- published: 30 Sep 2011
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- Burt Rutan
- Caitlin Murphy
- Calvin Quate
- Camilla Belle
- Candace Parker
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- Cary Grant
- Casey Reinhardt
- Charles Starrett
- Charlotte Casiraghi
- Charlotte Church
- Chen Jin
- Cheryl Keeton
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- Expo 86
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- Pablo Martín
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- Penn Badgley
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- Pierre Fournier
- Pope John Paul II
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- Rafael Nadal
- Raven Riley
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- Ted Knight
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- Tenzing Norgay
- Teppei Koike
- Teresa Palmer
- Tereza Kerndlová
- Thad Jones
- Theo Hutchcraft
- Thomas Morgenstern
- Tiffany Thornton
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- Tim Elliott
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- Tobias Schönenberg
- Tom Hudson
- Tommy Douglas
- Tomáš Verner
- Travis Milne
- Trevor Berbick
- Ulla Strömstedt
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- Urho Kekkonen
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- Vincent Kompany
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- Virginia Gilmore
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Wallace Wade
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- Willard Van Dyke
- Willem Ruis
- Willy Coppens
- Wole Soyinka
- Yakima Canutt
- Yang Mi
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Send this Playlist by SMS
The Best Songs Of 1986
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:31
- Updated: 13 May 2013
The Best Songs Of 1986.
http://wn.com/The_Best_Songs_Of_1986
1986 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Updated: 21 May 2013
30 songs hit #1 in the U.S. in 1986. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
http://wn.com/1986_1_songs
30 songs hit #1 in the U.S. in 1986. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
- published: 17 Feb 2010
- views: 252366
- author: idolwatcher0
1986 Lamborghini Countach - Jay Leno's Garage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:23
- Updated: 22 May 2013
An Italian exclamation of astonishment! The hottest supercar of the 1980s. Subscribe NOW to Jay Leno's Garage: http://full.sc/JD4OF8 Check out the Official J...
http://wn.com/1986_Lamborghini_Countach_Jay_Leno's_Garage
An Italian exclamation of astonishment! The hottest supercar of the 1980s. Subscribe NOW to Jay Leno's Garage: http://full.sc/JD4OF8 Check out the Official J...
- published: 15 Feb 2013
- views: 224518
- author: Jay Leno's Garage
Challenger Disaster Live on CNN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 22 May 2013
January 28th, 1986 at 11:39am EDT - The Space Shuttle Challenger Explodes on its 10th flight during mission STS-51-L. The explosion occurred 73 seconds after...
http://wn.com/Challenger_Disaster_Live_on_CNN
January 28th, 1986 at 11:39am EDT - The Space Shuttle Challenger Explodes on its 10th flight during mission STS-51-L. The explosion occurred 73 seconds after...
- published: 25 Jul 2007
- views: 6878602
- author: Todd
Peter Gabriel - Sledgehammer (1986)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:01
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Music video of 1986 directed by Stephen R. Johnson From Peter Gabriel's 'So' album In 1987, this video won 9 MTV Video Music Awards. For more information abo...
http://wn.com/Peter_Gabriel_Sledgehammer_1986
Music video of 1986 directed by Stephen R. Johnson From Peter Gabriel's 'So' album In 1987, this video won 9 MTV Video Music Awards. For more information abo...
- published: 07 Apr 2008
- views: 3881202
- author: pcfrlog
Queen- live at Wembley Stadium 12-07-1986 Saturday (25th Anniversary Edition)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 111:17
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Full version DVD1 01. One Vision - 1:05 02. Tie Your Mother Down - 5:50 03. In The Lap Of The Gods ... Revisited - 10:15 04. Seven Seas Of Rhye - 12:25 05. T...
http://wn.com/Queen_live_at_Wembley_Stadium_12-07-1986_Saturday_25th_Anniversary_Edition
Full version DVD1 01. One Vision - 1:05 02. Tie Your Mother Down - 5:50 03. In The Lap Of The Gods ... Revisited - 10:15 04. Seven Seas Of Rhye - 12:25 05. T...
- published: 08 Sep 2011
- views: 6924992
- author: Канал пользователя astrala100
Frank Zappa on Crossfire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:17
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Zappa on CNN's Crossfire in 1986. Discussing copyright. Zappa's the man!
http://wn.com/Frank_Zappa_on_Crossfire
Zappa on CNN's Crossfire in 1986. Discussing copyright. Zappa's the man!
- published: 06 Oct 2006
- views: 2176782
- author: World Revolution TV
Kavinsky - 1986 (HQ)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 15 May 2013
One of my favourite songs from Kavinsky, '1986'.
http://wn.com/Kavinsky_1986_HQ
NYC 1983 and 1986 original footage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:40
- Updated: 20 May 2013
In 1983 and 1986 I filmed some scenes on the touristic places like Broadway, Time Square, Staten Island Ferries and Central Park, not spectacular, but a good...
http://wn.com/NYC_1983_and_1986_original_footage
In 1983 and 1986 I filmed some scenes on the touristic places like Broadway, Time Square, Staten Island Ferries and Central Park, not spectacular, but a good...
- published: 03 Apr 2011
- views: 70503
- author: RailroadPacific
Maximum Overdrive(1986)[DVDrip]-Spectrael.avi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 97:42
- Updated: 22 May 2013
1,38 min Stephen King A group of people try to survive when machines start to come alive and become homicidal.
http://wn.com/Maximum_Overdrive1986_DVDrip_-Spectraelavi
1,38 min Stephen King A group of people try to survive when machines start to come alive and become homicidal.
- published: 07 Jan 2012
- views: 1159541
- author: Steen Øland
Pelea entre America vs chivas 1986
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 19 May 2013
Pelea entre america y chivas en partido de liga.
http://wn.com/Pelea_entre_America_vs_chivas_1986
Pelea entre america y chivas en partido de liga.
- published: 11 Jun 2006
- views: 4509243
- author: Azu1Crema
All New For 1986! Mobile Telephones!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 02 May 2013
A nostalgic look back at the mid-1980s, when shoulder pads were big, hair was even bigger, and a mobile telephone had the dimensions of a large brick. The ot...
http://wn.com/All_New_For_1986!_Mobile_Telephones!
A nostalgic look back at the mid-1980s, when shoulder pads were big, hair was even bigger, and a mobile telephone had the dimensions of a large brick. The ot...
- published: 09 May 2008
- views: 196844
- author: diagonaluk
Peter Gabriel Biko Live 1986
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:13
- Updated: 22 May 2013
The final date of the 1986 Amnesty International Conspiracy of Hope Tour. This was the set closer, an emotional version of Biko.
http://wn.com/Peter_Gabriel_Biko_Live_1986
The final date of the 1986 Amnesty International Conspiracy of Hope Tour. This was the set closer, an emotional version of Biko.
- published: 07 Sep 2006
- views: 1932077
- author: 25million's channel
Heavy Metal Parking Lot (1986)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Clips from the cult-classic documentary "Heavy Metal Parking Lot", now available on DVD from http://www.heavymetalparkinglot.com.
http://wn.com/Heavy_Metal_Parking_Lot_1986
Clips from the cult-classic documentary "Heavy Metal Parking Lot", now available on DVD from http://www.heavymetalparkinglot.com.
- published: 12 Jun 2006
- views: 706655
- author: HMPL
Tagesschau zu Tschernobyl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 17 May 2013
Die ersten Tagesschau-Meldungen zum GAU in Tschernobyl.
http://wn.com/Tagesschau_zu_Tschernobyl
Die ersten Tagesschau-Meldungen zum GAU in Tschernobyl.
- published: 13 Nov 2006
- views: 766498
- author: kangoo1984
New York Subway 1986 NYC -directors cut- with stereo audio track.mpg
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:11
- Updated: 20 May 2013
The story: in 1986 I made a round trip through the USA and Canada. The starting point was New York. So I filmed some scenes in Manhattan. And was going in th...
http://wn.com/New_York_Subway_1986_NYC_-directors_cut_with_stereo_audio_trackmpg
The story: in 1986 I made a round trip through the USA and Canada. The starting point was New York. So I filmed some scenes in Manhattan. And was going in th...
- published: 29 Mar 2011
- views: 239391
- author: RailroadPacific
Thrashin (1986) Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 92:09
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Thrashin Skateboarding Movie from the 80's...
http://wn.com/Thrashin_1986_Full_Movie
Thrashin Skateboarding Movie from the 80's...
- published: 13 May 2012
- views: 224074
- author: ThePrintFactory
Авария на ЧАЭС 1986, Чернобыль, Припять, ликвидация
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:29
- Updated: 22 May 2013
26 апреля 1986 года вместе с разноцветным пламенем высотой 1000 метров из четвёртого энергоблока Чернобыльской АЭС вырвалась сила, которая способна одновреме...
http://wn.com/Авария_на_ЧАЭС_1986,_Чернобыль,_Припять,_ликвидация
26 апреля 1986 года вместе с разноцветным пламенем высотой 1000 метров из четвёртого энергоблока Чернобыльской АЭС вырвалась сила, которая способна одновреме...
- published: 05 Mar 2012
- views: 143461
- author: Рукопашный бой
The Smiths - How Soon Is Now (Rare Live version 1986)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:20
- Updated: 09 May 2013
The Smiths perform How Soon Is Now at The National Ballroom, Kilburn 1986.. This song was omitted from the 1988 album Rank.
http://wn.com/The_Smiths_How_Soon_Is_Now_Rare_Live_version_1986
The Smiths perform How Soon Is Now at The National Ballroom, Kilburn 1986.. This song was omitted from the 1988 album Rank.
- published: 16 Oct 2008
- views: 609450
- author: GambiniUK
QUEEN - Under Pressure (Live At Wembley Stadium 1986)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Mm ba ba de Um bum ba de Um bu bu bum da de Pressure pushing down on me Pressing down on you no man ask for Under pressure that brings a building down Splits...
http://wn.com/QUEEN_Under_Pressure_Live_At_Wembley_Stadium_1986
Mm ba ba de Um bum ba de Um bu bu bum da de Pressure pushing down on me Pressing down on you no man ask for Under pressure that brings a building down Splits...
- published: 13 Oct 2008
- views: 1913497
- author: belltran23
Top Gun (1986) Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:31
- Updated: 22 May 2013
School Project. Top Gun Trailer Recut.
http://wn.com/Top_Gun_1986_Trailer
Sir Alex Ferguson Thank You For Everything - 1986-2013 - Allways A Legend - HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:48
- Updated: 20 May 2013
Forever a legend! : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Thenyby/119680914736841?fref=ts I LOVE HIM!
http://wn.com/Sir_Alex_Ferguson_Thank_You_For_Everything_1986-2013_Allways_A_Legend_HD
Forever a legend! : https://www.facebook.com/pages/Thenyby/119680914736841?fref=ts I LOVE HIM!
- published: 08 May 2013
- views: 102662
- author: thenyby
Vize Internetu 1986
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 22 Mar 2010
David Gruber přesně předvídá internet a maily už v roce 1986.
(Úryvek z pořadu Kurz rychlého čtení, ČST Ostrava 1986, vysíláno 1987.)
http://wn.com/Vize_Internetu_1986
David Gruber přesně předvídá internet a maily už v roce 1986.
(Úryvek z pořadu Kurz rychlého čtení, ČST Ostrava 1986, vysíláno 1987.)
- published: 22 Mar 2010
- views: 158020
Send this Playlist by SMS
Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 696566 (C) 2007 RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertain...
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_When_You're_Gone
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 696566 (C) 2007 RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertain...
- published: 03 Oct 2009
- views: 136868552
- author: Avril Lavigne
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 114672777
- author: P!nk
Alexandra Stan - Mr Saxobeat (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beatport: http://btprt.dj/YjPrYq Listen/ Escúchalo: Spotify: http://spo...
http://wn.com/Alexandra_Stan_Mr_Saxobeat_Official_Video
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beatport: http://btprt.dj/YjPrYq Listen/ Escúchalo: Spotify: http://spo...
- published: 26 Nov 2010
- views: 189483402
- author: Blanco y Negro Music
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94312208
- author: Rihanna
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314046437
- author: Ryan Lewis
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 38536423
- author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23575570
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 88959111
- author: Rihanna
Avril Lavigne - Smile
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_Smile
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 18 May 2011
- views: 65473771
- author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment #VEVOCertified on...
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_Wish_You_Were_Here
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment #VEVOCertified on...
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 155348017
- author: Avril Lavigne
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
![Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523060526im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/T6DJcgm3wNY/default.jpg "Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]")
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 22 May 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 21984709
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Avril Lavigne - Complicated
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 21200158 (C) 2003 Arista Records, Inc.
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_Complicated
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 21200158 (C) 2003 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Feb 2010
- views: 39431283
- author: Avril Lavigne
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 22 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Titanium_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 185373221
- author: David Guetta
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_She_Wolf_Falling_To_Pieces_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 152544230
- author: David Guetta
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101680724
- author: Rihanna
P!nk - Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Tweets_About_Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8142397
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
![MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130523060526im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/fvDQy53eldY/default.jpg "MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]")
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 22 May 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24499746
- author: Ryan Lewis
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Mean_Tweets_2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14644640
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Threw It On The Ground
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
http://wn.com/Threw_It_On_The_Ground
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 53612330
- author: The Lonely Island
P!nk - Try (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 22 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entert...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Try_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entert...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 10604186
- author: P!nk
Send this Playlist by SMS
Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 696566 (C) 2007 RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertain...
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_When_You're_Gone
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 696566 (C) 2007 RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertain...
- published: 03 Oct 2009
- views: 136868552
- author: Avril Lavigne
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 114672777
- author: P!nk
Alexandra Stan - Mr Saxobeat (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beatport: http://btprt.dj/YjPrYq Listen/ Escúchalo: Spotify: http://spo...
http://wn.com/Alexandra_Stan_Mr_Saxobeat_Official_Video
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beatport: http://btprt.dj/YjPrYq Listen/ Escúchalo: Spotify: http://spo...
- published: 26 Nov 2010
- views: 189483402
- author: Blanco y Negro Music
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94312208
- author: Rihanna
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314046437
- author: Ryan Lewis
P!nk - Who Knew
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Who_Knew
Music video by P!nk performing Who Knew. (C) 2006 Zomba Recording, LLC.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 38536423
- author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23575570
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 88959111
- author: Rihanna
Avril Lavigne - Smile
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_Smile
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 18 May 2011
- views: 65473771
- author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment #VEVOCertified on...
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_Wish_You_Were_Here
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment #VEVOCertified on...
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 155348017
- author: Avril Lavigne
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 22 May 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 21984709
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Avril Lavigne - Complicated
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 21200158 (C) 2003 Arista Records, Inc.
http://wn.com/Avril_Lavigne_Complicated
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 21200158 (C) 2003 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Feb 2010
- views: 39431283
- author: Avril Lavigne
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 22 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Titanium_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 185373221
- author: David Guetta
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_She_Wolf_Falling_To_Pieces_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 152544230
- author: David Guetta
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101680724
- author: Rihanna
P!nk - Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Tweets_About_Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8142397
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 22 May 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24499746
- author: Ryan Lewis
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Mean_Tweets_2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14644640
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Threw It On The Ground
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
http://wn.com/Threw_It_On_The_Ground
Download on iTunes: http://goo.gl/gcVR7 THREE T-Shirt designs!: http://goo.gl/jr4sY So many things to throw on the ground! Featuring Ryan Reynolds and Elijah...
- published: 26 Jul 2011
- views: 53612330
- author: The Lonely Island
P!nk - Try (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:10
- Updated: 22 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entert...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Try_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Try. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of Sony Music Entert...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 10604186
- author: P!nk
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5403867
- author: Machinima
Send this Playlist by SMS
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:03
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_ft_Nate_Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 114672777
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Take A Bow
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Take_A_Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94312208
- author: Rihanna
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 22 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Titanium_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 185373221
- author: David Guetta
Katy Perry - The One That Got Away
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Sometimes you promise someone forever but it doesn't work out that way. Watch Katy Perry and Diego Luna star in the sixth chapter of the "Teenage Dream" stor...
http://wn.com/Katy_Perry_The_One_That_Got_Away
Sometimes you promise someone forever but it doesn't work out that way. Watch Katy Perry and Diego Luna star in the sixth chapter of the "Teenage Dream" stor...
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 171367495
- author: Katy Perry
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_RYAN_LEWIS_THRIFT_SHOP_FEAT_WANZ_OFFICIAL_VIDEO
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314046437
- author: Ryan Lewis
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_She_Wolf_Falling_To_Pieces_ft_Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 152544230
- author: David Guetta
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:39
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Rehab_ft_Justin_Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Give_Me_A_Reason_Official_Lyric_Video
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23575570
- author: P!nk
Key & Peele: Substitute Teacher
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 23 May 2013
A substitute teacher from the inner city refuses to be messed with while taking attendance.
http://wn.com/Key_Peele_Substitute_Teacher
A substitute teacher from the inner city refuses to be messed with while taking attendance.
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 25000695
- author: Comedy Central
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Hate_That_I_Love_You_ft_Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 88959111
- author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:56
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
P!nk - Just Like A Pill
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Just Like A Pill. (C) 2001 Arista Records, Inc.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Just_Like_A_Pill
Music video by P!nk performing Just Like A Pill. (C) 2001 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 23999786
- author: P!nk
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 22 May 2013
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
http://wn.com/Man_of_Steel_Official_Trailer_3_HD_
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 21984709
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
P!nk - Family Portrait
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
http://wn.com/P!nk_Family_Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 19201367
- author: P!nk
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
http://wn.com/Rihanna_Russian_Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101680724
- author: Rihanna
Key & Peele: East/West College Bowl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Meet the flamboyant players of the East/West Collegiate Bowl.
http://wn.com/Key_Peele_East_West_College_Bowl
Meet the flamboyant players of the East/West Collegiate Bowl.
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 14300103
- author: Comedy Central
David Guetta - Without You ft. Usher
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 23 May 2013
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
http://wn.com/David_Guetta_Without_You_ft_Usher
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 14 Oct 2011
- views: 126853560
- author: David Guetta
Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Music video by Taylor Swift performing You Belong With Me. (C) 2009 Big Machine Records, LLC.
http://wn.com/Taylor_Swift_You_Belong_With_Me
Music video by Taylor Swift performing You Belong With Me. (C) 2009 Big Machine Records, LLC.
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 245107953
- author: Taylor Swift
MACKLEMORE X RYAN LEWIS - OTHERSIDE REMIX FEAT. FENCES [MUSIC VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 22 May 2013
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
http://wn.com/MACKLEMORE_X_RYAN_LEWIS_OTHERSIDE_REMIX_FEAT_FENCES_MUSIC_VIDEO_
The Otherside Remix Music Video was filmed in various locations for about a year and a half throughout 2010-2011. It is the duo's second video collaboration ...
- published: 31 Aug 2011
- views: 24499746
- author: Ryan Lewis
Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:23
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
http://wn.com/Celebrities_Read_Mean_Tweets_2
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Mean Tweets #2 Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late night TV sho...
- published: 25 Jul 2012
- views: 14644640
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Mortal Kombat: Legacy - Season 2 Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
http://wn.com/Mortal_Kombat_Legacy_Season_2_Trailer
Watch Season 1 of Mortal Kombat Legacy here: http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWVkIoQKmEa4I The Mortal Kombat Legacy continues in Season 2 as Liu Kang, Kung La...
- published: 18 Feb 2013
- views: 5403867
- author: Machinima
Einstein vs Stephen Hawking -Epic Rap Battles of History #7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 22 May 2013
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
http://wn.com/Einstein_vs_Stephen_Hawking_-Epic_Rap_Battles_of_History_7
Download this song: http://bit.ly/EpicRap7 New ERB merch: http://bit.ly/MNwYxq Tweet this Vid-ee-oh: http://clicktotweet.com/TpUg9 Hi. My name is Nice Peter,...
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 68703141
- author: Nice Peter's Youtube
Taylor Swift - Back To December
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 23 May 2013
Music video by Taylor Swift performing Back To December. (C) 2011 Big Machine Records, LLC.
http://wn.com/Taylor_Swift_Back_To_December
Music video by Taylor Swift performing Back To December. (C) 2011 Big Machine Records, LLC.
- published: 01 Feb 2011
- views: 42789979
- author: Taylor Swift
4:00
Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 69...
published: 03 Oct 2009
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 696566 (C) 2007 RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertain...
- published: 03 Oct 2009
- views: 136868552
- author: Avril Lavigne
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 114672777
- author: P!nk
3:15
Alexandra Stan - Mr Saxobeat (Official Video)
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beat...
published: 26 Nov 2010
author: Blanco y Negro Music
Alexandra Stan - Mr Saxobeat (Official Video)
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beatport: http://btprt.dj/YjPrYq Listen/ Escúchalo: Spotify: http://spo...
- published: 26 Nov 2010
- views: 189483402
- author: Blanco y Negro Music
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94312208
- author: Rihanna
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314046437
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 ...
published: 14 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23575570
- author: P!nk
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 88959111
- author: Rihanna
3:36
Avril Lavigne - Smile
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music ...
published: 18 May 2011
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Smile
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 18 May 2011
- views: 65473771
- author: Avril Lavigne
3:47
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 201...
published: 09 Sep 2011
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment #VEVOCertified on...
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 155348017
- author: Avril Lavigne
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 21984709
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
4:13
Avril Lavigne - Complicated
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 2120015...
published: 25 Feb 2010
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Complicated
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 21200158 (C) 2003 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Feb 2010
- views: 39431283
- author: Avril Lavigne
Vimeo results:
3:48
Locked in a Vegas Hotel Room with a Phantom Flex
I was working a gig in Vegas with a brand new Phantom Flex high speed digital cinema camer...
published: 11 Feb 2011
author: Tom Guilmette
Locked in a Vegas Hotel Room with a Phantom Flex
I was working a gig in Vegas with a brand new Phantom Flex high speed digital cinema camera. I had to try it out. In fact, I never did go to bed that night. I opened up a wormhole shooting at 2,564 frames per second.
Please visit my website for Phantom Flex 1080p ProRes file downloads: http://www.tomguilmette.com/archives/1986
6:35
Everything Is A Remix: THE MATRIX
EVERYTHINGISAREMIX.INFO
ROBGWILSON.COM
EDITED BY Robert Grigsby Wilson
PRODUCED BY Kirby...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: robgwilson.com
Everything Is A Remix: THE MATRIX
EVERYTHINGISAREMIX.INFO
ROBGWILSON.COM
EDITED BY Robert Grigsby Wilson
PRODUCED BY Kirby Ferguson and Robert Grigsby Wilson
WRITTEN BY Cynthia Closkey
VISUAL EFFECTS BY Blake Loyd
CROWDSOURCED AT erxprod.wordpress.com
FILMS:
0:27 - Fist of Legend (1994)
0:38 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
0:44 - Fist of Legend (1994)
0:48 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
0:53 - Drunken Master (1978)
1:02 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:09 - The Killer (1989)
1:19 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:21 - Iron Monkey (1993)
1:31 - Once Upon A Time In China (1991)
1:36 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:41 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
1:45 - Philip K. Dick Speech (youtube.com/watch?v=jXeVgEs4sOo&feature;=related) (1977)
2:18 - Strange Days (1995)
2:24 - Akira (1988)
2:30 - Total Recall (1990)
3:24 - Alice In Wonderland (1951)
3:42 - The Killer (1989)
3:53 - A Better Tomorrow (1986)
4:05 - Ghost In The Shell (1995)
4:32 - Akira (1998)
4:39 - Koyannisqatsi (1982)
4:49 - Dr. Who: The Deadly Assassin (1976)
5:10 - Ghost In The Shell (1995)
MUSIC:
(All sourced from The Matrix Soundtrack)
0:20 - Rob Dougan - Clubbed To Death (Kurayamino Variation)
1:44 - Hive - Ultrasonic Sound
2:30 - Lunatic Calm - Leave You Far Behind (Lunatics Roller Coaster Mix)
3:38 - Propellerheads - Spybreak
4:39 - Rob Dougan - Clubbed To Death (Kurayamino Variation)
4:12
History of Gaming
This is a university video-project made by "Game Design"-students from munich.
Done in a s...
published: 13 Jan 2011
author: Florian Smolka
History of Gaming
This is a university video-project made by "Game Design"-students from munich.
Done in a single-shot fashion...well almost single shot =)
The film covers different eras of the video-game history.
Took us a week to organise the various props (controllers, monitors. lighting, camera, etc.), two whole days to film and several days of postproduction.
It isn't perfect, but hopefully fun to watch nevertheless ,)
Games:
Tennis for Two, Oscilloscope, 1958
Pacman, Arcade, 1980
Donkey Kong, NES, 1986
Sonic the Hedgehog, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, 1991
Street Fighter II. SNES, 1991
Super Mario 64, Nintendo 64, 1996
Final Fantasy VII, Sony Playstation, 1997
Need for Speed: Hot Pursiut 2, Sony Playstation 2, 2002
Ecco the Dolphin, Sega Dreamcast, 2000
Super Smash Bros. Melee, Nintendo Game Cube, 2001
Wii Sports Golf, Nintendo Wii, 2006
God of War III, Sony Playstation 3, 2010
Rock Band, XBox 360, 2008
Rock Band Song: "Social Code" by Satisfied
Credits Music:
"Luminous" by Geir Tjelta
By:
Moritz Freyer
Fabian Steiner
Florian Smolka
Lucas Reiner
Additional Special Thanks To:
Lena Hartl for having the guts to lend us her cam =)
Comments appreciated
Thanks for watching! Keep on gaming...
//EDIT:
We're quite aware that we could have used more games or different games but we just wanted to show a small insight into the history of videogames that just shows how far we've come and where our roots are buried.
A small FAQ:
There are Playstation 1,2 and 3 devices, just pay close attention or read the credits =)
I noticed that many of you are missing the XBox and Halo on it. It was planned but my friend with the controller called me just before the day of the shooting and said he couldn't find it =( Sorry
Ecco and the dreamcast were mainly meant to show a flop in game history (please don't kill me for saying that =) ! If you have a different opinion on this one it's cool. We don't mean to insult anyone).
Why didn't we just cover...everything?!—due to the limited time that we had for this project it was hard enough to gather all controllers and output devices we used. And we're quite aware that it's not always the best possible combination of game pad and monitor =)
We didnt use XBox Kinect or Playstation Move because the technology isn't new.
And remember this is (almost) a one-shot (= no cuts used) => the more games/controllers, the harder it gets—one mistake and you can start over.
We captured a total of 45takes.
If you're interested visit vimeo once in a while, we're up to make a little "Making Of".
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
Youtube results:
4:06
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 21 Dec 2011
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 185373221
- author: David Guetta
3:58
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 152544230
- author: David Guetta
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101680724
- author: Rihanna
4:00
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 20 Jan 2011
author: P!nk
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
4:00
Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 69...
published: 03 Oct 2009
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - When You're Gone
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing When You're Gone. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 696566 (C) 2007 RCA/JIVE Label Group, a unit of Sony Music Entertain...
- published: 03 Oct 2009
- views: 136868552
- author: Avril Lavigne
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 114672777
- author: P!nk
3:15
Alexandra Stan - Mr Saxobeat (Official Video)
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beat...
published: 26 Nov 2010
author: Blanco y Negro Music
Alexandra Stan - Mr Saxobeat (Official Video)
Buy It On/ Cómpralo: iTunes: http://bit.ly/17n3k9o Google Play: http://bit.ly/112iFdh Beatport: http://btprt.dj/YjPrYq Listen/ Escúchalo: Spotify: http://spo...
- published: 26 Nov 2010
- views: 189483402
- author: Blanco y Negro Music
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94312208
- author: Rihanna
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314046437
- author: Ryan Lewis
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23575570
- author: P!nk
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 88959111
- author: Rihanna
3:36
Avril Lavigne - Smile
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music ...
published: 18 May 2011
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Smile
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Smile. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 18 May 2011
- views: 65473771
- author: Avril Lavigne
3:47
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 201...
published: 09 Sep 2011
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Wish You Were Here
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Wish You Were Here. Director: Dave Meyers. (C) 2011 RCA Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment #VEVOCertified on...
- published: 09 Sep 2011
- views: 155348017
- author: Avril Lavigne
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 21984709
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
4:13
Avril Lavigne - Complicated
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 2120015...
published: 25 Feb 2010
author: Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne - Complicated
Music video by Avril Lavigne performing Complicated. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 21200158 (C) 2003 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Feb 2010
- views: 39431283
- author: Avril Lavigne
4:06
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 21 Dec 2011
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 185373221
- author: David Guetta
Vimeo results:
3:48
Locked in a Vegas Hotel Room with a Phantom Flex
I was working a gig in Vegas with a brand new Phantom Flex high speed digital cinema camer...
published: 11 Feb 2011
author: Tom Guilmette
Locked in a Vegas Hotel Room with a Phantom Flex
I was working a gig in Vegas with a brand new Phantom Flex high speed digital cinema camera. I had to try it out. In fact, I never did go to bed that night. I opened up a wormhole shooting at 2,564 frames per second.
Please visit my website for Phantom Flex 1080p ProRes file downloads: http://www.tomguilmette.com/archives/1986
6:35
Everything Is A Remix: THE MATRIX
EVERYTHINGISAREMIX.INFO
ROBGWILSON.COM
EDITED BY Robert Grigsby Wilson
PRODUCED BY Kirby...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: robgwilson.com
Everything Is A Remix: THE MATRIX
EVERYTHINGISAREMIX.INFO
ROBGWILSON.COM
EDITED BY Robert Grigsby Wilson
PRODUCED BY Kirby Ferguson and Robert Grigsby Wilson
WRITTEN BY Cynthia Closkey
VISUAL EFFECTS BY Blake Loyd
CROWDSOURCED AT erxprod.wordpress.com
FILMS:
0:27 - Fist of Legend (1994)
0:38 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
0:44 - Fist of Legend (1994)
0:48 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
0:53 - Drunken Master (1978)
1:02 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:09 - The Killer (1989)
1:19 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:21 - Iron Monkey (1993)
1:31 - Once Upon A Time In China (1991)
1:36 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:41 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
1:45 - Philip K. Dick Speech (youtube.com/watch?v=jXeVgEs4sOo&feature;=related) (1977)
2:18 - Strange Days (1995)
2:24 - Akira (1988)
2:30 - Total Recall (1990)
3:24 - Alice In Wonderland (1951)
3:42 - The Killer (1989)
3:53 - A Better Tomorrow (1986)
4:05 - Ghost In The Shell (1995)
4:32 - Akira (1998)
4:39 - Koyannisqatsi (1982)
4:49 - Dr. Who: The Deadly Assassin (1976)
5:10 - Ghost In The Shell (1995)
MUSIC:
(All sourced from The Matrix Soundtrack)
0:20 - Rob Dougan - Clubbed To Death (Kurayamino Variation)
1:44 - Hive - Ultrasonic Sound
2:30 - Lunatic Calm - Leave You Far Behind (Lunatics Roller Coaster Mix)
3:38 - Propellerheads - Spybreak
4:39 - Rob Dougan - Clubbed To Death (Kurayamino Variation)
4:12
History of Gaming
This is a university video-project made by "Game Design"-students from munich.
Done in a s...
published: 13 Jan 2011
author: Florian Smolka
History of Gaming
This is a university video-project made by "Game Design"-students from munich.
Done in a single-shot fashion...well almost single shot =)
The film covers different eras of the video-game history.
Took us a week to organise the various props (controllers, monitors. lighting, camera, etc.), two whole days to film and several days of postproduction.
It isn't perfect, but hopefully fun to watch nevertheless ,)
Games:
Tennis for Two, Oscilloscope, 1958
Pacman, Arcade, 1980
Donkey Kong, NES, 1986
Sonic the Hedgehog, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, 1991
Street Fighter II. SNES, 1991
Super Mario 64, Nintendo 64, 1996
Final Fantasy VII, Sony Playstation, 1997
Need for Speed: Hot Pursiut 2, Sony Playstation 2, 2002
Ecco the Dolphin, Sega Dreamcast, 2000
Super Smash Bros. Melee, Nintendo Game Cube, 2001
Wii Sports Golf, Nintendo Wii, 2006
God of War III, Sony Playstation 3, 2010
Rock Band, XBox 360, 2008
Rock Band Song: "Social Code" by Satisfied
Credits Music:
"Luminous" by Geir Tjelta
By:
Moritz Freyer
Fabian Steiner
Florian Smolka
Lucas Reiner
Additional Special Thanks To:
Lena Hartl for having the guts to lend us her cam =)
Comments appreciated
Thanks for watching! Keep on gaming...
//EDIT:
We're quite aware that we could have used more games or different games but we just wanted to show a small insight into the history of videogames that just shows how far we've come and where our roots are buried.
A small FAQ:
There are Playstation 1,2 and 3 devices, just pay close attention or read the credits =)
I noticed that many of you are missing the XBox and Halo on it. It was planned but my friend with the controller called me just before the day of the shooting and said he couldn't find it =( Sorry
Ecco and the dreamcast were mainly meant to show a flop in game history (please don't kill me for saying that =) ! If you have a different opinion on this one it's cool. We don't mean to insult anyone).
Why didn't we just cover...everything?!—due to the limited time that we had for this project it was hard enough to gather all controllers and output devices we used. And we're quite aware that it's not always the best possible combination of game pad and monitor =)
We didnt use XBox Kinect or Playstation Move because the technology isn't new.
And remember this is (almost) a one-shot (= no cuts used) => the more games/controllers, the harder it gets—one mistake and you can start over.
We captured a total of 45takes.
If you're interested visit vimeo once in a while, we're up to make a little "Making Of".
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
Youtube results:
3:58
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 152544230
- author: David Guetta
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101680724
- author: Rihanna
4:00
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Mu...
published: 20 Jan 2011
author: P!nk
P!nk - Perfect
Music video by P!nk performing F**kin' Perfect. (C) 2010 LaFace Records, a unit of Sony Music Entertainment.
- published: 20 Jan 2011
- views: 11229182
- author: P!nk
3:11
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube c...
published: 22 Mar 2012
author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves
Jimmy Kimmel Live - Celebrities Read Tweets About Themselves Jimmy Kimmel Live's YouTube channel features clips and recaps of every episode from the late nig...
- published: 22 Mar 2012
- views: 8142397
- author: Jimmy Kimmel Live
4:03
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/ta...
published: 05 Feb 2013
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason ft. Nate Ruess
From the Grammy Nominated album The Truth About Love available now - http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk featuring Nate Ruess performing Just Give Me ...
- published: 05 Feb 2013
- views: 114672777
- author: P!nk
3:50
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) ...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Take A Bow
Music video by Rihanna performing Take A Bow. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 66288884. (C) 2008 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 94312208
- author: Rihanna
4:06
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 21 Dec 2011
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - Titanium ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 185373221
- author: David Guetta
4:51
Katy Perry - The One That Got Away
Sometimes you promise someone forever but it doesn't work out that way. Watch Katy Perry a...
published: 11 Nov 2011
author: Katy Perry
Katy Perry - The One That Got Away
Sometimes you promise someone forever but it doesn't work out that way. Watch Katy Perry and Diego Luna star in the sixth chapter of the "Teenage Dream" stor...
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 171367495
- author: Katy Perry
3:53
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id55...
published: 29 Aug 2012
author: Ryan Lewis
MACKLEMORE & RYAN LEWIS - THRIFT SHOP FEAT. WANZ (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
Thrift Shop on iTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/thrift-shop-feat.-wanz-single/id556955707 The Heist physical deluxe edition: http://www.macklemoremer...
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 314046437
- author: Ryan Lewis
3:58
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 28 Sep 2012
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - She Wolf (Falling To Pieces) ft. Sia
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 28 Sep 2012
- views: 152544230
- author: David Guetta
4:39
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 ...
published: 14 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Rehab ft. Justin Timberlake
Music video by Rihanna performing Rehab. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 19591123. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 14 Dec 2009
- views: 52587594
- author: Rihanna
4:05
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk pe...
published: 11 Sep 2012
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Give Me A Reason (Official Lyric Video)
The Truth About Love available on iTunes NOW http://smarturl.it/tal Music video by P!nk performing Just Give Me A Reason. (C) 2012 RCA Records, a division of...
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 23575570
- author: P!nk
3:02
Key & Peele: Substitute Teacher
A substitute teacher from the inner city refuses to be messed with while taking attendance...
published: 18 Oct 2012
author: Comedy Central
Key & Peele: Substitute Teacher
A substitute teacher from the inner city refuses to be messed with while taking attendance.
- published: 18 Oct 2012
- views: 25000695
- author: Comedy Central
4:58
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 5720...
published: 30 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Hate That I Love You ft. Ne-Yo
Music video by Rihanna performing Hate That I Love You. YouTube view counts pre-VEVO: 57208048. (C) 2007 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 30 Nov 2009
- views: 88959111
- author: Rihanna
4:56
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEV...
published: 23 Nov 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Unfaithful
Music video by Rihanna performing Unfaithful. (C) 2006 The Island Def Jam Music Group #VEVOCertified on Feb. 15, 2012. http://vevo.com/certified http://youtu...
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 149234696
- author: Rihanna
3:59
P!nk - Just Like A Pill
Music video by P!nk performing Just Like A Pill. (C) 2001 Arista Records, Inc....
