Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1882

Year 1882 (MDCCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.

Events[link]

January–March[link]

• February 3 – P. T. Barnum purchases the elephant Jumbo.
• March 2 – Roderick Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria.
• March 20 – British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone.
• March 22 – Polygamy is made a felony by the Edmunds Act as passed by the U.S. Congress.
• March 24 – Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
• March 28 – Republican Jules Ferry makes primary education in France free, non-clerical (laique) and obligatory.
• March 29 – The Knights of Columbus are established.

April–June[link]

• April 3 – Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by Robert Ford.
• May 2 – Charles Stewart Parnell is released.
• May 6 – The "Invincibles" (militant Irish republicans) kill Lord Frederick Cavendish, chief secretary for Ireland and permanent undersecretary T.H. Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin;
• May 8 – The Chinese Exclusion Act is the first important law which restricts immigration into the U.S.A.
• May 20 – The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
• June 6
  • A cyclone in the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor, leaving about 100,000 dead.
  • Battle of Embabo: The Shewan forces of Menelik defeat the Gojjame army.
• June 11 – The Urabi Revolt breaks out in Egypt against the Khedive and European influence in that country.
• June 28 – Anglo-French Convention of 1882 signed marking territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.
• June 30 – U.S. presidential assassin Charles Guiteau is hanged.

July–September[link]

• July 11 – British troops occupy Alexandria and the Suez Canal.
• July 26 – Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.
• July 31 – The Hebrew Moshava of Rishon Le-Zion is founded.
• August 3 – The U.S. Congress passes the 1882 Immigration Act.
• August 5 – Standard Oil of New Jersey is established.
• August 18 – The Married Women's Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain; it enables women to buy, own and sell property and to keep their own earnings.
• August 20 – Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture debuts in Moscow.
• September 4 – Thomas Edison flips the switch to the first commercial electrical power plant in history, lighting one square mile of lower Manhattan. This is considered by many as the day that began the electrical age.
• September 5 – The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.
• September 13 – 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.

Photograph of the comet as seen from Cape Town by David Gill

• September 18 – Great Comet of 1882: Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, David Gill, reported watching the comet rise a few minutes before the Sun and described it as "The nucleus was then undoubtedly single, and certainly rather under than over 4″ in diameter; in fact, as I have described it, it resembled very much a star of the 1st magnitude seen by daylight."

October–December[link]

• October 5 – The Society for Ethical Culture of Chicago – (currently the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago) is founded by Felix Adler.
• October 14 – The University of the Punjab is founded in present day Pakistan.
• October 16 – The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.
• November 14 – Franklin Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona.
• November 16 – The Royal Navy's HMS Flirt destroys Abari village in Niger.
• December 6 – The last transit of the planet Venus until 2004 occurs.
• December – Zichron Yaakov is founded in northern Israel.

Date unknown[link]

• Nikola Tesla conceives the rotating magnetic field principle and uses it to invent the alternating current generator/motor.
• First International Polar Year, an international scientific program, begins.
• Ferdinand von Lindemann publishes his proof of the transcendentality of pi.
• Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa.
• A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay.
• Pogroms in Southern Russia^{[disambiguation needed ]} end.
• The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents is founded (now called Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys).
• Redruth Mining School opens in Cornwall.
• The Personal Liberty League is established to oppose the temperance movement in the United States.
• Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
• St Andrew's Ambulance Association in Glasgow, Scotland, and St. John Ambulance in Canada are founded.
• Édouard Manet exhibits his painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère at the Paris Salon.
• Founding of:
  • Waterloo Rugby Club
  • Tottenham Hotspur F.C. (as Hotspur F.C.)
  • Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers)
  • Queens Park Rangers F.C.
  • Burnley F.C.
  • Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club

Births[link]

January–March[link]

• January 6
  • Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965)
  • Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1961)
• January 12 – Milton Sills, American stage & film actor (d. 1930)
• January 13 – Alois Hitler, Jr., Austrian elder half-brother of Adolf Hitler (d. 1956)
• January 17
  • Arnold Rothstein, Jewish/American gangster (d. 1928)
  • Noah Beery, American actor (d. 1946)
• January 18 – A. A. Milne, British author (d. 1956)
• January 25 – Virginia Woolf, English writer (d. 1941)
• January 30 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States (d. 1945)
• January 31
  • Fritz Leiber, Sr., American stage and screen actor (d. 1949)
  • J. Homer Tutt, American vaudeville producer and performer (d. 1951)
• February 1 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)
• February 2
  • James Joyce, Irish author (d. 1941)
  • Anne Bauchens, American film editor worked for 40 years with Cecil B. DeMille (d. 1967)
• February 4 – E. J. Pratt, Canadian poet (d. 1964)
• February 8 – Thomas Selfridge, United States Army officer and first person killed in airplane crash (d. 1908)
• February 11 – Valli Valli, Broadway actress (d. 1927)
• February 15 – John Barrymore, American actor (d. 1942)
• February 22 – Eric Gill, British sculptor and writer (d. 1940)
• February 26 – Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968)
• February 28 – Geraldine Farrar, American soprano (d. 1967)
• March 6 – F. Burrall Hoffman, American architect (d. 1980)
• March 8 – Alfred A. Cunningham, American aviator, the first United States Marine Corps aviator (d. 1939)
• March 14 – Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
• March 15 – James Lightbody, American middle distance runner (d. 1953)
• March 18 – Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer (d. 1973)
• March 22 – John W. Wilcox, Jr., American admiral (d. 1942)
• March 23 – Emmy Noether, German mathematician (d. 1935)
• March 26 – Hermann Obrecht, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1940)
• March 30 – Melanie Klein, Viennese child psychoanalyst (d. 1960)

