- published: 09 May 2009
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- author: Hugh Little
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- Vera Zorina
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- Wenche Foss
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- World War I
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- Zsa Zsa Gabor
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- Émile Durkheim
- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 1917 - David Bowie
- 1917 - Emmylou Harris
- 1917 - Linda Ronstadt
- 1917 - Harris Emmylou
- 1917 - The Fiery Furnaces
- 1917 - David Olney
Instrumental
The strange young man who comes to me
A soldier on a three day spree
Who needs one night's cheap ecstasy
And a woman's arms to hide him
He greets me with a courtly bow
And hides his pain by acting proud
He drinks too much and he laughs too loud
How can I deny him?
Let us dance beneath the moon
I'll sing to you, "Claire de Lune'
The morning always comes too soon
But tonight the war is over
He speaks to me in schoolboy French
Of a soldier's life inside a trench
Of the look of death and the ghastly stench
I do my best to please him
He puts two roses in a vase
Two roses sadly out of place
Like the gallant smile on his haggard face
Playfully I tease him
Hold me neath the Paris skies
Let's not talk of how or why
Tomorrow's soon enough to die
But tonight the war is over
We make love too hard too fast
He falls asleep his face a mask
He wakes with the shakes and he drinks from his flask
I put my arms around him
They die in the trenches and they die in the air
In Belguim and France the dead are everywhere
They die so so fast there's no time to prepare
A decent grave to surround them
Old world glory old world fame
The old worlds gone gone up in flames
Nothing will ever be the same
And nothing lasts forever
Oh I'd pray for him but I've forgotten how
And there's nothing, nothing that can save him now
But there's always another with the same funny bow
And who am I to deny them
Lux aeterna, Luce-at e-is
Domine cum sanctic tu-is in aeternum
Qui-a pius es
Requiem aeternaum dona e-is Domine
Qui-a pius es
Tonight the war is over
Requiem aeternaum dona e-is Domine
Qui-a pius es
Et lux perpetua luce-at- e-is Cum sancris tu-is in
Aeternum qui-api-us es
The strange young man who comes to me
A soldier on a three day spree
Who needs one night's cheap ecstasy
And a woman's arms to hide him
He greets me with a courtly bow
And hides his pain by acting proud
He drinks too much and he laughs too loud
How can I deny him?
Let us dance beneath the moon
I'll sing to you, "Claire de Lune'
The morning always comes too soon
But tonight the war is over
He speaks to me in schoolboy French
Of a soldier's life inside a trench
Of the look of death and the ghastly stench
I do my best to please him
He puts two roses in a vase
Two roses sadly out of place
Like the gallant smile on his haggard face
Playfully I tease him
Hold me neath the Paris skies
Let's not talk of how or why
Tomorrow's soon enough to die
But tonight the war is over
We make love too hard too fast
He falls asleep his face a mask
He wakes with the shakes and he drinks from his flask
I put my arms around him
They die in the trenches and they die in the air
In Belguim and France the dead are everywhere
They die so so fast there's no time to prepare
A decent grave to surround them
Old world glory old world fame
The old worlds gone gone up in flames
Nothing will ever be the same
And nothing lasts forever
Oh I'd pray for him but I've forgotten how
And there's nothing, nothing that can save him now
But there's always another with the same funny bow
And who am I to deny them
Lux aeterna, Luce-at e-is
Domine cum sanctic tu-is in aeternum
Qui-a pius es
Requiem aeternaum dona e-is Domine
Qui-a pius es
Tonight the war is over
Requiem aeternaum dona e-is Domine
Qui-a pius es
Et lux perpetua luce-at- e-is Cum sancris tu-is in
Aeternum qui-api-us es
(David Olney)
The strange young man who comes to me
A soldier on a three day spree
He needs one night's cheap ecstasy
And a woman's arms to hide him
He greets me with a courtly bow
And hides his pain by acting proud
He drinks too much and he laughs too loud
How can I deny him.