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: P!nk
P!nk - Just Like A Pill
Music video by P!nk performing Just Like A Pill. (C) 2001 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 23999786
- author: P!nk
3:03
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warne...
published: 17 Apr 2013
author: Warner Bros. Pictures
Man of Steel - Official Trailer 3 [HD]
http://manofsteel.com http://www.facebook.com/manofsteel In theaters June 14th. From Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures comes "Man of Steel", starring Henry...
- published: 17 Apr 2013
- views: 21984709
- author: Warner Bros. Pictures
3:50
P!nk - Family Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc....
published: 25 Oct 2009
author: P!nk
P!nk - Family Portrait
Music video by P!nk performing Family Portrait. (C) 2001, 2002 Arista Records, Inc.
- published: 25 Oct 2009
- views: 19201367
- author: P!nk
Vimeo results:
3:48
Locked in a Vegas Hotel Room with a Phantom Flex
I was working a gig in Vegas with a brand new Phantom Flex high speed digital cinema camer...
published: 11 Feb 2011
author: Tom Guilmette
Locked in a Vegas Hotel Room with a Phantom Flex
I was working a gig in Vegas with a brand new Phantom Flex high speed digital cinema camera. I had to try it out. In fact, I never did go to bed that night. I opened up a wormhole shooting at 2,564 frames per second.
Please visit my website for Phantom Flex 1080p ProRes file downloads: http://www.tomguilmette.com/archives/1986
6:35
Everything Is A Remix: THE MATRIX
EVERYTHINGISAREMIX.INFO
ROBGWILSON.COM
EDITED BY Robert Grigsby Wilson
PRODUCED BY Kirby...
published: 03 Oct 2011
author: robgwilson.com
Everything Is A Remix: THE MATRIX
EVERYTHINGISAREMIX.INFO
ROBGWILSON.COM
EDITED BY Robert Grigsby Wilson
PRODUCED BY Kirby Ferguson and Robert Grigsby Wilson
WRITTEN BY Cynthia Closkey
VISUAL EFFECTS BY Blake Loyd
CROWDSOURCED AT erxprod.wordpress.com
FILMS:
0:27 - Fist of Legend (1994)
0:38 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
0:44 - Fist of Legend (1994)
0:48 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
0:53 - Drunken Master (1978)
1:02 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:09 - The Killer (1989)
1:19 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:21 - Iron Monkey (1993)
1:31 - Once Upon A Time In China (1991)
1:36 - Fist of Legend (1994)
1:41 - Tai-Chi Master (Twin Dragons) (1993)
1:45 - Philip K. Dick Speech (youtube.com/watch?v=jXeVgEs4sOo&feature;=related) (1977)
2:18 - Strange Days (1995)
2:24 - Akira (1988)
2:30 - Total Recall (1990)
3:24 - Alice In Wonderland (1951)
3:42 - The Killer (1989)
3:53 - A Better Tomorrow (1986)
4:05 - Ghost In The Shell (1995)
4:32 - Akira (1998)
4:39 - Koyannisqatsi (1982)
4:49 - Dr. Who: The Deadly Assassin (1976)
5:10 - Ghost In The Shell (1995)
MUSIC:
(All sourced from The Matrix Soundtrack)
0:20 - Rob Dougan - Clubbed To Death (Kurayamino Variation)
1:44 - Hive - Ultrasonic Sound
2:30 - Lunatic Calm - Leave You Far Behind (Lunatics Roller Coaster Mix)
3:38 - Propellerheads - Spybreak
4:39 - Rob Dougan - Clubbed To Death (Kurayamino Variation)
4:12
History of Gaming
This is a university video-project made by "Game Design"-students from munich.
Done in a s...
published: 13 Jan 2011
author: Florian Smolka
History of Gaming
This is a university video-project made by "Game Design"-students from munich.
Done in a single-shot fashion...well almost single shot =)
The film covers different eras of the video-game history.
Took us a week to organise the various props (controllers, monitors. lighting, camera, etc.), two whole days to film and several days of postproduction.
It isn't perfect, but hopefully fun to watch nevertheless ,)
Games:
Tennis for Two, Oscilloscope, 1958
Pacman, Arcade, 1980
Donkey Kong, NES, 1986
Sonic the Hedgehog, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, 1991
Street Fighter II. SNES, 1991
Super Mario 64, Nintendo 64, 1996
Final Fantasy VII, Sony Playstation, 1997
Need for Speed: Hot Pursiut 2, Sony Playstation 2, 2002
Ecco the Dolphin, Sega Dreamcast, 2000
Super Smash Bros. Melee, Nintendo Game Cube, 2001
Wii Sports Golf, Nintendo Wii, 2006
God of War III, Sony Playstation 3, 2010
Rock Band, XBox 360, 2008
Rock Band Song: "Social Code" by Satisfied
Credits Music:
"Luminous" by Geir Tjelta
By:
Moritz Freyer
Fabian Steiner
Florian Smolka
Lucas Reiner
Additional Special Thanks To:
Lena Hartl for having the guts to lend us her cam =)
Comments appreciated
Thanks for watching! Keep on gaming...
//EDIT:
We're quite aware that we could have used more games or different games but we just wanted to show a small insight into the history of videogames that just shows how far we've come and where our roots are buried.
A small FAQ:
There are Playstation 1,2 and 3 devices, just pay close attention or read the credits =)
I noticed that many of you are missing the XBox and Halo on it. It was planned but my friend with the controller called me just before the day of the shooting and said he couldn't find it =( Sorry
Ecco and the dreamcast were mainly meant to show a flop in game history (please don't kill me for saying that =) ! If you have a different opinion on this one it's cool. We don't mean to insult anyone).
Why didn't we just cover...everything?!—due to the limited time that we had for this project it was hard enough to gather all controllers and output devices we used. And we're quite aware that it's not always the best possible combination of game pad and monitor =)
We didnt use XBox Kinect or Playstation Move because the technology isn't new.
And remember this is (almost) a one-shot (= no cuts used) => the more games/controllers, the harder it gets—one mistake and you can start over.
We captured a total of 45takes.
If you're interested visit vimeo once in a while, we're up to make a little "Making Of".
7:29
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note...
published: 09 Jun 2010
author: Leandro Copperfield
Kubrick vs Scorsese
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/
25 days, 34 films, and 1 tribute.
Editor's note: Many friends after seeing my video "Tarantino vs Coen Brothers" requested me to do a new video duel of directors, so I decided to do now a tribute to my two favorite directors, Stanley Kubrick and Martin Scorsese, were 25 days re-watching 34 films, selected more than 500 scenes, and a hard work editing.
This video was purely non-profit and not Aimed at breaking copyright laws.
Editor's note #2: I know that they are different in many ways, this is not necessarily a comparison or "fight". It's just a hommage for two of my favorite directors.
Lists of films used ...
Dir.: Stanley Kubrick
Day of the Fight (1951)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Dir.: Martin Scorsese
Mean Streets (1973)
Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore (1974)
Taxi Driver (1976)
New York, New York (1977)
Raging Bull (1980)
The King of Comedy (1982)
After Hours (1985)
The Color of Money (1986)
The Last Temptation of Christ (1988)
Goodfellas (1990)
Cape Fear (1991)
The Age of Innocence (1993)
Casino (1995)
Kundun (1997)
Bringing Out the Dead (1999)
Gangs of New York (2002)
The Aviator (2004)
The Departed (2006)
Shutter Island (2010)
Audio Copyright Notices:
'I'm Shipping Up to Boston' performed by band Dropkick Murphys remains courtesy Hellcat Records, ® 2005
'Baby Did A Bad Bad Thing' by Chris Isaak remains courtesy Warner Music Group Corp, ® 1996
'Nude' by Radiohead remains courtesy XL Recordings, ® 2008
http://leandrocopperfield.blogspot.com/ (Other videos mashups)
Youtube results:
4:24
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Grou...
published: 05 Dec 2009
author: Rihanna
Rihanna - Russian Roulette
Music video by Rihanna performing Russian Roulette. (C) 2009 The Island Def Jam Music Group.
- published: 05 Dec 2009
- views: 101680724
- author: Rihanna
3:32
Key & Peele: East/West College Bowl
Meet the flamboyant players of the East/West Collegiate Bowl....
published: 20 Sep 2012
author: Comedy Central
Key & Peele: East/West College Bowl
Meet the flamboyant players of the East/West Collegiate Bowl.
- published: 20 Sep 2012
- views: 14300103
- author: Comedy Central
3:31
David Guetta - Without You ft. Usher
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it...
published: 14 Oct 2011
author: David Guetta
David Guetta - Without You ft. Usher
From the album Nothing But The Beat Ultimate - Download on iTunes here: http://smarturl.it/NBTBiTunes?IQid=vevo Featuring Sia, Ne-Yo, Akon, Nicki Minaj, Flo ...
- published: 14 Oct 2011
- views: 126853560
- author: David Guetta
3:49
Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me
Music video by Taylor Swift performing You Belong With Me. (C) 2009 Big Machine Records, L...
published: 16 Jun 2009
author: Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift - You Belong With Me
Music video by Taylor Swift performing You Belong With Me. (C) 2009 Big Machine Records, LLC.
- published: 16 Jun 2009
- views: 245107953
- author: Taylor Swift
photo: AP / Sue Ogrocki
21 May 2013
A monstrous tornado at least a half-mile wide roared through the Oklahoma City suburbs Monday, flattening entire neighborhoods and destroying an elementary school with a direct blow as children and teachers huddled against winds up to 200 mph. Amy Elliott, spokeswoman for Oklahoma City's medical examiner, said at least 91 people had died, including 20 children, The New York Times reported ... Block after block lay in ruins ... Oklahoma Gov....(size: 11.3Kb)
photo: US Navy / Alan Radecki courtesy Northrop Grumman
21 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "If the mainspring of popular government in peacetime is virtue, in revolution it is both virtue and terror. virtue without terror is fatal; terror without virtue is powerless."-Maximilien Robespierre speaking to France's National Convention, 1794. If the French Revolution gave the world a new and enlightened but terrorist means of killing, so did America's Global War on Terror....(size: 5.9Kb)
photo: AP / Charlie Riedel
22 May 2013
AP ... Scientists concluded the storm was a rare and extraordinarily powerful type of twister known as an EF5, ranking it at the top of the enhanced Fujita scale used to measure tornado strength....(size: 0.9Kb)
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
21 May 2013
DAMASCUS, Syria (AP) — Syria said Tuesday it destroyed an Israeli vehicle that crossed the ceasefire line in the Golan Heights overnight, while the Israeli military said gunfire from Syria had hit an Israeli patrol, damaging a vehicle and prompting its troops to fire back. The two sides appeared to be referring to the same incident ... Firing at an Israeli target seems to be in line with the tougher rhetoric that followed the airstrikes ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Ng Han Guan
22 May 2013
SEOUL. North Korea on Wednesday sent a top military official to China as a personal envoy of leader Kim Jong-Un, at a time of strained relations with Beijing and ahead of a key China-US summit ... Choe is believed to be the highest ranking North Korean official to visit China — Pyongyang's sole major ally and chief economic benefactor — since late leader Kim Jong-Il in August 2011 ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
Edit
Herald Tribune
23 May 2013
PALMETTO - A Jupiter company has bought a 44-unit apartment complex here for $1.05 million ... Borton that built the complex in 1986 ... Prospect Capital Corp ... Borton that built the complex in 1986.</p><p>Earlier this month, another multifamily property in Manatee County changed hands.</p><p>A New York-based real estate investment trust bought the Vista at Palma Sola garden-style apartment complex at 3810 75th St ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Edit
USA Today
23 May 2013
Story Highlights. Apple has avoided tens of billions of dollars in U.S. taxes through offshore tax shifting.When our federal government claims to be broke, increased corporate tax revenues are even more important.Back in 1986, when the we faced a similar corporate tax mess, Ronald Reagan and Congress took action ... It's not right ... Back in 1986, when the we faced a similar corporate tax mess, Ronald Reagan and Congress took action ... Robert S....(size: 2.9Kb)
Edit
The Times of India
23 May 2013
Calangute ... The waste was dumped in the third week of March, it is alleged ... The Calangute village panchayat is currently clearing the dumpyard and capping it ... The Calangute police registered an offence under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 ... ....(size: 1.2Kb)
Edit
Zap2it
23 May 2013
In 1986, Rohrer won the Nobel Prize for physics, with Gerd Binnig and Ernst Ruska, for inventing a microscope that made seeing individual atoms possible ... in 1963 ... released the word's smallest stop-motion animation movie ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
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London Evening Standard
23 May 2013
Dirty Martini ... £8.50. 11-12 Russell Street, Covent Garden, WC2B 5HZ , dirtymartini.uk.com. Aztec. Freud. An underground bar well known for its legendary cocktails, served since 1986 ... £5.55. 198 Shaftesbury Avenue, WC2H 8JL, freud.eu. Firefly. Anam Bar ... £7 ... Naughty Daiquiri. Hide Bar ... £9....(size: 1.4Kb)
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San Francisco Chronicle
23 May 2013
TEXARKANA, Ark. (AP) — A former Texarkana-area youth baseball coach who crossed state lines to sexually abuse young children was sentenced to 10 years in prison on Wednesday. The U.S ... Prosecutors said Roberts, 62, of Texarkana, Ark., was a youth baseball coach in the Texarkana area from 1986 to 1994 and that he engaged in a pattern of sexual assault that spanned several years ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
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Scoop
23 May 2013
Thursday, 23 May 2013, 12.02 pm. Press Release. Emirates Airlines. Emirates to Increase Colombo Service Frequency. Emirates will increase capacity on its services to Colombo from June 30, with the addition of three more flights per week from Dubai ... Emirates commenced services to Colombo in April 1986 ... ENDS. . {parsetags. 'explicit'} . . ....(size: 1.9Kb)
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NZ Herald
23 May 2013
An author who pens stories the length of a sentence has scooped this year's Man Booker International Prize ... One of her shortest stories, A Double Negative, read simply. ... The author has said of her own writing ... Davis' work includes one novel, The End Of The Story (1995) and seven story collections including Break It Down (1986), Almost No Memory (1997), Samuel Johnson Is Indignant (2002) and Varieties of Disturbance (2007). - PAA. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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The Times of India
23 May 2013
PATNA. Chief minister Nitish Kumar's SevaYatra in Lakhisarai reunited him with his once bosom friend RajivRanjan Singh 'Lalan'. The JD-U MP from Munger had distanced himself from Nitish and quit the state JD-U president's post in 2009 ... "I have personal relationship with Nitish since 1986 and our relationship has always been personal, not political," said Lalan, admitting that some misunderstandings had distanced him from Nitish ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
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Canberra Times
23 May 2013
An author who pens stories the length of a sentence has scooped this year's Man Booker International Prize ... One of her shortest stories, A Double Negat-ive, read simply ... The author has said of her own writing ... Davis' work includes one novel, The End Of The Story (1995) and seven story collections including Break It Down (1986), Almost No Memory (1997), Samuel Johnson Is Indignant (2002) and Varieties of Disturbance (2007). AFP. ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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Buffalo News
23 May 2013
Feb. 16, 1931 – May 21, 2013. Sister Mary Michael Hill, of Stella Niagara, died Tuesday in Mount St. Mary’s Hospital, Lewiston. She was 82 ... Sister Mary Michael was employed at Marine Trust Co. and Bell Aircraft Corp ... In 1986, she moved to Daytona Beach to assume administration of Casa San Pablo, a HUD 202/8 housing complex for low-income elderly sponsored by St. Paul Catholic Church ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
This article is about the year 1986. For the NBC News Magazine, see 1986 (News Magazine).
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s |
| Years: | 1983 1984 1985 – 1986 – 1987 1988 1989 |
| 1986 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1986 MCMLXXXVI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2739 |
| Armenian calendar | 1435 ԹՎ ՌՆԼԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6736 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 142–143 |
| Bengali calendar | 1393 |
| Berber calendar | 2936 |
| British Regnal year | 34 Eliz. 2 – 35 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2530 |
| Burmese calendar | 1348 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7494–7495 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙丑年十一月廿一日 (4622/4682-11-21) — to —
丙寅年十二月初一日(4623/4683-12-1) |
| Coptic calendar | 1702–1703 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1978–1979 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5746–5747 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2042–2043 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1908–1909 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5087–5088 |
| Holocene calendar | 11986 |
| Iranian calendar | 1364–1365 |
| Islamic calendar | 1406–1407 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 61 (昭和61年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4319 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 75 民國75年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2529 |
| Unix time | 504921600–536457599 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1986 |
1986 (MCMLXXXVI) was a common year that started on a Wednesday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. It is the 1986th year of the Common Era, or A.D.; the 986th year of the 2nd millennium; the 86th year of the 20th century; and the 7th year of the 1980s decade. The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.
Contents |
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Spain and Portugal enter the European Community, which later becomes the European Union.
- Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles.[clarification needed]
- The Province of Flevoland is established in the Netherlands.
- UNIDO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- January 9 – After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business.
- January 12 – STS-61-C: Space Shuttle Columbia is launched with the first Hispanic-American astronaut, Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz.
- January 19 – The first PC virus, Brain, starts to spread.
- January 20 – The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel.
- January 24 – The Voyager 2 space probe makes its first encounter with Uranus.
- January 25 – Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army Rebel group takes over Uganda after leading a successful 5-year guerrilla war in which up to half a million people are believed to have been killed. They will later use January 26 as the official date to avoid a coincidence of dates with Dictator Idi Amin's 1971 coup.
- January 28 – STS-51-L: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, killing the crew of 7 astronauts, including schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe (see Space Shuttle Challenger disaster).
- January 29 – Yoweri Museveni is sworn in as President of Uganda after leading a successful 5-year guerrilla war.
February[link]
- February 2 – One of Australia's worst crimes, the Anita Cobby murder, occurs.
- February 3 – Pixar Animation Studios is opened.
- February 7 – President Jean-Claude Duvalier ("Baby Doc") flees Haiti, ending 28 years of family rule.
- February 9 – Halley's Comet reaches its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, during its second visit to the solar system in the 20th Century.
- February 11 – Human rights activist Anatoly Shcharansky is released by the Soviet Union and leaves the country.
- February 15 – The Beechcraft Starship makes its maiden flight.
- February 16
- The Soviet liner Mikhail Lermontov sinks in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand.
- The French Air Force raids the Libyan Ouadi Doum airbase in northern Chad.
- February 17 – The Single European Act is signed.
- February 19
- The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station.
- After waiting 37 years, the United States Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide.
- February 25
- People Power Revolution: President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines goes into exile in Hawaii after 20 years of rule; Corazon Aquino becomes the first Filipino woman president, first as an interim president. Salvador Laurel becomes her Vice President.
- Egyptian military police, protesting against bad salaries, enter 4 luxury hotels near the pyramids, set fire to them and loot them.
- February 26 – People Power Revolution in the Philippines.
- February 27 – The United States Senate allows its debates to be televised on a trial basis.
- February 28 – Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme is assassinated on his way home from the cinema.
March[link]
- March 3 – The first paper is published describing the Atomic force microscope, invented the previous year by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christopher Berger.[1]
- March 4 – The Today national tabloid newspaper is launched in the United Kingdom, pioneering the use of computer photosetting and full-colour offset printing, at a time when British national newspapers still use Linotype machines and letterpress.
- March 8 – The Japanese Suisei probe flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.
- March 9 – United States Navy divers find the largely intact but heavily damaged crew compartment of the Space Shuttle Challenger; the bodies of all seven astronauts are still inside.
- March 15 - Hotel New World disaster: a six-story building collapses, trapping 50 people beneath the rubble; 33 are killed.
- March 25 – The 58th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles, California, with Out of Africa winning Best Picture.
- March 26 – An article in the New York Times charges that Kurt Waldheim, former United Nations Secretary General and candidate for president of Austria, may have been involved in Nazi war crimes during World War II.
- March 27 – A car bomb explodes at Russell Street Police HQ in Melbourne, killing a police officer.
- March 31
- A fire devastates Hampton Court Palace in Surrey, England.
- A Mexicana Boeing 727 jetliner crashes at Maravatio, Mexico, killing 173.[2]
April[link]
- April 2 – A bomb explodes on a Trans World Airlines flight from Rome to Athens, killing 4 people.
- April 5 – 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing: The West Berlin discothèque, a known hangout for United States soldiers, is bombed, killing 3 and injuring 230; Libya is held responsible.
- April 13 – Pope John Paul II officially visits the Synagogue of Rome, the first time a modern Pope has visited a synagogue.
- April 14 – Hailstones weighing 1 kg (2.2 lb) fall on the Gopalganj district of Bangladesh, killing 92.
- April 15 – Operation El Dorado Canyon: At least 15 people die after United States planes bomb targets in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, and the Benghazi region
- April 17
- John McCarthy is kidnapped in Beirut (released in August 1991) – 3 others are found dead; Revolutionary Cells (RZ) claims responsibility in retaliation for the U.S. bombing of Libya.
- A treaty ends the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly.
- The Hindawi Affair begins when an Irishwoman is found unknowingly carrying explosives onto an El Al flight from London to Tel Aviv.
- April 21 – Geraldo Rivera opens Al Capone's secret vault on The Mystery of Al Capone's Vault, discovering only a bottle of moonshine.
- April 26 – The Chernobyl disaster: A mishandled safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union "killed at least 4056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of property".[3] Radioactive fallout from the accident concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, "traces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were found in nearly every country in the northern hemisphere".[3]
- April 27 – "Captain Midnight" interrupts the HBO satellite feed.
- April 29 – Diamond Jubilee of Emperor Showa is held at the Kokugikan in Tokyo
May[link]
- May 2 – The 1986 World Exposition opens in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- May 8 – Óscar Arias is inaugurated into his first term as President of Costa Rica.
- May 16 – The Seville Statement on Violence is adopted by an international meeting of scientists, convened by the Spanish National Commission for UNESCO, in Seville, Spain.
- May 25
- Hands Across America: At least 5,000,000 people form a human chain from New York City to Long Beach, California, to raise money to fight hunger and homelessness.
- The Bangladeshi double decked ferry Shamia capsizes in the Meghna River, southern Barisal, Bangladesh, killing at least 600.
- May 27 – the game credited as setting the template for role-playing video games, Dragon Quest is released in Japan.
- May 31 – The 1986 FIFA World Cup begins in Mexico.
June[link]
- June 4 – Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.
- June 8 – Former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim is elected president of Austria.
- June 9 – The Rogers Commission releases its report on the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
- June 12 – South Africa declares a nationwide state of emergency.
- June 19 – American college basketball player Len Bias suffers a fatal cardiac arrhythmia from a cocaine overdose less than 48 hours after being selected 2nd overall by the Boston Celtics in the 1986 NBA Draft.
- June 23 – Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software.[4]
- June 24 – The Dominican Republic recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
- June 29 – Argentina defeats West Germany 3–2 to win the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
July[link]
- July 1 – CSX Transportation is established.
- July 5 – The Statue of Liberty is reopened to the public after an extensive refurbishment.
- July 5–July 20 – The Goodwill Games are held in Moscow.
- July 7 – Australian drug smugglers Kevin Barlow and Brian Chambers are executed in Malaysia.
- July 22 – In Philippines, ABS-CBN Radio launches DZMM was started broadcast at 630 kHz on AM Band.
- July 23 – In London, Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey.
- July 27 – Greg LeMond wins the Tour de France.
- July 28 – Estate agent Suzy Lamplugh vanishes after a meeting in London.
August[link]
- August 6
- A low-pressure system moving from South Australia and redeveloping off the New South Wales coast dumps a record 328 millimetres (12.9 in) of rain in a day on Sydney.
- In Louisville, Kentucky, William J. Schroeder, the second artificial heart recipient, dies after 620 days.
- Australian Democrats leader Don Chipp retires from federal parliament and is succeeded by Janine Haines, the first woman to lead a political party in Australia.
- August 19 – Two weeks after it was stolen, the Picasso painting Weeping Woman is found in a locker at the Spencer Street Station in Melbourne, Australia.
- August 20 – In Edmond, Oklahoma, United States Postal Service employee Patrick Sherrill guns down 14 of his co-workers before committing suicide.
- August 21 – The Lake Nyos disaster occurs in Cameroon, killing nearly 2,000 people.
- August 31
- The Soviet passenger liner Admiral Nakhimov collides with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev in the Black Sea and sinks almost immediately, killing 398.
- Aeroméxico Flight 498, a Douglas DC-9, collides with a Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, California, killing 67 on both aircraft and 15 on the ground.
- The cargo ship Khian Sea departs from the docks of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, carrying 14,000 tons of toxic waste. It wanders the seas for the next 16 months trying to find a place to dump its cargo.
September[link]
- September 1 – Establishment of Jordan University of Science and Technology in Jordan.
- September 4 – Eusko Alkartasuna, the Basque Social Democratic Party, is created in Vitoria-Gasteiz.
- September 5 – Pan Am Flight 73, with 358 people on board, is hijacked at Karachi International Airport by four Abu Nidal terrorists.
- September 6 – In Istanbul, two Abu Nidal terrorists kill 22 and wound 6 inside the Neve Shalom synagogue during Shabbat services.
- September 7
- Desmond Tutu becomes the first black Anglican Church bishop in South Africa.
- Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet survives an assassination attempt by the FPMR; five of his bodyguards are killed.
- September 8 – The worldwide premiere of The Oprah Winfrey Show
- September 13 – A magnitude 6.0 earthquake rocks the city of Kalamata in southern Greece, killing 20 people, injuring 80 and completely destroying one-fifth of the city.
- The Big Mac Index is introduced in The Economist newspaper as a semi-humorous international measure of purchasing power parity.[5][6]
October[link]
- October 1 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the Goldwater–Nichols Act into law, making official the largest reorganization of the United States Department of Defense since the Air Force was made a separate branch of service in 1947.
- October 3 – TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron, officially opens at Chalk River Laboratories.
- October 7 – Slayer releases their album Reign in Blood
- October 9
- United States District Court Judge Harry E. Claiborne becomes the fifth federal official to be removed from office through impeachment.
- News Corporation completes its acquisition of the Metromedia group of companies, thereby launching the Fox Broadcasting Company.
- The Phantom of the Opera, the longest running Broadway show in history, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre in London.
- October 10 – An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter Scale strikes San Salvador, El Salvador, killing an estimated 1,500 people.
- October 11 – Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjavík, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe (the talks break down in failure).
- October 12 – Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China.
- October 16 – The International Olympic Committee chooses Albertville, France to be the host city of the 1992 Winter Olympics and Barcelona, Spain to be the host city of the 1992 Summer Olympics.
- October 19 – Mozambican president Samora Machel's plane crashes in South Africa.
- October 21 – The Marshall Islands become an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.
- October 22 – In New York City, WNBC Radio's traffic helicopter crashes into the Hudson River, killing traffic reporter Jane Dornacker. The last words heard on-the-air were Dornacker's screams of terror, "Hit the water! Hit the water! Hit the water!"
- October 24 – Lambda Sigma Gamma Sorority Inc. was founded at Sacramento State by Linda V. Fuentes and 26 Founding Mothers.
- October 26 – Bus deregulation goes into effect in the United Kingdom, except Greater London and Northern Ireland.
- October 27
- The International World Day of Prayer is held in Assisi, Italy.
- World Series: The New York Mets defeat the Boston Red Sox in 7 games. This is the second world series title in the Mets franchise. It is also remembered for Game 6, when Bill Buckner lets a routine ground ball hit by Mookie Wilson roll through his legs, letting the Mets win and pull even with the Red Sox in the series.
- The Big Bang in the London Stock Exchange abolishes fixed commission charges, paving the way for electronic trading.
- October 28
- The centennial of the Statue of Liberty's dedication is celebrated in New York Harbor.
- In London, Jeremy Bamber is found guilty of the murder of his adoptive [7] parents, sister and twin nephews, and sentenced to life imprisonment, with a recommendation by the trial judge that he should serve at least 25 years before being considered for parole.
November[link]
- November 1
- Queensland, Australia: Joh Bjelke-Petersen wins his final election as Premier of Queensland with 38.6% of the vote. He resigns on December 1, 1987 following revelations of his involvement with corruption released in the Fitzgerald Inquiry.
- Sandoz chemical spill: a major environmental disaster near Basel, Switzerland, pollutes the Rhine.
- November 3 – Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret, in order to secure the release of 7 American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.
- November 3 – Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States. The CNMI Government adopted its own constitution in 1977, and the constitutional government took office in January 1978. The Covenant was fully implemented November 3, 1986, pursuant to Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred United States citizenship on legally qualified CNMI residents.
- November 4 – Democrats regain control of the United States Senate for the first time in 6 years. In California, Chief Justice Rose Bird and two colleagues are removed by voters from the Supreme Court of California for opposing capital punishment.
- November 6 – Sumburgh disaster: A British International Helicopters Boeing 234LR Chinook crashes 2.5 miles east of Sumburgh Airport, killing 45 people (the deadliest civilian helicopter crash on record).
- November 11 – Sperry Rand and Burroughs merge to form Unisys, becoming the second largest computer company.
- November 12 – Australian singer John Farnham releases the album Whispering Jack, which becomes the highest selling album in Australia's history.
- November 18
- Greater Manchester Police announce that they are to search for the bodies of 2 missing children (who both vanished more than 20 years ago) after the Moors Murderers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley confess to 2 more murders.
- November 21 – Iran-Contra Affair: National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, start shredding documents implicating them in selling weapons to Iran and channeling the proceeds to help fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
- November 22 – Mike Tyson wins his first world boxing title by defeating Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas.
- November 25 – Iran-Contra Affair: U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese announces that profits from covert weapons sales to Iran were illegally diverted to the anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
- November 26 – Iran-Contra Affair: U.S. President Ronald Reagan announces that on December 1 former Senator John Tower, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft will serve as members of the Special Review Board looking into the scandal (they became known as the Tower Commission). Reagan denies involvement in the scandal.
December[link]
- December 7 – A 5.7 Richter scale earthquake destroys most of the Bulgarian town of Strajica, killing 2 people.
- December 14 – Rutan Voyager, an experimental aircraft designed by Burt Rutan and piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, begins its flight around the world.
- December 19 – Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov is permitted to return to Moscow after years of internal exile.
- December 20 – Three African Americans are assaulted by a group of white teens in the Howard Beach neighborhood of Queens, New York. One of the victims, Michael Griffith, is run over and killed by a motorist while attempting to flee the attackers.
- December 22 – British Liberal Party Member of Parliament David Penhaligon, 42, is killed in a car crash near Truro in Cornwall, England.
- December 23 – Voyager completes the first nonstop circumnavigation of the earth by air without refueling in 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds.
- December 26 – After 35 years on the airwaves and holding the title of longest-running non-news program on network television, NBC airs the final episode of daytime drama Search for Tomorrow.
- December 31 – A fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, kills 97 and injures 140.
Date unknown[link]
- The National park passport stamps program begins.
- The Council on Competitiveness was founded
- Average per capita income in Japan exceeds that in the USA.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Lee Sungmin, Korean singer (Super Junior)
- Colin Morgan, Actor from Armagh, Northern Ireland
- January 3 – Lloyd, American R&B recording artist
- January 4 – Katrina Halili, Filipina actress, commercial model
- January 5
- Deepika Padukone, Bollywood actress
- Teppei Koike, Japanese singer and actor
- January 6
- Petter Northug, Norwegian cross-country skier
- Irina Sheik, Russian model
- Alex Turner, English Musician Arctic Monkeys
- January 8 – David Silva, Spanish footballer
- January 10 – Chen Jin, Chinese badminton player
- January 12 – Gemma Arterton, British actress
- January 17 – Chloe Rose Lattanzi, Australian actress and singer
- January 22 – Daniel Smith, American actor (d. 2006)
- January 24
- Mischa Barton, British-born American actress
- Raviv Ullman, Israeli-born American actor
- January 26
- Hero, Korean Singer (TVXQ)
- Gerald Green, American basketball player
- January 28 – Jessica Ennis, British athlete
- January 31 – Yves Makabu-Makalambay, Belgian footballer
February[link]
- February 2
- Miwa Asao, Japanese beach volleyball player
- Tiffany Vise, American figure skater
- February 5 – Claudia Cruz, Dominican model and beauty queen
- February 6
- U-Know, Korean singer (TVXQ)
- Vedran Ćorluka, Croatian international footballer
- February 7 – Stephen Colletti, American actor and television personality
- February 8 – Charles Andrew Williams, American murderer
- February 10 – Yui Ichikawa, Japanese actress
- February 14
- Tiffany Thornton, American actress
- Aschwin Wildeboer, Spanish swimmer
- Roxanne Guinoo, Filipina actress
- February 15
- Valeri Bojinov, Bulgarian footballer
- Amber Riley, American actress
- February 18
- Alessandra Mastronardi, Italian actress
- Vika Jigulina, Romanian music producer, singer, and DJ
- Brenan Espartinez, Filipino singer and former child actor
- February 19
- Marta, Brazilian footballer
- Maria Mena, Norwegian singer
- Björn Gustafsson, Swedish comedian
- Ophelia Lovibond, English actress
- February 21
- Charlotte Church, Welsh soprano
- Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, son of Princess Astrid of Belgium and Prince Lorenz of Belgium
- February 23
- Kazuya Kamenashi, Japanese singer and actor
- Skylar Grey, American multi-instrumentalist, singer, songwriter, and record producer
- February 25 – Justin Berfield, American actor
- February 26
- Teresa Palmer, Australian actress and model
- Leila Lopes, Miss Universe 2011
March[link]
- March 1 – Jonathan Spector, American soccer player
- March 2 – Ethan Peck, American actor
- March 3 – Stacie Orrico, American singer
- March 4 – Margo Harshman, American actress
- March 5
- Corey Brewer, American basketball player
- Andrew Jenks, American filmmaker
- March 6 – Francisco Cervelli, American baseball player
- March 8 – Princess Tsuguko of Takamado, a member of the Japanese Imperial Family
- March 9 – Brittany Snow, American actress
- March 11 – Dario Cologna, Swiss cross-country skier
- March 12 – Danny Jones, Musician (McFly)
- March 13 – Chiaki Kyan, Japanese gravure idol
- March 14 – Jamie Bell, British actor
- March 16
- Ken Doane, American wrestler
- T. J. Jordan, American basketball player
- Alexandra Daddario, American actress
- Daisuke Takahashi, Japanese figure skater
- March 17
- Olesya Rulin, Russian-born actress
- Edin Dzeko, Bosnian footballer
- March 18 Lykke Li, Swedish singer-songwriter.