April–June[link]

• April 4 – Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1934)
• April 17 – Artur Schnabel, Polish pianist (d. 1951)
• April 18
  • Isabel J. Cox, wife of Canadian prime minister Arthur Meighen (d. 1985)
  • Leopold Stokowski, English conductor (d. 1977)
  • Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian writer (d. 1948)
• April 19 – Getúlio Vargas, president of Brazil (d. 1954)
• April 21 – Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1961)
• April 24 – Hugh Dowding, commander of the RAF Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain (d. 1970)
• April 29 – H.N. Werkman, Dutch artist and printer (d. 1945)
• May 5 – Sylvia Pankhurst, suffragette (d. 1960)
• May 6 – Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir-apparent of Emperor Wilhelm II (d. 1951)
• May 9
  • Henry J. Kaiser, American industrialist (d. 1967)
  • George Barker, American painter (d. 1965)
• May 13 – Georges Braque, French painter (d. 1963)
• May 19 – Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967)
• May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
• May 25 – Marie Doro, American stage & silent film actress (d. 1956)
• May 26 – Roderick McMahon, American professional boxing and wrestling promoter (d. 1954)
• May 30 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner (d. 1915)
• June 9 – Robert Kerr, Canadian sprinter (d. 1963)
• June 15 – Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister and dictator (d. 1946)
• June 17
  • Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (d. 1971)
  • Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. 1918)
• June 28 – Valeska Surratt, stage actress & silent film star (d. 1962)

July–September[link]

• July 8 – Percy Aldridge Grainger, Australian composer (d. 1962)
• July 17 – James Somerville, British admiral (d. 1949)
• July 22 – Edward Hopper, American painter (d. 1967)
• July 25 – George S. Rentz, United States Navy Chaplain and Navy Cross winner (d. 1942)
• July 27 – Geoffrey de Havilland, British aviation pioneer and aircraft company founder (d. 1965)
• August 11 – Rodolfo Graziani, Italian General (d. 1955)
• August 14 – Gisela Richter, English art historian (d. 1972)
• August 15 – Christian Mortensen, Oldest verified male ever (d. 1998)
• August 19 – MacGillivray Milne, United States Navy Captain and the 27th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1959)
• August 22
  • Raymonde de Laroche, French aviatrix, the first woman to receive an aviator's license (d. 1919)
  • Madame de Meuron, famed Swiss noble lady and eccentric from Bern (d. 1980)
• August 25 – Seán T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966)
• August 26 – James Franck, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
• September – Ma Rainey, blues singer (d. 1939)
• September 13 – Ramón Grau, Cuban president (d. 1969)
• September 16 – Robert Hichens, Titanic Quartermaster, man at the wheel when Titanic hit the iceberg (d. 1940)
• September 22 – Wilhelm Keitel, German field marshal (d. 1946)
• September 30 – George Bancroft, American Hollywood film actor (d. 1956)

October–December[link]

• October 3 – A. Y. Jackson, Canadian painter (d. 1974)
• October 5 – Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist (d. 1945)
• October 6 – Karol Szymanowski, Polish composer (d. 1937)
• October 14
  • Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975)
  • Charlie Parker, English cricketer (d. 1959)
• October 20 – Bela Lugosi, Hungarian-born actor (d. 1956)
• October 24 – Sybil Thorndike, British stage & film actress (d. 1976)
• October 25 – Florence Easton, English opera soprano (d. 1955)
• October 30
  • William Halsey, Jr., American admiral (d. 1959)
  • Günther von Kluge, German field marshal (d. 1944)
• November 6 – Thomas Ince, film producer (d. 1924)
• November 8 – Ethel Clayton, silent screen star (d. 1966)
• November 11 – King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973)
• November 15 – Felix Frankfurter, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1965)
• November 18 – Jacques Maritain, Catholic philosopher (d. 1973)
• November 20 – Ethel May Halls, American theatrical and film actress (d. 1967)
• November 29 – Henri Fabre, pioneer French aviator, inventor of Le Canard (d. 1984)
• December 9 – Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (d. 1949)
• December 11
  • Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil Indian poet (d. 1921)
  • Max Born, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
• December 16
  • Zoltán Kodály, Hungarian composer (d. 1967)
  • Jack Hobbs, English cricketer (d. 1963)
  • Walther Meissner, German technical physicist (d. 1974)
• December 18 – Richard Maury, American naturalized Argentine engineer (d. 1950)
• December 23 – Mokichi Okada, Japanese Religious (d. 1955)
• December 31 – Martin O'Meara, Australian soldier (d. 1935)