Let us dance beneath the moon
I'll sing to you 'Claire de Lune'
The morning always comes too soon
But tonight the war is over
He speaks to me in schoolboy French
Of a soldiers life inside a trench
Of the look of death and the ghastly stench
I do my best to please him
He puts two roses in a vase
Two roses sadly out of place
Like the gallant smile on his haggard face
Playfully I tease him
Hold me neath the Paris skies
Let's not talk of how or why
Tomorrow's soon enough to die
But tonight the war is over
We make love too hard too fast
He falls asleep his face a mask
He wakes with the shakes and he drinks from his flask
I put my arms around him
They die in the trenches and they die in the air
In Belguim and France the dead are everywhere
They die so so fast there's no time to prepare
A decent grave to surround them
Old world glory old world fame
The old worlds gone gone up in flames
Nothing will ever be the same
And nothing lasts forever
Oh I'd pray for him but I've forgotten how
And there's nothing nothing that can save him now
There's always another with the same funny bow
And who am I to deny them
Lux aeterna Luce-at e-is
Domine cum sanctic tu-is in aeternum
Qui-a pius es
Requiem aeternaum dona e-is Domine
Qui-a pius es
Requiem aeternaum dona e-is Domine
Qui-a pius es
Et lux perpetua luce-at- e-is Cum sancris tu-is in
Aeternum qui-api-us es
Tonight the war is over
Going down Morgan with Janko, Jerko, and Jerry,
We downed our Pils, and over at the South Shore, they sipped their sherry.
I opened my Kaiserized speller to learn what they know:
Nurse killers, annexers-executioners, wo!
Hey Slavonians, be ye mindful
That our 'tis tongue dies never.
The happy Hun Felsch sure likes his blond beer
And I like his doubles so much I might even cheer.
Last year he had enough and got fixed on the cardinal
Who'd pardon all
The riff-raff and all their sinister ways and halfs and he laughs
Over on 56th, and he's got the arsenic on his left White Sock
And he sees the chicken stock in a big black pot
And he pours in the lot, but what ruined or saved the day
Was that the soup then turned gray, and a hundred higher-ups came
Back from the hospital to keep getting wafers from Mundelein:
But now the Gigantics are getting the tar taken out of their pine
By my hero Red Faber and I'm ready to get rapprochement with my neighbor
As part of the healthy back and forth€”
But not if he's from up north.
So I ask Dad, Why can't we ever win, ever win, once?
Go ask Dad, why you can't ever win, ever win, once.
The strange young man who comes to me
A soldier on a three day spree
Who needs one night's cheap ecstasy
And a woman's arms to hide him
He greets me with a courtly bow
And hides his pain by acting proud
He drinks too much and he laughs too loud
How can I deny him?
Let us dance beneath the moon
I'll sing to you Claire de Lune'
The morning always comes too soon
But tonight the war is over
He speaks to me in schoolboy French
Of a soldier's life inside a trench
Of the look of death and the ghastly stench
I do my best to please him
He puts two roses in a vase
Two roses sadly out of place
Like the gallant smile on his haggard face
Playfully I tease him
Hold me 'neath the Paris skies
Let's not talk of how or why
Tomorrow's soon enough to die
But tonight the war is over
We make love too hard too fast
He falls asleep, his face a mask
He wakes with the shakes and he drinks from his flask
I put my arms around him
They die in the trenches and they die in the air
In Belgium and France the dead are everywhere
They die so fast there's no time to prepare
A decent grave to surround them
Old world glory, old world fame
The old world's gone, gone up in flames
Nothing will ever be the same
And nothing lasts forever
Oh I'd pray for him but I've forgotten how
And there's nothing, nothing that can save him now
There's always another with the same funny bow
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Prologo
- Iluminado Por El Miedo
- Madre De Todas Las Tumbas
- Benedictio Et Supplicium
- Meek Dreams and Holy Crows
- Peregrinos