- March 21 – Scott Eastwood, American actor
- March 22 – Matt Bush, American actor
- March 25
- Megan Gibson, American softball player
- Marco Belinelli, Italian basketball player
- March 26 – Jonny Craig, Canadian singer and songwriter
- March 27
- Manuel Neuer, German football goalkeeper
- Valerie "So Cal Val" Wyndham, American wrestling valet
- March 28 – Lady GaGa, American singer-songwriter
- March 29 – Romina Oprandi, Italian tennis player
- March 30 – Sergio Ramos, Spanish footballer
April[link]
- April 1
- Yurika Nakamura, Japanese long-distance runner
- Hillary Scott, American singer/songwriter (Lady Antebellum)
- April 2 – Lee DeWyze, American singer/songwriter
- April 3
- Amanda Bynes, American actress
- Coleen Rooney, English model
- April 4 – Eunhyuk, Korean singer (Super Junior)
- April 7 – Siwon, Korean singer and actor (Super Junior)
- April 8
- Igor Akinfeev, Russian footballer
- Félix Hernández, Venezuelan baseball player
- Erika Sawajiri, Japanese actress and model
- April 9 – Leighton Meester, American actress
- April 10
- Fernando Gago, Argentine footballer
- Vincent Kompany, Belgian footballer
- Sam Attwater, English actor
- April 16 – Shinji Okazaki, Japanese football player
- April 18 – Maurice Edu, American footballer
- April 19 – Candace Parker, American basketball player
- April 20 – Pablo Martín, Spanish golfer
- April 22 – Amber Heard, American actress
- April 24 – Tahyna Tozzi, Australian model, singer and actress
- April 27 – Dinara Safina, Russian tennis player
- April 28 – Jenna Ushkowitz, American stage and television actress and singer
- April 30 – Dianna Agron, American actress
May[link]
- May 2 – Emily Hart, American actress
- May 5 – Grace Wong, Hong Kong-born American actress
- May 12 – Emily VanCamp, Canadian actress
- May 13
- Alexander Rybak, Norwegian singer
- Robert Pattinson, English actor model, musician, and producer
- May 15 – Matías Fernández, Chilean footballer
- May 16
- Shamcey Supsup, Miss Universe-Philippines 2011 3rd Runner-up
- Megan Fox, American actress
- Jacob Zachar, American actor
- May 17 – Tahj Mowry, American actor, dancer, and singer
- May 20 – Dexter Blackstock, English footballer
- May 22 – Tatiana Volosozhar, Ukrainian figure skater
- May 23
- Nico Colaluca, American footballer
- Valentina Marchei, Italian figure skater
- May 25 – Juri Ueno, Japanese actress
- May 26 – Astrid Bergès-Frisbey, actress and model
- May 27 – Timo Descamps, Flemish Actor and Singer
- May 28
- Charles N'Zogbia, French footballer
- Joseph Cross, American actor
- May 29 – Jaslene Gonzalez, Puerto Rican/American fashion model
- May 31
- Brooke Castile, American figure skater
- Robert Gesink, Dutch cyclist
June[link]
- June 1 – Dayana Mendoza, Miss Universe 2008
- June 3
- Brenden Richard Jefferson, American actor
- Rafael Nadal, Spanish tennis player
- Tomáš Verner, Czech Republic ice skater
- June 4
- Takahisa Masuda, Japanese actor and singer
- Micky, Korean singer (TVXQ)
- June 6 – Kim Hyun Joong, South Korean actor, model and singer (SS501)
- June 11 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor
- June 13
- Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, American actresses
- Kat Dennings, American actress
- Keisuke Honda, Japanese football player
- June 15 – Momoko Ueda, Japanese golfer
- June 18
- Richard Gasquet, French tennis player
- Shusaku Nishikawa, Japanese footballer
- June 19 – Marvin Williams, American basketball player
- June 21 – Lana Del Rey, American singer/songwriter
- June 25 – Lee Ho-Suk, South Korean short-track skater
- June 26 – Philip Hughes, American baseball player
- June 27
- Drake Bell, American actor and singer
- Sam Claflin, English actor
- June 28
- Kellie Pickler, American singer
- Shadia Simmons, Canadian actress
- June 29 – Edward Maya, Romanian musician, producer, performer, and composer
- June 30 – Victoria Crawford, American wrestler and model
July[link]
- July 1 – Casey Reinhardt, American model
- July 2 – Lindsay Lohan, American actress and singer
- July 5 – Adam Young, American singer
- July 6 – Caroline Welz, tallest woman in Germany and model
- July 8
- Renata Costa, Brazilian footballer
- Jake McDorman, American film and television actor
- July 9
- Kiely Williams, American actress and singer
- Caroline D'Amore, American model
- July 12
- JP Pietersen, South African rugby player
- Krystal Forscutt, Australian reality TV star
- July 17
- Dana, Korean singer/dancer/actress (TSZX)
- Lacey Von Erich, professional wrestler
- July 18
- Travis Milne, Canadian actor
- Kaitlin Riley, American actress
- Brando Eaton, American film and television actor
- July 24
- Natalie Tran, Australian comedian
- Megan Park, Canadian actress and singer
- July 25 – Givanildo Vieira de Souza, Brazilian footballer
- July 31 – Evgeni Malkin, Russian hockey player
August[link]
- August 2 – Caitlin Murphy, Australian model and actress
- August 3
- Charlotte Casiraghi, heir to the Monaco throne
- Prince Louis of Luxembourg, Prince of Luxembourg
- August 4 – Oleg Ivanov, Russian footballer
- August 5 – Paula Creamer, American golfer
- August 6 – Bryan Young, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 7
- Paul Biedermann, German swimmer
- Nancy Sumari, Tanzanian Beauty Queen and Model, (Miss World 2005)
- August 11
- Kaori Fukuhara, Seiyū
- Colby Rasmus, American baseball player
- August 14 – Nigel Boogaard, Australian footballer
- August 16
- Yu Darvish, Japanese baseball player
- Shawn Pyfrom, American actor
- August 17 – Tobias Schönenberg, German actor and photo model
- August 19 – Christina Perri, American singer-songwriter and musician
- August 21 – Usain Bolt, Jamaican sprinter
- August 22 – Jack Perkins, Australian racing driver
- August 23 – Neil Cicierega, American musician and animator
- August 26
- Cassie Ventura, American pop and R&B singer
- Armie Hammer, American actor
- August 27 – Mario, R&B singer and actor
- August 28
- Gilad Shalit, Israeli soldier/hostage
- Florence Welch, British singer
- August 29
- Lauren Collins, Canadian actress
- Lea Michele, American actress and singer
- August 30
- Ryan Ross, guitarist (Panic at the Disco)
- Theo Hutchcraft, British pop musician
- August 31 – Feng Tianwei, Singaporean Olympic table tennis player
September[link]
- September 2 – Moses Ndiema Kipsiro, Ugandan middle-distance runner
- September 3 – Shaun White, American professional snowboarder
- September 6 – Raven Riley, American porn star
- September 8 – Jake Sandvig, American actor
- September 9 – Jose Aldo, WEC Featherweight Champion, the first UFC Featherweight Champion
- September 12
- Yang Mi,Chinese actress and singer
- Emmy Rossum, American actress and singer
- September 14
- Ai Takahashi, Japanese singer
- A.J. Trauth, American actor and musician
- September 15 – Jenna McCorkell, British figure skater
- September 16
- Gordon Beckham, American baseball player
- Kyla Pratt, American actress
- Ian Harding, American actor
- September 18
- Keeley Hazell, British model
- Renaud Lavillenie, French pole vaulter
- September 19
- Peter Vack, American voice actor
- Mandy Musgrave, American actress
- September 24 – Leah Dizon, American singer and model
- September 25 – Steve Forrest, American drummer
- September 26 – Ashley Leggat, Canadian actress
- September 27 – Natasha Thomas, Danish singer and songwriter
- September 28 – Andrés Guardado, Mexican footballer
October[link]
- October 1 – Jurnee Smollett, American actress
- October 2
- Tom Hudson, British Actor
- Camilla Belle, American actress
- October 4 – Yuridia, Mexican singer
- October 5 – Novica Velickovic, Serbian basketball player
- October 6
- Tereza Kerndlová, Czech singer
- Olivia Thirlby, American actress
- October 7 – Amber Stevens, American actress and model
- October 9 – Laure Manaudou, French swimmer
- October 10 – Nathan Jawai, Australian basketball player
- October 12 – Marcus T. Paulk, American actor
- October 13 – Steve Marshall, American cinematographer
- October 14 – Skyler Shaye, American actress
- October 15 – Lee Donghae, Korean singer (Super Junior)
- October 16 – Craig Pickering, British sprinter
- October 17 – Mohombi, Swedish-Congolese R&B singer-songwriter and dancer
- October 20 – Jessica Stroup, American actress
- October 21
- Natalee Holloway, American murder victim (presumed d. 2005)
- Christopher Uckermann, Mexican actor
- October 22
- Kyle Gallner, American actor
- Kara Lang, Canadian footballer
- October 23
- Briana Evigan, American actress
- Jessica Stroup, American actress and fashion model
- October 24 – Aubrey "Drake" Graham, Canadian actor and rapper
- October 28 – Tamar Kaprelian, Armenian American musician and singer
- October 29 – Italia Ricci, Canadian actress
- October 30 – Thomas Morgenstern, Austrian ski jumper
November[link]
- November 1 – Penn Badgley, American actor
- November 3 – Jasmine Trias, Filipino-American singer
- November 4 – Alexz Johnson, Canadian actress and singer
- November 5
- BoA, Korean singer
- Kasper Schmeichel, Danish footballer
- November 10 – Josh Peck, American actor and director
- November 11 – François Trinh-Duc, French rugby player
- November 12 – Evan Yo, Taiwanese singer-songwriter
- November 15 – Sania Mirza, Indian tennis player
- November 17
- Karmichael Hunt, Australian NRL player
- Nani, Cape Verde-born Portuguese footballer
- November 18
- Nic Sampson, New Zealand actor
- Georgia King, Scottish actress
- November 19 – Veronica Scott, American fashion designer
- November 22 – Oscar Pistorius, South African Paralympic runner
- November 24
- Pedro Leon, Spanish soccer player
- Mohamed Massaquoi, American football player
- Guðmundur Pétursson, Icelandic soccer player
- November 25
- Katie Cassidy, American singer and model
- Amber Hagerman, American murder victim and namesake for the AMBER Alert system (d. 1996)
- November 27 – Suresh Raina, Indian cricket player
- November 28 – Pamela Bianca Manalo, Filipina beauty queen and actress
December[link]
- December 1 – DeSean Jackson, American football player
- December 4 – Martell Webster, American basketball player
- December 7 – Corey Vidal, Canadian online video content provider and digital media consultant
- December 8
- Amir Khan, British boxer
- Kate Voegele, American singer/songwriter and actress
- December 11
- Lee Peltier, English footballer
- Alex House, Canadian actor
- December 15
- Xiah, Korean singer (TVXQ)
- Radosław Majewski, Polish footballer
- December 18 – Jery Sandoval, Colombian actress, model and singer
- December 19 – Ryan Babel, Dutch footballer
- December 22 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, Nigerian-born terrorist known as the "Underwear Bomber"
- December 24
- Satomi Ishihara, Japanese actress
- Riyo Mori, Japanese Miss Universe 2007 winner
- Tim Elliott, American Mixed Martial Artist
- December 26 – Mew Azama, Japanese actress
- December 29 – Kim Ok-bin, South Korean actress and model
- December 30 – Ellie Goulding, British Artist
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Alfredo Binda, Italian cyclist (b. 1902)
- January 2 – Una Merkel, American actress (b. 1903)
- January 4
- Christopher Isherwood, English writer (b. 1904)
- Phil Lynott, lead singer and bassist of Thin Lizzy (b. 1949)
- January 7 – Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer (b. 1917)
- January 8 – Pierre Fournier, French cellist (b. 1906)
- January 10 – Jaroslav Seifert, Czech writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- January 14 – Donna Reed, American actress (b. 1921)
- January 23 – Willard Van Dyke, American filmmaker and photographer (b. 1906)
- January 24
- L. Ron Hubbard, American writer and founder of Scientology (b. 1911)
- Gordon MacRae, American actor, singer (b. 1921)
- January 27 – Lilli Palmer, German actress (b. 1914)
- January 28, in the Challenger disaster:
- Gregory Jarvis, American astronaut (b. 1944)
- Christa McAuliffe, American astronaut and teacher (b. 1948)
- Ronald McNair, American astronaut (b. 1950)
- Ellison Onizuka, American astronaut (b. 1946)
- Judith Resnik, American astronaut (b. 1949)
- Dick Scobee, American astronaut (b. 1939)
- Michael J. Smith, American astronaut (b. 1945)
- January 29 – Leif Erickson, American actor (b. 1911)
February[link]
- February 1 – Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician, diplomat, and writer, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1902)
- February 6 – Frederick Coutts, the 8th General of The Salvation Army (b. 1899)
- February 7 – Minoru Yamasaki, Japanese-American architect, designed the twin towers of the World Trade Center (b. 1912)
- February 10 – Brian Aherne, British actor (b. 1902)
- February 11
- Frank Herbert, American author (b. 1920)
- Evelio Javier, Filipino politician, lawyer, and civil servant (b. 1942)
- February 14 – Edmund Rubbra, British composer (b. 1901)
- February 16 – Howard Da Silva, American actor (b. 1909)
- February 17 – Jiddu Krishnamurti, Indian philosopher (b. 1895)
- February 21
- Helen Hooven Santmyer, American writer (b. 1895)
- February 24 – Tommy Douglas, Canadian politician and "Father of medicare" in Canada (b. 1904)
- February 27 – Jacques Plante, Canadian hockey player (b. 1929)
- February 28
- Olof Palme, Swedish politician, Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1927)
- Thomas Williams, British politician (b. 1915)
March[link]
- March 4
- Richard Manuel, Canadian musician (The Band) (b. 1943)
- Howard Greenfield, American songwriter (b. 1936)
- March 6
- Adolph Caesar, American actor (b. 1933)
- Georgia O'Keeffe, American artist (b. 1887)
- March 10
- Myron Cohen, American comedian (b. 1902)
- Ray Milland, Welsh actor (b. 1907)
- March 18 – Bernard Malamud, American writer (b. 1914)
- March 22
- Harriette Simpson Arnow, American novelist (b. 1908)
- Charles Starrett, American actor (b. 1903)
- March 23 – Moshe Feinstein, Orthodox rabbi (b. 1895)
- March 28 – Virginia Gilmore, American actress (b. 1919)
- March 29 – Harry Ritz, American actor (b. 1907)
- March 30 – James Cagney, American actor (b. 1899)
- March 31
- O'Kelly Isley, American singer of The Isley Brothers (b. 1937)
- Jerry Paris, American actor and director (b. 1925)
April[link]
- April 3 – Peter Pears, English tenor (b. 1910)
- April 7 – Leonid Kantorovich, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
- April 8 – Yukiko Okada, Japanese idol singer (b. 1967)
- April 13 – Stephen Stucker, American actor (b. 1947)
- April 14 – Simone de Beauvoir, French feminist writer (b. 1908)
- April 15
- Jean Genet, French writer (b. 1910)
- Tim McIntire, American actor (b. 1944)
- April 19
- Aileen Britton, Australian actress (b. 1916)
- Alvin Childress, American actor (b. 1907)
- April 22 – Mircea Eliade, Romanian historian of religions and writer (b. 1907)
- April 23
- Harold Arlen, American music composer (b. 1905)
- Otto Preminger, Austrian-born film director (b. 1906)
- April 24 – The Duchess of Windsor (the former Wallis Simpson), widow of the late Duke of Windsor (formerly Edward VIII; b. 1896)
- April 26
- Broderick Crawford, American actor (b. 1911)
- Bessie Love, American actress (b. 1898)
- Dechko Uzunov, Bulgarian painter (b. 1899)
- April 30 – Robert Stevenson, English film director (b. 1905)
May[link]
- May 1 – Hylda Baker, English comedy actress (b. 1905)
- May 2 – Henri Toivonen, Finnish rally car driver (b. 1956)
- May 3 – Robert Alda, American-born actor (b. 1914)
- May 9
- Herschel Bernardi, American actor (b. 1923)
- Tenzing Norgay, Nepalese sherpa (b. 1914)
- May 11 – Henry Plumer McIlhenny, American art collector, socialite, philanthropist and the chairman of the Philadelphia Art Museum (b. 1910)
- May 12 – Elisabeth Bergner, Austrian actress (b. 1897)
- May 14 – Janne Aikala, Finnish murder victim (b. 1975)
- May 15
- Elio de Angelis, Italian race car driver (b. 1958)
- Theodore White, American writer (b. 1915)
- May 19 – Jimmy Lyons, American musician (b. 1931)
- May 23 – Sterling Hayden, American actor (b. 1916)
- May 24 – Yakima Canutt, American actor and stuntman (b. 1895)
- May 25 – Chester Bowles, American politician (b. 1901)
- May 26 – Gian-Carlo Coppola, American film producer (b. 1963)
- May 30 – Perry Ellis, American fashion designer (b. 1940)
- May 31
- Jane Frank, American artist (b. 1918)
- James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1917)
June[link]
- June 3 – Anna Neagle, English actress (b. 1904)
- June 5 – Bryan Grant, American tennis champion (b. 1909)
- June 13
- Benny Goodman, American jazz musician (b. 1909)
- Ulla Strömstedt, Swedish actress (b. 1939)
- June 14
- Jorge Luis Borges, Argentine writer (b. 1899)
- Alan Jay Lerner, American lyricist (b. 1918)
- Marlin Perkins, American zoologist (b. 1905)
- June 16 – Maurice Duruflé, French composer (b. 1902)
- June 17 – Kate Smith, American singer (b. 1907)
- June 18 – Frances Scott Fitzgerald, daughter of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Sayre (b. 1921)
- June 19
- June 21 – Assi Rahbani, Lebanese composer, musician, conductor and author (b. 1923)
- June 27 – Don Rogers, American football player (b. 1962)
- June 29 – Robert Drivas, American actor (b. 1938)
July[link]
,_Biochemist_(2551001689).jpg)
- July 3 – Rudy Vallée, American singer, actor, and bandleader (b. 1901)
- July 4 – Oscar Zariski, Russian mathematician (b. 1899)
- July 6 – Jagjivan Ram, Indian politician (b. 1908)
- July 8
- Hyman G. Rickover, American admiral (b. 1900)
- Skeeter Webb, baseball player (b. 1909)
- July 14 – Raymond Loewy, French-born industrial designer (b. 1893)
- July 15
- Florence Halop, American actress (b. 1923)
- Billy Haughton, American harness driver and trainer (b. 1923)
- July 21 – Ernest Maas, American screenwriter (b. 1892)
- July 22 – Ede Staal, Dutch singer-songwriter (b. 1941)
- July 24
- Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
- Laurie Nash, Australian sportsman (b. 1910)
- Yoshiyuki Tsuruta, Japanese Olympic swimmer (b. 1903)
- July 25 – Vincente Minnelli, American film director (b. 1903)
- July 26 – W. Averell Harriman, American diplomat and politician (b. 1891)
- July 27 – Osbert Lancaster, British cartoonist (b. 1908)
- July 31 – Teddy Wilson, American jazz pianist (b. 1912)
August[link]
- August 2 – Roy Cohn, American lawyer and anti-Communist (b. 1927)
- August 4 – Willem Ruis, Dutch game show host (b. 1945)
- August 10 – Chuck McKinley, American tennis champion (b. 1941)
- August 16 – Jaime Sáenz, Bolivian poet, novelist, and short story writer (b. 1921)
- August 19
- Hermione Baddeley, English actress (b. 1906)
- Lorenzo Tucker, American actor (b. 1907)
- August 20 – Milton Acorn, Canadian poet, writer, and playwright (b. 1923)
- August 21 – Thad Jones, American jazz musician (b. 1923)
- August 22 – Celal Bayar, ex-President of Turkey (b:1883)
- August 26 – Ted Knight, American actor (b. 1923)
- August 27 – George Nepia, New Zealand Maori rugby player (b. 1905)
- August 29 – Arthur Meyerhoff, American advertising agency executive and entrepreneur (b. 1895)
- August 30 – George Pelawa, American ice hockey star Minnesota Mr. Hockey (b. 1968)
- August 31
- Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (b. 1900)
- Henry Moore, British sculptor (b. 1898)
September[link]
- September 1 – Murray Hamilton, American actor (b. 1923)
- September 4 – Hank Greenberg, baseball player (b. 1911)
- September 6 – Blanche Sweet, American actress (b. 1896)
- September 7 – Omar Ali Saifuddin III, Sultan of Brunei (b. 1914)
- September 12 – Frank Nelson, American actor (b. 1911)
- September 18 – Pat Phoenix, British actress (b. 1923)
- September 21 – Cheryl Keeton, American murder victim (b. 1949)
- September 22 – József Asbóth, Hungarian tennis champion (b. 1917)
- September 25 – Nikolay Semyonov, Russian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1896)
- September 26 – Noboru Terada, Japanese Olympic swimmer (b. 1917)
- September 27 – Cliff Burton, American bassist (Metallica) (b. 1962)
- September 28 – Robert Helpmann, Australian dancer and choreographer (b. 1909)
October[link]
- October 5
- Hal B. Wallis, American film producer (b. 1899)
- James H. Wilkinson, English mathematician (b. 1919)
- October 7 – Wallace Wade, American football coach, University of Alabama, Duke University (b. 1892)
- October 11 – Boris Leven, Russian-born art director (b. 1908)
- October 14 – Keenan Wynn, American actor (b. 1916)
- October 16 – Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist (b. 1921)
- October 19 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (b.1933)
- October 22 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1893)
- October 23 – Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1893)
- October 25 – Forrest Tucker, American actor (F Troop) (b. 1919)
- October 26 – Jackson Scholz, American runner (b. 1897)
- October 28 – Ian Marter, British actor and writer (b. 1944)
- October 31 – Robert S. Mulliken, American physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1896)
November[link]
- November 2 – Paul Frees, American voice actor (b. 1920)
- November 5 – Claude Jutra, Canadian film director (b. 1930)
- November 6 – Elisabeth Grümmer, Alsatian soprano (b. 1911)
- November 8
- Artur London, Czech statesman (b. 1915)
- Vyacheslav Molotov, Soviet politician (b. 1890)
- November 10 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (b. 1916)
- November 16 – Siobhan McKenna, Irish actress (b. 1923)
- November 18 – Gia Carangi, American supermodel (b. 1960)
- November 21
- Jerry Colonna, American comedian (b. 1904)
- Dar Robinson, American film stuntman (b. 1947)
- November 22
- Scatman Crothers, American actor, musician (b. 1910)
- William Bradford Huie, American journalist, editor, publisher and author (b. 1910)
- November 29 – Cary Grant, British actor (b. 1904)
December[link]
- December 2 – Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born actor (b. 1917)
- December 3 – Austin Hayes, Irish footballer (b. 1958)
- December 10 – Susan Cabot, American actress (b. 1927)
- December 13 – Heather Angel, English actress (b. 1909)
- December 15 – Serge Lifar, Russian dancer and choreographer (b. 1905)
- December 21 – Willy Coppens, Belgian pilot (b. 1892)
- December 22 – Ida Cook (aka Mary Burchell), British novelist and campaigner for Jewish refugees (b. 1904)
- December 26 – Elsa Lanchester, English actress (b. 1902)
- December 28 – Jan Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter (b. 1922)
- December 29
- Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1957-1963 (b. 1894)
- Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian film director (b. 1932)
- December 31 – Lloyd Haynes, American actor (b. 1934)
Date unknown[link]
- Hilda Conkling, child poet (b. 1910)
- Iren Marik, classical Hungarian pianist (b. 1906)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer
- Chemistry – Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John Charles Polanyi
- Physiology or Medicine – Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
- Literature – Wole Soyinka
- Peace – Elie Wiesel
- Economics – James Buchanan Jr
Templeton Prize[link]
References[link]
- ^ http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v56/i9/p930_1
- ^ http://www.planecrashinfo.com/Airline/AL%20M.htm
- ^ a b Benjamin K. Sovacool. The costs of failure: A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, 1907–2007, Energy Policy 36 (2008), p. 1806.
- ^ http://www.nic.funet.fi/index/FUNET/history/internet/en/1986.html
- ^ "Big MacCurrencies". The Economist. 1998-04-09. http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TVJRVJ. Retrieved 2007-07-24.
- ^ Daley, James (2008-09-06). "Burgernomics: Why the price of a Big Mac may hold the key to better investment returns". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/money/invest-save/burgernomics-why-the-price-of-a-big-mac-may-hold-the-key-to-better-investment-returns-920726.html. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
- ^ bailii.org retrieved 13:58 28.10.2011 see also :Jeremy Bamber : introductary statement
http://wn.com/1986
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Leno" redirects here. For other uses, see Leno (disambiguation).
| Jay Leno | |
|---|---|
 Leno in July 2008 |
|
| Birth name | James Douglas Muir Leno |
| Born | (1950-04-28) April 28, 1950 (age 62)[1] New Rochelle, New York, U.S.[1] |
| Medium | Television, Film, Stand up |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1973–present |
| Genres | Observational comedy, Political satire |
| Subject(s) | American culture, Everyday life |
| Influences | Johnny Carson, Robert Klein, Alan King, George Carlin,[2] Don Rickles, Bob Newhart, Rodney Dangerfield |
| Influenced | Dennis Miller[3] |
| Spouse | Mavis Leno (1980–present) |
| Notable works and roles | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (host, 1992–2009, 2010–) The Jay Leno Show (host, 2009–2010) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |
| Emmy Awards | |
| Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series 1995 The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |
|
James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno /ˈlɛnoʊ/ (born April 28, 1950)[1] is an American stand-up comedian and television host.
From 1992 to 2009, Leno was the host of NBC's The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Beginning in September 2009, Leno started a primetime talk show, titled The Jay Leno Show, which aired weeknights at 10:00 p.m. (Eastern Time, UTC-5), also on NBC. After The Jay Leno Show was canceled in January 2010 amid a host controversy, Leno returned to host The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 1, 2010.[4]
Contents |
Early life[link]
James "Jay" Leno was born in New Rochelle, New York, in 1950. His mother, Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993), a homemaker, was born in Greenock, Scotland, and came to the United States at age 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), who worked as an insurance salesman, was born in New York to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy.[5] Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts, and although his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973.[6] Leno's siblings include his late older brother, Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran[7] and a lawyer.[6]
Career[link]
During the 1970s, Leno appeared in minor roles in several television series and films, first in the 1976 episode "J.J. in Trouble" of Good Times and the same year in the pilot of Holmes & Yo-Yo. After an uncredited appearance in the 1977 film Fun with Dick and Jane, he played more prominent parts in 1978 in American Hot Wax and Silver Bears. Other films and television series from that period include Almost Heaven (1978), "Going Nowhere" (1979) from One Day at a Time, Americathon (1979), Polyester (1981), "The Wild One" (1981) from Alice, "Feminine Mistake" (1979) and "Do the Carmine" (1983) from Laverne & Shirley.
[edit] The Tonight Show
_by_Alan_Light.jpg)
Starting in 1987, Leno was a regular substitute host for Johnny Carson on The Tonight Show. In 1992, he replaced Carson as host[8] amid controversy with David Letterman, who had been hosting Late Night with David Letterman since 1982 (aired after The Tonight Show), who many had expected to be Carson's successor. The story of this turbulent transition was later turned into a book and a movie. Leno continued to perform as a stand-up comedian throughout his tenure on The Tonight Show.
In 2004, Leno signed a contract extension with NBC which would keep him as host of The Tonight Show until 2009.[9] Later in 2004, Conan O'Brien signed a contract with NBC under which O'Brien would become the host of The Tonight Show in 2009, replacing Leno at that time.[10]
During the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, Leno was accused of violating WGA guidelines by writing his own monologue for The Tonight Show. While NBC and Leno claim there were private meetings with the WGA where there was a secret agreement allowing this, the WGA denied such a meeting.[11] Leno answered questions in front of the Writers Guild of America, West trial committee in February 2009 and June 2009, and when the WGAW published its list of strike-breakers on 11 August 2009, Leno was not on the list.[12][13]
In 1998, Leno competed in a tag-team match at the WCW's "Road Wild" pay-per-view . In 2001, he voiced The Crimson Chin, a superhero in the Nickelodeon animated series The Fairly OddParents and continues to do so today.
Leno said in 2008 that he was saving all of his income from The Tonight Show and living solely off his income from stand-up comedy.[14]
On April 23, 2009, Leno checked himself into a hospital with an undisclosed illness.[15] He was released the following day and returned to work on Monday, April 27. The two subsequently cancelled Tonight Show episodes for April 23 and April 24 were Leno's first in 17 years as host.[16][17] Initially, the illness that caused the absence was not disclosed, but later Leno told People magazine that the ailment was exhaustion.[17][18]
Michael Jackson trial[link]
In the 2005 trial of Michael Jackson over allegations of child molestation, Leno appeared as a defense witness (many celebrity defense witnesses had been expected, but Leno was one of the few whose testimony was actually needed). In his testimony regarding a call by the accuser, Leno testified that he never called the police, that no money was asked for, and there was no coaching — but that the calls seemed unusual and scripted.[19]
As a result, Leno was initially not allowed to continue telling jokes about Jackson or the case, which had been a fixture of The Tonight Show's opening monologue in particular. But he and his show's writers used a legal loophole by having Leno briefly step aside while stand-in comedians took the stage and told jokes about the trial. Stand-ins included Roseanne Barr, Drew Carey, Brad Garrett, and Dennis Miller among others.[20]
[edit] Succession by Conan O'Brien and The Jay Leno Show
Main article: The Jay Leno Show
Because Leno's show continued to lead all late-night programming in the Nielsen ratings, the pending expiration of Leno's contract led to speculation about whether he would become a late-night host for another network after his commitment to NBC expired.[21] Leno left The Tonight Show on Friday May 29, 2009,[22][23] and Conan O'Brien took over on June 1, 2009.
On December 8, 2008, it was reported that Leno would remain on NBC and move to a new hour-long show at 10 p.m. Eastern Time (9 p.m. Central Time) five nights a week.[24] This show follows a similar format to The Tonight Show, tapes at the same lot, and retains many of Leno's most popular segments. Late Night host Conan O'Brien was his successor on The Tonight Show.[25]
Jay Leno's new show, titled The Jay Leno Show, debuted on September 14, 2009. It was announced at the Television Critics Association summer press tour that it would feature one or two celebrities, the occasional musical guest, and keep the popular "Headlines" segments, which would air near the end of the show. First guests included Jerry Seinfeld, Oprah Winfrey (via satellite), and a short sit-down with Kanye West discussing his controversy at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[26]
[edit] Timeslot conflict and return to The Tonight Show
 |
Wikinews has related news: US TV host Conan O'Brien rejects NBC's offer to switch his show's time slot |
Main article: 2010 Tonight Show conflict
In their new roles, neither O'Brien nor Leno succeeded in delivering the viewing audiences the network anticipated. On January 7, 2010, multiple media outlets reported that beginning March 1, 2010, Jay Leno would move from his 10pm weeknight time slot to 11:35pm, due to a combination of pressure from local affiliates whose newscasts were suffering, and both Leno's and O'Brien's poor ratings.[27][28] Leno's show would be shortened from an hour to 30 minutes. All NBC late night programming would be preempted by the 2010 Winter Olympics between February 15 and February 26. This would move The Tonight Show to 12:05am, a post-midnight timeslot for the first time in its history. O'Brien's contract stipulated that NBC could move the show back to 12:05 a.m. without penalty (a clause put in primarily to accommodate sports preemptions).[29]
On January 10, NBC confirmed that they would move Jay Leno out of primetime as of February 12 and intended to move him to late night as soon as possible.[30][31] TMZ reported that O'Brien was given no advance notice of this change, and that NBC offered him two choices: an hour-long 12:05am time slot, or the option to leave the network.[32] On January 12, O'Brien issued a press release that stated he would not continue with Tonight if it moved to a 12:05am time slot,[33] saying, "I believe that delaying The Tonight Show into the next day to accommodate another comedy program will seriously damage what I consider to be the greatest franchise in the history of broadcasting. The Tonight Show at 12:05 simply isn’t The Tonight Show."
On January 21, it was announced that NBC had struck a deal with O'Brien. It was decided that O'Brien would leave The Tonight Show. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive a $33 million payout and that his staff of almost 200 would receive $12 million in the departure. O'Brien's final episode aired on Friday, January 22.[34][35][36] Leno returned as host of The Tonight Show following the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 1, 2010.
On July 1, 2010, Variety reported that total viewership for Jay Leno's Tonight Show had dropped from 5 million to 4 million for the second quarter of 2010, compared to the same period in 2009. Although this represented the lowest second-quarter ratings for the show since 1992, Tonight was still the most-watched late night program, ahead of ABC's Nightline (3.7 million) and David Letterman's Late Show (3.3 million).[37] Ratings over the following summer, when compared to the same period in 2009 with O'Brien hosting The Tonight Show (including O'Brien's highly rated debut), showed that while total viewership was 12% higher for Leno, viewership in the important "adults aged 18–49" demographic was 23% lower.[38] NBC ratings specialist Tom Bierbaum commented that due to the host being out of late night television for a period of time and the subsequent 2010 Tonight Show conflict, Leno's ratings fall was "not a surprise at all".[39]
Public image[link]
Criticism of Leno[link]
Leno has faced heated criticism and some negative publicity for his perceived role in the 2010 Tonight Show timeslot conflict.[40][41] Critics have pointed to a 2004 Tonight Show clip, wherein Leno claimed he would allow O'Brien to take over without incident.[41][42] At the time, Leno stated he didn't want O'Brien to leave for a competing network, adding, "I'll be 59 when [the switch occurs], that's five years from now. There's really only one person who could have done this into his 60s, and that was Johnny Carson; I think it's fair to say I'm no Johnny Carson."[42] Leno also described The Tonight Show as a dynasty, saying "you hold it and hand it off to the next person. And I don't want to see all the fighting..." At the end of the segment, he said, "Conan, it's yours! See you in five years, buddy!"[43]
Actor and comedian Patton Oswalt was among the first celebrities to openly voice disappointment with Leno, saying, "Comedians who don't like Jay Leno now, and I'm one of them, we're not like, 'Jay Leno sucks;' it's that we're so hurt and disappointed that one of the best comedians of our generation... willfully has shut the switch off."[44] Rosie O'Donnell has been among O'Brien's most vocal and vehement supporters,[45][46] calling Leno a "bully" and his recent actions "classless and kind of career-defining."[47]
Bill Zehme, the co-author of Leno's autobiography Leading with My Chin, told the Los Angeles Times: "The thing Leno should do is walk, period. He's got everything to lose in terms of public popularity by going back. People will look at him differently. He'll be viewed as the bad guy."[48]
Support for Leno[link]
NBC Sports head executive and former Saturday Night Live producer Dick Ebersol spoke out against all who had recently mocked Leno, calling them "chicken-hearted and gutless."[49]
Jeff Gaspin also defended Leno: "This has definitely crossed the line. Jay Leno is the consummate professional and one of the hardest-working people in television. It's a shame that he's being pulled into this."[48]
Paul Reiser and Jerry Seinfeld are two of the number of celebrities to have voiced support for Leno.[50][51]
Responding to the mounting criticism, Leno claimed that NBC had assured him that O'Brien was willing to accept the proposed arrangement and then would not let either host out of his contract.[52] Leno also said that the situation was "all business."[52] He appeared on the January 28 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show in an attempt to repair some of the damage done to his public image.[53][54]
Personal life[link]
Leno has been married since 1980 to Mavis Leno; they have no children.[55]
He is known for his prominent jaw, which has been described as mandibular prognathism.[56] In the book Leading with My Chin he stated that he is aware of surgery that could reset his mandible, but does not wish to endure a prolonged healing period with his jaws wired shut.
Leno is dyslexic.[6] He claims to sleep only four to five hours each night.[57] Leno does not drink or smoke, nor does he gamble.[58] He spends most of his free time visiting car collections or working in his private garage.[58]
Leno reportedly earns $32 million each year;[59] his total net worth is unknown, but has been estimated to be at least $150 million.[60]
Charity[link]
In 2001, along with his wife, he donated $100,000 to the Feminist Majority's campaign to stop gender apartheid in Afghanistan, to educate the public regarding the plight of women in Afghanistan under Taliban rule. Mavis Leno is on the board of the Feminist Majority.[61][62]
In 2009, he donated $100,000 to a scholarship fund at Salem State College in honor of Lennie Sogoloff. Mr. Sogoloff gave Leno his start at his jazz club, Lennie's-on-the-Turnpike.[63]
Love Ride[link]
Since 1985 Jay Leno has been the grand marshal for the Love Ride, a motorcycle charity event which since its founding in 1984 has raised nearly $14 million dollars for charities benefiting muscular dystrophy research and, in 2011, Autism Speaks.[citation needed]
Vehicle collection[link]
Leno owns approximately 100 vehicles, not including about 90 motorcycles.[65] He also has a website called "Jay Leno's Garage," which contains video clips and photos of his automobiles in detail.[66]
He has a regular column in Popular Mechanics which showcases his car collection and gives advice about various automotive topics, including restoration and unique models, such as his jet-powered motorcycle and solar-powered hybrid. Leno also writes occasional "Motormouth" articles for The Sunday Times,[67] reviewing high-end sports cars and giving his humorous take on automotive matters.
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Jay Leno Biography". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/1548610/Jay-Leno/biography. Retrieved February 3, 2009.
- ^ Breuer, Howard, and Stephen M, Silverman (2008-06-24). "Carlin Remembered: He Helped Other Comics with Drug Problems". People. Time Inc.. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,20208460,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ James Hirsen, Dennis Miller: Why I 'Ascended' to the Right, NewsMax.com, February 5, 2004.
- ^ Adalian, Josef (January 21, 2010). "Exclusive: Conan, NBC Officially Splitsville (Updated)". The Wrap. http://www.thewrap.com/ind-column/new-nbc-breaking-story-13241. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
- ^ "Jay Leno Biography (1950–)". Film Reference. http://www.filmreference.com/film/70/Jay-Leno.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ a b c Carter, Bill. "Pushed From Late Night, Leno Is Set for Prime Time" The New York Times, 12 September 2009.
- ^ Aivaz, Mike (October 18, 2007). "Obama on Leno: Hillary has declared 'mission accomplished' too soon". The Raw Story. http://rawstory.com/news/2007/Obama_takes_jab_at_Clinton_on_1018.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ "Carson cuts appearances". Rome News-Tribune. Associated Press (Rome, Ga.): p. 14. June 2, 1987. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NQMIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SzYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5008,192179&dq=tonight+jay-leno+shandling. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "NBC signs Jay Leno to contract extension". USA Today. Associated Press. March 31, 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2004-03-30-leno-contract-extended_x.htm. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Bill (September 27, 2004). "Conan O'Brien to Succeed Jay Leno in 2009, NBC Announces". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/27/business/media/28CND-NBC.html?pagewanted=print&position=. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ "LENO/WGA: WHAT'S THE REAL STORY? NBC Claims Jay Asked For & Received WGA Permission To Write Monologue At Secret Monday Meeting With Verrone". Deadline Hollywood Daily. http://www.deadlinehollywooddaily.com/lenowga-whats-the-real-story-nbc-claims-jay-asked-for-received-wga-permission-to-write-monologue-at-monday-meeting-with-verrone-et-al/. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ Verrier, Richard (2009-08-11). "WGA: No chin music for Jay Leno". Company Town (Los Angeles Times). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2009/08/guild-clears-jay-leno-of-violating-strike-rules.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Littleton, Cynthia (2009-08-11). "Jay Leno cleared of strike violations; WGA West issues penalties in three cases". Variety (New York City: Reed Business Information). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118007189.html?categoryId=2821&cs=1. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ della Cava, Marco (July 17, 2008). "Jay Leno Gears up for Life After 'Tonight'". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-07-16-leno-cover_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
- ^ Hannah, Jack (2009-04-23). "Jay Leno hospitalized; 'Tonight Show' tapings canceled". CNN.com (Cable News Network). http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/TV/04/23/leno.hospitalized/index.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Dillon, Nancy (April 24, 2009). "Jay Leno released from the hospital". New York: NYDailyNews. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2009/04/24/2009-04-24_rep_jay_leno_hospital_trip_precautionary_late_night_host_to_be_released_friday.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.