Deaths[link]

January–June[link]

• January 7 – Ignacy Lukasiewicz, Polish pharmacist and inventor of the first method of distilling kerosene from seep oil, creator of the first oil lamp (b. 1822)
• January 6 – Richard Henry Dana, Jr., founder of Dana Point, CA (b. 1815)
• January 13 – Juraj Dobrila, Croatian bishop (b. 1812)
• February 6 – J. J. McCarthy, Irish architect (b. 1817)
• March 9 – Giovanni Lanza, Italian politician (b. 1810)
• March 19 – Carl Robert Jakobson, Estonian writer, politician and teacher (b. 1841)
• March 24 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, American author (b. 1807)
• April 3 – Jesse James, American Western outlaw (b. 1847)
• April 10 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, English poet and painter (b. 1828)
• April 11 – John Lenthall, American naval architect and shipbuilder (b. 1807)
• April 12 – Henri Giffard, French balloonist and aviation pioneer (b. 1825)
• April 17
  • George Jennings, English sanitary engineer (b. 1801)
  • Antonio Fontanesi, Italian painter (b. 1818)
• April 19 – Charles Darwin, British naturalist (b. 1809)
• April 27 – Ralph Waldo Emerson, American philosopher and writer (b. 1803)
• May 5 – John Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1812)
• June 2 – Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian patriot (b. 1807)
• June 3 – Christian Wilberg, German painter (b. 1839)
• June 25
  • François Jouffroy, French sculptor (b. 1806)
  • Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (b. 1843)
• June 30 – Alberto Henschel, German-Brazilian photographer and businessman (b. 1827)

July–December[link]

• July 4 – Joseph Brackett, American Shaker religious leader and composer (b. 1797)
• July 16 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818)
• July 20 – Fanny Parnell, Irish poet and founder of the Ladies' Land League (b. 1848)
• August 25 – Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, Estonian writer and physician (b. 1803)
• August 31 – Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz, Brazilian physician, writer and publisher (b. 1812)
• September 8 – Joseph Liouville, French mathematician (b. 1809)
• September 30 – José Milla y Vidaurre, Guatemalan writer (b. 1822)
• November 7 – Julius Hübner, German painter (b. 1806)
• November 14 – Billy Claiborne, American gunfighter (b. 1860)
• December 3 – Archibald Campbell Tait, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1811)
• December 6
  • Alfred Escher, Swiss politician, railroad entrepreneur (b. 1819)
  • Louis Blanc, French politician and historian (b. 1811)
  • Anthony Trollope, British novelist and postal service official (b. 1815)
• December 18 – Henry James Sr., American theologian (b. 1811)
• December 21 – Francesco Hayez, Italian painter (b. 1791)
• December 31 – Léon Gambetta, French statesman (b. 1838)

References[link]

• 1882 Coin Pictures

Moritz (Maurice, Maurycy) Moszkowski (23 August 1854 – 4 March 1925) was a German Jewish^[1] composer, pianist, and teacher of Polish descent. His brother Alexander Moszkowski (1851–1934) was a famous writer and satirist in Berlin. Ignacy Paderewski said, "After Chopin, Moszkowski best understands how to write for the piano". Although little known today, Moszkowski was well respected and popular during the late nineteenth century.

Biography[link]

He was born in Breslau, Prussia (now the Polish city Wrocław) into a Jewish family and studied music in Breslau, Dresden and Berlin, under Theodor Kullak and others. He was a teacher in Berlin for many years, and became very friendly with Xaver and Philipp Scharwenka. He also played four-hand pieces with Franz Liszt. He was an ardent Jew, at a time when many Jews downplayed their Jewishness.^[2] His pupils included Frank Damrosch, Joaquín Nin, Ernest Schelling and Joaquín Turina. He also claimed that Josef Hofmann was his student, although at other times he said there was nothing anyone could teach him, so this claim is uncertain.^[2] After a successful career as a concert pianist and conductor, he settled in Paris in 1897. During this time (1887), he was awarded honorary membership of the Royal Philharmonic Society in London.

