, was available for pre-order and was released on the 28^th of April, 2012. ^[2]

History[link]

Magnus Birgersson was involved in many projects as a teenager, playing drums, various percussion, piano, and keyboards for several bands before launching his own Solar Fields project in 2001 with the album Reflective Frequencies.^[3]

His music has been described as electronic ambient, atmospheric, deep, ecstatic, industrial, yet organic.

In 2007 he began composing the in-game score for Mirror's Edge, a first-person action adventure game by Electronic Arts and DICE, released worldwide on 14 November 2008.

The album "Movements" is used as soundtrack for the Indie game Capsized from the small Canadian studio Alientrap in 2011.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 2001: Reflective Frequencies
• 2003: Blue Moon Station
• 2005: Leaving Home
• 2005: Extended
• 2007: EarthShine
• 2009: Movements
• 2009: Mirror's Edge (original game score)
• 2010: Altered - Second Movements
• 2010: Origin #01
• 2011: Until We Meet the Sky
• 2012: Random Friday

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website. Accessed November 4, 2008
• Solar Fields on Facebook
• Myspace page
• Solar Fields discography at MusicBrainz
• Solar Fields' discography on Discogs
• Solar Fields on Last.fm
• Solar Fields interview on Music4Games concerning Mirror's Edge in-score

This article about a Swedish band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Stan Allen is an American architect, theorist and dean of the School of Architecture at Princeton University. He received a B.A. from Brown University, a B.Arch. from the Cooper Union and an M.Arch. from Princeton University and has worked in the offices of Richard Meier and Rafael Moneo. He was formerly the director, with landscape architect James Corner, of Field Operations. His practice, Stan Allen Architect, is based in Brooklyn.

Responding to the complexity of the modern city, Allen has developed an extensive catalogue of urbanistic strategies, in particular looking at field theory, landscape architecture and ecology as models to revitalize the practices of urban design. His urban projects have been published in Points and Lines: Diagrams and Projects for the City (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1999) and his theoretical essays in Practice: Architecture, Technique and Representation, published in 2000 by G+B Arts in their Critical Voices series. A revised edition of this book was published in 2009 by Routledge. He lectures and publishes extensively, both in the U.S. and abroad, and participates in numerous international design conferences and symposia.

In addition to design awards and competition prizes, Allen has been awarded Fellowships in Architecture from the New York Foundation for the Arts, The New York State Council on the Arts, a Design Arts Grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, a Graham Foundation Grant, and a President's Citation from The Cooper Union in 2002.

Prior to his move to Princeton in 2002, Allen directed the AAD (Advanced Architectural Design) Program at Columbia University's GSAPP.

External links[link]

• Stan Allen Architect website