- ^ a b "Jay Leno misses first show in 17 years". Canada.com. Reuters (Winnipeg, Manitoba: Canwest Publishing Inc.). 2009-04-24. http://www.canada.com/News/Leno+misses+first+show+years/1530668/story.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Warrick, Pamela (2009-05-01). "Jay Leno Reveals Mystery Ailment: Exhaustion". People.com (Time Inc.). http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20276256,00.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
- ^ Sweetingham, Lisa (May 24, 2005). "Comedians Jay Leno and Chris Tucker testify for Michael Jackson". Court TV. http://www.courttv.com/trials/jackson/052405_ctv.html. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
- ^ Bryant, Karyn (2005-03-08). "Showbiz Tonight". CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0503/08/sbt.01.html. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ^ Moore, Frazier (May 18, 2008). "NBC's Jay Leno-Conan O'Brien swap prompts rumors". Newsday. Associated Press. http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/tv/ny-fftv5685783may18,0,4188633.story?track=rss. Retrieved October 26, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Carter, Bill (July 22, 2008). "Date Is Set for Leno's 'Tonight' Finale". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/arts/television/22late.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Television. Retrieved October 26, 2008.
- ^ Carter, Bill (2009-05-30). "Jay Leno Takes Final Bow on ‘Tonight Show’". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/30/arts/television/30leno.html?em. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
- ^ Carter, Bill (December 9, 2008). "Where Is Leno Going? To Prime Time, on NBC". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/business/media/09leno.html?em. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ "Leno's last 'Tonight' announced". CNN.com. Associated Press. July 21, 2008. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724101827/http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/21/tv.nbc.tonight.ap/index.html. Retrieved July 21, 2008. "Leno's last show was Friday, May 29, and O'Brien started the following Monday, June 1, NBC executives told a Television Critics Association meeting Monday."
- ^ Jay Leno Reveals What To Expect From His New Primetime Show
- ^ "Future For NBC's Tonight Show Up In The Air", Los Angeles Times, January 2010.
- ^ "Jay Leno Heading Back To Late Night, Conan O’Brien Weighing Options".
- ^ Finke, Nikki (2010-01-07). NBC ON THE HOT SEAT: Will It Be Jay AND Conan In Late Night? What's The Reason For Leno's Anti-NBC Monologue Tonight?. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
- ^ "NBC confirms move of "Leno Show"[dead link]"
- ^ "Update: NBC Plans Leno at 11:30, Conan at 12", The New York Times, 7 January 2010.
- ^ "NBC to Conan O'Brien – The Choice Is Yours", TMZ, 8 January 2010.
- ^ Conan Won't Do "The Tonight Show" Following Leno, MSNBC.com, 12 January 2010.
- ^ Robert Seidman , NBC Announces That Jay Leno Will Return To Host “The Tonight Show” Beginning March 1, tvbythenumbers.com, 21 January 2010.
- ^ NBC Universal Confirms Conan O’Brien Exit Deal Signed from Bloomberg via Business Week
- ^ Conan O'Brien, NBC reach deal[dead link] from CBC News
- ^ Levine, Stuart (2010-07-01). "'Kimmel,' 'Nightline' show demo increase". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118021316.html?categoryid=14&cs=1.
- ^ Pike, Julie (September 7, 2010). "Tonight Show Ratings Plummet – Jay Leno Sinks Beneath Conan O'Brien Numbers". The National Ledger (The National Ledger, LLC). http://www.nationalledger.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=53&num=34570. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Piccalo, Gina (October 24, 2010). "Comedians Laugh as Leno Sinks". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-10-24/jay-lenos-sinking-tonight-show-ratings-will-conan-obrien-get-the-last-laugh/. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ The Wall Street Journal article: "Why Some Comics Aren’t Laughing at Jay Leno".
- ^ a b Kansas City Star article: "Jay Leno is Mr. Nice Guy no more — but was he ever?[dead link]".
- ^ a b Digital Journal article: Jay Leno in 2004: "In '09, Conan, it's yours"
- ^ Funnyordie.com: 2004 Tonight Show Clip: "Conan, It's yours!"
- ^ The Huffington Post article: "Patton Oswalt: Jay Leno Is Like Nixon, I Don't Like Him".
- ^ Porter, Rick (2010-01-14). "Rosie O'Donnell is on Team Conan". Zap2it. http://blog.zap2it.com/thedishrag/2010/01/rosie-odonnell-is-on-team-conan.html. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
- ^ New York Daily News article: "Rosie O'Donnell, Jimmy Kimmel slam Jay Leno over Tonight Show battle."
- ^ New York Magazine article: "Rosie O’Donnell Has More to Say About Jay Leno."
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times article: "Taking on America's 'nice guy'", p. 2.
- ^ Los Angeles Times article: "Taking on America's 'nice guy'".
- ^ The Huffington Post article: "Paul Reiser: A Teachable Moment."
- ^ The Wrap article: "Seinfeld on Jay-Conan Debacle: 'I Can't Blame NBC'."
- ^ a b Entertainment Weekly article: "Jay Leno Tries to Make Nice, While Conan Rallies the Troops."
- ^ Perez Hilton article: "Oprah Shows Some Tonight Show Love".
- ^ TV.com article: "Confirmed, Jay Leno to Restore Reputation on 'Oprah'[dead link]".
- ^ "Jay Leno". Who's Who in America. Marquis. http://www.whoswhoinamerica.com/jay_leno/talk_show_host_comedian_writer/occ28/5463136.
- ^ Chudley, A.E. (October 1998). "Genetic landmarks through philately – The Habsburg jaw". Clinical Genetics 54 (4): 283–284. DOI:10.1034/j.1399-0004.1998.5440404.x. PMID 9831338.
- ^ Mike McLeod, Jay Leno – The Tonight Show's $1 Billion Man Collects Cars and Motorcycles, go-star.com
- ^ a b Nevada Magazine article: "Classic cars and comedy".
- ^ Forbes article: "Jay Leno – The Top 100 Celebrities".
- ^ CelebrityNetWorth.com: "Jay Leno's Net Worth."
- ^ "Hollywood's Latest Cause: Can A Pack Of Celebrities Save Afghanistan's Women?". Newsweek. December 6, 1999. http://www.newsweek.com/id/90455/output/print.
- ^ Greenberg, Susan H. (February 21, 2000). "So Many Causes, So Little Time Save The Rain Forest! Free Tibet! For Today's Stars, There's No Business Like Fund-Raising Business". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/82834.
- ^ "Leno says thanks with $100k check". The Boston Herald. April 12, 2009. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/04/12/leno_says_thanks_with_100k_check. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
- ^ Update: 1915 Hispano-Suiza Aero Engine Car (video), jaylenosgarage.com
- ^ The Cars, jaylenosgarage.com
- ^ "Jay Leno's Garage". Official Website. http://www.jaylenosgarage.com.
- ^ Moran, Michael (May 9, 2007). "Jay Leno's million dollar garage". London: The Times. http://driving.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/driving/article1746609.ece. Retrieved May 11, 2008.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jay Leno |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jay Leno |
- Official Tonight Show with Jay Leno web site
- Jay Leno's Car Collection
- Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine
- The New York Times on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
- Live performance videos from the Tonight Show
- Jay Leno at the Internet Movie Database
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Conan O'Brien |
Host of The Tonight Show March 1, 2010–present |
Succeeded by incumbent |
| Preceded by Johnny Carson |
Host of The Tonight Show May 25, 1992 – May 29, 2009 |
Succeeded by Conan O'Brien |
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Leno, Jay |
| Alternative names | Leno-Muir, James Douglas; Leno, James Douglas Muir; |
| Short description | TV personality |
| Date of birth | April 28, 1950 |
| Place of birth | New Rochelle, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jay_Leno
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the musician. For his four eponymous albums, see Peter Gabriel (disambiguation). For the Czech footballer, see Petr Gabriel.
| Peter Gabriel | |
|---|---|
 Peter Gabriel at the Wikipedia 10th anniversary party in London in January 2011. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Peter Brian Gabriel |
| Born | (1950-02-13) 13 February 1950 (age 62) Chobham, Surrey, England, United Kingdom |
| Genres | Progressive rock, art rock, experimental rock, pop rock, world music |
| Occupations | Musician Producer Humanitarian |
| Instruments | Vocals, keyboards, flute, drums, piano, guitar, bass, harmonica, oboe |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Labels | Geffen (US & Canada), Real World, Virgin, Charisma, Atlantic (US & Canada), EMI (Brazil) |
| Associated acts | Genesis, Laurie Anderson, Kate Bush |
| Website | www.petergabriel.com |
Peter Brian Gabriel (born 13 February 1950) is an English singer, musician, and songwriter who rose to fame as the lead vocalist and flautist of the progressive rock group Genesis.[1] After leaving Genesis, Gabriel went on to a successful solo career. His 1986 album, So, is his most commercially successful, and the album's biggest hit, "Sledgehammer", won a record nine MTV Awards at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and the song is the most played music video in the history of the station.[2]
More recently, Gabriel has focused on producing and promoting world music and pioneering digital distribution methods for music. He has also been involved in various humanitarian efforts. Gabriel has won numerous music awards throughout his career, including three Brit Awards—winning Best British Male in 1987, six Grammy Awards, thirteen MTV Video Music Awards, and in 2007 he was honoured as a BMI Icon at the 57th annual BMI London Awards for his “influence on generations of music makers.”[3][4][5] Gabriel was also awarded the Polar Music Prize in 2009, and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Genesis in 2010.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Peter Gabriel was born in Chobham, Surrey, England.[6] His father, Ralph Parton Gabriel, was an electrical engineer, and his mother, Edith Irene Allen,[7] from a musical family, taught him to play the piano at an early age. He attended Cable House, a private primary (pre-prep) school in Woking, Surrey, St. Andrews Prep School in Horsell, then Charterhouse School (Godalming) from 1963. He played drums in his first rock bands, and Mike Rutherford commented in 1985 that "Pete was - and still is, I think - a frustrated drummer."[8]
Genesis[link]
Main article: Genesis (band)
Gabriel founded Genesis in 1967 with fellow Charterhouse School pupils Tony Banks, Anthony Phillips, Mike Rutherford, and drummer Chris Stewart. The name of the band was suggested by fellow Charterhouse alumnus, the pop music impresario Jonathan King, who produced their first album, From Genesis to Revelation.
Gabriel was influenced by many different sources in his way of singing, such as Family lead singer Roger Chapman. In 1970, he played the flute on Cat Stevens' album, Mona Bone Jakon.
Genesis drew some attention in England and eventually also in Italy, Belgium, Germany and other European countries, largely due to Gabriel's flamboyant stage presence, which involved numerous bizarre costume changes and comical, dreamlike stories told as the introduction to each song (originally Gabriel developed these stories solely to cover the time between songs that the rest of the band would take tuning their instruments and fixing technical glitches). The concerts made extensive use of black light with the normal stage lighting subdued or off. A backdrop of fluorescent white sheets and a comparatively sparse stage made the band into a set of silhouettes, with Gabriel's fluorescent costume and make-up providing the only other sources of light.
Costumes[link]
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Early Genesis concerts were hampered by a bad PA system which made it difficult for audiences to understand what Gabriel was singing. According to Mike Rutherford, this drove Gabriel to find other ways to impress his personality on the audience, leading to his performing in various costumes.[8]
In an episode of the 2007 British documentary series Seven Ages of Rock, Steve Hackett recalled the first appearance of Gabriel 'in costume'. It was the dress-wearing, fox-headed entity immortalised on the cover of Foxtrot. Hackett and the rest of the band had no inkling that Gabriel was going to do this, and at the time Hackett worried that it would ruin the performance. However, it was a success, encouraging Gabriel to continue wearing costumes while singing.
Among Gabriel's many famous costumes, which he developed to visualise the musical ideas of the band as well as to gain press coverage, were "Batwings" for the band's usual opening number, "Watcher of the Skies".
Other costumes included "The Flower" and "Magog", which were both alternately worn for "Supper's Ready" from the album Foxtrot.
"Britannia" was worn for "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight", and "The Reverend" was worn for "The Battle of Epping Forest" from Selling England by the Pound.
"The Old Man" was worn for "The Musical Box" from Nursery Cryme.
"The Slipperman" and "Rael" were worn during "The Colony of Slippermen", in which "Rael" was the protagonist of the album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway.
Departure[link]
Gabriel's departure from Genesis in 1975—which stunned fans of the group and left many commentators wondering if the band could survive—was the result of a number of factors. His stature as the lead singer of the band, and the added attention garnered by his flamboyant stage persona, led to tensions within the band. Genesis had always operated more or less as a collective, and Gabriel's burgeoning public profile led to fears within the group that he was being unfairly singled out as the creative hub. The band had also begun to feel confined by the reputation (and fans' expectations) attached to their famously elaborate theatrical performances, believing that the visual element of their performances was receiving more attention than their actual music.
Tensions were heightened by the ambitious album and tour of the concept work The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, a Gabriel-created concept piece which saw him taking on the lion's share of the lyric writing. During the writing and recording of The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, Gabriel was approached by director William Friedkin, allegedly because Friedkin had found Gabriel's short story in the liner notes to Genesis Live interesting. Gabriel left Genesis to pursue a film project with Friedkin, only to rejoin a week later.[8] The decision to quit the band was made before the tour supporting The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, with Gabriel explaining his decision to the band while keeping it from the press until the conclusion of that tour. Bassist Mike Rutherford recalled that they all "could see it coming."[8] Although tensions were high, both Gabriel and the remaining members of Genesis have stated publicly that Gabriel left the band on good terms.
The breaking point came with the difficult pregnancy of Gabriel's wife, Jill, and the subsequent birth of their first child, Anna-Marie. When he opted to stay with his sick daughter and wife, rather than record and tour, the resentment from the rest of the band led Gabriel to conclude that he had to leave the group. "Solsbury Hill", Gabriel's debut single as a solo artist, was written specifically about his departure from Genesis. The song also charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1978,[9] reaching the Top 70, though it was recorded in 1976, and appeared on the 'Car' album in 1977. In 1982, Gabriel reunited with his former Genesis colleagues for the one-off concert Six of the Best, in order to recoup debts that arose from his involvement in the staging of the first WOMAD concert.
Solo career[link]
Gabriel refused to title any of his first four solo albums, which were all labelled Peter Gabriel using the same typeface, but which featured different cover designs (by Hipgnosis); in all of these designs, Gabriel's face is wholly or partially obscured in some way. The albums are usually differentiated by number in order of release (I, II, III, IV), or by sleeve design, with the first three solo albums often referred to as Car, Scratch and Melt respectively, in reference to their cover artwork. His fourth solo album, also called Peter Gabriel, was titled Security in the U.S. at the behest of Geffen Records.
After acquiescing to distinctive titles, Gabriel used a series of 2-letter words to title his next three albums: So, Us, and Up. His most recent greatest hits compilation is titled Hit; within the two-CD package, disc one is labelled "Hit" and disc two is labelled "Miss".
[edit] Peter Gabriel albums (1977–1985)
Gabriel recorded his first self-titled solo album in 1976 and 1977 with producer Bob Ezrin. His first solo success came with the single "Solsbury Hill", an autobiographical piece expressing his thoughts on leaving Genesis. Although mainly happy with the music, Gabriel felt that the album, and especially the track "Here Comes the Flood" was over-produced. Sparser versions can be heard on Robert Fripp's Exposure, and on Gabriel's greatest hits compilation Shaking the Tree (1990).
Gabriel worked with guitarist Fripp as producer of his second solo LP, in 1978. This album was leaner, darker and more experimental, and yielded decent reviews, but no major hits.
Gabriel developed a new interest in world music (especially percussion), and for bold production, which made extensive use of recording tricks and sound effects. Gabriel's interest in music technology is considered by many people to be the spark of his success as it inspired his third album. The third album is often credited as the first LP to use the now-famous "gated drum" sound.[10] Phil Collins played drums on several tracks, including the opener, "Intruder", which featured the reverse-gated, cymbal-less drum kit sound which Collins would also use on his single "In the Air Tonight" and through the rest of the 1980s. Gabriel had requested that his drummers use no cymbals in the album's sessions, and when he heard the result he asked Collins to play a simple pattern for several minutes, then built "Intruder" around it. The album achieved some chart success with the songs "Games Without Frontiers" (#4 U.K, #48 U.S.), and "Biko".
Arduous and occasionally damp recording sessions at his rural English estate in 1981 and 1982 resulted in Gabriel's fourth LP release, on which Gabriel took more production responsibility. It was one of the first commercial albums recorded entirely to digital tape (using a Sony mobile truck), and featured the early, extremely expensive, Fairlight CMI sampling computer, which had already made its first brief appearances on the previous album. Gabriel combined a variety of sampled and deconstructed sounds with world-beat percussion and other unusual instrumentation to create a radically new, emotionally charged soundscape. Furthermore, the sleeve art consisted of inscrutable, video-based imagery. Despite the album's peculiar sound, odd appearance, and often disturbing themes, it sold very well. This album featured his first Top 40 hit in the U.S., "Shock the Monkey", as well as the song "I Have the Touch". The music video for "Shock the Monkey", which featured Gabriel in white face paint and a caged macaque, held the #1 spot on "MTV" for 9 weeks. Geffen records forced Peter to give his fourth self-titled album a name in the US - Security - to mark his arrival on the label and to differentiate his fourth album from the other three.
Alternate versions of Gabriel's third and fourth albums were also released with German lyrics. Peter Gabriel 3 consisted of basically the same recording overdubbed with new vocals, while Security was also remixed and several tracks were extended or altered in slight ways.
Gabriel toured extensively for each of his albums. Initially, he pointedly eschewed the theatrics that had defined his tenure with Genesis. For his second solo tour, his entire band shaved their heads. By the time of Security he began involving elaborate stage props and acrobatics which had him suspended from gantries, distorting his face with Fresnel lenses and mirrors, and wearing unusual make-up. His 1982–83 tour included a section opening for David Bowie. Recordings of this tour were released as the double LP Plays Live.
The stage was set for Gabriel's critical and commercial breakout with his next studio release, which was in production for almost three years. During the recording and production of the album he also found time to develop the film soundtrack for Alan Parker's 1984 feature Birdy, which consisted of new material as well as remixed instrumental tracks from his previous studio album.
[edit] So, Passion and Us (1986–1994)
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A 1986 duet with Kate Bush, "Don't Give Up" tells of the despair of a man who feels defeated by the economic system, and the support and wise counsel sung in the refrain.
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Gabriel achieved his greatest popularity with songs from the 1986 album So.[11] The album charted at number 1 in the UK Album Chart, and number 2 on the Billboard 200 in the US.[12][13] It is certified triple platinum in the UK, and five times platinum in the US.[14][15] The album produced three UK Top 20 hits, "Sledgehammer", "Big Time", and "Don't Give Up" — a duet with Kate Bush.[12] The album also produced three Top 40 hits in the U.S., "Sledgehammer", "In Your Eyes" (featured in the John Cusack film Say Anything), and "Big Time".[13] "Sledgehammer", peaked at #1 in the U.S., knocking Genesis' "Invisible Touch" off the top spot, and #4 in the UK.[13] The ballad "Don't Give Up" was about the devastation of unemployment. Gabriel co-produced So with Daniel Lanois, also known for his work with U2 and Brian Eno.[16] In 1990, Rolling Stone ranked So number #14 on its list of "Top 100 Albums of the Eighties".[17]
Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer", which dealt specifically with the themes of sex and sexual relations, was accompanied by a much-lauded music video, which was a collaboration with director Stephen R. Johnson, Aardman Animations, and the Brothers Quay.[2] The video set a new standard for art in the music video industry, and won nine MTV Video Music Awards in 1987, a record which still stands as of 2011.[2] "Sledgehammer" is the most played music video in the history of MTV, and in 1998 it was named the station's number one animated video of all time.[2][18] A follow-up video for the song "Big Time" also broke new ground in music video animation and special effects. The song is a story of "what happens to you when you become a little too successful", in Gabriel's words. The success of the album earned Peter Gabriel two awards at the Brit Awards in 1987: Best British Male Solo Artist and Best British Video for "Sledgehammer".[4] Gabriel was also nominated for three Grammy Awards: Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, Song of the Year, and Record of the Year.[19]
In 1989, Gabriel released Passion, the soundtrack for Martin Scorsese's movie The Last Temptation of Christ. For this work he received his first Grammy Award, in the category of Best New Age Performance. He also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score - Motion Picture.
Following this, Gabriel released Us in 1992 (also co-produced with Daniel Lanois), an album in which he explored the pain of recent personal problems; his failed first marriage, and the growing distance between him and his first daughter.
Gabriel's introspection within the context of the album Us can be seen in the first single release "Digging in the Dirt" directed by John Downer. Accompanied by a disturbing video featuring Gabriel covered in snails and various foliage, this song made reference to the psychotherapy which had taken up much of Gabriel's time since the previous album. Gabriel describes his struggle to get through to his daughter in "Come Talk To Me" directed by Matt Mahurin, which featured backing vocals by Sinéad O'Connor. O'Connor also lent vocals to "Blood of Eden", directed by Nichola Bruce and Michael Coulson, the third single to be released from the album, and once again dealing with relationship struggles, this time going right back to Adam's rib for inspiration. The result was one of Gabriel's most personal albums. It met with less success than So, reaching #2 in the album chart on both sides of the Atlantic, and making modest chart impact with the singles "Digging in the Dirt" and the funkier "Steam", which evoked memories of "Sledgehammer". Gabriel followed the release of the album with a world tour (with Paula Cole or Joy Askew filling O'Connor's vocal role) and accompanying double CD and DVD Secret World Live in 1994.
Gabriel employed an innovative approach in the marketing of the Us album. Not wishing to feature only images of himself, he asked artist filmmakers Nichola Bruce and Michael Coulson to coordinate a marketing campaign using contemporary artists. Artists such as Helen Chadwick, Rebecca Horn, Nils Udo, Andy Goldsworthy, David Mach and Yayoi Kusama collaborated to create original artworks for each of the 11 songs on the multi-million-selling CD. Coulson and Bruce documented the process on Hi-8 video. Bruce left Real World and Coulson continued with the campaign, using the documentary background material as the basis for a promotional EPK, the long-form video All About Us and the interactive CD-ROM Xplora1.
Gabriel won three more Grammy Awards, all in the Music Video category. He won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1993 and 1994 for the videos to "Digging in the Dirt" and "Steam" respectively. Gabriel also won the 1996 Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video for his Secret World Live video.
[edit] OVO, Up, Scratch My Back and New Blood (1995–present)
After five years of not releasing any new music, Gabriel re-emerged with OVO, a soundtrack for the live Millennium Dome Show in London in 2000, and Long Walk Home, the music from the Australian movie Rabbit-Proof Fence, early in 2002. This soundtrack also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Score – Motion Picture.
In September 2002, Gabriel released Up, his first full-length studio album in a decade. Entirely self-produced, Up returned to some of the themes of his work in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Three singles failed to make an impression on the charts—in part because almost every track exceeded six minutes in length, with multiple sections—but the album sold well globally, as Gabriel continued to draw from a loyal fan base from his almost forty years in the music business. Up was followed by a world tour featuring his daughter Melanie Gabriel on backing vocals, and two concert DVDs, Growing Up Live (2003) and Still Growing Up: Live & Unwrapped (2004).
In 2008, Gabriel contributed to the WALL-E soundtrack several new songs with Thomas Newman, including the film's closing song, "Down to Earth", for which they received the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The song was also nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song - Motion Picture and the Academy Award for Best Original Song.
In 2010, Gabriel released Scratch My Back. The album is made up entirely of cover songs including material written by David Bowie, Lou Reed, Arcade Fire, Radiohead, Regina Spektor, Neil Young, and more. The concept for the record is that Gabriel covers songs by various artists and those artists in turn will cover Gabriel songs to be released on a future follow-up album called I'll Scratch Yours. Scratch My Back features only orchestral instrumentation; there are no guitars, drums, or electronic elements that are usual attributes of Gabriel records. A very brief tour followed the album's release where Gabriel performed with a full orchestra and two female backup singers, his daughter Melanie Gabriel and Norwegian singer-songwriter Ane Brun.
On 11 October 2011, Gabriel released New Blood, a collection of his earlier songs recorded with an orchestra. A special edition of the album features solely instrumental versions of some of the songs.
In Fall 2012, Gabriel will embark on the Back to Front Tour in which he will perform the entire So album to celebrate its 25th anniversary.[20]
Musicians and collaborators[link]
Gabriel has worked with a relatively stable crew of musicians and recording engineers throughout his solo career. Bass and Stick player Tony Levin, for example, has appeared on every Gabriel studio album (except Scratch My Back and the soundtracks Passion and Long Walk Home) and has performed on every Gabriel solo tour (except The New Blood Tour). Guitar player David Rhodes has been Gabriel’s guitarist of choice since 1979. Prior to So, Jerry Marotta was Gabriel's preferred drummer, both in the studio and on the road. (For the So and Us albums and tours Marotta was replaced by Manu Katché, who was then replaced by Ged Lynch on parts of the Up album and all of the subsequent tour). Gabriel is known for choosing top-flight collaborators, from co-producers such as Ezrin, Fripp, Lillywhite, and Lanois to musicians such as Natalie Merchant, Elizabeth Fraser, L. Shankar, Trent Reznor, Youssou N'Dour, Larry Fast, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Sinéad O'Connor, Kate Bush, Ane Brun, Paula Cole, John Giblin, Peter Hammill, Papa Wemba, Manu Katché, Bayete, Phil Collins (as drummer), and Stewart Copeland.
Over the years, Gabriel has collaborated with singer Kate Bush several times; Bush provided backing vocals for Gabriel's "Games Without Frontiers" and "No Self Control" in 1980, and female lead vocal for "Don't Give Up" (a Top 10 hit in the UK) in 1986, and Gabriel appeared on her television special. Their duet of Roy Harper's "Another Day" was discussed for release as a single, but never appeared.
He also collaborated with Laurie Anderson on two versions of her composition "Excellent Birds" – one for her 1984 album Mister Heartbreak, and a slightly different version called "This is the Picture (Excellent Birds)", which appeared on cassette and CD versions of So. In 1987, when presenting Gabriel with an award for his music videos, Anderson related an occasion in which a recording session had gone late into the night and Gabriel's voice had begun to sound somewhat strange, almost dreamlike. It was discovered that he had fallen asleep in front of the microphone, but had continued to sing.
Gabriel sang (along with Jim Kerr of Simple Minds) on "Everywhere I Go", from The Call's 1986 release, Reconciled. On Toni Childs' 1994 CD, The Woman's Boat, Gabriel sang on the track, "I Met a Man".
In 1998, Gabriel appeared on the soundtrack of Babe: Pig in the City, not as a composer, but as the singer of the song "That'll Do", written by Randy Newman. The song was nominated for an Academy Award, and Gabriel and Newman performed it at the following year's Oscar telecast. He performed a similar soundtrack appearance for the 2004 film Shall We Dance?, singing a cover version of "The Book of Love" by The Magnetic Fields.
Gabriel has also appeared on Robbie Robertson's self-titled album, singing on "Fallen Angel"; co-written two Tom Robinson singles; and appeared on Joni Mitchell's 1988 album Chalk Mark in a Rainstorm, on the track "My Secret Place".
In 2001, Gabriel contributed lead vocals to the song "When You're Falling" on Afro Celt Sound System's Volume 3: Further in Time.[21] In the summer of 2003, Gabriel performed in Ohio with a guest performance by Uzbek singer Sevara Nazarkhan.
Gabriel collaborated on tracks with electronic musician BT. The tracks were never released, as the computers they were contained on were stolen from BT's home in California. He also sang the lyrics for Deep Forest on their theme song for the movie Strange Days. In addition, Gabriel has appeared on Angelique Kidjo's 2007 album Djin Djin, singing on the song "Salala".
Gabriel has recorded a cover of the Vampire Weekend single "Cape Cod Kwassa Kwassa" with Hot Chip, where his name is mentioned several times in the chorus. He substitutes the original line "But this feels so unnatural / Peter Gabriel too / This feels so unnatural/ Peter Gabriel too" with "It feels so unnatural / Peter Gabriel too / and it feels so unnatural / to sing your own name."
WOMAD and other projects[link]
Gabriel has been interested in world music for many years, with the first musical evidence appearing on his third album. This influence has increased over time, and he is the driving force behind the World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD) movement. He created the Real World Studios and record label to facilitate the creation and distribution of such music by various artists, and he has worked to educate Western culture about the work of such musicians as Yungchen Lhamo, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Youssou N'dour. He has a long-standing interest in human rights, and launched Witness,[22] a nonprofit which trains human rights activists to use video and online technologies to expose human rights abuses. In 2006 his work with WITNESS and his long standing support of peace and human rights causes was recognised by the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates with the Man of Peace award.
In the 1990s, with Steve Nelson of Brilliant Media and director Michael Coulson, he developed advanced multimedia CD-ROM-based entertainment projects, creating the acclaimed Xplora (the world's largest selling music CD-ROM), and subsequently the EVE CD-ROM. EVE was a music and art adventure game directed by Michael Coulson and co-produced by the Starwave Corporation in Seattle; it won the prestigious Milia d'Or award Grand Prize at the Cannes in 1996 and featured themes and interactivity well in advance of its time. Xplora and EVE can no longer be played on modern PCs, due to changes to their operating systems.
In 1994, Gabriel starred in the Breck Eisner short film "Recon" as a detective who enters the minds of murder victims to find their killer's identity.
Gabriel helped pioneer a new realm of musical interaction in 2001, visiting Georgia State University's Language Research Center to participate in keyboard jam sessions with bonobo apes from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (This experience inspired the song "Animal Nation," which was performed on Gabriel's 2002 "Growing Up" tour and was featured on the Growing Up Live DVD and The Wild Thornberrys Movie soundtrack.) Gabriel's desire to bring attention to the intelligence of primates also took the form of ApeNet, a project that aimed to link great apes through the internet, enabling the first interspecies internet communication.[23]
He was one of the founders of On Demand Distribution (OD2), one of the first online music download services. Its technology is used by MSN Music UK and others, and has become the dominant music download technology platform for stores in Europe. OD2 was bought by US company Loudeye in June 2004 and subsequently by Finnish mobile giant Nokia in October 2006 for $60 million.
Additionally, Gabriel is also co-founder (with Brian Eno) of a musicians union called Mudda, short for "magnificent union of digitally downloading artists."
In 2000, Peter Gabriel collaborated with Zucchero, Anggun and others in charity for kids with AIDS. Erick Benzi have write words and music and Patrick Bruel, Stephan Eicher, Faudel, Lokua Kanza, Laam, Nourith, Axelle Red have accept to sing it.
In 2003, Gabriel's song "Burn You Up, Burn You Down" was featured in Cyan Worlds' video game Uru: Ages Beyond Myst. In 2004, Gabriel contributed another song ("Curtains") and contributed voice work on another game in the Myst franchise, Myst IV: Revelation.
During the latter part of 2004, Gabriel spent time in a village in eastern Nepal with musician Ram Sharan Nepali, learning esoteric vocal techniques. Gabriel subsequently invited Nepali to attend and perform at the Womad festival in Adelaide, Australia.
In June 2005, Gabriel and broadcast industry entrepreneur David Engelke purchased Solid State Logic, a leading manufacturer of mixing consoles and digital audio workstations.[24] SSL is among the top 2 or 3 recording console manufacturers in the world of recording.
In May 2008, Gabriel's Real World Studios, in partnership with Bowers & Wilkins, started the Bowers & Wilkins Music Club - now known as Society of Sound - a subscription-based music retail site. Albums are currently available in either Apple Lossless or Flac format.[25]
Activist for humanitarian causes[link]
In 1986 he started what has become a longstanding association with Amnesty International, becoming a pioneering participant in all 28 of Amnesty's Human Rights Concerts — a series of music events and tours staged by the US Section of Amnesty International between 1986-1998. He performed during the six-concert A Conspiracy of Hope US tour in June 1986; the twenty-concert Human Rights Now! world tour in 1988; the Chile: Embrace Of Hope Concert in 1990 and at The Paris Concert For Amnesty International in 1998. He also performed in Amnesty's Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows.[26] He spoke of his support for Amnesty on NBC's Today Show in 1986.[27]
Inspired by the social activism he encountered in his work with Amnesty, in 1992 Gabriel co-founded WITNESS, a non-profit group that equips, trains and supports locally-based organizations worldwide to use video and the internet in human rights documentation and advocacy.
In 1995, Gabriel and Cape Verdean human rights activist Vera Duarte were awarded the North-South Prize in its inaugural year.[28][29]
In the late 1990s, Gabriel and entrepreneur Richard Branson discussed with Nelson Mandela their idea of a small, dedicated group of leaders, working objectively and without any vested personal interest to solve difficult global conflicts.
On 18 July 2007, in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela announced the formation of a new group, Global Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday. The present members of this group are Desmond Tutu, Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Lakhdar Brahimi, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Jimmy Carter, Mary Robinson, Muhammad Yunus, and Aung San Suu Kyi (with an empty chair for her).[30]
The Elders will be independently funded by a group of "Founders", including Branson and Gabriel.
Desmond Tutu serves as the chair of the Elders, who will use their collective skills to catalyse peaceful resolutions to long-standing conflicts, articulate new approaches to global issues that are causing or may later cause immense human suffering, and share wisdom by helping to connect voices all over the world. They will work together over the next several months to consider carefully which specific issues they will confront.
In November 2007 Gabriel's non-profit group WITNESS launched The Hub, a participatory media site for human rights.
In September 2008 Gabriel was named as the recipient of Amnesty International’s 2008 Ambassador of Conscience Award. In the same month, he received Quadriga United We Care award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling and Wikipedia. The award was presented to him by Queen Silvia of Sweden.[31]
Gabriel lent his support to the campaign to release Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, an Iranian woman sentenced to death by stoning after being convicted of committing adultery.[32]
Politics[link]
At the 1997 general election, Gabriel declared his support for the Labour Party, which won that election by a landslide after 18 years out of power, led by Tony Blair.[33]
In 1998, Gabriel was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to Labour.[34] In 2003, he revealed he had voted for Labour and admired what they had done for health and education but distanced himself from the Labour government over Tony Blair’s support for George W. Bush and Britain’s involvement in the Iraq War, which he strongly opposed, although he continued to believe Blair was a man of conscience.[35] Quoted in The Mirror newspaper, he said:
This is a fundamental issue of life and death and I very much think the Prime Minister is in the wrong. I'm also sure George W. Bush is an affable bloke but he's highly dangerous and I wish America was in the hands of someone else. To put oil interests ahead of human life is appalling. War is always terrible but unjustified war is obscene and on present evidence that is what we are facing. People want peace and I think it's great that the Mirror is leading this campaign. I think the consequences of this war would be the biggest threat to world peace in my lifetime...There is a slogan which says: 'Peace is what happens when you respect the rights of others'. Iraqis have rights too.[36]
In 2005, Gabriel gave a Green Party of England and Wales general election candidate special permission to record a cover of his song "Don't Give Up" for his campaign.[37]
In 2010, The Guardian described Gabriel as "a staunch advocate of proportional representation".[38]
In 2012, Gabriel condemned the use of his music by American talk radio personality Rush Limbaugh during a controversial segment in which Limbaugh vilified Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke. A statement on behalf of Gabriel read: "Peter was appalled to learn that his music was linked to Rush Limbaugh's extraordinary attack on Sandra Fluke. It is obvious from anyone that knows Peter's work that he would never approve such a use. He has asked his representatives to make sure his music is withdrawn and especially from these unfair, aggressive and ignorant comments."[39]
Personal life[link]
Gabriel has two daughters with his first wife Jill Moore: Anna-Marie (born 26 July 1974) and Melanie Gabriel (born 23 August 1976). Married on 17 March 1971, they divorced in 1987. Moore's father was Lord Moore of Wolvercote.
Anna-Marie is a filmmaker and Melanie is a musician. Anna-Marie filmed and directed the Growing Up On Tour: A Family Portrait and Still Growing Up: Live & Unwrapped DVDs. Melanie has been a backing vocalist in her father's band since 2002.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Gabriel lived with actress Rosanna Arquette but they never married.
Gabriel also has two sons with Meabh Flynn: Isaac Ralph (born 27 September 2001) and Luc (born 5 July 2008). Gabriel and Flynn have been married since 9 June 2002.
Gabriel has resided for many years in the county of Wiltshire in England, where he also runs his Real World Studios. He previously lived in the Woolley Valley near Bath, Somerset. In 2010 he joined a campaign to stop an agricultural development at the valley, which had also inspired his first solo single "Solsbury Hill" in 1977.[40]
Appearances: 2005–present[link]
Gabriel actively coordinated and performed at the Eden Project Live 8 concert in July 2005. In his earliest days, Gabriel played flute on Cat Stevens's first album on the Island records label, Mona Bone Jakon as a "nervous session musician". Stevens, now known as Yusuf Islam, joined him on stage 33 years after that experience, in Johannesburg during Nelson Mandela's 46664 concert. The two performed the Stevens hit "Wild World".