In Paris, he lived on the rue Blanche, and in the summer he rented a villa owned by Henri Murger.^[2] His Parisian students included Vlado Perlemuter, Thomas Beecham and, informally, Gaby Casadesus. In 1899 the Berlin Academy elected him a member. He was many times invited by piano manufacturers to appear in the United States, to show off their pianos, but despite being offered massive fees, he always refused.^[2]

By 1908 he had become a recluse. He stopped taking composition pupils because "they wanted to write like artistic madmen such as Scriabin, Schoenberg, Debussy, Satie ...". He had become a widower before World War I. He had two children. His second wife was the sister of Cécile Chaminade.

He sold all his copyrights, which made him rich for the first time in his life, but he invested the lot in German, Polish and Russian bonds and securities, which were rendered worthless on the outbreak of the war. In 1922, when he was ill and heavily in debt, his friends and admirers arranged a grand testimonial concert on his behalf at Carnegie Hall, involving 14 grand pianos on stage. Ossip Gabrilowitsch, Percy Grainger, Josef Lhévinne, Wilhelm Backhaus and Harold Bauer were among the performers, Paderewski telegrammed his apologies, and Frank Damrosch conducted. The concert netted $10,000, and the money provided relief from his immediate financial problems, however Moszkowski's illness lingered and in 1925 another benefit concert was arranged. Moszkowski died in March of that year before the new supply of funds could reach him. The money raised went instead to pay his funeral expenses and to his wife and daughter.

Works[link]

The orchestral opening to his Piano Concerto

In the second movement, the piano plays a variation of the main melody

His music is brilliant, but has also been described as "devoid of the masculine and the feminine".^[2] He wrote over two hundred small-scale piano pieces, which brought him much popularity – notably his set of Spanish Dances, Op. 12, for piano duet (later arranged for solo piano, and for orchestra ^[3]).

His early Serenade, Op. 15, was world-famous and appeared in many guises, including the song Liebe, kleine Nachtigall. Today he is probably best known for his fifteen Études de Virtuosité, Op. 72, which have been performed by virtuoso pianists such as Vladimir Horowitz and Marc-André Hamelin. Ilana Vered made the first complete recording in 1970. Many of his small but brilliant piano pieces, such as Étincelles (Sparks), are used as encore performances at the end of classical concerts.

He also wrote larger scale works including a Piano Concerto in E major, Op. 59 (1898), a Violin Concerto in C major, Op. 30, three orchestral suites (Opp. 39, 47, 79), and a symphonic poem Jeanne d'Arc, Op. 19. His opera Boabdil der letzte Maurenkönig, Op. 49, on the historical theme of the capture of Granada, was premiered at the Berlin Court Opera on 21 April 1892, and appeared in Prague and New York the following year. It did not stay in the repertoire, but its ballet music was very popular for a number of years. He wrote a three-act ballet Laurin in 1896.

Quotations[link]

Moritz Moszkowski once underscribed an autograph book which had been previously inscribed by the great German conductor, virtuoso pianist and composer Hans von Bülow, who had written the following words: "The three greatest composers are Bach, Beethoven and Brahms. All the others are cretins." When Moszkowski saw this, he added underneath: "The three greatest composers are Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer and Moszkowski. All the others are Christians!"^[4]

Recordings[link]

	Concerto #1, 1st movement Nico Snel conducts the Seattle Philharmonic Concerto #1, 2nd movement Concerto #1, 3rd movement
Problems listening to these files? See media help.

Ilana Vered made the first complete recording of Moszkowski's Études de Virtuosité, Op. 72, in 1970. Seta Tanyel completed only the first three volumes of her intended recording of all Moszkowski's solo piano works before the recording company went bankrupt.

The Piano Concerto in E major has been recorded by Piers Lane. The Suite in G minor for 2 violins and piano, Op. 71, has been recorded by such duos as Itzhak Perlman and Pinchas Zukerman.

Selected discography[link]

• Moritz Moszkowski and Paderewski: The Romantic Piano Concerto, Vol. 1. (Piers Lane)
• Moritz Moszkowski: Piano Music Vol. 1, 2 & 3 (Seta Tanyel)
• Moritz Moszkowski: Piano Concerto In E major & Suite for Orchestra "From Foreign Lands". Markus Pawlik, Antoni Wit
• Moritz Moszkowski: Serenata. John McCormack, Fritz Kreisler
• Moritz Moszkowski: Vingt Petites Études, Op. 91 & Brahms: Hungarian Dances. Esther Budiardjo

See also[link]

• List of compositions by Moritz Moszkowski

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Free scores by Moritz Moszkowski at the International Music Score Library Project
• Hyperion Recordings: includes audio samples
• Moritz Moszkowski Suite for 2 Violins & Piano, Op.71-Sound-bites and discussion of work
• Youtube Video: Draga Matkovic, oldest still active concerto pianist of the world, plays the Valse brillante Op. 34 Nr. 1 of Moritz Moszkowski on her 102nd birthday, November 4, 2009.
• Etude, Opus 24, No.1, by Moritz Moszkowski, played by Felix Fox on the Ampico Reproducing System, circa 1920, Roll #101003L

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)

Self-Portrait.