- Passchendaele 1917
- El Danzar De Los Decapitados
- A La Luz De Lo Perverso
- Epilogo
- Antiguas Heridas
- Preludio Del Fin
- Principe De Los Dolidos
- Necedad Inquebrantable
- Tierra De Sueños Muertos (live)
- Visiones (live)
- Mercader De Voluntades
- Piel De Martir, Carne De Asesino
- Cuervo Sin Alas
- Brotherhood of Barbarism
- Fatalidad
- Sectarios Y Profetas
- Redencion
- Encadenados Al Sufrimiento
- Sombras De Lo Extremo
- In Tenebra
- La Vieja Sangre
- Piel De Martir, Carne De Asesino
- Mercader De Voluntades
- Simbolos Muertos
- Visiones
- Realidad Desmembrada
- Anidando Entre Serpientes
- Kondores
- Hijos De La Contradiccion
- El Arte De Ser Decadencia
- Fatalidad
- Agonico Orden
- Brotherhood of Barbarism
- El Beso Del Verdugo
- Shadows of Sorrow
- Inti Huacay, Part I
- Redención
- Ruinas Sobre Ruinas
- Encadenados al Sufrimiento
- Repression and Guilt
- Voces Infames
- Inti Huacay, Part II
- Redencion (live)
- Intro
- Negras Alas del Bien
- Principe de Los Dolidos
- Sin Voluntad
- Neo-Ritual (instrumental)
- Necedad Inquebrantable
- Perpetuas
- Condenados a Existir
- La Verdad del Miserable
- Outro
- Legado Sombrio
- Contemplaciones
- Trofeos de Honor
- La Iniquidad Penitente, Part I
- La Iniquidad Penitente, Part II
- Sobrevivir para el Dolor
- Corona de Engańos
- Subterfugios
- El Crepusculo de los Hombres
- 1000 Eyes
Send this Playlist by SMS
Original WW1 Battle Footage Passchendaele 1917 Pont des Arts
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Purchase this song at: http://pontdesarts.ca/buy.html Pont des Arts are a Pop/Alternative duo from Toronto. We composed the song "Columns of Stone" for this ...
http://wn.com/Original_WW1_Battle_Footage_Passchendaele_1917_Pont_des_Arts
Purchase this song at: http://pontdesarts.ca/buy.html Pont des Arts are a Pop/Alternative duo from Toronto. We composed the song "Columns of Stone" for this ...
Октябрь 1917. Почему большевики взяли власть
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:33
- Updated: 18 May 2013
Царство, построенное большевиками, рухнуло 20 лет назад, рассеялись многие мифы о революции, но до сих пор не утихают споры о том, как осенней ночью 1917 год...
http://wn.com/Октябрь_1917_Почему_большевики_взяли_власть
Царство, построенное большевиками, рухнуло 20 лет назад, рассеялись многие мифы о революции, но до сих пор не утихают споры о том, как осенней ночью 1917 год...
- published: 05 Nov 2012
- views: 17163
- author: HNSTMND
Emmylou Harris / Linda Ronstadt : 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 24 Mar 2013
Emmylou took the lead on this powerful David Olney composition on her and Linda's 'Western Wall ' CD. Here it is performed live from an Austin Texas concert ...
http://wn.com/Emmylou_Harris_Linda_Ronstadt_1917
Emmylou took the lead on this powerful David Olney composition on her and Linda's 'Western Wall ' CD. Here it is performed live from an Austin Texas concert ...
- published: 17 Dec 2009
- views: 33743
- author: 1000Magicians
История России. XX век. 24. Заговор.Февраль 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:40
- Updated: 08 May 2013
В фильме рассказывается о том, как перепуганные грозной поступью Русской Империи страны Запада и крупный международный капитал, опасаясь проникновения русски...
http://wn.com/История_России_XX_век_24_ЗаговорФевраль_1917
В фильме рассказывается о том, как перепуганные грозной поступью Русской Империи страны Запада и крупный международный капитал, опасаясь проникновения русски...
- published: 27 Mar 2012
- views: 4037
- author: zidanil94
S&W; Model 1917 45acp WWI Revolver
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:20
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Fun Gun Reviews Presents: The S&W; Model 1917 45acp Revolver. Produced to suppliment the 1911 45acp Semi-Auto Pistol during WWI, the M1917 is a piece of histo...
http://wn.com/S&W;_Model_1917_45acp_WWI_Revolver
Fun Gun Reviews Presents: The S&W; Model 1917 45acp Revolver. Produced to suppliment the 1911 45acp Semi-Auto Pistol during WWI, the M1917 is a piece of histo...