A double DVD set, Still Growing Up: Live & Unwrapped, was released in October 2005.
FIFA asked Gabriel and Brian Eno to organise an opening ceremony for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany, planned to take place a couple of days before the start of the tournament; however, the show was cancelled in January 2006 by FIFA.
Rumours of a possible reunion of the original Genesis line-up began circulating in 2004 after Phil Collins stated in an interview that he was open to the idea of sitting back behind the drums and "let Peter be the singer." The classic line-up has only reformed for a live performance once before, in 1982. However, the group did work together to create a new version of the 1974 song "The Carpet Crawlers", ultimately released on the Turn It On Again: The Hits album as "The Carpet Crawlers 1999". Gabriel later met with other Genesis band members, to discuss a possible reunion tour of The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway. He chose to opt out of a reunion tour, and his former bandmates, Collins, Banks, and Rutherford chose to tour as Genesis without him.
At the opening ceremonies of the Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, Gabriel performed John Lennon's "Imagine" during the opening of the festivities on 10 February 2006.
In October 2006, Gabriel was given the first Pioneer Award at the BT Digital Music Awards, an award presented in recognition of his "profound and lasting influence on the development of digital music."
In November 2006, the Seventh World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Rome presented Gabriel with the Man of Peace award. The award, presented by former President of the USSR and Nobel Peace Prize winner Mikhail Gorbachev and Walter Veltroni, Mayor of Rome, was an acknowledgement of Gabriel's extensive contribution and work on behalf of human rights and peace. The award was presented in the Giulio Cesare Hall of the Campidoglio in Rome. At the end of the year, he was awarded the Q magazine Lifetime Achievement Award, presented to him by American musician Moby. In an interview published in the magazine to accompany the award, Gabriel's contribution to music was described as "vast and enduring."
Gabriel took on a project with the BBC World Service's competition "The Next Big Thing" to find the world's best young band. Gabriel is judging the final six young artists with William Orbit, Geoff Travis and Angélique Kidjo.
The Times reported on 21 January 2007, that Peter Gabriel had announced that he planned to release his next album in the U.S. without the aid of a record company. Gabriel, an early pioneer of digital music distribution, had raised £2 million towards recording and 'shipping' his next album, Big Blue Ball in a venture with investment boutique Ingenious Media. Gabriel is expected to earn double the money that he would through a conventional record deal. Commercial director Duncan Reid of Ingenious explains the business savvy of the deal, saying, "If you're paying a small distribution fee and covering your own marketing costs, you enjoy the lion's share of the proceeds of the album. Gabriel is expected to outsource CD production for worldwide release through Warner Bros. Records. The new album deal covers the North America territory, where Gabriel is currently out of contract.[41]
The album Big Blue Ball was launched in America thanks to a venture capital trust initiative. Bosses at London-based firm Ingenious raised more than $4 million (GBP 2 million) to help promote the release in the United States. The venture capitalists, Gabriel and his Real World Limited partners, have created a new joint venture company, High Level Recordings Limited, to oversee the release of the album, which took place in 2008. Gabriel appeared on a nationwide tour for the album in 2009.[42]
On 24 May 2007, he was honoured with the Ivor Novello Award for lifetime achievement.[43]
Gabriel was a judge for the 6th and 8th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists.[44]
In February 2009, Gabriel announced that he would not be performing on the 2008 Academy Awards telecast because producers of the show were limiting his performance of "Down to Earth" from WALL-E to 65 seconds. John Legend and the Soweto Gospel Choir performed the song in his stead.
Gabriel's 2009 tour of Mexico and South America included visiting Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Venezuela. His first ever performance in Peru was held in Lima on 20 March 2009, during his second visit to the country. His concert in Mexico City, on 27 March 2009, attracted more than 38,000 fans.
On 25 July 2009, he played at WOMAD Charlton Park, his only European performance of the year, to promote Witness. The show included two tracks from the then-forthcoming Scratch My Back: Paul Simon's "The Boy in the Bubble" and The Magnetic Fields' "The Book of Love".[45]
On 5 October 2011 at the Royal Festival Hall, London Gabriel appeared at the end of an interview of President Carter by Channel 4 News presenter, Jon Snow, to lead the 2,500-strong audience in a rendition of happy birthday to mark the President turning 87.
On 9 November 2011 he appeared and performed on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman.
Discography[link]
Main article: Peter Gabriel discography
- Peter Gabriel 1 (Car) (1977)
- Peter Gabriel 2 (Scratch) (1978)
- Peter Gabriel 3 (Melt) (1980)
- Ein deutsches Album (1980)
- Peter Gabriel 4 (Security) (1982)
- Deutsches Album (1982)
- Birdy (1985)
- So (1986)
- Passion (1989)
- Us (1992)
- OVO (2000)
- Long Walk Home (2002)
- Up (2002)
- Scratch My Back (2010)
- New Blood (2011)
See also[link]
- List of best selling music artists
- List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)
- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance chart
- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart
References[link]
- ^ Peter Gabriel Biography PeterGabriel.com
- ^ a b c d Peter Gabriel, 'Sledgehammer' (1986) - The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos Time. Retrieved 19 November 2011
- ^ "Peter Gabriel Receives Top Honor at BMI London Awards". bmi.com. http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/535578. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
- ^ a b The BRITs 1987 Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2011
- ^ Past Winners: Peter Gabriel Grammy.com. Retrieved 24 November 2011
- ^ Peter Gabriel Profile LyricsOnDemand.com
- ^ Family detective: Peter Gabriel Telegraph.co.uk
- ^ a b c d Neer, Dan (1985). Mike on Mike [interview LP], Atlantic Recording Corporation.
- ^ Solsbury Hill by Peter Gabriel Songfacts.com
- ^ Flans, Robyn (1 May 2005). "Classic Tracks: Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight"". MixOnline.com. http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_phil_collins_air/index.html.
- ^ So - Peter Gabriel (review) Allmusic. Retrieved 21 November 2011
- ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums. London: Guinness World Records Limited
- ^ a b c Whitburn, Joel (2006). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. Billboard Books
- ^ "British album certifications – Peter Gabriel – So". British Phonographic Industry. Enter So in the field Search. Select Title in the field Search by. Select album in the field By Format. Click Go
- ^ "American album certifications – Peter Gabriel – So". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
- ^ So - Peter Gabriel (credits) Allmusic. Retrieved 21 November 2011
- ^ The 100 Greatest Albums Of The 80s. Rolling Stone. Special Issue 1990. Retrieved 21 November 2011
- ^ MTV. Top Ten Animated Videos Countdown. June 28, 1998
- ^ 29th Grammy Awards - 1987 Rock On The Net. Retrieved 19 November 2011
- ^ [1]
- ^ Volume 3: Further in Time Real World Records
- ^ "See it. Film it. Change it. Using video to open the eyes of the world to human rights violations". Witness. http://www.witness.org. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ 'Peter Gabriel goes ape for research project' Top40-Charts.com, 20 July 2001
- ^ "Peter Gabriel and David Engelke purchase Solid State Logic". 21 June 2005. http://broadcastengineering.com/audio/Ssl-purchase-music-20050621/. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
- ^ Breen, Christopher (2008-05-27). "B&W and Real World Launch Music Club". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/146352/bandw_and_real_world_launch_music_club.html. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel talks about his work for Amnesty International". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0UYgKOv9_g. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel TV Interview On NBC Today Show about Amnesty concerts". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xcj9CRdSYEI. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "The North South Prize of Lisbon". North-South Centre. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080215230739/http://www.coe.int/t/e/north-south_centre/programmes/7_north-south_prize/winners_PNS.asp. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
- ^ "Ms. Vera Duarte, Minister of Education, Cape Verde". Council of Europe. http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/20th_anniversary/Testimonies/Interview_VeraDuarte.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
- ^ "About". The Elders. http://www.theelders.org/elders/. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Die Quadriga - Award 2008" (in (German)). Loomarea.com. http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ "Iran stoning case woman ordered to name campaigners". The Guardian (London). 22 July 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/22/iran-stoning-woman-campaigners.
- ^ "Who's backing whom at the election?". BBC News. 21 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/frontpage/4464557.stm. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
- ^ "'Luvvies' for Labour". BBC News. 30 August 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/161057.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ The Mirror, 1 March 2003.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel backs antiwar campaign". http://www.mail-archive.com/antinato@topica.com/msg07910.html.
- ^ "Green candidate sings for votes". BBC News. 29 April 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/england/4497761.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel: 'It doesn't have anything to do with witchcraft!'". The Guardian. 2 June 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/02/peter-gabriel-scratch-my-back. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel Pulls Music From 'Rush Limbaugh Show'". http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/peter-gabriel-pulls-music-from-rush-limbaugh-show-20120305#ixzz1pQftliJu.
- ^ "Peter Gabriel attacks Woolley Valley farm plans". BBC News. 19 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/somerset/8693430.stm. Retrieved 15 Jan 2011.
- ^ Durman, Paul. Gabriel deals a blow to the record business, The Times. 21 January 2007.
- ^ Gabriel Calls on Venture Capitalists To Help Album Launch, contactmusic.com. 24 January 2007.
- ^ "Winehouse, Madonna win U.K. songwriting prizes". CBC.ca Arts. 24 May 2007. http://www.cbc.ca/arts/music/story/2007/05/24/novello-awards.html. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ^ "Past Judges". Independent Music Awards. http://www.independentmusicawards.com/ima_new/pastjudges.asp. Retrieved 2011-07-16.
- ^ Dalton, Stephen (27 July 2009). "Womad 2009 at Charlton Park Wiltshire". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/festivals/article6728136.ece. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
External links[link]
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- Peter Gabriel discography at MusicBrainz
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- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Peter Gabriel on Charlie Rose
- Works by or about Peter Gabriel in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Gabriel, Peter |
| Alternative names | Gabriel, Peter Brian |
| Short description | Musician, record producer |
| Date of birth | 13 February 1950 |
| Place of birth | Cobham, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Peter_Gabriel
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Frank Zappa | |
|---|---|
 Zappa performing in Ekeberghallen, Oslo, on January 16, 1977 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Frank Vincent Zappa |
| Born | (1940-12-21)December 21, 1940 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | December 4, 1993(1993-12-04) (aged 52) Los Angeles, California, U.S. due to prostate cancer |
| Genres | Rock, experimental, jazz, classical |
| Occupations | Composer, musician, conductor, producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, synclavier, bicycle, drums |
| Years active | 1955–1993 |
| Labels | Verve, Bizarre, Straight, DiscReet, Zappa, Barking Pumpkin |
| Associated acts | The Mothers of Invention Captain Beefheart Steve Vai |
| Website | zappa.com |
| Notable instruments | |
Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, recording engineer, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for percussion-based avant-garde composers such as Edgard Varèse and 1950s rhythm and blues music. He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; he later switched to electric guitar.
He was a self-taught composer and performer, and his diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize. His 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, Freak Out!, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. His later albums shared this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was one of rock, jazz or classical. His lyrics—often humorously—reflected his iconoclastic view of established social and political processes, structures and movements. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion, and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech, self-education, political participation and the abolition of censorship.
Zappa was a highly productive and prolific artist and gained widespread critical acclaim. He had some commercial success, particularly in Europe, and for most of his career was able to work as an independent artist. He also remains a major influence on musicians and composers. Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. Zappa was married to Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman from 1960 to 1964. In 1967, he married Adelaide Gail Sloatman, with whom he remained until his death from prostate cancer in 1993. They had four children: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet Emuukha Rodan and Diva Thin Muffin Pigeen. Gail Zappa manages the businesses of her late husband under the name the Zappa Family Trust.
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Early life[link]
Frank Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on December 21, 1940. His mother, Rose Marie Colimore, was of Italian and French ancestry; his father, Francesco Vincente Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, and was of Greek and Arab ancestry.[2] Zappa was the eldest of four children.[3] The family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to Maryland, where Zappa's father worked at the Edgewood Arsenal chemical warfare facility of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Due to their home's proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home.[4] This had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work.[5]
Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches and sinus problems. A doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappa's nostrils; little was known about the potential dangers of even small amounts of therapeutic radiation.[6] Nasal imagery and references appear in his music and lyrics, as well as in the collage album covers created by his long-time collaborator Cal Schenkel.
Many of Zappa's childhood diseases may have been due to exposure to mustard gas. His health worsened when he lived in Baltimore.[4][6] In 1952, his family relocated for reasons of health.[7] They moved, next, to Monterey, California, where his father taught metallurgy at the Naval Postgraduate School. They soon moved to Claremont, then to El Cajon, before finally settling in San Diego.[8]
Musical influences[link]
"Since I didn't have any kind of formal training, it didn't make any difference to me if I was listening to Lightnin' Slim, or a vocal group called the Jewels ... , or Webern, or Varèse, or Stravinsky. To me it was all good music."
—Frank Zappa, 1989[9]
Zappa joined his first band at Mission Bay High School in San Diego. He was the band's drummer.[10] About the same time his parents bought a phonograph, which allowed him to develop his interest in music, and to begin building his record collection.[11] R&B singles were early purchases, starting a large collection he kept for the rest of his life.[12] He was interested in sounds for their own sake, particularly the sounds of drums and other percussion instruments. By age 12, he had obtained a snare drum and began learning the basics of orchestral percussion.[10] Zappa's deep interest in modern classical music began[13] when he read a LOOK magazine article about the Sam Goody record store chain that lauded its ability to sell an LP as obscure as The Complete Works of Edgard Varèse, Volume One.[14] The article described Varèse's percussion composition Ionisation, produced by EMS Recordings, as "a weird jumble of drums and other unpleasant sounds". Zappa decided to seek out Varèse's music. After searching for over a year, Zappa found a copy (he noticed the LP because of the "mad scientist" looking photo of Varèse on the cover). Not having enough money with him, he persuaded the salesman to sell him the record at a discount.[14] Thus began his lifelong passion for Varèse's music and that of other modern classical composers.
"The things that were happening in 1955 were cosmic ... in terms of music history."
—Frank Zappa, 1969 Pop Chronicles interview.[15]
Zappa grew up influenced by avant-garde composers such as Varèse, Halim El-Dabh,[16] Igor Stravinsky, and Anton Webern, R&B and doo-wop groups (including the Medallions[15] and local pachuco groups), and modern jazz. His own heterogeneous ethnic background, and the diverse social and cultural mix in and around greater Los Angeles, were crucial in the formation of Zappa as a practitioner of underground music and of his later distrustful and openly critical attitude towards "mainstream" social, political and musical movements. He frequently lampooned musical fads like psychedelia, rock opera and disco.[17][18] Television also exerted a strong influence, as demonstrated by quotations from show themes and advertising jingles found in his later works.[19]
Youth and beginning of career (1955–1960)[link]
By 1956, the Zappa family had moved to Lancaster, a small aerospace and farming town in the Antelope Valley of the Mojave Desert close to Edwards Air Force Base, in northern Los Angeles County. Zappa's mother encouraged him in his musical interests. Although she disliked Varèse's music, she was indulgent enough to give her son a long distance call to the composer as a 15th birthday present.[14] Unfortunately, Varèse was in Europe at the time, so Zappa spoke to the composer's wife. He later received a letter from Varèse thanking him for his interest, and telling him about a composition he was working on called "Déserts". Living in the desert town of Lancaster, Zappa found this very exciting. Varèse invited him to visit if he ever came to New York. The meeting never took place (Varèse died in 1965), but Zappa framed the letter and kept it on display for the rest of his life.[13][20]
At Antelope Valley High School, Zappa met Don Vliet (who later expanded his name to Don Van Vliet and adopted the stage name Captain Beefheart). Zappa and Vliet became close friends, sharing an interest in R&B records and influencing each other musically throughout their careers.[21] Around the same time, Zappa started playing drums in a local band, The Blackouts.[17] The band was racially diverse, and included Euclid James "Motorhead" Sherwood who later became a member of The Mothers of Invention. Zappa's interest in the guitar grew, and in 1957 he was given his first guitar. Among his early influences were Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Howlin' Wolf and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown.[22] (In the 1970s and '80s, he invited Watson to perform on several albums.) Zappa considered soloing as the equivalent of forming "air sculptures",[23] and developed an eclectic, innovative and highly personal style.
Zappa's interest in composing and arranging proliferated in his last high-school years. By his final year, he was writing, arranging and conducting avant-garde performance pieces for the school orchestra.[24] He graduated from Antelope Valley High School in 1958, and later acknowledged two of his music teachers on the sleeve of the 1966 album Freak Out![25] Due to his family's frequent moves, Zappa attended at least six different high schools, and as a student he was often bored and given to distracting the rest of the class with juvenile antics.[26] He left community college after one semester, and maintained thereafter a disdain for formal education, taking his children out of school at age 15 and refusing to pay for their college.[27]
Zappa left home in 1959, and moved into a small apartment in Echo Park, Los Angeles. After meeting Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman during his short stay at Pomona College, they moved in together in Ontario, and were married December 28, 1960.[28] Zappa worked for a short period in advertising. His sojourn in the commercial world was brief, but gave him valuable insights into how it works.[29] Throughout his career, he took a keen interest in the visual presentation of his work, designing some of his album covers and directing his own films and videos.
Early 1960s: Studio Z[link]
Zappa attempted to earn a living as a musician and composer, and played different nightclub gigs, some with a new version of The Blackouts.[30] Financially more rewarding were Zappa's earliest professional recordings, two soundtracks for the low-budget films The World's Greatest Sinner (1962) and Run Home Slow (1965). The former score was commissioned by actor-producer Timothy Carey and recorded in 1961. It contains many themes that appeared on later Zappa records.[31] The latter soundtrack was recorded in 1963 after the film was completed, but it was commissioned by one of Zappa's former high school teachers in 1959 and Zappa may have worked on it before the film was shot.[32] Excerpts from the soundtrack can be heard on the posthumous album The Lost Episodes (1996).
During the early 1960s, Zappa wrote and produced songs for other local artists, often working with singer-songwriter Ray Collins and producer Paul Buff. Their "Memories of El Monte" was recorded by The Penguins, although only Cleve Duncan of the original group was featured.[33] Buff owned the small Pal Recording Studio in Cucamonga, which included a unique five-track tape recorder he had built. At that time, only a handful of the most sophisticated commercial studios had multi-track facilities; the industry standard for smaller studios was still mono or two-track.[34] Although none of the recordings from the period achieved major commercial success, Zappa earned enough money to allow him to stage a concert of his orchestral music in 1963 and to broadcast and record it.[35] He appeared on Steve Allen's syndicated late night show the same year, in which he played a bicycle as a musical instrument.[36] With Captain Beefheart, Zappa recorded some songs under the name of The Soots. They were rejected by Dot Records for having "no commercial potential", a verdict Zappa subsequently quoted on the sleeve of Freak Out![37]
In 1964, after his marriage started to break up, he moved into the Pal studio and began routinely working 12 hours or more per day recording and experimenting with overdubbing and audio tape manipulation. This set a work pattern that endured for most of his life.[38] Aided by his income from film composing, Zappa took over the studio from Paul Buff, who was now working with Art Laboe at Original Sound. It was renamed Studio Z.[39] Studio Z was rarely booked for recordings by other musicians. Instead, friends moved in, notably James "Motorhead" Sherwood.[40] Zappa started performing as guitarist with a power trio, The Muthers, in local bars in order to support himself.[41]
An article in the local press describing Zappa as "the Movie King of Cucamonga" prompted the local police to suspect that he was making pornographic films.[42] In March 1965, Zappa was approached by a vice squad undercover officer, and accepted an offer of $100 to produce a suggestive audio tape for an alleged stag party. Zappa and a female friend recorded a faked erotic episode. When Zappa was about to hand over the tape, he was arrested, and the police stripped the studio of all recorded material.[42] The press was tipped off beforehand, and next day's The Daily Report wrote that "Vice Squad investigators stilled the tape recorders of a free-swinging, a-go-go film and recording studio here Friday and arrested a self-styled movie producer".[43] Zappa was charged with "conspiracy to commit pornography".[44] This felony charge was reduced and he was sentenced to six months in jail on a misdemeanor, with all but ten days suspended.[45] His brief imprisonment left a permanent mark, and was key in the formation of his anti-authoritarian stance.[46] Zappa lost several recordings made at Studio Z in the process, as the police only returned 30 out of 80 hours of tape seized.[47] Eventually, he could no longer afford to pay the rent on the studio and was evicted.[48] Zappa managed to recover some of his possessions before the studio was torn down in 1966.[49]
Late 1960s: The Mothers of Invention[link]
In 1965, Zappa was approached by Ray Collins who asked him to take over as the guitarist in local R&B band The Soul Giants, following a fight between Collins and the group's original guitarist.[3] Zappa accepted, and soon he assumed leadership and the role as co-lead singer (even though he never considered himself a singer[50]). He convinced the other members that they should play his music to increase the chances of getting a record contract.[51] The band was renamed The Mothers, coincidentally on Mother's Day.[52] The group increased their bookings after beginning an association with manager Herb Cohen, while they gradually gained attention on the burgeoning Los Angeles underground music scene.[53] In early 1966, they were spotted by leading record producer Tom Wilson when playing "Trouble Every Day", a song about the Watts Riots.[54] Wilson had earned acclaim as the producer for singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the folk-rock act Simon & Garfunkel, and was notable as one of the few African Americans working as a major label pop music producer at this time.
Wilson signed The Mothers to the Verve Records division of MGM Records, which had built up a strong reputation in the music industry for its releases of modern jazz recordings in the 1940s and 1950s, but was attempting to diversify into pop and rock audiences. Verve insisted that the band officially rename themselves because "Mother", in slang terminology, was short for "motherfucker" — a term that apart from its profane meanings can denote a skilled musician.[55] The label suggested the name "The Mothers Auxiliary", which prompted Zappa to come up with the name "The Mothers of Invention."
[edit] Debut album: Freak Out! (1966)
With Wilson credited as producer, The Mothers of Invention, augmented by a studio orchestra, recorded the groundbreaking Freak Out! (1966) which, preceded by Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde, was the second rock double album ever released. It mixed R&B, doo-wop, musique concrète,[56] and experimental sound collages that captured the "freak" subculture of Los Angeles at that time.[57] Although he was dissatisfied with the final product—in a late '60s radio interview (included in the posthumous MOFO Project/Object compilation) Zappa recounted that the side-long closing track "Return of the Son of Monster Magnet" was intended to be the basic track for a much more complex work which Verve did not allow him to complete—Freak Out immediately established Zappa as a radical new voice in rock music, providing an antidote to the "relentless consumer culture of America".[58] The sound was raw, but the arrangements were sophisticated. While recording in the studio, some of the additional session musicians were shocked that they were expected to read the notes on sheet music from charts with Zappa conducting them, since it was not standard when recording rock music.[59] The lyrics praised non-conformity, disparaged authorities, and had dadaist elements. Yet, there was a place for seemingly conventional love songs.[60] Most compositions are Zappa's, which set a precedent for the rest of his recording career. He had full control over the arrangements and musical decisions and did most overdubs. Wilson provided the industry clout and connections to get the group the financial resources needed.[61]
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The opening track on Freak Out!. The album has "consistently been voted as one of top 100 greatest albums ever made".[58]
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During the recording of Freak Out!, Zappa moved into a house in Laurel Canyon with friend Pamela Zarubica, who appeared on the album.[59] The house became a meeting (and living) place for many LA musicians and groupies of the time, despite Zappa's disapproval of their illicit drug use.[62] He labeled people on drugs "assholes in action", and he tried cannabis only a few times, but without any pleasure.[63] He was a regular tobacco smoker for most of his life, and strongly critical of anti-tobacco campaigns.[64] After a short promotional tour following the release of Freak Out!, Zappa met Adelaide Gail Sloatman. He fell in love within "a couple of minutes", and she moved into the house over the summer.[51] They married in 1967, had four children and remained together until Zappa's death.
Wilson nominally produced The Mothers' second album Absolutely Free (1967), which was recorded in November 1966, and later mixed in New York, although by this time Zappa was in de facto control of most facets of the production. It featured extended playing by The Mothers of Invention and focused on songs that defined Zappa's compositional style of introducing abrupt, rhythmical changes into songs that were built from diverse elements.[65] Examples are "Plastic People" and "Brown Shoes Don't Make It", which contained lyrics critical of the hypocrisy and conformity of American society, but also of the counterculture of the 1960s.[66] As Zappa put it, "[W]e're satirists, and we are out to satirize everything."[67] At the same time, Zappa had recorded material for a album of orchestral works to be released under his own name, Lumpy Gravy, released by Capitol Records in 1967. Due to contractual problems, the album was pulled. Zappa took the opportunity to radically restructure the contents, adding newly recorded, improvised dialogue. After the contractual problems were resolved, the album was reissued by Verve in 1968.[68] It is an "incredible ambitious musical project",[69] a "monument to John Cage",[70] which intertwines orchestral themes, spoken words and electronic noises through radical audio editing techniques.[71][72]
New York period (1966–1968)[link]
The Mothers of Invention played in New York in late 1966 and were offered a contract at the Garrick Theater during Easter 1967. This proved successful and Herb Cohen extended the booking, which eventually lasted half a year.[73] As a result, Zappa and his wife, along with The Mothers of Invention, moved to New York.[68] Their shows became a combination of improvised acts showcasing individual talents of the band as well as tight performances of Zappa's music. Everything was directed by Zappa's famous hand signals.[74] Guest performers and audience participation became a regular part of the Garrick Theater shows. One evening, Zappa managed to entice some U.S. Marines from the audience onto the stage, where they proceeded to dismember a big baby doll, having been told by Zappa to pretend that it was a "gook baby".[75]
Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, The Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, We're Only in It for the Money (released 1968).[76] It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. We're Only in It for the Money featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena.[77] The cover photo parodied that of The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[78] The cover art was provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa met in New York. This initiated a life-long collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums.[79]
Reflecting Zappa's eclectic approach to music, the next album, Cruising with Ruben & the Jets (1968), was very different. It represented a collection of doo-wop songs; listeners and critics were not sure whether the album was a satire or a tribute.[80] Zappa has noted that the album was conceived in the way Stravinsky's compositions were in his neo-classical period: "If he could take the forms and clichés of the classical era and pervert them, why not do the same ... to doo-wop in the fifties?"[81] A theme from Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring is heard during one song.
In New York, Zappa increasingly used tape editing as a compositional tool.[82] A prime example is found on the double album Uncle Meat (1969),[83] where the track "King Kong" is edited from various studio and live performances. Zappa had begun regularly recording concerts,[84] and because of his insistence on precise tuning and timing, he was able to augment his studio productions with excerpts from live shows, and vice versa.[85] Later, he combined recordings of different compositions into new pieces, irrespective of the tempo or meter of the sources. He dubbed this process "xenochrony" (strange synchronizations[86]) — reflecting the Greek "xeno" (alien or strange) and "chrono" (time).[85] Zappa also evolved a compositional approach which he called "conceptual continuity," meaning that any project or album was part of a larger project. Everything was connected, and musical themes and lyrics reappeared in different form on later albums. Conceptual continuity clues are found throughout Zappa's entire œuvre.[19][82]
During the late 1960s, Zappa continued to develop the business sides of his career. He and Herb Cohen formed the Bizarre Records and Straight Records labels, distributed by Warner Bros. Records, as ventures to aid the funding of projects and to increase creative control. Zappa produced the double album Trout Mask Replica for Captain Beefheart, and releases by Alice Cooper, Wild Man Fischer, and The GTOs, as well as Lenny Bruce's last live performance.[87]
Disbanding the original Mothers of Invention (1969)[link]
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Zappa and The Mothers of Invention returned to Los Angeles in the summer of 1968, and the Zappas moved into a house on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, only to move again to one on Woodrow Wilson Drive in the autumn.[91] This was to be Zappa's home for the rest of his life. Despite being a success with fans in Europe, The Mothers of Invention were not faring well financially.[92] Their first records were vocally oriented, but Zappa wrote more instrumental jazz and classical oriented music for the band's concerts, which confused audiences. Zappa felt that audiences failed to appreciate his "electrical chamber music".[93][94]
In 1969 there were nine band members and Zappa was supporting the group himself from his publishing royalties whether they played or not.[92] 1969 was also the year Zappa, fed up with MGM's interference, left MGM Records for Warner Bros. Records' Reprise Records subsidiary where Zappa/Mothers recordings would bear the Bizarre Records imprint. In late 1969, Zappa broke up the band. He often cited the financial strain as the main reason,[95] but also commented on the band members' lack of sufficient effort.[96] Many band members were bitter about Zappa's decision, and some took it as a sign of Zappa's concern for perfection at the expense of human feeling.[94] Others were irritated by 'his autocratic ways',[61] exemplified by Zappa's never staying at the same hotel as the band members.[97] Several members would, however, play for Zappa in years to come. Remaining recordings with the band from this period were collected on Weasels Ripped My Flesh and Burnt Weeny Sandwich (both released in 1970).
After he disbanded The Mothers of Invention, Zappa released the acclaimed solo album Hot Rats (1969).[98][99] It features, for the first time on record, Zappa playing extended guitar solos and contains one of his most enduring compositions, "Peaches en Regalia", which reappeared several times on future recordings.[88] It was backed by jazz, blues and R&B session players including violinist Don "Sugarcane" Harris, drummers John Guerin and Paul Humphrey, multi-instrumentalist and previous member of Mothers of Invention Ian Underwood, and multi-instrumentalist Shuggie Otis on bass, along with a guest appearance by Captain Beefheart (providing vocals to the only non-instrumental track, "Willie the Pimp"). It became a popular album in England,[100] and had a major influence on the development of the jazz-rock fusion genre.[88][99]
1970s: From The Mothers to Zappa[link]
In 1970 Zappa met conductor Zubin Mehta. They arranged a May 1970 concert where Mehta conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic augmented by a rock band. According to Zappa, the music was mostly written in motel rooms while on tour with The Mothers of Invention. Some of it was later featured in the movie 200 Motels.[100] Although the concert was a success, Zappa's experience working with a symphony orchestra was not a happy one.[81] His dissatisfaction became a recurring theme throughout his career; he often felt that the quality of performance of his material delivered by orchestras was not commensurate with the money he spent on orchestral concerts and recordings.[101]
Rebirth of The Mothers and filmmaking (1970)[link]
Later in 1970, Zappa formed a new version of The Mothers (from then on, he mostly dropped the "of Invention"). It included British drummer Aynsley Dunbar, jazz keyboardist George Duke, Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons (bass, rhythm guitar), and three members of The Turtles: bass player Jim Pons, and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan, who, due to persistent legal and contractual problems, adopted the stage name "The Phlorescent Leech and Eddie", or "Flo & Eddie".[102]
This version of The Mothers debuted on Zappa's next solo album Chunga's Revenge (1970),[103] which was followed by the double-album soundtrack to the movie 200 Motels (1971), featuring The Mothers, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Co-directed by Zappa and Tony Palmer, it was filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London.[104] Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting.[104] The film deals loosely with life on the road as a rock musician.[105] It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film, a process which allowed for novel visual effects.[106] It was released to mixed reviews.[107] The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract.[108]
After 200 Motels, the band went on tour, which resulted in two live albums, Fillmore East - June 1971 and Just Another Band From L.A.; the latter included the 20-minute track "Billy the Mountain", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on 200 Motels scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road.[109][110]
Accident, attack and their aftermath (1971–1972)[link]
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In December 1971, there were two serious setbacks. While performing at Casino de Montreux in Switzerland, The Mothers' equipment was destroyed when a flare set off by an audience member started a fire that burned down the casino.[111] Immortalized in Deep Purple's song "Smoke on the Water", the event and immediate aftermath can be heard on the bootleg album Swiss Cheese/Fire, released legally as part of Zappa's Beat the Boots II compilation. After a week's break, The Mothers played at the Rainbow Theatre, London, with rented gear. During the encore, an audience member pushed Zappa off the stage and into the concrete-floored orchestra pit. The band thought Zappa had been killed—he had suffered serious fractures, head trauma and injuries to his back, leg, and neck, as well as a crushed larynx, which ultimately caused his voice to drop a third after healing.[111] This accident resulted in him using a wheelchair for an extended period, forcing him off the road for over half a year. Upon his return to the stage in September 1972, he was still wearing a leg brace, had a noticeable limp and could not stand for very long while on stage. Zappa noted that one leg healed "shorter than the other" (a reference later found in the lyrics of songs "Zomby Woof" and "Dancin' Fool"), resulting in chronic back pain.[111] Meanwhile, The Mothers were left in limbo and eventually formed the core of Flo and Eddie's band as they set out on their own.
During 1971–1972 Zappa released two strongly jazz-oriented solo LPs, Waka/Jawaka and The Grand Wazoo, which were recorded during the forced layoff from concert touring, using floating line-ups of session players and Mothers alumni.[112] Musically, the albums were akin to Hot Rats.[113] Zappa began touring again in late 1972.[113] His first effort was a series of concerts in September 1972 with a 20-piece big band referred to as the Grand Wazoo. This was followed by a scaled-down version known as the Petit Wazoo that toured the U.S. for five weeks from October to December 1972.[114]
Top 10 album (1973–1975)[link]
Zappa then formed and toured with smaller groups that variously included Ian Underwood (reeds, keyboards), Ruth Underwood (vibes, marimba), Sal Marquez (trumpet, vocals), Napoleon Murphy Brock (sax, flute and vocals), Bruce Fowler (trombone), Tom Fowler (bass), Chester Thompson (drums), Ralph Humphrey (drums), George Duke (keyboards, vocals), and Jean-Luc Ponty (violin).
By 1973 the Bizarre and Straight labels were discontinued. In their place, Zappa and Cohen created DiscReet Records, also distributed by Warner Bros.[115] Zappa continued a high rate of production through the first half of the 1970s, including the solo album Apostrophe (') (1974), which reached a career-high No. 10 on the Billboard pop album charts[116] helped by the chart single "Don't Eat The Yellow Snow".[117] Other albums from the period are Over-Nite Sensation (1973), which contained several future concert favorites, such as "Dinah-Moe Humm" and "Montana", and the albums Roxy & Elsewhere (1974) and One Size Fits All (1975) which feature ever-changing versions of a band still called The Mothers, and are notable for the tight renditions of highly difficult jazz fusion songs in such pieces as "Inca Roads", "Echidna's Arf (Of You)" and "Be-Bop Tango (Of the Old Jazzmen's Church)".[118] A live recording from 1974, You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 (1988), captures "the full spirit and excellence of the 1973–75 band".[118] Zappa released Bongo Fury (1975), which featured live recordings from a tour the same year that reunited him with Captain Beefheart for a brief period.[119] They later became estranged for a period of years, but were in contact at the end of Zappa's life.[120]
Business breakups and touring (1976–1979)[link]
Zappa's relationship with long-time manager Herb Cohen ended in 1976. Zappa sued Cohen for skimming more than he was allocated from DiscReet Records, as well as for signing acts of which Zappa did not approve.[121] Cohen filed a lawsuit against Zappa in return, which froze the money Zappa and Cohen had gained from an out-of-court settlement with MGM over the rights of the early Mothers of Invention recordings. It also prevented Zappa having access to any of his previously recorded material during the trials. Zappa therefore took his personal master copies of the rock-oriented Zoot Allures (1976) directly to Warner Bros., thereby bypassing DiscReet.[122]
In the mid-1970s Zappa prepared material for Läther (pronounced "leather"), a four-LP project. Läther encapsulated all the aspects of Zappa's musical styles — rock tunes, orchestral works, complex instrumentals, and Zappa's own trademark distortion-drenched guitar solos. Wary of a quadruple-LP, Warner Bros. Records refused to release it.[123] Zappa managed to get an agreement with Phonogram, and test pressings were made targeted at a Halloween 1977 release, but Warner Bros. prevented the release by claiming rights over the material.[124] Zappa responded by appearing on the Pasadena, California radio station KROQ, allowing them to broadcast Läther and encouraging listeners to make their own tape recordings.[125] A lawsuit between Zappa and Warner Bros. followed, during which no Zappa material was released for more than a year. Eventually, Warner Bros. issued different versions of much of the Läther material in 1978 and 1979 as four individual albums (five full length LPs) with limited promotion.[126] The four individual albums were not included in the third Old Masters box set released in 1987.[127] When the music was first released on CD in 1991, Zappa chose to release the four individual albums. Läther was released posthumously in 1996.[128]
Although Zappa eventually gained the rights to all his material created under the MGM and Warner Bros. contracts,[129] the various lawsuits meant that for a period Zappa's only income came from touring, which he therefore did extensively in 1975–1977 with relatively small, mainly rock-oriented, bands.[124] Drummer Terry Bozzio became a regular band member, Napoleon Murphy Brock stayed on for a while, and original Mothers of Invention bassist Roy Estrada joined. Among other musicians were bassist Patrick O'Hearn, singer-guitarist Ray White and keyboardist Eddie Jobson. In December 1976, Zappa appeared as a featured musical guest on the NBC television show Saturday Night Live.[130][131] The performances included an impromptu musical collaboration with cast member John Belushi during the instrumental piece "The Purple Lagoon". Belushi appeared as his Samurai Futaba character playing the tenor sax with Zappa conducting.[132] Zappa's song, "I'm the Slime", was performed with a voice-over by SNL booth announcer Don Pardo, who also introduced "Peaches En Regalia" on the same airing.