Vasily Grigorevich Perov (Russian: Васи́лий Григо́рьевич Перо́в; real name Vasily Grigorevich Kridener (Криденер); 2 January 1834 (21 December 1833 Old Style) – 10 June (29 May Old Style) 1882) was a Russian painter and one of the founding members of Peredvizhniki, a group of Russian realist painters.

Vasily Perov was born 2 January 1834 (21 December 1833 Old Style) in Tobolsk, being the illegitimate son of procurator, baron Grigory Karlovich Kridener. After completing a course at Arzamas uezd school, he was transferred to the Alexander Stupin art school also located in Arzamas. In 1853 he was admitted to the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he learned from several renowned artists.

In 1856 he was awarded with a minor silver medal for his sketch of a boy's head, presented to the Imperial Academy of Arts. Later the Academy gave him many other awards: in 1857 a major silver medal for Commissary of Rural Police Investigating, a minor golden medal for the Scene on a Grave and the Son of a Dyak Promoted to First Rank, and in 1861 a major golden medal for Sermon in a Village.

After receiving the right to a state-paid trip abroad together with a golden medal, in 1862 Perov went to Western Europe, visiting several German cities, and then Paris. During this time he created paintings depicting scenes from European street life, such as the Vendor of statuettes, the Savoyard, the Organ-Grinder in Paris, the Musicians and the Bystanders, and the Paris Ragpickers.

Returning to Moscow early, from 1865 to 1871 Perov created his masterpieces The Queue at The Fountain, A Meal in the Monastery, Last Journey, Troika, the Lent Monday, Arrival of a New Governess in a Merchant House, the Drawing Teacher, A Scene at the Railroad, the Last Tavern at Town Gate, the Birdcatcher, the Fisherman, and the Hunters at Rest.

In 1866 he received the title of an academician, and in 1871 the position of a Professor at Moscow School of Arts, Sculpture and Architecture. It was around this period that he joined the Peredvizhniki.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vasilij Perov

Perow died on 10 June (29 May Old Style), 1882 in the village Kuzminki (now part of Moscow) from tuberculosis. His body was interred at the Donskoe Cemetery.

Some works[link]

• 

  Paris Ragman, 1864

• 

  Troika. Apprentices Fetch Water, 1866

• 

  The Drowned, 1867

• 

  At the Railroad, 1868

• 

  The Bird-Catcher, 1870

• 

  Sleeping Children, 1870

• 

  The Hunters at Rest, 1871

• 

  Alexander Ostrovsky, 1871

• 

  Fyodor Dostoyevsky, 1872

• 

  A Governess Arriving at a Merchant's House

• 

  The Last Tavern at the City Gates

• 

  Pugachev's Judgement, 1879

• 

  First Christians of Kiev, 1880

• 

  Christ on the Mount of Olives

• 

  Nikita Pustosviat. Dispute on the Confession of Faith, 1881

External links[link]

• Perov at Olga's Gallery
• Artists Illustrating Boys Fashions: Vasily Perov (Russia, 1834-82)
• Vasily Perov at Tanais Gallery

Giuseppe Martucci (Italian pronunciation: [dʒuˈzɛppe marˈtuttʃi]; 6 January 1856 – 1 June 1909) was an Italian composer, conductor, pianist and teacher. As a composer and teacher he was influential in reviving Italian interest in non-operatic music. As a conductor he helped to introduce Richard Wagner's operas to Italy and also gave important early concerts of English music there.

Career[link]

Martucci was born at Capua, in Campania. He learned the basics of music from his father, Gaetano, who played the trumpet. He was a child prodigy, performing on the piano at the age of 8.^[1] From the age of 11, he was a student at the Naples Conservatory, on the recommendation of professor Beniamino Cesi,^[2] the latter being a former student of Sigismond Thalberg. Martucci became a student in composition with Paolo Serrao. Martucci subsequently (from 1880 onwards) held a professorship and became director in 1902. Among his students was Ottorino Respighi.

His son Paolo, born in Naples in 1883, also became a pianist of note, briefly teaching at the Cincinnati Conservatory.^[1][2]

He died in Naples in 1909.

Pianist[link]

Martucci's career as an international pianist commenced with a tour through Germany, France and England in 1875, at the age of 19.^[3] He was appointed pianoforte professor at the Naples Conservatory in 1880,^[2] and moved to Bologna in 1886, replacing Luigi Mancinelli there; in 1902 he returned for the last time to Naples, as director of the Royal Conservatory of Music.^[1][3]

Conductor[link]

Martucci's career as conductor started in 1881. As a conductor he helped introduce Richard Wagner's operas to Italy, conducting the first Italian performance of Tristan und Isolde ^[4] in 1888 in Bologna. As well as performing Charles Villiers Stanford's 3rd ("Irish") Symphony in Bologna in 1898,^[5] he also conducted perhaps the only concert of all-British orchestral music on the European continent in the whole period 1851–1900.^[2] He also included music by Brahms, Lalo, Goldmark and others in his programs.

Composer[link]

Martucci began as a composer at the age of 16, with short piano works. He wrote no operas, which was unusual among Italian composers of his generation, but instead concentrated on instrumental music and songs, producing also an oratorio, Samuel.^[6]

His music was influenced primarily but not entirely by Brahms and Schumann.

Legacy[link]

Martucci was championed by Arturo Toscanini during much of the latter's career. The NBC Symphony Orchestra performed a number of Martucci's orchestral works in 1938, 1940, 1941, 1946, and 1953; although the performances were preserved on transcription discs, none was approved for commercial release by Toscanini. All of these performances have been given unofficial release in recent years, on LP as well as CD format. NBC musical director Samuel Chotzinoff, in his 1956 book "Toscanini--An Intimate Portrait", said that every time the Maestro proposed scheduling Martucci's works, certain orchestra members and NBC authorities objected; but the conductor was not to be deterred. Some Toscanini biographers (including Mortimer Frank and Harvey Sachs) have questioned the merit of the compositions and indicate that they do not care for them, speculating that Toscanini may have performed them out of a sense of duty. But enthusiasts of Martucci have no difficulty in understanding the conductor's advocacy.^[7]

Gian Francesco Malipiero said of Martucci's second symphony that it was "the beginning of the rebirth of non-operatic Italian music." Martucci was an instrumentalist pur sang, taking 'absolute music' as his highest goal.

In 1989 Francesco D'Avalos tried to start a revival of Martucci's music by recording four CDs with major works including the two piano concertos, two symphonies, and La canzone dei ricordi. These discs were distributed by ASV Records and later by Brilliant Classics.^[8]

In 2009, to mark the centenary of Martucci's death, Naxos Records released a series of CDs devoted to his orchestral music, featuring the Symphony Orchestra of Rome conducted by Francesco La Vecchia.^[9] In 2011 Riccardo Muti and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra featured Martucci's Nocturne, Op. 70, No. 1 during the orchestra's tour of Europe. ^[10]

Works[link]

Symphonic[link]

• Polka (1871)
• Colore orientale, Op. 44, No. 3 (1880, 1908)
• Danza, Op. 44, No. 6 (1880, 1908)
• Gavotta, Op. 55, No. 2 (1888, 1901)
• Gigue, Op. 61, No. 3 (1883, 1892)
• Canzonetta, Op. 65, No. 2 (1884, 1889)
• Nocturne, Op. 70, No.1 (1891)
• Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 75 (1888–95)^[6]
• Symphony No. 2 in F major, Op. 81 (1899–1904)
• Noveletta, Op. 82, No. 2 (1905, 1907)

Concertante[link]

• Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op. 40 (1878)
• Tema con variazioni in E-flat, Op. 58 (1882) (rev. 1900 & 1905) (orchestral arrangement by Martucci?)
• Piano Concerto No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 66 (1885)
• Andante for Cello and orchestra, Op. 69, No. 2 (1888) (rev. 1907)

Organ[link]

Sonata in D minor, Op. 36 (1879)

Chamber Music[link]

• Divertimento [after Verdi's La forza del destino] for Flute and Piano (1869)
• Piano Trio [after Offenbach's La belle Hélène] (1869)
• Violin Sonata, Op. 22 (1874)
• Piano Quintet in C major, Op. 45 (1878)
• Cello Sonata in F sharp minor, Op. 52 (1880)
• Minuetto for String Quartet, Op. 55, No. 1 (1880, 1893)
• Serenata for String Quartet, Op. 57, No. 2 (1886, 1893)
• Piano Trio No. 1 in C major, Op. 59 (1882)
• Piano Trio No. 2 in E flat major, Op. 62 (1883)
• Momento musicale for String Quartet, Op. 64, No. 1 (1884, 1893)
• 3 Pieces for Violin and Piano, Op. 67 (1886)
• 3 Pieces for Cello and Piano, Op. 69 (1888)
• Melodia for Violin and Piano (1890)
• 2 Romances for Cello and Piano, Op. 72 (1890)

Piano[link]