Zappa's band at the time, with the additions of Ruth Underwood and a horn section (featuring Michael and Randy Brecker), performed during Christmas in New York, recordings of which appear on one of the albums Warner Bros. culled from the Läther project, Zappa in New York (1978). It mixes intense instrumentals such as "The Black Page" and humorous songs like "Titties and Beer".[133] The former composition, written originally for drum kit but later developed for larger bands, is notorious for its complexity in rhythmic structure and short, densely arranged passages.[134][135]
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One of Zappa's complex, percussion-based compositions featured on Zappa in New York.
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Zappa in New York featured a song about sex criminal Michael H. Kenyon, "The Illinois Enema Bandit", which featured Don Pardo providing the opening narrative in the song. Like many songs on the album, it contained numerous sexual references,[133] leading to many critics objecting and being offended by the content.[136] Zappa dismissed the criticism by noting that he was a journalist reporting on life as he saw it.[137] Predating his later fight against censorship, he remarked: "What do you make of a society that is so primitive that it clings to the belief that certain words in its language are so powerful that they could corrupt you the moment you hear them?"[50] The remaining albums released by Warner Bros. Records without Zappa's consent were Studio Tan in 1978 and Sleep Dirt in 1979, which contained complex suites of instrumentally-based tunes recorded between 1973 and 1976, and whose release was overlooked in the midst of the legal problems.[138] Also released by the label without the artist's consent was Orchestral Favorites in 1979, which featured recordings of a concert with orchestral music from 1975.
Zappa as an independent artist (1979)[link]
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The single became a hit in non-English speaking countries and helped Sheik Yerbouti become a best-seller.[139]
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Resolving the lawsuits successfully, Zappa ended the 1970s "stronger than ever",[140] by releasing two of his most successful albums in 1979: the best selling album of his career, Sheik Yerbouti,[141] and the "bona fide masterpiece",[140] Joe's Garage.[142] The double album Sheik Yerbouti was the first release on Zappa Records, and contained the Grammy-nominated single "Dancin' Fool", which reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts,[143] and "Jewish Princess", which received attention when a Jewish group, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), attempted to prevent the song from receiving radio airplay due to its alleged anti-Semitic lyrics.[137] Zappa vehemently denied any anti-Semitic sentiments and dismissed the ADL as a "noisemaking organization that tries to apply pressure on people in order to manufacture a stereotype image of Jews that suits their idea of a good time".[144] The album's commercial success was attributable in part to "Bobby Brown". Due to its explicit lyrics about a young man's encounter with a "dyke by the name of Freddie", the song did not get airplay in the U.S., but it topped the charts in several European countries where English is not the primary language.[139] The triple LP Joe's Garage featured lead singer Ike Willis as the voice of the character "Joe" in a rock opera about the danger of political systems,[140] the suppression of freedom of speech and music — inspired in part by the Islamic revolution that had made music illegal within its jurisdiction at the time[145] — and about the "strange relationship Americans have with sex and sexual frankness".[140] The album contains rock songs like "Catholic Girls" (a riposte to the controversies of "Jewish Princess"),[146] "Lucille Has Messed My Mind Up", and the title track, as well as extended live-recorded guitar improvisations combined with a studio backup band dominated by drummer Vinnie Colaiuta (with whom Zappa had a particularly good musical rapport)[147] adopting the xenochrony process. The album contains one of Zappa's most famous guitar "signature pieces", "Watermelon in Easter Hay".[23][148]
On December 21, 1979, Zappa's movie Baby Snakes premiered in New York. The movie's tagline was "A movie about people who do stuff that is not normal".[149] The 2 hour and 40 minutes movie was based on footage from concerts in New York around Halloween 1977, with a band featuring keyboardist Tommy Mars and percussionist Ed Mann (who would both return on later tours) as well as guitarist Adrian Belew. It also contained several extraordinary sequences of clay animation by Bruce Bickford who had earlier provided animation sequences to Zappa for a 1974 TV special (which later become available on the video The Dub Room Special (1982)).[150] The movie did not do well in theatrical distribution,[151] but won the Premier Grand Prix at the First International Music Festival in Paris in 1981. The Zappa Family Trust released it on DVD, and it has been available since 2003.[150]
Zappa later expanded on his television appearances in a non-musical role. He was an actor or voice artist in episodes of Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre,[152] Miami Vice[153] and The Ren and Stimpy Show.[152] A voice part in The Simpsons never materialized, to creator Matt Groening's disappointment (Groening was a neighbor of Zappa's, and a lifelong fan).[154]
1980s: Productive as ever[link]
In 1980, Zappa cut his ties with Mercury Records after the label refused to release his song "I Don't Wanna Get Drafted."[155] It was picked up by CBS Records and released on the Zappa label in North America and the CBS label internationally.[156] After spending most of 1980 on the road, Zappa released Tinsel Town Rebellion in 1981. It was the first release on his own Barking Pumpkin Records,[157] and it contains songs taken from a 1979 tour, one studio track and material from the 1980 tours. The album is a mixture of complicated instrumentals and Zappa's use of sprechstimme (speaking song or voice)—a compositional technique utilized by such composers as Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg — showcasing some of the most accomplished bands Zappa ever had (mostly featuring drummer Vinnie Colaiuta).[157] While some lyrics still raised controversy among critics, in the sense that some found them sexist,[158] the political and sociological satire in songs like the title track and "The Blue Light" have been described as a "hilarious critique of the willingness of the American people to believe anything".[159] The album is also notable for the presence of guitarist Steve Vai, who joined Zappa's touring band in the fall of 1980.[160]
The same year the double album You Are What You Is was released. Most of it was recorded in Zappa's brand new Utility Muffin Research Kitchen (UMRK) studios, which were located at his house,[85] thereby giving him complete freedom to work.[161] The album included one complex instrumental, "Theme from the 3rd Movement of Sinister Footwear", but focused mainly on rock songs with Zappa's sardonic social commentary—satirical lyrics targeted at teenagers, the media, and religious and political hypocrisy.[162] "Dumb All Over" is a tirade on religion, as is "Heavenly Bank Account", wherein Zappa rails against TV evangelists such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson for their purported influence on the U.S. administration as well as their use of religion as a means of raising money.[163] Songs like "Society Pages" and "I'm a Beautiful Guy" show Zappa's dismay with the Reagan era and its "obscene pursuit of wealth and happiness".[163]
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The title track on Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar features Zappa's guitar improvisations.
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In 1981, Zappa also released three instrumental albums, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, and The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, which were initially sold via mail order, but later released through the CBS label due to popular demand.[164] The albums focus exclusively on Frank Zappa as a guitar soloist, and the tracks are predominantly live recordings from 1979–1980; they highlight Zappa's improvisational skills with "beautiful performances from the backing group as well".[165] Another guitar-only album, Guitar, was released in 1988, and a third, Trance-Fusion, which Zappa completed shortly before his death, was released in 2006.
From hit single to classical performances[link]
In May 1982, Zappa released Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch, which featured his biggest selling single ever, the Grammy Award-nominated song "Valley Girl" (topping out at No. 32 on the Billboard charts).[143] In her improvised lyrics to the song, Zappa's daughter Moon Unit satirized the vapid speech of teenage girls from the San Fernando Valley, which popularized many "Valspeak" expressions such as "gag me with a spoon," "fer sure, fer sure," "grody" (gross), and "barf out".[166] Most Americans who only knew Zappa from his few singles successes now thought of him as a person writing "novelty songs", even though the rest of the album contained highly challenging music.[167] Zappa was irritated by this[168] and never played the song live.[167]
In 1983, two different projects were released, beginning with The Man from Utopia, a rock-oriented work. The album is eclectic, featuring the vocal-led "Dangerous Kitchen" and "The Jazz Discharge Party Hats", both continuations of the sprechstimme excursions on Tinseltown Rebellion. The second album, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1, contained orchestral Zappa compositions conducted by Kent Nagano and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). A second record of these sessions, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 2 was released in 1987. The material was recorded under a tight schedule with Zappa providing all funding, helped by the commercial success of "Valley Girl".[169] Zappa was not satisfied with the LSO recordings. One reason is "Strictly Genteel", which was recorded after the trumpet section had been out for drinks on a break: the track took 40 edits to hide out-of-tune notes.[169] Conductor Nagano, who was pleased with the experience, noted that in "fairness to the orchestra, the music is humanly very, very difficult".[170] Some reviews noted that the recordings were the best representation of Zappa's orchestral work so far.[171] In 1984 Zappa teamed again with Nagano and the Berkeley Symphony for a live performance of A Zappa Affair with augmented orchestra, life-size puppets, and moving stage sets. Although critically acclaimed the work was a financial failure, and only performed twice. Zappa was invited by conference organizer Thomas Wells to be the keynote speaker at the American Society of University Composers at the Ohio State University. It was there Zappa delivered his famous "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" address,[172] and had two of his orchestra pieces, "Dupree's Paradise" and "Naval Aviation in Art?" performed by the Columbus Symphony and ProMusica Chamber Orchestra of Columbus.[173][174]
Synclavier[link]
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A Zappa composition for classical ensemble from Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger.
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For the remainder of his career, much of Zappa's work was influenced by his use of the Synclavier as a compositional and performance tool. Even considering the complexity of the music he wrote, the Synclavier could realize anything he could dream up.[175] The Synclavier could be programmed to play almost anything conceivable, to perfection: "With the Synclavier, any group of imaginary instruments can be invited to play the most difficult passages ... with one-millisecond accuracy—every time".[175] Even though it essentially did away with the need for musicians,[176] Zappa viewed the Synclavier and real-life musicians as separate.[175] In 1984, he released four albums. Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger, contains orchestral works commissioned and conducted by world-renowned conductor Pierre Boulez (who was listed as an influence on Freak Out!) and performed by his Ensemble InterContemporain, juxtaposed with premiere Synclavier pieces. Again, Zappa was not satisfied with the performances of his orchestral works as he found them under-rehearsed, but in the album liner notes he respectfully thanks Boulez's demands for precision.[177] The Synclavier pieces stood in contrast to the orchestral works, as the sounds were electronically generated and not, as became possible shortly thereafter, sampled.
The album Thing-Fish was an ambitious three-record set in the style of a Broadway play dealing with a dystopian "what-if" scenario involving feminism, homosexuality, manufacturing and distribution of the AIDS virus, and a eugenics program conducted by the United States government.[178] New vocals were combined with previously released tracks and new Synclavier music; "the work is an extraordinary example of bricolage".[179] Finally, in 1984, Zappa released Francesco Zappa, a Synclavier rendition of works by 18th century composer Francesco Zappa (no known relation), and Them or Us, a two-record set of heavily edited live and session pieces.
Senate testimony[link]
On September 19, 1985, Zappa testified before the United States Senate Commerce, Technology, and Transportation committee, attacking the Parents Music Resource Center or PMRC, a music organization co-founded by Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator Al Gore. The PMRC consisted of many wives of politicians, including the wives of five members of the committee, and was founded to address the issue of song lyrics with sexual or satanic content.[180] Zappa saw their activities as on a path towards censorship,[181] and called their proposal for voluntary labelling of records with explicit content "extortion" of the music industry.[182] In his prepared statement, he said:
The PMRC proposal is an ill-conceived piece of nonsense which fails to deliver any real benefits to children, infringes the civil liberties of people who are not children, and promises to keep the courts busy for years dealing with the interpretational and enforcemental problems inherent in the proposal's design. It is my understanding that, in law, First Amendment issues are decided with a preference for the least restrictive alternative. In this context, the PMRC's demands are the equivalent of treating dandruff by decapitation ... The establishment of a rating system, voluntary or otherwise, opens the door to an endless parade of moral quality control programs based on things certain Christians do not like. What if the next bunch of Washington wives demands a large yellow "J" on all material written or performed by Jews, in order to save helpless children from exposure to concealed Zionist doctrine?[183]
Zappa set excerpts from the PMRC hearings to Synclavier music in his composition "Porn Wars" on the 1985 album Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention, and the full recording was released in 2010 as Congress Shall Make No Law.... Zappa is heard interacting with Senators Fritz Hollings, Slade Gorton, Al Gore (who claimed, at the hearing, to be a Zappa fan), and in an exchange with Florida Senator Paula Hawkins over what toys Zappa's children played with. Zappa expressed opinions on censorship when he appeared on CNN's Crossfire TV series and debated issues with Washington Times commentator John Lofton in 1986.[184] Zappa's passion for US politics was becoming a bigger part of his life. He had always encouraged his fans to register to vote on album covers, and throughout 1988 he had registration booths at his concerts.[185] He even considered running for President of the United States.[186]
Digital medium and last tour[link]
Around 1986, Zappa undertook a comprehensive re-release program of his earlier vinyl recordings.[187] He personally oversaw the remastering of all his 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s albums for the new digital compact disc medium.[188] Certain aspects of these re-issues were, however, criticized by some fans as being unfaithful to the original recordings.[189] Nearly twenty years before the advent of online music stores, Zappa had proposed to replace "phonographic record merchandising" of music by "direct digital-to-digital transfer" through phone or cable TV (with royalty payments and consumer billing automatically built into the accompanying software).[190] In 1989, Zappa considered his idea a "miserable flop".[190]
The album Jazz from Hell, released in 1986, earned Zappa his first Grammy Award in 1987 for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Except for one live guitar solo (St. Etienne), the album exclusively featured compositions brought to life by the Synclavier. Although an instrumental album, containing no lyrics whatsoever, Meyer Music Markets sold Jazz from Hell featuring an "explicit lyrics" sticker—a warning label introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America in an agreement with the PMRC.[191]
Zappa's last tour in a rock and jazz band format took place in 1988 with a 12-piece group which had a repertoire of over 100 (mostly Zappa) compositions, but which split under acrimonious circumstances before the tour was completed.[192] The tour was documented on the albums Broadway the Hard Way (new material featuring songs with strong political emphasis), The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life (Zappa "standards" and an eclectic collection of cover tunes, ranging from Maurice Ravel's Boléro to Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven"), and Make a Jazz Noise Here (mostly instrumental and avant-garde music). Parts are also found on You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, volumes 4 and 6.
1990s: Classical music and death[link]
In early 1990, Zappa visited Czechoslovakia at the request of President Václav Havel, and was asked to serve as consultant for the government on trade, cultural matters and tourism. Havel was a lifelong fan of Zappa who had great influence in the avant-garde and underground scene in Central Europe in the 1970s and 1980s (a Czech rock group that was imprisoned in 1976 took its name from Zappa's 1968 song "Plastic People").[193] Zappa enthusiastically agreed and began meeting with corporate officials interested in investing in Czechoslovakia. Within a few weeks, however, the U.S. administration put pressure on the Czech government to withdraw the appointment. Havel made Zappa an unofficial cultural attaché instead.[194] Zappa also planned to develop an international consulting enterprise to facilitate trade between the former Eastern Bloc and Western businesses.[195] On June 24, 1991, Zappa took part at the concert "Adieu Soviet Army", organised in Prague, as the farewell to the last soldiers of Soviet Red Army, leaving Czechoslovakia (the Red Army had occupied Czechoslovakia since the Prague spring). This was probably Zappa's last rock appearance on stage and it is recorded on the album Adieu C. A. (Soviet Army).[196]
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One of Zappa's works for Synclavier on Civilization, Phaze III, cited as his "last great work."[197]
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Most of Zappa's projects came to a halt in 1990, when he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. The disease had been developing unnoticed for ten years and was considered inoperable.[195] After his diagnosis, Zappa devoted most of his energy to modern orchestral and Synclavier works. Shortly before his death in 1993 he completed Civilization, Phaze III, a major Synclavier work which he had begun in the 1980s.[198][199]
In 1991, Zappa was chosen to be one of four featured composers at the Frankfurt Festival in 1992 (the others were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Alexander Knaifel).[200] Zappa was approached by the German chamber ensemble, Ensemble Modern, which was interested in playing his music for the event. Although ill, Zappa invited them to Los Angeles for rehearsals of new compositions and new arrangements of older material.[201] In addition to being satisfied with the ensemble's performances of his music, Zappa also got along with the musicians, and the concerts in Germany and Austria were set up for the fall.[201] In September 1992, the concerts went ahead as scheduled, but Zappa could only appear at two in Frankfurt due to illness. At the first concert, he conducted the opening "Overture", and the final "G-Spot Tornado" as well as the theatrical "Food Gathering in Post-Industrial America, 1992" and "Welcome to the United States" (the remainder of the program was conducted by the ensemble's regular conductor Peter Rundel). Zappa received a 20-minute ovation.[202] It would become his last professional public appearance, as the cancer was spreading to such an extent that he was in too much pain to enjoy an event that he otherwise found "exhilarating".[202] Recordings from the concerts appeared on The Yellow Shark (1993), Zappa's last release during his lifetime, and some material from studio rehearsals appeared on the posthumous Everything Is Healing Nicely (1999).
Frank Zappa died on Saturday, December 4, 1993 in his home with his wife and children. At a private ceremony the following day, Zappa was interred in an unmarked grave at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles,[203][204] next to the eventual (1996) grave of actor Lew Ayres.[205] On Monday, December 6 his family publicly announced that "Composer Frank Zappa left for his final tour just before 6:00 pm on Saturday".[206]
Legacy[link]
Acclaim and honors[link]
Frank Zappa was one of the first to try tearing down the barriers between rock, jazz, and classical music. In the late Sixties his Mothers of Invention would slip from Stravinsky's "Petroushka" into The Dovells' "Bristol Stomp" before breaking down into saxophone squeals inspired by Albert Ayler
The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll
Zappa earned widespread critical acclaim in his lifetime and after his death. The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) writes: "Frank Zappa dabbled in virtually all kinds of music — and, whether guised as a satirical rocker, jazz-rock fusionist, guitar virtuoso, electronics wizard, or orchestral innovator, his eccentric genius was undeniable".[207] Even though his work drew inspiration from many different genres, Zappa was seen establishing a coherent and personal expression. In 1971, biographer David Walley noted that "The whole structure of his music is unified, not neatly divided by dates or time sequences and it is all building into a composite".[208] On commenting on Zappa's music, politics and philosophy, Barry Miles noted in 2004 that they cannot be separated: "It was all one; all part of his 'conceptual continuity'".[209]
Guitar Player devoted a special issue to Zappa in 1992, and asked on the cover "Is FZ America's Best Kept Musical Secret?" Editor Don Menn remarked that the issue was about "The most important composer to come out of modern popular music".[210] Among those contributing to the issue was composer and musicologist Nicolas Slonimsky, who conducted premiere performances of works of Ives and Varèse in the 1930s.[211] He became friends with Zappa in the 1980s,[212] and said "I admire everything Frank does, because he practically created the new musical millennium. He does beautiful, beautiful work ... It has been my luck to have lived to see the emergence of this totally new type of music."[213] Conductor Kent Nagano remarked in the same issue that "Frank is a genius. That's a word I don't use often ... In Frank's case it is not too strong ... He is extremely literate musically. I'm not sure if the general public knows that".[214] Pierre Boulez stated in Musician magazine's posthumous Zappa tribute article that Zappa "was an exceptional figure because he was part of the worlds of rock and classical music and that both types of his work would survive."[215] Many music scholars acknowledge Zappa as one of the most influential composers of his generation.[216][217][218] As an electric guitarist, he has become highly regarded.[219][220][221]
In 1994, jazz magazine Down Beat's critics poll placed Zappa in its Hall of Fame.[222] Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. There, it was written that "Frank Zappa was rock and roll's sharpest musical mind and most astute social critic. He was the most prolific composer of his age, and he bridged genres — rock, jazz, classical, avant-garde and even novelty music — with masterful ease".[223] He received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997.[224] In 2005, the U.S. National Recording Preservation Board included We're Only in It for the Money in the National Recording Registry as "Frank Zappa's inventive and iconoclastic album presents a unique political stance, both anti-conservative and anti-counterculture, and features a scathing satire on hippiedom and America's reactions to it".[225] The same year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at No. 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[226] In 2011, he was ranked at No. 22 on the list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time by the same magazine.[227]
Artists influenced by Zappa[link]
A number of notable musicians, bands and orchestras from diverse genres have been influenced by Frank Zappa's music. Rock artists like Alice Cooper,[228] Primus,[229] Fee Waybill of The Tubes[230] all cite Zappa's influence, as do progressive rock artists like Henry Cow,[231] Trey Anastasio of Phish,[226] and John Frusciante.[232] Paul McCartney regarded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as The Beatles' Freak Out![233] Heavy rock and metal acts like Black Sabbath,[234] Mike Portnoy,[235] Warren DeMartini,[236] Steve Vai,[237] Strapping Young Lad,[238] System of a Down,[239] Clawfinger,[240] and Devin Townsend[241] acknowledge Zappa's inspiration. On the classical music scene, Tomas Ulrich,[242] Meridian Arts Ensemble,[243] Ensemble Ambrosius[244] and the Fireworks Ensemble[245] regularly perform Zappa's compositions and quote his influence. Contemporary jazz musicians and composers Bill Frisell[246] and John Zorn[247] are inspired by Zappa, as is funk legend George Clinton.[248] Other artists whose work is affected by Zappa include new age pianist George Winston,[249] electronic composer Bob Gluck,[250] parodist and novelty composer "Weird Al" Yankovic,[251] industrial music pioneer Genesis P-Orridge,[252] and noise music artist Masami Akita of Merzbow.[253]
References in arts and sciences[link]
Scientists from various fields have honored Zappa by naming new discoveries after him. In 1967, paleontologist Leo P. Plas, Jr. identified an extinct mollusc in Nevada and named it Amaurotoma zappa with the motivation that, "The specific name, zappa, honors Frank Zappa".[254] In the 1980s, biologist Ed Murdy named a genus of gobiid fishes of New Guinea Zappa, with a species named Zappa confluentus.[255] Biologist Ferdinando Boero named a Californian jellyfish Phialella zappai (1987), noting that he had "pleasure in naming this species after the modern music composer".[256] Belgian biologists Bosmans and Bosselaers discovered in the early 1980s a Cameroonese spider, which they in 1994 named Pachygnatha zappa because "the ventral side of the abdomen of the female of this species strikingly resembles the artist's legendary moustache".[257] A gene of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named zapA by three biologists from Maryland. In their scientific article, they "especially thank the late Frank Zappa for inspiration and assistance with genetic nomenclature".[258] In the late 1990s, American paleontologists Marc Salak and Halard L. Lescinsky discovered a metazoan fossil, and named it Spygori zappania to honor "the late Frank Zappa ... whose mission paralleled that of the earliest paleontologists: to challenge conventional and traditional beliefs when such beliefs lacked roots in logic and reason".[259]
In 1994, lobbying efforts initiated by psychiatrist John Scialli led the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center to name an asteroid in Zappa's honor: 3834 Zappafrank.[260] The asteroid was discovered in 1980 by Czechoslovakian astronomer Ladislav Brozek, and the citation for its naming says that "Zappa was an eclectic, self-trained artist and composer ... Before 1989 he was regarded as a symbol of democracy and freedom by many people in Czechoslovakia".[261]
In 1995, a bust of Zappa by sculptor Konstantinas Bogdanas was installed in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. A replica was offered to the city of Baltimore in 2008, and on September 19, 2010 — the twenty-fifth anniversary of Zappa's testimony to the U.S. Senate — a ceremony dedicating the replica was held, with the bust installed at the Southeast Anchor Branch Library in Baltimore's Highlandtown. Speakers at the event included Gail Zappa and Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake[262][263] In 2002, a bronze bust was installed in German city Bad Doberan, since 1990 location of the Zappanale, an annual music festival celebrating Zappa.[264] At the initiative of musicians community ORWOhaus, the city of Berlin named a street in the Marzahn district "Frank-Zappa-Straße" in 2007.[265] The same year, Baltimore's mayor Sheila Dixon proclaimed August 9 as the city's official "Frank Zappa Day" citing Zappa's musical accomplishments as well as his defense of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[266]
Discography[link]
References[link]
- Day, Nancy (2001). Censorship: Or Freedom of Expression?. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, Lerner Publications. ISBN 0-8225-2628-X.
- Delville, Michel; Norris, Andrew (2005). Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and the Secret History of Maximalism. Oxford: Salt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84471-059-1.
- DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James with Holly George-Warren, ed. (1992). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. Jim Miller (Original Editor) (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-73728-6.
- Gray, Michael (1984). Mother! Is the Story of Frank Zappa. London: Proteus Books. ISBN 0-86276-146-8.
- James, Billy (2000). Necessity Is ...: The Early Years of Frank Zappa & The Mothers of Invention. London: SAF Publishing Ltd.. ISBN 0-946719-51-9.
- Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2006). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98779-5.
- Martin, Bill (2002). Avant Rock: Experimental Music from the Beatles to Björk. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9500-3.
- MacDonald, Ian (1994). Revolution in the head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. Fourth Estate Ltd.. ISBN 1-85702-099-5.
- Miles, Barry (2004). Frank Zappa. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-092-4.
- Slaven, Neil (2003). Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9436-6.
- Sparks, Michael (1982). Cocaine Fiends and Reefer Madness: An Illustrated History of Drugs in the Movies. New York: Cornwall Books. ISBN 0-8453-4504-4.
- Walley, David (1980). No Commercial Potential. The Saga of Frank Zappa. Then and Now. New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93153-8.
- Watson, Ben (1996). Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-14124-6.
- Watson, Ben (2005). Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-865-4.
- Zappa, Frank with Occhiogrosso, Peter (1989). The Real Frank Zappa Book. New York: Poseidon Press. ISBN 0-671-63870-X.
- "Frank Zappa", The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc, 1993, ISBN 0-684-81044-1
Notes[link]
- ^ Until discovering his birth certificate as an adult, Zappa believed he had been christened "Francis", and he is credited as Francis on some of his early albums. His legal name was always "Frank", however, never "Francis." Cf. Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.
- ^ a b The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, 1993.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 20–23.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 10.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 22.
- ^ Mendoza, Bart (November, 2005). "Counter Culture Coincidence". San Diego Troubadour. The San Diego Troubadour. http://www.sandiegotroubadour.com/content/features/fullcircle.aspx?issue=nov_2005. Retrieved September 11, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 34.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 29.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 22.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 36.
- ^ a b Zappa, Frank (June 1971). "Edgard Varese: The Idol of My Youth". Stereo Review: 61–62..
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 30–33.
- ^ a b Show 14 – Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock 'n' roll in the late fifties. [Part 4] : UNT Digital Library
- ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 153–4. ISBN 0-415-95781-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA153. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 13.
- ^ Among his many musical satires are the 1967 songs "Flower Punk" (which parodies the song "Hey Joe") and "Who Needs The Peace Corps?", which are critiques of the late-Sixties commercialization of the hippie phenomenon.
- ^ a b For a comprehensive list of the appearance of parts of "old" compositions or quotes from others' music in Zappa's catalogue, see Albertos, Román García, FZ Musical Quotes, Information is Not Knowledge, globia.net/donlope, http://globalia.net/donlope/fz/quotes.html . Retrieved on January 21, 2008.
- ^ On several of his earlier albums, Zappa paid tribute to Varèse by quoting his: "The present-day composer refuses to die."
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 29–30.
- ^ The Mike Douglas Show, NBC [TV Show], November 1976
- ^ a b The other signature pieces are "Zoot Allures" and "Black Napkins" from Zoot Allures. See Zappa, Dweezil (1996), Greetings music lovers, Dweezil here, Liner Notes, Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 40.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 23.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 48.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 345.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 58.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 40.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 59.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 63.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 55.
- ^ Gray, 1984, Mother!, p. 29.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 42.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 74.
- ^ Slaven, 1996, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 27.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 43.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa. pp. 82–83.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 26.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 85.
- ^ Harp, Ted (March, 1965), "Vice Squad Raids Local Film Studio", The Daily Report (Ontario, California)
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 57.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. XV.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 87.
- ^ Slaven, 1996, Electric Don Quixote, p. 40.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Swenson, John (March 1980), Frank Zappa: America's Weirdest Rock Star Comes Clean, High Times
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 42.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 58.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 103.
- ^ Interview with Frank Zappa, UMRK, Los Angeles, CA: BBC [TV Show], March 1993
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 25.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 115.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 112.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 123.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 122.
- ^ Loder, Kurt (1988), "Rolling Stone Interview", Rolling Stone
- ^ He considered such campaigns as yuppie inventions and noted that "Some people like garlic ... I like pepper, tobacco and coffee. That's my metabolism". Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 234–235.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 5.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 38–43.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 135–138.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 56.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 86.
- ^ Couture, François, Lumpy Gravy. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22630 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008; Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 56.
- ^ The initial orchestra-only recordings were released posthumously on the box set Lumpy Money (2009). See Dolan, Casey (December 8, 2008), "The Resurrection of Frank Zappa's Soul", LA Weekly (Village Voice Media), http://www.laweekly.com/2008-12-11/music/the-resurrection-of-frank-zappa-8217-s-soul/1 . Retrieved on February 2, 2009.
- ^ James, 2000, Necessity Is ... , pp. 62–69.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 147.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 94.
- ^ Huey, Steve, We're Only in It for the Money. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22631 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 15. Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 90.
- ^ As the legal aspects of using the Sgt Pepper concept were unsettled, the album was released with the cover and back on the inside of the gatefold, while the actual cover and back were a picture of the group in a pose parodying the inside of the Beatles album. Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 151.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 88.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 58.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 88.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 160.
- ^ James, 2000, Necessity Is ..., p. 104.
- ^ In the process, he built up a vast archive of live recordings. In the late 1980s some of these recordings were collected for the 12-CD set You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore.
- ^ a b c Chris Michie (January 2003), We are The Mothers...and This Is What We Sound Like!, MixOnline.com, http://mixonline.com/recording/business/audio_mothers_sound/ . Retrieved on January 4, 2008.
- ^ Bob Marshall, "Interview with Frank Zappa," October 22, 1988.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 173–175.
- ^ a b c Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 74.
- ^ Couture, François. "Peaches en Regalia [Song Review"]. Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2677929. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ Notable covers include: Jon Poole, What's the Ugliest Part of Your Body?; Meridian Arts Ensemble, Prime Meridian; Dixie Dregs, California Screamin'; Dweezil Zappa, Go with What You Know; Phish, Vegas 96; The Roots, How I Got Over
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 178.
- ^ a b Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 116.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 107.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 120.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 116.
- ^ Huey, Steve, Hot Rats. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22632 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 194.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 109.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 142–156.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 201.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 205.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 183.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 207.
- ^ Starks, 1982, Cocaine Fiends and Reefer Madness, p. 153.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 94.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 119–137.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 203–204.
- ^ During the June 1971 Fillmore concerts Zappa was joined on stage by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. This performance was recorded, and Lennon released excerpts on his album Some Time In New York City in 1972. Zappa later released his version of excerpts from the concert on Playground Psychotics in 1992, including the jam track "Scumbag" and an extended avant-garde vocal piece by Ono (originally called "Au"), which Zappa renamed "A Small Eternity with Yoko Ono".
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 112–115.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 101.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Official recordings of these bands did not emerge until more than 30 years later on Wazoo (2007) and Imaginary Diseases (2006), respectively.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 231.
- ^ Frank Zappa > Charts and Awards > Billboard Albums, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
- ^ Huey, Steve, Apostrophe ('). Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53148 . Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 114–122.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 248.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 372.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 250.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 253; pp. 258–259.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 131.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 261.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 248.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 267.
- ^ Ruhlmann, W. (2011 [last update]). "The Old Masters Box 3 [PQRSTUVW] - Frank Zappa & the Mothers | AllMusic". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53145. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ It remains debated whether Zappa had conceived the material as a four-LP set from the beginning, or only when approaching Mercury-Phonogram; see, e.g., Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 49. In the liner notes to the 1996 release, however, Gail Zappa states that "As originally conceived by Frank, Läther was always a 4-record box set."
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 49.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 262.
- ^ In 1978, Zappa served both as host and musical act on the show, and as an actor in various sketches.
- ^ Zappa, Frank, 1978, Zappa in New York, Liner Notes.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 132.
- ^ Clement, Brett (2004), "Little dots: A study of the melodies of the guitarist / composer Frank Zappa (pdf file)" (PDF), Master Thesis (The Florida State University, School of Music): pp. 25–48, http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04122004-114345/unrestricted/zappathesis3.pdf . Retrieved on December 29, 2007.
- ^ Hemmings, Richard (2006), Ever wonder why your daughter looked so sad? Non-danceable beats: getting to grips with rhythmical unpredictability in Project/Object, richardhemmings.co.uk, http://www.richardhemmings.co.uk/001/research/zappology/saddaughter.html . Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 261–262; Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 134.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 234.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 138.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 351.
- ^ a b c d Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 140.
- ^ Groening, Matt; Menn, Don (1992), "The Mother of All Interviews. Act II: Matt Groening joins in on the scrutiny of the central decentralizer", in Menn, Don (ed.), Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 61, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Both albums made it onto the Billboard top 30. Frank Zappa > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Frank Zappa > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 6, 2008.
- ^ Peterson, Chris (November 1979), He's Only 38 and He Knows How to Nasty, Relix Magazine
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 277.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 59.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 180.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 61.
- ^ Baby Snakes, 2003, DVD cover, Eagle Vision.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 282.
- ^ Sohmer, Adam (June 8, 2005), Baby Snakes – DVD, Big Picture Big Sound, http://www.bigpicturebigsound.com/article_501.shtml . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Frank Zappa, IMDb – The Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0953261/ . Retrieved on July 30, 2008.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 343.
- ^ Eliscu, Jenny (November 8, 2002), "Homer and Me", Rolling Stone Magazine
- ^ "Times The New York - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=1_i5f3jhD9UC&pg=PA3054&dq=%22zappa+records%22+%2B+mercury+%2B+drafted&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22zappa%20records%22%20%2B%20mercury%20%2B%20drafted&f=false. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "Frank Zappa - I Don't Wanna Get Drafted! (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/Frank-Zappa-I-Dont-Wanna-Get-Drafted/release/807608. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 161.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 284.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 165.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 283.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 269.
- ^ Huey, Steve, You Are What You Is. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53163 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 169–175.
- ^ Zappa, Frank (November 1982), Absolutely Frank. First Steps in Odd Meters, Guitar Player Magazine, p. 116.
- ^ Swenson, John (November, 1981), Frank Zappa: Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Guitar World
- ^ Huey, Steve, Valley Girl. Frank Zappa. Song Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2677879 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 178.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 304.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 146–156.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 315.
- ^ Ruhlmann, William, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53172 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" by Frank Zappa, 1984
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 323.
- ^ Kelp, Larry (June 18, 1984), "Zappa Pokes Into The Fine Arts", The Oakland Tribune, http://www.afka.net/Articles/1984-06_Tribune.htm, retrieved July 5, 2009
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 319.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 73.
- ^ The musical was eventually produced for the stage in 2003. See Thing-Fish – The Return of Frank Zappa, The British Theatre Guide, http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/otherresources/interviews/Thing-Fish.htm . Retrieved on December 11, 2007.
- ^ Carr, Paul; Hand, Richard J. (2007), "Frank Zappa and musical theatre: ugly ugly o'phan Annie and really deep, intense, thought-provoking Broadway symbolism", Studies in Musical Theatre 1 (1): 44–51., DOI:10.1386/smt.1.1.41/1, http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/abs/10.1386/smt.1.1.41_1?cookieSet=1&journalCode=smt Full article available by free login only. Retrieved on July 28, 2008.
- ^ Day, 2000, Censorship, p. 53.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 267.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 262.
- ^ Record Labeling. Hearing before the committee on commerce, science and transportation, U.S. Government printing office, September 19, 1985, http://www.joesapt.net/superlink/shrg99-529/p51.html . Retrieved on December 31, 2007.
- ^ Crossfire with Frank Zappa and John Lofton, CNN [TV Debate], March 1986, http://www.archive.org/details/FrankZappaOnCrossfire
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 348.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 365.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 340.
- ^ For a comprehensive comparison of vinyl of CD releases, see The Frank Zappa Album Versions Guide – Index, The Zappa Patio, www.lukpac.org/~handmade/patio, http://www.lukpac.org/~handmade/patio/vinylvscds/index.html . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ For example, new drum and bass parts were used on the 1960s albums We're Only in It for the Money and Cruising with Ruben & the Jets. See Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 327.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 337–339.
- ^ Nuzum, Eric (2001), Parental Advisory: Music Censorship in America, HarperCollins, pp. 39, 255, ISBN 0-688-16772-1
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 346–350.
- ^ Mitchell, Tony (May, 1992), "Mixing Pop and Politics: Rock Music in Czechoslovakia before and after the Velvet Revolution", Popular Music. A Changing Europe (Cambridge University Press) 11: 187–203
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 357–361.
- ^ a b Ouellette, Dan (August 1993), Frank Zappa, Pulse! Magazine, pp. 48–56.
- ^ "Pražský Výběr at the Knitting Factory". http://new-york.czechcentres.cz/program/event-details/prazsky-vyber-at-the-knitting-factory1/.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 100.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 374–375.
- ^ It brought him a posthumous Grammy Award (with Gail Zappa) for Best Recording Package – Boxed in 1994. GRAMMY Winners, GRAMMY.com, http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search . Retrieved on August 18, 2008.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Andreas Mölich-Zebhauser — Preparing the Ensemble Modern for the Frankfurt Festival", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 12–13, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 369.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 371.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 552.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 379–380.