• 3 polkas and a mazurka (1867)
• Fantasia sull'opera La forza del destino, Op. 1 (1871)
• Polka improvvisata (1872)
• Capriccio No. 1, Op. 2 (1872)
• Capriccio No. 2, Op. 3 (1872)
• Mazurka di concerto, Op. 4 (1872)
• Andante e polka, Op. 5 (1873)
• Tarantella, Op. 6 (1873)
• Agitato, Op. 7 (1873)
• Pensieri sull'opera Un ballo in maschera for piano duet, Op. 8, (1873)
• Studio di concerto, Op. 9 (1873)
• Pensiero musicale, Op. 10 (1873)
• Tempo di mazurka, Op. 11 (1873)
• Capriccio No. 3, Op. 12 (1874)
• Allegro appassionato, Op. 13 (1874)
• Fuga, Op. 14 (1874)
• Capriccio No. 4, Op. 15 (1874)
• Melodia No. 1, Op. 16 (1874)
• Improvviso, Op. 17 (1874)
• Fuga a due parti, Op. 18 (1874)
• Polacca No. 1, Op. 19 (1874)
• Barcarola No. 1, Op. 20 (1874)
• Melodia No. 2, Op. 21 (1874)
• Scherzo, Op. 23 (1875)
• Capriccio di concerto, Op. 24 (1875)
• Nocturne: Souvenir de Milan, Op. 25 (1875)
• Caprice en forme d'étude, Op. 26 (1875)
• 3 romances, Op. 27 (1875)
• Fughetta and Fugue, Op. 28 (1875)
• La caccia, Op. 29 (1876)
• Barcarola No. 2, Op. 30 (1876)
• 4 pieces, Op. 31 (1876)
• Fantasia in D minor, Op. 32 (1876)
• 3 pieces, Op. 33 (1876)
• Piano Sonata in E-major, Op. 34 (1876)
• Mazurka, Op. 35 (1876)
• Racconto in memory of Bellini, Op. 37 (1877)
• 12 preludi facili (1877)
• 6 pieces, Op. 38 (1878)
• Souvenir de Paris, Op. 39 (1878)
• Sonata facile, Op. 41 (1878)
• 3 Notturninos, Op. 42 (1880)
• 7 pieces, Op. 43 (1878–82)
• 6 pieces, Op. 44 (1879–80)
• 3 Walzes, Op. 46( 1879)
• Studio, Op. 47 (1879)
• Polacca No. 2, Op. 48 (1879)
• 3 romances, Op. 49 (1880–82)
• Novella, Op. 50 (1880)
• Fantasia in G minor, Op. 51 (1880)
• 3 Scherzi, Op. 53 (1881)
• Studio caratteristico, Op. 54 (1880)
• 2 pieces, Op. 55 (1880–8)
• Improvviso-fantasia, Op. 56 (1880)
• 2 pieces, Op. 57 (1886)
• Tema con variazioni, Op. 58 (1882), also for orchestra and 2 pianos (1900, 1905) (arrangement by Martucci?)
• Foglie sparse: album di 6 pezzi, Op. 60 (1883)
• 3 pieces, Op. 61 (1883)
• Moto perpetuo, Op. 63 (1884)
• 3 pieces, Op. 64 (1884)
• 3 pieces, Op. 65 (1884)
• Romanza in E-major (1889)
• 2 Nocturnes, Op. 70 (1891)
• Deux pièces, Op. 73 (1893)
• Trèfles à 4 feuilles, Op. 74 (1895)
• Trois morceaux, Op. 76 (1896)
• 2 pieces, Op. 77 (1896)
• 3 small pieces, Op. 78 (1900)
• 3 small pieces, Op. 79 (1901)
• 2 caprices, Op. 80 (1902)
• Melodia No. 3 (1902)
• 3 pieces, Op. 82 (1905)
• 3 pieces, Op. 83 (1905)

Vocal[link]

• Messa a grande orchestra for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1870–71)
• Alma gentil (S. Pellico) for Soprano or Tenor and Piano (1872)
• Samuel (F. Persico), oratorio for solo voices, chorus and orchestra (1881, 1906)
• La canzone dei ricordi (R. Pagliara), (Op. 68) song cycle, Mezzo Soprano or Baritone and piano (1887)
• La canzone dei ricordi (R. Pagliara), (Op. 68) song cycle, Mezzo Soprano or Baritone and orchestra (1898)
• Sogni (C. Ricci), (Op. 68) voice and piano (1888)
• Pagine sparse (Ricci), Op. 68 for voice and piano (1888)
• Ballando! (Ricci) for voice and piano (1889)
• Due canti (Pagliara), (Op. 68) for boys’ voices and organ (1889)
• Tre pezzi (G. Carducci), Op. 84 for voice and piano (1906)