- ^ Frank Zappa (1940–1993) – Find A Grave Memorial
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 320.
- ^ Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. (2004), The New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition, New York, NY: Fireside, p. 903, ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 3.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 383.
- ^ Menn, Don (1992), "From the Editor", in Menn, Don, Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 3, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Kozinn, Allan (December 27, 1996), "Nicolas Slonimsky, Author of Widely Used Reference Works on Music, Dies at 101", The New York Times, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6D61539F934A15751C1A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all . Retrieved on August 17, 2008.
- ^ In December 1981, the then 87 year old Slonimsky made a guest appearance on piano at a Zappa concert. Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 295–296.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Nicolas Slonimsky — The Century's Preeminent Lexicographer Nails Zappa Down", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 6–7, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Kent Nagano — Premiering Zappa with the London Symphony Orchestra", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 8–11, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Isler, Scott (February, 1994), Frank Zappa, Musician Magazine
- ^ Ashby, Arved (1999), "Frank Zappa and the Anti-Fetishist Orchestra", The Musical Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 83 (4): 557–606, DOI:10.1093/mq/83.4.557
- ^ Grier, James (2001), "The Mothers of Invention and "Uncle Meat": Alienation, Anachronism and a Double Variation", Acta Musicologica (International Musicological Society) 73 (1): 77–95, DOI:10.2307/932810, JSTOR 932810
- ^ Cotter, Jim (2002), "Frank Zappa (1940–1993)", in Sitsky, Larry, Music of the Twentieth-century Avant-garde. A Biocritical Sourcebook, Westfort, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 597, ISBN 0-313-29689-8
- ^ He is ranked 45th in "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", Rolling Stone, August 27, 2003
- ^ He is ranked 51st in The 100 Wildest Guitar Heroes, Classic Rock Magazine, April 2007
- ^ He is ranked 39th in Gibson.com Top 50 Guitarists of All Time, May 25, 2010, http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/Top-50-Guitarists-525/ . Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
- ^ 1994 Down Beat Critics Poll, Down Beat Magazine, http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=720 . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Frank Zappa, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., http://rockhall.com/inductees/frank-zappa . Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
- ^ Lifetime achievement award, GRAMMY.org, http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards . Retrieved on February 14, 2012.
- ^ The National Recording Registry 2005, National Recording Preservation Board, The Library of Congress, May 24, 2005, http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2005reg.html . Retrieved on August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b "The Immortals", Rolling Stone Magazine, Issue 972
- ^ "45 Frank Zappa". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-of-all-time-19691231/frank-zappa-19691231. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
- ^ Quigley, Mike (September 1969), Interview with Alice Cooper, Poppin, Issue #5
- ^ Elfman, Doug (October 15, 2003), "Primus plays Hard Rock", Las Vegas Review-Journal, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Oct-15-Wed-2003/news/22374264.html . Retrieved on March 14, 2009.
- ^ Randall, David (2004), Get Ready to ROCK! Interview with singer and frontman of American rock band The Tubes, Fee Waybill, getreadytorock.com, http://www.getreadytorock.com/10questions/fee_waybill.htm . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ Boisen, Myles, allmusic ((( Henry Cow > Biography ))), allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4475 . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ Cleveland, Barry (September 2006), Exclusive Outtakes from GP's Interview with John Frusciante!, Guitar Player, http://www.eqmag.com/article/exclusive-outtakes-from/sep-06/23282 . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ MacDonald, 1994, Revolution in the Head, p. 171.
- ^ Black Sabbath Online: Tony Iommi & Geezer Butler Interview, black-sabbath.com, May 1994, http://www.black-sabbath.com/interviews/tonygeez_0594.html . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ about mike, mikeportnoy.com, http://www.mikeportnoy.com/aboutmike/bio.aspx . Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Warren De Martini—Ratt Guitarist Turns Zappa Stylist", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 14, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Vai.com > All About Steve > Vaiography, Vai.com, http://www.vai.com/vaiography/ . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ SOS, Mike (August 2005). "Interview: Strapping Young Lad: An extreme metal all-star squad". In Music We Trust. http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/71h16.html. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Sinclair, Tom (May 16, 2005), "Mezmerize (2005): System of a Down", Entertainment Weekly, http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1060789,00.html . Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
- ^ The official Pages, clawfinger.net, http://www.clawfinger.net/main.php?band . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ SOS, Mike, INTERVIEW: Strapping Young Lad, inmusicwetrust.com, http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/71h16.html . Retrieved on December 18, 2010.
- ^ Tomas Ulrich at All about Jazz, All About Jazz, http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=15347 Retrieved on November 13, 2008.
- ^ Meridian Arts Ensemble – About Us, meridianartsensemble.com, http://www.meridianartsensemble.com/about.htm . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Academic Zappa: Seriously Taken Musical Study of Frank Zappa's Music — At Last, ensembleambrosius.com, http://www.ensembleambrosius.com/node/2 . Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ About fireworks, fireworksensemble.org, http://fireworksensemble.org/about/ . Retrieved on August 25, 2008.
- ^ Bill Frisell Biography, Songline/Tonefield Productions, http://www.songtone.com/artists/Frisell/default.html . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2004), The Penguin Guide To Jazz On CD, Seventh Edition, London: Penguin Books, p. 1721, ISBN 0-14-101416-4
- ^ Bush, John, allmusic ((( George Clinton > Biography ))), allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p65136 . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ George Winston Biography, georgewinston.com, http://www.georgewinston.com/us/biography . Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
- ^ gluckbio.html, electricsongs.com, http://www.electricsongs.com/gluckbio.html . Retrieved on September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Weird Al" Yankovic: Frequently Asked Questions, weirdal.com, http://www.weirdal.com/faq.htm . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984, p. 255.
- ^ Martin, 2002, Avant Rock, p. 160.
- ^ Plas, Jr., Leo P. (March, 1972), "Upper Wolfcampian (?) Mollusca from the Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada", Journal of Paleontology (SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology) 46: 249–260.
- ^ Murdy, E. O. (1989), A Taxonomic Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Oxudercine Gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae), Records of the Australian Museum, ISBN 0-7305-6374-X
- ^ Boero, Ferdinando (April, 1987), "Life cycles of Phialella zappai n. sp., Phialella fragilis and Phialella sp. (Cnidaria, Leptomedusae, Phialellidae) from central California", Journal of Natural History (Taylor & Francis Groups) 21 (2): 465–480, DOI:10.1080/00222938700771131
- ^ Bosmans, Robert; Bosselaers, Jan (October 1995), "Spiders of the genera Pachygnatha, Dyschiriognatha and Glenognatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with a revision of the Afrotropical species", Zoologica Scripta (The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters) 23 (4): 325–352, DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00392.x
- ^ Wassif, Christopher; Cheek, Diana; Belas, Robert (October 1995), "Molecular Analysis of a Metalloprotease from Proteus mirabilis", Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology) 177 (20): 5790–8, PMC 177400, PMID 7592325
- ^ Salak, Marc; Lescinsky, Halard L. (July, 1999), "Spygoria zappania New Genus and Species, a Cloudina-like Biohermal Metazoan from the Lower Cambrian of Central Nevada", Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 73: 571–576.
- ^ Seachrist, Lisa (August 12, 1994), "Random Samples", Science. New Series (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 265: 870–871.
- ^ (3834) Zappafrank, IAU: Minor Planet Center (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/special/rocknroll/0003834.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun (September 16, 2010), Zappa comes home, The Baltimore Sun, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-09-16/entertainment/bs-ae-zappa-cover-0917-20100916_1_gail-zappa-southeast-anchor-library-lithuania . Dweezil and Zappa Plays Zappa played a free three-hour show to a crowd estimated at more than 3,000. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun (September 16, 2010), Zappa-looza: A full guide to the weekend's events, The Baltimore Sun, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-09-16/news/bs-ae-zappa-rail-0917-2-20100916_1_southeast-anchor-library-zappa-plays-zappa-zappa-related . Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ^ Zappanale – Startseite, zappanale.de, http://zappanale.de/ . Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
- ^ The Associated Press (July 30, 2007), "Berlin Names Street After Frank Zappa", The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/30/AR2007073000690.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
- ^ Zappa.com > What's New in Baltimore?, zappa.com, http://www.zappa.com/whatsnew/news/baltimore.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
External links[link]
Media related to Frank Zappa at Wikimedia Commons 
Quotations related to Frank Zappa at Wikiquote
- The official Frank Zappa website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Frank Zappa at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Frank Zappa in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Frank Zappa collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Frank Zappa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Frank Zappa at the Notable Names Database
- Frank Zappa interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zappa, Frank |
| Alternative names | Zappa, Frank Vincent |
| Short description | Composer, musician, bandleader, conductor, record producer |
| Date of birth | 1940-12-21 |
| Place of birth | Baltimore, Maryland, United States |
| Date of death | 1993-12-04 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Frank_Zappa
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named Alex Ferguson, see Alex Ferguson (disambiguation).
 |
|||
| Personal information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson[1] | ||
| Date of birth | (1941-12-31) 31 December 1941 (age 70) | ||
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland | ||
| Playing position | Forward | ||
| Club information | |||
| Current club | Manchester United (manager) | ||
| Senior career* | |||
| Years | Team | Apps† | (Gls)† |
| 1957–1960 | Queen's Park | 31 | (15) |
| 1960–1964 | St. Johnstone | 37 | (19) |
| 1964–1967 | Dunfermline Athletic | 89 | (66) |
| 1967–1969 | Rangers | 41 | (25) |
| 1969–1973 | Falkirk | 95 | (36) |
| 1973–1974 | Ayr United | 24 | (9) |
| Total | 317 | (170) | |
| National team | |||
| 1967 | Scottish League XI[2] | 2 | (1) |
| 1967 | Scotland XI[3] | 7 | (9) |
| Teams managed | |||
| 1974 | East Stirlingshire | ||
| 1974–1978 | St. Mirren | ||
| 1978–1986 | Aberdeen | ||
| 1985–1986 | Scotland | ||
| 1986– | Manchester United | ||
| * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). |
|||
Sir Alexander Chapman "Alex" Ferguson, CBE (born 31 December 1941) is a Scottish football manager and former player who has managed Manchester United since 1986. His tenure has seen the club go through an era of success and dominance both in England and in Europe, giving Ferguson a reputation as one of the most admired and respected managers in the history of the game.[4]
Ferguson previously managed East Stirlingshire and St. Mirren, before a highly successful period as manager of Aberdeen. After a brief stint as manager of the Scotland national team following the death of Jock Stein, he was appointed manager of Manchester United in November 1986.
With 25 years as manager of Manchester United, he is the longest serving manager in their history after overtaking Sir Matt Busby's record on 19 December 2010. His tenure is also the longest of all the current League managers. During this time, Ferguson has won many awards and holds many records including winning Manager of the Year most times in British football history. In 2008, he became the third British manager to win the European Cup on more than one occasion.
He was knighted in 1999 for his services to the game and also holds the Freedom of the City of Aberdeen.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born to Alexander Beaton Ferguson, a plater's helper in the shipbuilding industry, and his wife, the former Elizabeth Hardie,[5] Alex Ferguson was born at his grandmother's home on Shieldhall Road, Govan, on 31 December 1941, but grew up in a tenement at 667 Govan Road (which has since been demolished) where he lived with his parents as well as his younger brother Martin.[6]
He attended Broomloan Road Primary School and later Govan High School,[7][8] and supported Rangers.[9]
Playing career[link]
Ferguson's playing career began as an amateur with Queen's Park, where he made his debut as a striker aged 16.[10] He described his first match as a "nightmare",[11] but scored Queen's Park's goal in a 2–1 defeat against Stranraer. As Queen's Park were an amateur team he also worked in the Clyde shipyards as an apprentice tool-worker, where he became an active trade union shop steward. Perhaps his most notable game for Queen's Park was the 7–1 defeat away to Queen of the South on Boxing Day 1959 when ex-England international Ivor Broadis scored four of the Queen of the South goals. Ferguson was the solitary Queen's Park goalscorer.[12]
Despite scoring 20 goals in his 31 games for Queen's Park, he could not command a regular place in the side and moved to St. Johnstone in 1960. Although he continued to score regularly at St. Johnstone, he was still unable to command a regular place and regularly requested transfers. Ferguson was out of favour at the club and he even considered emigrating to Canada,[13] however St. Johnstone's failure to sign a forward led the manager to select Ferguson for a match against Rangers, in which he scored a hat trick in a surprise victory. Dunfermline signed him the following summer (1964), and Ferguson became a full-time professional footballer.
The following season (1964–65), Dunfermline were strong challengers for the Scottish League and reached the Scottish Cup Final, but Ferguson was dropped for the final after a poor performance in a league game against St. Johnstone. Dunfermline lost the final 3–2 to Celtic, then failed to win the League by one point. The 1965–66 season saw Ferguson notch up 45 goals in 51 games for Dunfermline. Along with Joe McBride of Celtic, he was the top goalscorer in the Scottish League with 31 goals.[14]
He then joined Rangers for £65,000, then a record fee for a transfer between two Scottish clubs. He was blamed for a goal that they conceded in the 1969 Scottish Cup Final,[15] in a match in which he was designated to mark Celtic captain, Billy McNeill, and was subsequently forced to play for the club's junior side instead of for the first team.[16] According to his brother, Ferguson was so upset by the experience that he threw his losers' medal away.[17] There have been claims that he suffered discrimination at Rangers after his marriage to a Catholic, Cathy Holding,[18] but Ferguson himself makes it clear in his autobiography[19] that Rangers knew of his wife's religion when he joined the club and that he left the club very reluctantly, due to the fall-out from his alleged cup final mistake.
The following October, Nottingham Forest wanted to sign Ferguson,[20] but his wife was not keen on moving to England at that time so he went to Falkirk instead. He was promoted to player-coach there, but when John Prentice became manager he removed Ferguson's coaching responsibilities. Ferguson responded by requesting a transfer and moved to Ayr United, where he finished his playing career in 1974.
Early managerial career[link]
East Stirlingshire[link]
In June 1974, Ferguson was appointed manager of East Stirlingshire, at the comparatively young age of 32. It was a part-time job that paid £40 per week, and the club did not have a single goalkeeper at the time.[21] He gained a reputation as a disciplinarian, with club forward Bobby McCulley later saying he had "never been afraid of anyone before but Ferguson was a frightening bastard from the start."[22]
The following October, Ferguson was invited to manage St. Mirren. While they were below East Stirlingshire in the league, they were a bigger club and although Ferguson felt a degree of loyalty towards East Stirlingshire, he decided to join St. Mirren after taking advice from Jock Stein.[23]
St. Mirren[link]
Ferguson was manager of St. Mirren from 1974 until 1978, producing a remarkable transformation of a team in the lower half of the old Second Division watched by crowds of just over 1,000, to First Division champions in 1977, discovering talent like Billy Stark, Tony Fitzpatrick, Lex Richardson, Frank McGarvey, Bobby Reid and Peter Weir while playing superb attacking football.[24] The average age of the league winning team was 19 and the captain, Fitzpatrick, was 20.[25]
St. Mirren have the distinction of being the only club ever to sack Ferguson. He claimed wrongful dismissal against the club at an industrial tribunal but lost and was given no leave to appeal. According to a Billy Adams Sunday Herald article on 30 May 1999, the official version is that Ferguson was sacked for various breaches of contract including unauthorised payments to players.[24] He was counter-accused of intimidating behaviour towards his office secretary because he wanted players to get some expenses tax free. He didn't speak to her for six weeks, confiscated her keys and communicated only through a 17-year-old assistant. The tribunal concluded that Ferguson was "particularly petty" and "immature".[26] It was claimed during the tribunal by St. Mirren chairman, Willie Todd, that Ferguson had "no managerial ability".
On 31 May 2008, The Guardian published an interview with Todd (then aged 87), who had sacked Ferguson all those years earlier. He explained that the fundamental reason for the dismissal was a breach of contract relating to Ferguson having agreed to join Aberdeen. Ferguson told journalist Jim Rodger of the Daily Mirror that he had asked at least one member of the squad to go to Aberdeen with him. He also told the St. Mirren staff he was leaving. Todd expressed regret over what happened but blamed Aberdeen for not approaching his club to discuss compensation.[27]
Aberdeen[link]
Late 1970s[link]
Ferguson joined Aberdeen as manager in June 1978, replacing Billy McNeill who had only managed the club for one season before he was offered the chance to manage Celtic. Although Aberdeen were one of Scotland's major clubs they had won the league only once, in 1955 under Dave Halliday. The team had been playing well, however, and had not lost a league match since the previous December, having finished second in the league the previous season.[28] Ferguson had now been a manager for four years, but was still not much older than some of the players and had trouble winning the respect of some of the older ones such as Joe Harper.[29] The season did not go especially well, with Aberdeen reaching the semi-final of the Scottish Cup and the Scottish League Cup Final, but losing both matches and finishing fourth in the league.
Aberdeen also lost the 1979–80 Scottish League Cup Final, this time to Dundee United after a replay. Ferguson took the blame for the defeat, saying he should have made changes to the team for the replay.[30]
1980s and silverware[link]
Aberdeen had started the season poorly but their form improved dramatically in the new year and they won the Scottish league that season with a 5–0 win on the final day. It was the first time in fifteen years that the league had not been won by either Rangers or Celtic. Ferguson now felt that he had the respect of his players, later saying "That was the achievement which united us. I finally had the players believing in me".[31]
He was still a strict disciplinarian, though, and his players nicknamed him Furious Fergie. He fined one of his players, John Hewitt, for overtaking him on a public road,[32] and kicked a tea urn at the players at half time after a poor first half.[33] He was dissatisfied with the atmosphere at Aberdeen matches, and deliberately created a 'siege mentality' by accusing the Scottish media of being biased towards the Glasgow clubs, in order to motivate the team.[34] The team continued their success with a Scottish Cup win in 1982. Ferguson was offered the managers' job at Wolves but turned it down as he felt that Wolves were in trouble[35] and "[his] ambitions at Aberdeen were not even half fulfilled".[36]
European success[link]
Ferguson led Aberdeen to even greater success the following season (1982–83). They had qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup as a result of winning the Scottish Cup the previous season, and impressively knocked out Bayern Munich, who had beaten Tottenham Hotspur 4–1 in the previous round. According to Willie Miller, this gave them the confidence to believe that they could go on to win the competition,[37] which they did, with a 2–1 victory over Real Madrid in the final on 11 May 1983. Aberdeen became only the third Scottish team to win a European trophy and Ferguson now felt that "he'd done something worthwhile with his life".[38] Aberdeen had also performed well in the league that season, and retained the Scottish Cup with a 1–0 victory over Rangers, but Ferguson was not happy with his team's play in that match and upset the players by describing theirs as a "disgraceful performance" in a televised interview after the match, a statement he later retracted.[39]
After a sub-standard start to the 1983–84 season, Aberdeen's form improved and the team won the Scottish league and retained the Scottish Cup. Ferguson was awarded the OBE in the 1984 honours list,[40] and was offered the managers' jobs at Rangers, Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur during the season. Aberdeen retained their league title in the 1984–85 season, but had a disappointing season in 1985–86, finishing fourth in the league, although they did win both domestic cups. Ferguson had been appointed to the club's board of directors early in 1986, but that April he told Dick Donald, their chairman, that he intended to leave that summer.[citation needed]
Ferguson had been part of coaching staff for the Scottish national side during qualifying for the 1986 World Cup, but manager Jock Stein had collapsed and died on 10 September 1985 – at the end of the game in which Scotland qualified from their group for a play-off against Australia. Ferguson promptly agreed to take charge of the Scottish national side against the Australians and subsequently at the World Cup. To allow him to fulfil his international duties he appointed Archie Knox as his co-manager at Aberdeen. However, after Scotland failed to progress past the group stages of the World Cup, Ferguson stepped down as national team manager on 15 June 1986.[41]
Around this time, Tottenham Hotspur offered Ferguson the chance to take over from Peter Shreeves as manager, but he rejected this offer and the job went to Luton Town's David Pleat instead. There was also an offer for Ferguson to replace Don Howe as Arsenal manager, but he rejected this offer as well, and fellow Scot George Graham took the post instead.[42] That summer, there had been speculation that he would take over from Ron Atkinson at Manchester United, who had slumped to fourth in the English top flight after a 10-match winning start had made title glory seem inevitable.
It was not the first time that Ferguson had been linked with a move to England. In February 1982, Wolverhampton Wanderers had approached him about succeeding John Barnwell as manager as they were heading for relegation from the First Division.[43] He rejected this offer, perhaps concerned about the club's financial stability, as they were more than £2million in debt at the time and narrowly avoided going out of business. At the end of the 1985–86 season, both Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur had approached him about becoming their new manager, but he rejected the offers from both North London clubs.[44] Although Ferguson remained at Aberdeen over the summer, he did eventually join Manchester United when Atkinson was sacked in November 1986.
Managing Manchester United[link]
Appointment and first years[link]
Ferguson was appointed manager at Old Trafford on 6 November 1986. He was initially worried that many of the players, such as Norman Whiteside, Paul McGrath and Bryan Robson were drinking too much and was "depressed" by their level of fitness, but he managed to increase the players' discipline and United climbed up the table to finish the season in 11th place, having been 21st (second from bottom) when he took over.
His first game in charge was a 2–0 defeat at underdogs Oxford United on 8 November, followed seven days later by a goalless draw at newly promoted Norwich City, and then his first win (1–0 at home to QPR) on 22 November. Results steadily improved as the season went on, and by the time they recorded what would be their only away win of the league campaign at title challengers and deadly rivals Liverpool on Boxing Day, it was clear that United were on the road to recovery. 1987 began on a high note with a 4–1 victory over Newcastle United and United gradually pulled together in the second half of the season, with relatively occasional defeats on the way, and finished 11th in the final table. Ferguson's mother, Elizabeth died of lung cancer, aged 64, three weeks after his appointment. Ferguson appointed Archie Knox, his assistant at Aberdeen, as his assistant at Manchester United in 1986.[citation needed]
In the 1987–88 season, Ferguson made several major signings, including Steve Bruce, Viv Anderson, Brian McClair and Jim Leighton. The new players made a great contribution to a United team who finished in second place, nine points behind Liverpool. However, Liverpool's points lead had been in double digits for most of the season and while United had lost only five league games all season, they drew 12 games and there was clearly still some way to go before United could be a match for their north western rivals.[citation needed]
United were expected to do well when Mark Hughes returned to the club two years after leaving for Barcelona, but the 1988–89 season was a disappointment for them, finishing eleventh in the league and losing 1–0 at home to Nottingham Forest in the FA Cup Sixth Round. They had begun the season slowly, going on a nine-match winless run throughout October and November (with one defeat and eight draws) before a run of generally good results took them to third place and the fringes of the title challenge by mid February. However, another run of disappointing results in the final quarter of the season saw them fall down to mid table.
During the season, United played in friendly matches against the Bermudan national team and Somerset County Cricket Club as part of the Bermudan team's tour of England. In the match against Somerset, both Ferguson himself and his assistant, Archie Knox, took to the field, with Knox even getting on the scoresheet. The match remains Ferguson's only appearance for the Manchester United first team.[citation needed]
For the 1989–90 season, Ferguson further boosted his squad by paying large sums of money for midfielders Neil Webb, Mike Phelan and Paul Ince, as well as defender Gary Pallister and winger Danny Wallace. The season began well with a 4–1 win over defending champions Arsenal on the opening day, but United's league form quickly turned sour. In September, United suffered a humiliating 5–1 away defeat against fierce rivals Manchester City. Following this and an early season run of six defeats and two draws in eight games, a banner declaring "Three years of excuses and it's still crap...ta-ra Fergie." was displayed at Old Trafford, and many journalists and supporters called for Ferguson to be sacked.[45][46] Ferguson later described December 1989 as "the darkest period [he had] ever suffered in the game", as United ended the decade just outside the relegation zone.[47][48]
However, Ferguson later revealed that the board of directors had assured him that they were not considering dismissing him. Although naturally disappointed with the lack of success in the league, they understood the reasons for the sub-standard results (namely the absence of several key players due to injury) and were pleased with the way that Ferguson had reorganised the club's coaching and scouting system.
Following a run of seven games without a win, Manchester United were drawn away to Nottingham Forest in the third round of the FA Cup. Forest were performing well that season and were in the process of winning the League Cup for the second season running,[49] and it was expected that United would lose the match and Ferguson would consequently be sacked, but United won the game 1–0 thanks to a Mark Robins goal and eventually reached the final. This cup win is often cited as the match that saved Ferguson's Old Trafford career, even though it has since been stated that his job was never at risk.[49][50][51] United went on to win the FA Cup, beating Crystal Palace 1–0 in the final replay after a 3–3 draw in the first match, giving Ferguson his first major trophy as Manchester United manager. United's defensive frailties in the first match were unilaterally blamed on goalkeeper Jim Leighton, forcing Ferguson to drop his former Aberdeen player and bring in Les Sealey.
The first league title[link]
Although United's league form improved greatly in 1990–91, they were still inconsistent and finished sixth. There were some excellent performances that season, including a 6–2 demolition of Arsenal at Highbury, but results like an early 2–1 loss at newly promoted Sunderland, a 4–0 September hammering by Liverpool at Anfield, and a 2–0 home defeat by Everton in early March (the game where 17-year-old hot prospect Ryan Giggs made his senior debut) showed that United still had some way to go.
Even after the FA Cup Final victory in the previous season, some still had doubts about Ferguson's ability to succeed where all the other managers since Busby had failed — to win the league title.[51] They were runners-up in the League Cup, losing 1–0 to Sheffield Wednesday. They also reached the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup, beating that season's Spanish champions Barcelona 2–1. After the match, Ferguson vowed that United would win the league the following season, and at long last he seemed to have won over the last of his sceptics after nearly five years in the job.[52]
During the 1991 close season, Ferguson's assistant Archie Knox departed to Glasgow Rangers to become assistant to Walter Smith, and Ferguson promoted youth team coach Brian Kidd to the role of assistant manager in Knox's place. He also made two major signings – goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel and defender Paul Parker – to bolster his side. There was much anticipation about the breakthrough of the young Ryan Giggs, who had played twice and scored once in the 1990–91 campaign, and the earlier emergence of another impressive young winger in the shape of Lee Sharpe, who despite their youth had made Ferguson feel able to resist plunging into the transfer market and buying a new player to take over from the disappointing Danny Wallace on the left wing. He had also added the Ukrainian Andrei Kanchelskis to the right wing, giving him a more attacking alternative to older right footed midfielders Mike Phelan and Bryan Robson.
The 1991–92 season did not live up to Ferguson's expectations and, in Ferguson's words, "many in the media felt that [his] mistakes had contributed to the misery".[53] United won the League Cup and Super Cup for the first time, but lost out on the league title to rivals Leeds United after leading the table for much of the season. A shortage of goals and being held to draws by teams they had been expected to beat in the second half of the campaign had proved to be the undoing of a United side who had performed so well in the first half of the season. Ferguson felt that his failure to secure the signing of Mick Harford from Luton Town had cost United the league, and that he needed "an extra dimension" to the team if they were to win the league the following season.[54]
During the 1992 close season, Ferguson went on the hunt for a new striker. He first attempted to sign Alan Shearer from Southampton, but lost out to Blackburn Rovers. He also made at least one approach for the Sheffield Wednesday striker David Hirst, but manager Trevor Francis rejected all offers and the player stayed put. In the end, he paid £1 million for 23-year-old Cambridge United striker Dion Dublin – his only major signing of the summer.
After a slow start to the 1992–93 season (they were 10th of 22 at the beginning of November) it looked as though United would miss out on the league title (now the Premier League) yet again. However, after the purchase of French striker Eric Cantona from Leeds United for £1.2 million, the future of Manchester United, and Ferguson's position as manager, began to look bright. Cantona formed a strong partnership with Mark Hughes and fired the club to the top of the table, ending United's 26-year wait for a League Championship, and also making them the first ever Premier League Champions. United had finished champions with a 10-point margin over runners-up Aston Villa, whose 1–0 defeat at Oldham on 2 May 1993 had given United the title. Ferguson was voted Manager of the Year by the League Managers' Association.
Two doubles[link]
The 1993–94 season brought more success. Ferguson added Nottingham Forest's 22-year-old midfielder Roy Keane to the ranks for a British record fee of £3.75million as a long term replacement for Bryan Robson, who was nearing the end of his career.[55]
United led the 1993–94 Premier League table virtually from start to finish.
Ferguson was the very first winner of the Premier League Manager of the Month award, introduced for the start of the 1993–94 season, when he collected the accolade for August 1993.
Cantona was top scorer with 25 goals in all competitions despite being sent off twice in the space of five days in March 1994. United also reached the League Cup final but lost 3–1 to Aston Villa, managed by Ferguson's predecessor, Ron Atkinson. In the FA Cup final, Manchester United achieved an impressive 4–0 scoreline against Chelsea, winning Ferguson his second League and Cup Double, following his Scottish Premier Division and Scottish Cup titles with Aberdeen in 1984–85, though the League Cup final defeat meant that he had not yet achieved a repeat of the treble that he had achieved with Aberdeen in 1983.
Ferguson made only one close-season signing, paying Blackburn Rovers £1.2million for David May. There were newspaper reports that Ferguson was also going to sign highly rated 21-year-old striker Chris Sutton from Norwich City, but the player headed for Blackburn Rovers instead.
1994–95 was a harder season for Ferguson. Cantona assaulted a Crystal Palace supporter in a game at Selhurst Park, and it seemed likely he would leave English football. An eight month ban saw Cantona miss the final four months of the season. He also received a 14-day prison sentence for the offence but the sentence was quashed on appeal and replaced by a 120-hour community service order. On the brighter side, United paid a British record fee of £7million for Newcastle's prolific striker Andy Cole, with young winger Keith Gillespie heading to the north-east in exchange. The season also saw the breakthrough of young players Gary Neville, Nicky Butt and Paul Scholes, who provided excellent cover for the long periods that United were left without some of their more experienced stars.
However, the championship slipped out of Manchester United's grasp as they drew 1–1 with West Ham United on the final day of the season, when a win would have given them the a third successive league title. United also lost the FA Cup final in a 1–0 defeat to Everton.
Ferguson was heavily criticised in the summer of 1995 when three of United's star players were allowed to leave and replacements were not bought. First Paul Ince moved to Internazionale of Italy for £7.5 million, long serving striker Mark Hughes was suddenly sold to Chelsea in a £1.5 million deal, and Andrei Kanchelskis was sold to Everton.
Ferguson made an approach for Tottenham Hotspur winger Darren Anderton, but the player signed a new contract with the North London club. He then made a bid to sign Dutchman Marc Overmars from Ajax (the European Cup winners), but the player suffered a serious knee injury and was ruled out for months. Media reports suggested that United were going to make an approach for Juventus and Italy forward Roberto Baggio, who was generally regarded[by whom?] as the best player in the world at this time, but the player remained in his homeland and signed for Milan instead.
It was widely known that Ferguson felt that United had a number of young players who were ready to play in the first team. The youngsters, who would be known as "Fergie's Fledglings", included Gary Neville, Phil Neville, David Beckham, Paul Scholes and Nicky Butt, who would all go on to be important members of the team. And so the 1995–96 season began without a major signing, at a time when the likes of Arsenal, Liverpool and Newcastle United were making the headlines with big money signings.
When United lost the first league match of the 1995–96 season 3–1 to Aston Villa, the media swooped upon Ferguson with undisguised glee.[citation needed] They wrote United off because Ferguson's squad contained so many young and inexperienced players. Match of the Day pundit, Alan Hansen proclaimed that "you can't win anything with kids".[56]
However, the young players performed well and United won their next five matches, exacting their revenge over Everton for the FA Cup defeat with a 3–2 win at Goodison Park and achieving a 2–1 away win over defending champions Blackburn Rovers who were now looking rather like relegation battlers than title contenders.
Cantona's return from suspension was a boost, but they found themselves 10 points behind Newcastle United by Christmas 1995. A 2–0 home win over the Tynesiders on 27 December narrowed the gap to seven points and a subsequent win over struggling QPR narrowed it to four points, but a 4–1 defeat for United at Tottenham on New Year's Day 1996 and a 0–0 home draw with Aston Villa saw the Magpies re-establish their wide lead and it looked certain that the league title was Newcastle's.
However a series of good results starting in mid January 1996 saw the gap close, and when United travelled to Newcastle and won 1–0 on 4 March, the gap was down to a single point.
United went top of the league soon after the win at Newcastle, who continued to drop points in crucial games.
Early April saw Newcastle manager Kevin Keegan's famous outburst on live television ("I'd love it if we beat them! Love it!"), and is generally regarded[by whom?] as the moment that Ferguson gained the upper hand against his opponent. United's Premier League title success was confirmed on the final day of the season, when they defeated a Middlesbrough side managed by former United captain Bryan Robson in a game which ended in a 3–0 win despite strong displays by Boro confounding pre-match reports that Robson would give his old team an easy ride.
They played Liverpool in that year's FA Cup final, winning 1–0 with a late goal by Cantona. This made them the first team in English football to repeat the double of the league title and FA Cup, and more impressive was the fact that it had been achieved with a similar set of players to the ones who achieved the first double.
1996–97 saw Ferguson guide Manchester United to their fourth Premier League title in five seasons. In late autumn, they suffered three league defeats in a row and conceded 13 goals in the process. They also lost their 40 year unbeaten home record in Europe to unfancied Turkish side Fenerbahçe. But they still reached the Champions League semi final, where they lost to Borussia Dortmund of Germany. At the end of the season, Cantona surprisingly retired from football.
Other success stories of the 1996–97 season were two Norwegian signings, striker Ole Gunnar Solskjær (the club's top scorer that season) and defender Ronny Johnsen, who were bargain buys as they were little known outside the Premier League on their arrival the previous summer but went on to be key factors in United's fourth Premier League title.
The treble[link]
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Ferguson made two new signings to bolster United's challenge for the 1997–98 season, 31-year-old England striker Teddy Sheringham and defender Henning Berg.[57] However, the season ended trophyless as Arsenal won the Premier League under French manager Arsène Wenger, who started a long-lasting rivalry with Ferguson. For much of the season, United had looked to be on the road to success. They led the table for much of the season before a series of disappointing results in the final quarter – combined with Arsenal taking advantage of games in hand – saw the league title head to North London. There was much promise in the European Cup as United recorded an impressive 3–2 win over Juventus in the group stages, before being eliminated by AS Monaco 1–1 on away goals in the quarter-finals.[58] Their FA Cup challenge began, with an excellent 5–3 away win over holders Chelsea,[59] before a shock fifth round replay exit at a Barnsley side,[60] who ended the season relegated from the Premier League.
The summer of 1998 saw striker Dwight Yorke, Dutch defender Jaap Stam and the Swedish winger Jesper Blomqvist join Manchester United for a combined total of nearly £30 million.
In December 1998, Ferguson's assistant manager, Brian Kidd accepted an offer to manage Blackburn Rovers,[61] and he recruited Steve McClaren from Derby County as his successor. Ironically, Kidd's side were relegated in the penultimate game on the league season when United held them to a 0–0 draw.[62]
The 1998–99 season saw the club winning an unprecedented treble of the Premier League title, FA Cup and Champions League. The season was characterised by highly dramatic matches. In the Champions League semi-final second leg, United conceded two early goals away to Juventus; however, inspired by Roy Keane, who would later miss the final through suspension, United came back to beat Juventus 3–2,[63] and reach their first European Cup final since 1968. In the FA Cup semi-final, United faced close rivals Arsenal and appeared to be heading for defeat when Keane was sent off and Arsenal were awarded a last-minute penalty. Peter Schmeichel saved the penalty, and in extra time Ryan Giggs ran the length of the pitch to score perhaps the most memorable goal of his career to win the match.[64] They then defeated Newcastle United 2–0 in the FA Cup Final at the Wembley Stadium, thanks to goals from Teddy Sheringham and Paul Scholes.[65] The European triumph was the most incredible of all. With 90 minutes on the clock, they were 1–0 down to Bayern Munich at the Camp Nou in Barcelona, following a Mario Basler free kick, but in three minutes of injury time allowed by referee Pierluigi Collina, Teddy Sheringham, a substitute, equalised and extra time looked certain. But with just seconds left on the clock, Ole Gunnar Solskjær, also a late substitution, scored the winning goal and history was made.[66]
On 12 June 1999, Ferguson received a knighthood in recognition of his services to the game.[67]
Title hat-trick[link]
Manchester United ended the 1999–2000 season as champions with just three Premier League defeats, and a cushion of 18 points. The massive gap between United and the rest of the Premier League, although they had faced stiff competition from the likes of Arsenal and Leeds United until the final weeks of the season, caused some to wonder if the club's financial dominance was developing into a problem for the English game.
In April 2000, it was announced that Manchester United had agreed to sign Dutch striker Ruud van Nistelrooy from PSV Eindhoven for a British record fee of £18million. But the move was put on hold when van Nistelrooy failed a medical, and he then returned to his homeland in a bid to regain fitness, only to suffer a serious knee injury which ruled him out for almost a year.
28-year-old French goalkeeper Fabien Barthez was signed from Monaco for £7.8million—making him the most expensive goalkeeper to be signed by a British club, and United won the title again, becoming only the fourth side in history to win the English league title three seasons in succession. They also matched Liverpool's record (set in 1991) of 10 successive top two finishes.
However, the press largely saw the 1999–2000 and 2000–01 campaigns as failures as United had failed to win the European Cup, falling at the quarter final stages to Real Madrid in 2000 and Bayern Munich in 2001.
During the 2001 close season Ruud van Nistelrooy joined, and soon after Manchester United again broke the British transfer record—this time paying Lazio £28.1million for Argentine attacking midfielder Juan Sebastián Verón, although he failed to live up to the high expectations his transfer fee suggested and he was sold to Chelsea for £15million only two years later.
Rebuilding and transition[link]
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Two games into the 2001–02 season, Dutch central defender Jaap Stam was sold to Lazio in a £16million deal. The reason for Stam's departure was believed to have been claims in his autobiography Head to Head that he had been illegally spoken to about a move to Manchester United by Ferguson, before his previous club PSV Eindhoven had been informed.[citation needed] Ferguson replaced Stam with Internazionale's 36-year-old central defender Laurent Blanc.
Before the season began, Ferguson also lost his assistant Steve McClaren, who took over as manager of Middlesbrough, and gave the role to long-serving coach Jimmy Ryan until a more permanent successor could be found.
By 8 December 2001, after a terrible run of form which saw one win and six defeats on a period of seven league games, Manchester United were ninth in the Premier League — 11 points behind leaders Liverpool who had a game in hand. There were widespread fears that they might not even qualify for Europe, let alone win the league title.
Then came a dramatic turn around in form: between mid-December and late January, as eight successive wins saw Manchester United climb to the top of the Premier League and put their title challenge back on track. Despite this, United finished third in the League as rival Arsène Wenger clinched the title for Arsenal at Old Trafford with a 1–0 win in the penultimate game of the season after United dropped points in a couple of other crucial games during the run-in.
United were also unsuccessful in Europe, losing the Champions League semi-final on away goals to Bayer Leverkusen. Early exits from the League Cup and FA Cup meant that the season ended trophyless. As they were third in the league and had not reached a cup final, it was the first time since 1989 that they had finished a season without being winners or runners-up of a major competition.
The 2001–02 season was to have been Ferguson's last as Manchester United manager, and the looming date of his retirement was cited[who?] as a reason for the team's loss of form. Ferguson himself admitted that the decision to pre-announce his retirement had resulted in a negative effect on the players and on his ability to impose discipline. But in February 2002 he agreed to stay in charge for at least another three years.
The close season saw Manchester United break the British transfer record yet again when they paid Leeds United £30million for 24-year-old central defender Rio Ferdinand.
That summer, Ferguson brought in Portuguese coach Carlos Queiroz as his assistant.
Manchester United won their eighth Premier League title yet just over two months before the end of the season they were eight points behind leaders Arsenal. But an improvement in form for United, and a decline for Arsenal, saw the Premier League trophy gradually slip out of the Londoners' grasp and push it back in the direction of Old Trafford. Ferguson described the 2002–03 title triumph as his most satisfying ever, due to the nature of a remarkable comeback. The excellent run-in had produced 10 wins and a draw (including 4–0 home win over Liverpool and a 6–2 away demolition of Newcastle United) from the final 11 games, and no defeats since Boxing Day.
Not for the first time, Ferguson had proven to be a master of managerial mind-games, successfully rattling the composure of Arsenal and their otherwise unflappable manager Arsène Wenger.
Ferguson guided Manchester United to their eleventh FA Cup at the end of the 2003–04 season, but it was a disappointing season which had seen them finish third in the Premier League (which was won by an undefeated Arsenal side) and suffer Champions League elimination at the hands of eventual winners FC Porto. Rio Ferdinand missed the final four months of the season, as he served the beginning of an eight-month ban for missing a drugs test. New signings like Eric Djemba-Djemba and José Kléberson were disappointing, United tried to sign Ronaldinho and Fergie believed the deal was as good as done before Peter Kenyon caused it to fall apart, but there was at least one productive signing in teenage Portuguese winger Cristiano Ronaldo. Striker Louis Saha, added in January, also proved to be reasonably successful covering for the injured Ole Gunnar Solskjær in attack.
At the beginning of the 2004–05 season, teenage striker Wayne Rooney (the world's most expensive teenager at more than £20million) and Argentine defender Gabriel Heinze joined United while Cristiano Ronaldo continued where he had left off the previous season by putting in more match-winning performances. But the lack of a striker after van Nistelrooy spent most of the season injured saw the club finish third for the third time in four seasons. In the FA Cup they lost on penalties to Arsenal. A second round exit from the European Cup at the hands of AC Milan and a semi-final exit from the League Cup at the hands of eventual winners Chelsea (who also clinched the Premier League title) meant that 2004–05 was a rare instance of a trophyless season for United.
Ferguson's preparations for the season were disrupted by a high-profile dispute with major shareholder John Magnier, over the ownership of the racehorse Rock of Gibraltar. When Magnier and business partner J. P. McManus agreed to sell their shares to American business tycoon Malcolm Glazer, it cleared the way for Glazer to acquire full control of the club. This sparked violent protests from United fans, and disrupted Ferguson's plans to strengthen the team in the transfer market. In spite of this, United looked to solve their goalkeeping and midfield problems. For this, they signed the Dutch keeper Edwin van der Sar from Fulham and Korean star Park Ji-Sung from PSV.
The season was one of transition. On 18 November, Roy Keane officially left the club, his contract ended by mutual consent. United failed to qualify for the knock-out phase of the UEFA Champions' League. In the January transfer window Serbian defender Nemanja Vidić and French full-back Patrice Evra were signed, and the side finished in second place in the league, behind runaway leaders Chelsea. Winning the League Cup was a consolation prize for lack of success elsewhere. Ruud van Nistelrooy's future at Old Trafford seemed to be in doubt after not starting in the Carling Cup final, and he departed at the end of the season.
Second European Champions League[link]
In 2006, Michael Carrick was signed as a replacement for Roy Keane for £14 million, although the figure may eventually rise in the future to £18.6 million depending on appearances and results. United started the season well, and for the first time ever won their first four Premier League games. They set the early pace in the Premier League and never relinquished top spot from the tenth match of the 38–game season. The January 2006 signings had a huge impact on United's performances; Patrice Evra and Nemanja Vidić came in to form a solid back line along with already existing players Rio Ferdinand and skipper Gary Neville. The signing of Michael Carrick, which was questioned and criticised by a large portion of the media, brought stability and further creativity in the United midfield, forming an effective partnership with Paul Scholes. Park Ji-Sung and Ryan Giggs both underlined their value to the first team squad by adding significant pace and incisiveness in attack with Wayne Rooney and Cristiano Ronaldo.
Ferguson celebrated the 20th anniversary of his appointment as manager of Manchester United on 6 November 2006. Tributes also came from Ferguson's players, both past and present,[68] as well as his old foe, Arsène Wenger,[69] his old captain, Roy Keane, and current players. The party was spoiled the following day when United endured a single-goal defeat at the hands of Southend in the fourth round of the Carling Cup. However, on 1 December it was announced that Manchester United had signed 35 year old Henrik Larsson on loan,[70] a player that Ferguson had admired for many years, and attempted to capture previously. On 23 December 2006, Cristiano Ronaldo scored the club's 2000th goal under the helm of Ferguson in a match against Aston Villa.[71]
Manchester United subsequently won their ninth Premier League title but were denied a unique fourth double by Chelsea's Didier Drogba scoring a late goal in the FA Cup Final at Wembley.
In the Champions League, the club reached the semi-finals, recording a 7–1 home win over Roma in the quarter-final second leg, but lost at the San Siro to Milan 3–0 in the second leg of the semi-final after being 3–2 up from the first leg. Still, it was a strong sign that United were on their way back to dominance after a couple of years of being overshadowed by Arsenal and more particularly Chelsea.
For the 2007–08 season, Ferguson made notable signings to reinforce United's first team. Long-term target Owen Hargreaves joined from Bayern Munich, bringing an end to a year of negotiations. Ferguson further bolstered the midfield with the additions of young Portuguese winger Nani and Brazilian playmaker Anderson. The last summer signing was of West Ham United and Argentina striker Carlos Tévez after a complex and protracted transfer saga.
United had their worst start to a season under Ferguson, drawing their first two league games before suffering a 1–0 defeat to local rivals Manchester City. However, United recovered and began a tight race with Arsenal for the title. After a good run of form, Ferguson claimed that throughout his time at Manchester United, this was the best squad he had managed to assemble thus far.[72]
On 16 February 2008, United beat Arsenal 4–0 in an FA Cup Fifth Round match at Old Trafford, but were knocked out by eventual winners Portsmouth (a mid table side in the league) in the quarter final on 8 March, losing 1–0 at home. United having had a penalty claim turned down, Ferguson alleged after the game that Keith Hackett, general manager of the Professional Game Match Officials Board, was "not doing his job properly". Ferguson was subsequently charged by the FA with improper conduct, which he decided to contest. This was the second charge Ferguson faced in the season, following his complaints against the referee after United lost 1–0 at Bolton Wanderers – a charge he decided not to contest.
On 11 May 2008, Ferguson led Manchester United to a tenth Premier League title, exactly 25 years to the day after he led Aberdeen to European glory against Real Madrid in the European Cup Winners' Cup. Nearest rivals Chelsea – level on points going into the final round of matches, but with an inferior goal difference – could only draw 1–1 at home to Bolton, finishing two points adrift of the champions. United's title win was sealed with a 2–0 win over Wigan Athletic, managed by former United captain Steve Bruce, who before the game blew the whistle on suggestions that he would give his old club an easy ride – just as Bryan Robson had done 12 years earlier.
On 21 May 2008, Ferguson won his second European Cup with Manchester United as they beat Chelsea 6–5 on penalties in the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, following a 1–1 draw after extra time in the first ever all-English UEFA Champions League Final. A penalty miss from Cristiano Ronaldo meant that John Terry's spot-kick would have given the trophy to Chelsea if successfully converted, but Terry blew his chance of glory and in the end it was Edwin van der Sar's blocking of a Nicolas Anelka penalty which gave the trophy to Manchester United for the second time under Ferguson and for the third time overall.
After winning the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League Ferguson had stated that his intention to leave Manchester United within the next three years, meaning that he would be gone by the summer of 2011.[73] Manchester United Chief Executive David Gill moved quickly to calm the speculation about Ferguson's pending retirement.
Another two league titles and League Cups[link]
Although the team had a slow start to the 2008–09 season, United won the Premier League with a game to spare, making Ferguson the first manager in the history of English football to win the Premier League three times consecutively, on two separate occasions. Ferguson had now won 11 league titles at Manchester United, and the 2008–09 season title success put them level with Liverpool as league champions on a record 18 occasions in total. They also won the Football League Cup on penalties after a goalless Wembley draw with Tottenham Hotspur.
They contested the 2009 Champions League final against FC Barcelona on 27 May 2009 but lost 2–0.
After the presentation ceremony, Ferguson conceded that he would stay on at United for as long as his health permitted him and that he would be glad to win the league title once more. This would make United's total league wins one more than rivals Liverpool, becoming the outright leader in total wins.[74]
In 2009–10, Ferguson added another Football League Cup to his honours list as United defeated Aston Villa 2–1 in the Wembley final on 28 February 2010. However, his dreams of a third European Cup were ended a few weeks later when United were edged out of the competition in the quarter-finals by Bayern Munich on away goals. And their hopes of a record 19th league title were ended on the last day of the season when Chelsea beat them to the Premier League title, crushing Wigan Athletic 8–0 and rendering United's 4–0 win over Stoke City meaningless. Around this time, several newspapers carried reports that Ferguson was due to retire at the end of the 2010–11 season, but he denied these rumours and insisted that he wants to go out on a high and will not retire during a time of struggle.[75]
On 8 August 2010, Ferguson added another FA Community Shield to his honours list as United defeated Chelsea 3–1 in the final in Wembley. On 19 December 2010, Ferguson became Manchester United's longest serving manager in history, overtaking Matt Busby's record of 24 years, 1 month and 13 days in charge of the club.[76] He ended the season by winning his 12th and Manchester United's 19th league title and thus overtaking Liverpool's record of 18. Manchester United faced Barcelona again on 28 May 2011 in the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final, their third in four years, but United lost 3–1. Analyst Alan Hansen stated that he believed Ferguson was "the key component" in United's success that season, so key in fact that "[he] would have claimed the crown with any of the other top sides had he been in charge of them".[77] With Edwin van der Sar, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes all retiring in 2011,[78] Ferguson spent big by signing defender Phil Jones from Blackburn Rovers and winger Ashley Young from Aston Villa for around £17 million each,[79][80] and goalkeeper David de Gea from Atlético Madrid for around £19 million.[81]
1999 testimonial[link]
On 11 October 1999, a special testimonial match was played in honour of Ferguson's contribution to the team. Manchester United played against a team dubbed "Rest of the World XI", managed by Ottmar Hitzfeld, with his team consisting of names such as Henrik Larsson, Gianluca Vialli, Cafu, Paul Gascoigne, George Weah, Peter Schmeichel and Eric Cantona, but with 20 minutes to go there was a mass substitution of their players, who were replaced by a former Manchester United XI; Peter Schmeichel, Paul Parker, Clayton Blackmore, Steve Bruce, Gary Pallister, Darren Ferguson, Mark Hughes, Lee Sharpe, and three number sevens: Bryan Robson, David Beckham and Eric Cantona. The World XI won the game 4–2.[citation needed]
Controversies[link]
Gordon Strachan[link]
In his 1999 autobiography Ferguson stated of Gordon Strachan "I decided this man could not be trusted an inch – I would not want to expose my back to him in a hurry". Strachan's reaction to the attack, in is own autobiography, My Life in Football, was one of being "surprised and disappointed", but did not sue for libel, and more recently they have "declared something of a truce".[82]
David Beckham and draw fixing[link]
In 2003, Ferguson was involved in a dressing room argument with United player David Beckham,[83] resulting in an injury to Beckham, alleged to have been caused by Ferguson kicking a football boot in frustration which hit the player in the face. On 5 April 2003, Ferguson claimed that the Champions League draw was fixed in favour of Spanish and Italian teams,[83] resulting in a fine on 1 May of 10,000 Swiss francs (£4,600).
Rock of Gibraltar[link]
In 2003, Ferguson launched legal action against the then major United shareholder John Magnier over stud rights for race horse Rock of Gibraltar.[84] Magnier counter-sued Ferguson[85] by filing a "Motion to Comply" requiring Ferguson to substantiate his claim for half of Rock of Gibraltar's stud fees. The legal issues were further compounded by the request for "99 Questions" to be answered over Ferguson's transfer dealings, including those of Jaap Stam, Juan Verón, Tim Howard, David Bellion, Cristiano Ronaldo and Kléberson.[86] The case was eventually settled out of Court.
The BBC[link]
Ferguson refused to give interviews to the BBC after a documentary called Father and Son was shown on UK television in 2004. According to an article in The Independent newspaper, the documentary had "portrayed his agent son, Jason, as somebody who exploited his father's influence and position to his own ends in the transfer market." The same newspaper article made it clear that "Ferguson Jnr" was never found guilty of any wrong-doing, and it quoted Ferguson Senior as follows: "They [the BBC] did a story about my son that was whole lot of nonsense. It all made-up stuff and 'brown paper bags' and all that kind of carry-on. It was a horrible attack on my son's honour and he should never have been accused of that.".[87] Subsequent interviews on BBC programmes such as Match of the Day were done by his assistant Carlos Queiroz, and later Mike Phelan.
Under new Premiership rules intended for the 2010–11 season, Ferguson was required to end his BBC boycott.[88] However he refused to end his boycott and Manchester United confirmed the club would pay the resulting fines.[89] On 25 August 2011, Ferguson met with BBC director general Mark Thompson and BBC North director Peter Salmon; the result of the meeting was that Ferguson agreed to end his seven-year boycott.[90]
Mind games and relationships with other managers[link]
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Ferguson is well known for using what the press have called "mind games" with fellow Premiership managers. This approach normally involves making a derogatory comment at a pre-match press conference about the opposition Manager or their team. This has led to several spats in the past with managers such as Kevin Keegan, Arsène Wenger, Rafael Benítez and Mark Hughes.
Recalling of loan players[link]
Following the sacking of his son, Darren by Preston North End, Ferguson immediately recalled loaned players Ritchie De Laet, Joshua King and Matty James from Preston under its new managerial system. He later explained that it was the players' own request not to return to Preston after the change of manager.[91] Stoke City manager, Tony Pulis followed soon after in recalling two former Manchester United players from Preston as well, stating the need for the players to supplement his team's intensive schedule.[92]
Referees[link]
Ferguson has received numerous punishments for abusing and publicly criticising match officials when he has perceived them to be at fault:
- 20 October 2003 – Two match touchline ban and fined £10,000 after using abusive and/or insulting words towards fourth official Jeff Winter.[93]
- 14 December 2007 – Two match touchline ban and fined £5,000 after using abusive and/or insulting words towards Mark Clattenburg.[94]
- 18 November 2008 – Two match touchline ban and fined £10,000 after confronting Mike Dean after a game.[95]
- 12 November 2009 – Four match touchline ban (two suspended) and fined £20,000 for comments made about the fitness of Alan Wiley.[96]
- 16 March 2011 – Five match touchline ban (three plus the two suspended for the above offence) and fined £30,000 for comments made questioning the performance and fairness of Martin Atkinson.[97]
It has also been suggested that Ferguson's intimidation of referees results in "Fergie Time": that is, unusually generous injury time being added in matches where Manchester United are behind. The phrase is at least as old as 2004,[98] and a statistical analysis by The Times suggests that this comment might be valid, though the article points out that other footballing criteria may explain the correlation between extra added time and United being behind.[99]
Legacy[link]
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One recurring theme of Ferguson's management of Manchester United has been his view that no player is bigger than the club. He has consistently taken a "my way or the highway" approach in his dealings with players and the pressure of this management tactic has often been the cause of many notable players' departures. Over the years players such as Gordon Strachan, Paul McGrath, Paul Ince, Jaap Stam, Dwight Yorke, David Beckham, Ruud van Nistelrooy and Gabriel Heinze have left the club after varying degrees of conflict with Ferguson. It is also suggested that one of the most inspirational players in the club's history, Roy Keane, was a victim of Ferguson's wrath following damning criticism of his teammates on the club's in-house television channel, MUTV. This disciplinary line that he takes with such highly paid, high-profile players has been cited as a reason for the ongoing success of Manchester United.[citation needed]
The phrase "squeaky-bum time" coined by Ferguson in reference to the tense final stages of a league competition has been included in the Collins English Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary.[100][101]
Personal life[link]
Ferguson lives in Wilmslow, Cheshire, with his wife, Cathy Ferguson, Lady Ferguson (née Holding).[102] They married in 1966 and have three sons: Mark (born 1968), and twins Darren (born 1972), current manager of Peterborough United and former manager of Preston North End, and Jason (born 1972), who runs an events management company.
In 1998, Ferguson was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party.[103] He is also a lifelong Labour voter[104]and in January 2011 Graham Stringer, a Labour MP in Manchester, called for Ferguson to be elected to the House of Lords. If this happens, it would make Ferguson the first current or former footballer or football manager to be in the House of Lords.[105]
Honours[link]
Player[link]
- St. Johnstone
- Scottish Football League Division 2 (2nd tier) (1): 1962–63
- Falkirk
- Scottish Football League Division 2 (2nd tier) (1): 1969–70
Managerial[link]
Ferguson was made an Inaugural Inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the English game as a manager. In 2003, Ferguson became an inaugural recipient of the FA Coaching Diploma, awarded to all coaches who had at least 10 years' experience of being a manager or head coach.[106]
He is the Vice-President of the National Football Museum, based in Preston,[107] and a member of the Executive Committee of the League Managers Association.[108]
In addition to being the only manager to win the top league honours, and the 'Double', North and South of the England–Scotland border (winning the Premier League with Manchester United, and the Scottish Premier Division with Aberdeen), he is also the last manager to win the Scottish championship with a non Old Firm team, achieving this in the 1984–85 season with Aberdeen. He is also the only manager in English football to have managed to finish in the top three league places in 20 consecutive seasons, since the 1991–92 season.
On 5 November 2011, the Old Trafford North Stand was officially renamed the Sir Alex Ferguson Stand in honour of his 25 years as manager of Manchester United.[109]
He has won 48 trophies as a manager, making him the most successful British football manager in history.[110]
- St. Mirren
- Aberdeen
- Scottish Premier Division (3): 1979–80, 1983–84, 1984–85
- Scottish Cup (4): 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86
- Scottish League Cup (1): 1985–86
- UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1): 1982–83
- UEFA Super Cup (1): 1983
- Manchester United[111]
- Premier League (12): 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11
- FA Cup (5): 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04
- League Cup (4): 1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10
- FA Charity/Community Shield (10): 1990 (shared), 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011
- UEFA Champions League (2): 1998–99, 2007–08
- UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1): 1990–91
- UEFA Super Cup (1): 1991
- Intercontinental Cup (1): 1999
- FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2008
Individual[link]
- LMA Manager of the Decade (1): 1990s
- LMA Manager of the Year (3): 1998–99, 2007–08, 2010–11
- LMA Special Merit Award (2): 2009, 2011
- Premier League Manager of the Season (10): 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11
- Premier League Manager of the Month (26): August 1993, October 1994, February 1996, March 1996, February 1997, October 1997, January 1999, April 1999, August 1999, March 2000, April 2000, February 2001, April 2003, December 2003, February 2005, March 2006, August 2006, October 2006, February 2007, January 2008, March 2008, January 2009, April 2009, September 2009, January 2011, August 2011
- UEFA Manager of the Year (1): 1998–99
- UEFA Team of the Year (2): 2007, 2008
- Onze d'Or Coach of the Year (3): 1999, 2007, 2008
- IFFHS World's Best Club Coach of the Year (2): 1999, 2008
- IFFHS World's Best Coach of the 21st Century (1): 2012
- World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year (4): 1993, 1999, 2007, 2008
- Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year (1): 2000
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Coach Award (1): 1999
- BBC Sports Personality Team of the Year Award (1): 1999
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award (1): 2001
- English Football Hall of Fame (Manager) : 2002
- European Hall of Fame (Manager): 2008
- FIFA Presidential Award: 2011
- Premier League 10 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2001–02)
- Premier League 20 Seasons Awards (1992–93 – 2011–12)
- Manager of the Decade
- Most Coaching Appearances (392 games)
- FWA Tribute Award : 1996
- PFA Merit Award: 2007
- Mussabini Medal : 1999
Orders and special awards[link]
- Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE): 1983
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE): 1995
- Knight Bachelor (Kt.): 1999
Statistics[link]
As a player[link]
| Club performance | League | Cup | League Cup | Continental | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Scotland | League | Scottish Cup | League Cup | Europe | Total | |||||||
| 1957–58 | Queen's Park | Second Division | ||||||||||
| 1958–59 | ||||||||||||
| 1959–60 | ||||||||||||
| 1957–60 | Total | 31 | 15 | |||||||||
| 1960–61 | St. Johnstone | First Division | ||||||||||
| 1961–62 | ||||||||||||
| 1962–63 | Second Division | |||||||||||
| 1963–64 | First Division | |||||||||||
| 1960–64 | Total | 37 | 19 | |||||||||
| 1964–65 | Dunfermline Athletic | First Division | ||||||||||
| 1965–66 | ||||||||||||
| 1966–67 | ||||||||||||
| 1964–67 | Total | 89 | 66 | |||||||||
| 1967–68 | Rangers | First Division | ||||||||||
| 1968–69 | ||||||||||||
| 1967–69 | Total | 41 | 25 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 9 | 6 | 0 | 57 | 44 | |
| 1969–70 | Falkirk | First Division | ||||||||||
| 1970–71 | ||||||||||||
| 1971–72 | ||||||||||||
| 1972–73 | ||||||||||||
| 1969–73 | Total | 95 | 36 | |||||||||
| 1973–74 | Ayr United | First Division | 24 | 9 | ||||||||
| 1973–74 | Total | 24 | 9 | |||||||||
| Total | Scotland | 317 | 170 | |||||||||
| Career total | 317 | 170 | ||||||||||
As a manager[link]
| Team | Nat | From | To | Record | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Win % | ||||
| East Stirlingshire |  |
1 June 1974 | 20 October 1974 | &1000000000000001700000017 | &100000000000000090000009 | &100000000000000020000002 | &100000000000000060000006 | &1000000000000003600000036 | &1000000000000002800000028 | +8 | &1000000000000005293999952.94 |
| St. Mirren | |
21 October 1974 | 31 May 1978 | &10000000000000169000000169 | &1000000000000007400000074 | &1000000000000004100000041 | &1000000000000005400000054 | &10000000000000292000000292 | &10000000000000222000000222 | +70 | &1000000000000004378999943.79 |
| Aberdeen | |
1 August 1978 | 5 November 1986 | &10000000000000459000000459 | &10000000000000272000000272 | &10000000000000105000000105 | &1000000000000008200000082 | &10000000000000914000000914 | &10000000000000374000000374 | +540 | &1000000000000005925999959.26 |
| Scotland | |
10 September 1985 | 13 June 1986 | &1000000000000001000000010 | &100000000000000030000003 | &100000000000000040000004 | &100000000000000030000003 | &100000000000000080000008 | &100000000000000050000005 | +3 | &1000000000000003000000030.00 |
| Manchester United |  |
6 November 1986 | Present | &100000000000014460000001,446 | &10000000000000859000000859 | &10000000000000330000000330 | &10000000000000257000000257 | &100000000000026550000002,655 | &100000000000013000000001,300 | +1355 | &1000000000000005940999959.41 |
| Total | &100000000000021010000002,101 | &100000000000012170000001,217 | &10000000000000482000000482 | &10000000000000402000000402 | &100000000000039050000003,905 | &100000000000019290000001,929 | +1976 | &1000000000000005792000057.92 | |||
Notes[link]
- ^ "Sir Alexander Chapman Ferguson". mufcinfo.com. MUFCInfo. http://www.mufcinfo.com/manupag/managers/mangers_pages/ferguson_alex.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Alex Ferguson". Londonhearts.com (London Hearts Supporters' Club). http://www.londonhearts.com/SFL/players/alexferguson.html. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ Bell, Stephen; Zlotkowski, Andre (6 Jun 2008). "Scotland XI Tour of Asia and Oceania 1967". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/scotlandxi-asotour67.html. Retrieved 5 Mar 2011.
- ^ Russell Hoye; Aaron Smith; Matthew Nicholson; Hans Westerbeek; Bob Stewart (2009). Sport Management, Volume 1, Second Edition: Principles and applications. Elsevier. p. 168. ISBN 0-7506-8755-X.
- ^ Barratt, Nick (5 May 2007). "Family detective". The Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/portal/main.jhtml?xml=/portal/2007/05/05/nosplit/ftdet05.xml. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ Barratt, Nick (5 November 2010). "Alex Ferguson profile". Soccer-Magazine.com. http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-facts/soccer-managers/alex-ferguson-profile/. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ "Glasgow Caledonian University, Research Collections, Archives". TheGlasgowStory.com (TheGlasgowStory). 2009. http://www.theglasgowstory.com/image.php?inum=TGSg00050. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ Metcalfe, Nick (2 February 2010). "Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson gets the hairdryer treatment at last! Legendary boss goes back to school". dailymail.co.uk (London: Mail Online). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1247933/Manchester-United-manager-Sir-Alex-Ferguson-gets-hairdryer-treatment-Legendary-boss-goes-school.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ Keevins, Hugh (23 November 2010). "Sir Alex Ferguson could have been Rangers boss but he held out for the Manchester Utd job, says Alex McLeish". DailyRecord.co.uk. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/2010/11/23/sir-alex-ferguson-could-have-been-rangers-boss-but-he-held-out-for-the-manchester-utd-job-says-alex-mcleish-86908-22733476. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ Ladyman, Ian (14 November 2008). "From Queen's Park to King of England: Fifty amazing years in football for Fergie". dailymail.co.uk (London: Mail Online). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1085556/From-Queens-Park-King-England-50-amazing-years-football-Fergie.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
- ^ The Boss. p. 33.
- ^ Details of Queen of the South 7 v 1 Queens Park including Ferguson's recollection in the Ivor Broadis career profile
- ^ "Ferguson reveals earlier Canada emigration plans". ESPN Soccernet. 4 February 2010. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=736532&sec=england&cc=5901. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
- ^ "Scotland — List of Topscorers". Rsssf.com. 12 June 2009. http://www.rsssf.com/tabless/scottops.html. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ The Boss. p. 82.
- ^ The Boss. p. 83.
- ^ The Boss. p. 86.
- ^ Reid, Harry (2005). The Final Whistle?. Birlinn. p. 223. ISBN 1-84158-362-6.
- ^ Managing My Life. pp. 106–107.
- ^ The Boss. p. 85.
- ^ The Boss. pp. 108–9.
- ^ Lowe, Sid; Scott, Matt; Taylor, Daniel; Brodkin, Jon (23 November 2004). "A leader of men is what he does best". The Guardian (UK). http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,1563,1357257,00.html. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
- ^ The Boss. p. 117.
- ^ a b Adams, Billy (30 May 1999). "Sunday Herald St. Mirren article". The Sunday Herald. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_19990530/ai_n13939368. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
- ^ "Sir Alex lifts the lid". 4 May 2004. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081227094938/http://www.thefa.com/Features/Postings/2004/05/GafferTapes_SirAlexFerguson.htm. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
- ^ Campbell, Nicky (12 January 2006). "Guardian bullying article". The Guardian (London). http://football.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,,1684473,00.html. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "31.05.1978: Alex Ferguson is fired by St Mirren". Guardian (UK). 31 May 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/31/manchesterunited.stmirren. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ^ The Boss. p. 159.
- ^ The Boss. p. 171.
- ^ The Boss. p. 174.
- ^ The Boss. p. 175.
- ^ The Boss. p. 179.
- ^ The Boss. p. 180.
- ^ The Boss. p. 191.
- ^ The Boss. p. 195.
- ^ The Boss. p. 196.
- ^ The Boss. p. 201.
- ^ The Boss. p. 203.
- ^ The Boss. p. 204.
- ^ "Lewis heads sporting honours". BBC News. 12 December 1999. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/561724.stm. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
- ^ "Fergie Steps Down". Evening Times. 16 June 1986. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YNJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1aYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6630,3393659&dq=manchester-united+ferguson&hl=en. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
- ^ "Ferguson 'almost became Arsenal boss'". BBC News. 10 June 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8092670.stm. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
- ^ "Tributes to former Wolves chief Harry Marshall". Express & Star. 30 September 2010. http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2010/09/30/tributes-to-former-wolves-chief-harry-marshall. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Davies, Gareth (15 May 2009). "Top 10 Fergie decisions: Saying 'No' to Spurs and Arsenal". The Sun (UK). http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/top10s/2431413/Top-10-decisions-by-Man-Utd-boss-Alex-Ferguson.html?offset=1. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ "Arise Sir Alex?". BBC News. 27 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/05/99/uniteds_treble_triumph/354282.stm. Retrieved 3 December 2005.
- ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson's 20 years at Manchester United". BBC Sport. 6 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/6113634.stm. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ Ornstein, David (22 May 2009). "Ferguson hungry for more success". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/8062015.stm. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
- ^ Ferguson, Alex; Peter Fitton (1993). Just Champion!. Manchester United Football Club plc. p. 27. ISBN 0-9520509-1-9.
- ^ a b Bevan, Chris (4 November 2006). "How Robins saved Ferguson's job". BBC News 4 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/6096520.stm. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ^ "20 years and Fergie's won it all!". Manchester Evening News. 6 November 2006. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/manchester_united/s/227/227442_20_years_and_fergies_won_it_all.html. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ a b Jones, Ken (8 May 1997). "Recalling the pressure Ferguson was under, the probability is that a 1-0 victory at Forest in the third round of the FA Cup saved him". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/recalling-the-pressure-ferguson-was-under-the-probability-is-that-a-10-victory-at-forest-in-the-third-round-of-the-fa-cup-saved-him-1260371.html. Retrieved 8 August 2009.
- ^ Managing My Life. p. 302.
- ^ Managing My Life. p. 311.
- ^ Managing My Life. p. 320.
- ^ "The highs and lows of Roy Keane's career". guardian.co.uk (London: The Guardian). 23 April 2009. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/apr/23/roy-keane-career-highs-lows. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
- ^ Sir Alex Ferguson 25 years: 'You can't win anything with kids' - BBC Sport, 5 November 2011
- ^ Nixon, Alan (12 August 1997). "Football: Berg makes pounds 5m move to United". Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football-berg-makes-pounds-5m-move-to-united-1245136.html. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- ^ "Monaco silence Old Trafford". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 18 March 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/67145.stm. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ "United give Chelsea cup blues". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 4 January 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/44565.stm. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ "Schmeichel slip-up wrecks treble dream". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 26 February 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/60186.stm. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ "Kidd accepts Rovers offer". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 3 December 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/226859.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "Rovers down as United march on". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 12 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_carling_premiership/342408.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "United's glorious comeback". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 21 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/325389.stm. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
- ^ "Sport: Football – Giggs magic sinks Gunners". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 14 April 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/319696.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "Double joy for Man United". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 22 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/fa_cup/350192.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "Sport: Football United crowned kings of Europe". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). 26 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/353842.stm. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- ^ "Arise Sir Alex". BBC News. 12 June 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/queens_birthday_honours/366834.stm. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
- ^ "Saviour Robins: Fergie just cannot let go". ESPN Soccernet, 4 November 2006. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=389632&cc=5739. Retrieved 11 January 2007.
- ^ "Wenger: Managers should emulate Ferguson". ESPN Soccernet, 4 November 2006. http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=389800&cc=4716. Retrieved 11 January 2007.
- ^ "Man Utd capture Larsson on loan". BBC Sport. 1 December 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/6198464.stm. Retrieved 11 January 2007.
- ^ Bostock, Adam (23 December 2006). "Report: Villa 0 United 3". ManUtd.com. Manchester United. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081224000139/http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid=%7BF9E570E6-407E-44BC-800F-4A3110258114%7D&newsid=389318. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
- ^ Whittell, Ian (12 November 2007). "Ferguson: This is the best squad I've ever had". Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/11/12/sfnfro112.xml. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
- ^ "Queiroz could step up to boss United when Sir Alex decides to call it a day". London: Mail Online (UK). 25 May 2008. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1021771/Queiroz-step-boss-United-Sir-Alex-decides-day.html. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
- ^ Wheeler, Chris (25 May 2008). "Fergie won't be retiring for some while yet, insists Manchester United chief Gill". London: Mail Online (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-1021832/Fergie-wont-retiring-insists-Manchester-United-chief-Gill.html. Retrieved 27 May 2008.
- ^ "Ferguson wants to end on a high". ClubCall. 15 May 2010. http://www.clubcall.com/manchester-united/ferguson-wants-to-end-on-a-high-1062307.html. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- ^ Cass, Bob (12 December 2010). "Sir Alex Ferguson set to pass Sir Matt Busby's United milestone". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1337869/Sir-Alex-Ferguson-set-pass-Sir-Matt-Busbys-United-milestone.html. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
- ^ Hansen, Alan (23 June 2011). "Sir Alex Ferguson must rebuild Manchester United despite 19th title". BBC Sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13894579.stm. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Man Utd midfielder Paul Scholes retires aged 36". BBC Sport. 31 May 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13600395.stm. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Manchester United secure deal for Blackburn's Phil Jones". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 13 June 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13754461.stm. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Ashley Young joins Man Utd from Aston Villa". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 23 June 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13882802.stm. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "Manchester United confirm signing of David de Gea". BBC Sport (British Broadcasting Corporation). 29 June 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/13933241.stm. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ Austin, Simon (12 September 2006). "Fergie v Strachan". The BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/5335578.stm. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ a b "Sir Alex Ferguson factfile". Manchester Evening News. 6 November 2006. http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/football/manchester_united/s/227505_sir_alex_ferguson_factfile. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ "Sir Alex Ferguson takes His case to Court". Racing and Sports. 20 November 2003. http://www.racingandsports.com.au/breeding/rsNewsArt.asp?NID=30626. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
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- ^ [1]
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- ^ Cass, Bob (15 May 2011). "Now for the 20th title, says the most successful manager in British football". Daily Mail (UK). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1387165/Now-20th-title-says-Manchester-United-boss-Sir-Alex-Ferguson.html. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
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References[link]
- Crick, Michael (2003). The Boss: The Many Sides of Alex Ferguson. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-7434-2991-5.
- Managing My Life. Coronet Books. ISBN 0-340-72856-6.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Alex Ferguson |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Alex Ferguson |
- Sir Alex Ferguson's Manchester United Managerial Record at mufcinfo.com
- A look back at 20 years in charge at Man United, includes video interview with Bryan Robson and Ian Rush
- Alex Ferguson celebrates 1,000th game with Manchester Utd
- Alex Ferguson management career stats at Soccerbase
- English Football Hall of Fame
- Sir Alex Ferguson: A career profile with pictures
- Sir Alex Ferguson's managerial stats according to the official Manchester United statistics website
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ferguson, Sir Alexander Chapman |
| Alternative names | Ferguson, Sir Alex |
| Short description | footballer and manager |
| Date of birth | 1941-12-31 |
| Place of birth | Glasgow, Scotland |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Alex_Ferguson
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