References[link]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Greene, David Mason (1985). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. pp. 830–1. ISBN 0-385-14278-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=m3S7PIxe0mwC&pg=PA831&lpg=PA831&dq=paolo+martucci+1883&source=web&ots=KSdQzQO9P9&sig=4Wa10guTP_eLytFiMZ-ALd_HMAM#PPA830,M1. Retrieved 2007-12-29. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Gatti, Guido M. (1954). Blom, Eric. ed. Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Fifth Edition ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press Inc.. pp. V (L–M): 602–603. OCLC 6085892. 
3. ^ ^{a b} "Martucci Biography". http://grandemusica.net/musical-biographies-m/martucci-giuseppe.html. Retrieved 2007-12-29. ^{[dead link]}
4. ^ Ewen, David (1977, more recent 2007 reprint available online) [1937]. Composers of yesterday : a biographical and critical guide to the most important composers of the past. St. Clair Shores, Mich.: Scholarly Press. p. 278. ISBN 0-403-01551-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=S2LMjmpappgC&pg=PA278&vq=martucci&dq=martucci+tristan&sig=4tHJSHxaR3y4jw0vavfYGtuxFRM. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
5. ^ Dibble, Jeremy (2002). Charles Villiers Stanford: man and musician. London; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 299. ISBN 0-19-816383-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=VevXghb1SwoC&pg=PA299&dq=martucci+stanford&ei=QKRtR8v6DY7-iAGRubV3&sig=tkoxl31McpDT3XEmoEMlrYzzc9I. Retrieved 2007-12-22. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Schlüren, Christoph (2003). "Preface to Score of Martucci First Symphony". Musikproduktion Juergen Hoeflich. http://www.musikmph.de/musical_scores/vorworte/262.html. Retrieved 28 January 2010. 
7. ^ [1]
8. ^ [2]
9. ^ [3]
10. ^ [4]

Further reading[link]

• Perrino, Folco (1996) [1992] (in Italian). Giuseppe Martucci. Novara: Centro studi martucciani. OCLC 39797377. 
• The Complete Orchestral Works of Martucci is available at Brilliant Classics, 4 CD box, recording Philharmonia Orchestra, 1989, conductor Francesco D'Avalos.
• Piano concertos Opp. 40 and 66 are available from a CD by Orchestre Philharmonique de Montpelier, with conductor Massimo De Benart and pianist Jeffrey Swann: Agora Musica B000LH5VIS.

External links[link]

• Free scores by Giuseppe Martucci at the International Music Score Library Project

Claude Monet
Claude Monet, photo by Nadar, 1899.
Birth name	Oscar-Claude Monet
Born	(1840-11-14)14 November 1840 Paris, France
Died	5 December 1926(1926-12-05) (aged 86) Giverny, France
Nationality	French
Field	Painter
Movement	Impressionism
Works	Impression, Sunrise Rouen Cathedral series London Parliament series Water Lilies Haystacks Poplars
Patrons	Gustave Caillebotte, Ernest Hoschedé, Georges Clemenceau
Influenced by	Eugène Boudin, Johan Jongkind, Gustave Courbet

Claude Monet (French pronunciation: [klod mɔnɛ/mɔne]) (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a founder of French impressionist painting, and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to plein-air landscape painting.^[1][2] The term Impressionism is derived from the title of his painting Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant).

Early life[link]

Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the 5th floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.^[3] He was the second son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet, both of them second-generation Parisians. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the local parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude, but his parents called him simply Oscar.^[3][4] In 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the family grocery business, but Monet wanted to become an artist. His mother was a singer.

On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts. Locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a former student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy in about 1856/1857, he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, who became his mentor and taught him to use oil paints. Boudin taught Monet "en plein air" (outdoor) techniques for painting.^[5] Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind.

On 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed childless aunt, Marie-Jeanne Lecadre.

Paris[link]

On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt (1868), an early example of plein-air impressionism, in which a gestural and suggestive use of oil paint was presented as a finished work of art.

When Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would instead go and sit by a window and paint what he saw.^{[citation needed]} Monet was in Paris for several years and met other young painters who would become friends and fellow impressionists; among them was Édouard Manet.

In June 1861, Monet joined the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year commitment, but, two years later, after he had contracted typhoid fever, his aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete an art course at an art school. It is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter. Disillusioned with the traditional art taught at art schools, in 1862 Monet became a student of Charles Gleyre in Paris, where he met Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Frédéric Bazille and Alfred Sisley. Together they shared new approaches to art, painting the effects of light en plein air with broken color and rapid brushstrokes, in what later came to be known as Impressionism.

Monet's Camille or The Woman in the Green Dress (La femme à la robe verte), painted in 1866, brought him recognition and was one of many works featuring his future wife, Camille Doncieux; she was the model for the figures in Women in the Garden of the following year, as well as for On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt, 1868, pictured here. Shortly thereafter, Camille became pregnant and gave birth to their first child, Jean.

Franco-Prussian War, Impressionism, and Argenteuil[link]

Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant) (1872).

Claude Monet Reading (1872) by Renoir

After the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (19 July 1870), Monet took refuge in England in September 1870,^[6] where he studied the works of John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner, both of whose landscapes would serve to inspire Monet's innovations in the study of color. In the spring of 1871, Monet's works were refused authorisation for inclusion in the Royal Academy exhibition.^[7]