- published: 01 Nov 2011
- author: sootch00
1917 Fashions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 10 Jul 2006
1917 Fashion Show
http://wn.com/1917_Fashions
1917 Fashion Show
- published: 10 Jul 2006
- views: 60596
Royal Armouries, Fort Nelson 1917 Trench
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 24 Mar 2013
This unique set was designed for a First World War public event in 2007 at the Royal Armouries museum, Fort Nelson, near Portsmouth, when it was viewed by se...
http://wn.com/Royal_Armouries,_Fort_Nelson_1917_Trench
This unique set was designed for a First World War public event in 2007 at the Royal Armouries museum, Fort Nelson, near Portsmouth, when it was viewed by se...
- published: 14 Feb 2008
- author: Royal Armouries
Октябрь 1917: кто стоял за кулисами русской революции?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 40:43
- Updated: 02 May 2013
Революции 1917-го года: основные бенефициары. Выступление от имени народа и использование его втёмную. История учит нас тому, что она ничему не учит.
http://wn.com/Октябрь_1917_кто_стоял_за_кулисами_русской_революции?
Революции 1917-го года: основные бенефициары. Выступление от имени народа и использование его втёмную. История учит нас тому, что она ничему не учит.
- published: 10 Nov 2012
- views: 1807
- author: TheFood4Brain
Mecano 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Updated: 08 May 2013
mecano imagenes.
http://wn.com/Mecano_1917
KYPCK - 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Music video for KYPCK's song "1917" - the first single of their debut album "Cherno" (2008). KYPCK Ground Zero at www.kypck-doom.com, full song samples at ww...
http://wn.com/KYPCK_1917
Music video for KYPCK's song "1917" - the first single of their debut album "Cherno" (2008). KYPCK Ground Zero at www.kypck-doom.com, full song samples at ww...
- published: 11 Mar 2008
- views: 111582
- author: GroundZeroTV
Line Of Fire - Cambrai 1917 - Part One of Five
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:29
- Updated: 23 Apr 2013
A docu about the Battle of Cambrai in 1917.
http://wn.com/Line_Of_Fire_Cambrai_1917_Part_One_of_Five
Charlie Chaplin in "The Immigrant" (1917)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:43
- Updated: 19 May 2013
"The Immigrant" is a silent 1917 American comedy short film starring the Charlie Chaplin Tramp character as an immigrant coming to the United States who is a...
http://wn.com/Charlie_Chaplin_in_The_Immigrant_1917
"The Immigrant" is a silent 1917 American comedy short film starring the Charlie Chaplin Tramp character as an immigrant coming to the United States who is a...
- published: 08 Jan 2012
- views: 249544
- author: michaelTivey
Fatima Portugal 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:54
- Updated: 18 May 2013
On October 13, 1917 a crowd believed to be approximately 70000 in number, gathered at the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal. According to many witne...
http://wn.com/Fatima_Portugal_1917
On October 13, 1917 a crowd believed to be approximately 70000 in number, gathered at the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal. According to many witne...
- published: 30 Mar 2009
- views: 350067
- author: MaspethFilm
Cold War 01/24 full length documentary - Comrades 1917-1945
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:20
- Updated: 19 May 2013
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4FF5F03E7FE6342C Cold War international History project, Washington, DC; Dept of war studies, King's college, London; ...
http://wn.com/Cold_War_01_24_full_length_documentary_Comrades_1917-1945
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4FF5F03E7FE6342C Cold War international History project, Washington, DC; Dept of war studies, King's college, London; ...
- published: 29 Oct 2011
- views: 183829
- author: patacas
SINCE 1917 : FAKE ALIEN INVASION BY NEW WORLD ORDER GLOBALISTS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:42
- Updated: 18 May 2013
In our immense universe I believe there may be alien life. However personally, I believe that the elites have knowledge of a more advanced past of human civi...
http://wn.com/SINCE_1917_FAKE_ALIEN_INVASION_BY_NEW_WORLD_ORDER_GLOBALISTS
In our immense universe I believe there may be alien life. However personally, I believe that the elites have knowledge of a more advanced past of human civi...
- published: 02 May 2013
- views: 1445
- author: MrMaxBliss
Série documentaire Gaumont 20ième siècle : Octobre 1917, la révolution russe (1 de 4)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:07
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Ceci est le second épisode d'une série documentaire réalisée par Gaumont et Vision 7 dans les années 1980. Attention à ne pas confondre la série "20ième Sièc...
http://wn.com/Série_documentaire_Gaumont_20ième_siècle_Octobre_1917,_la_révolution_russe_1_de_4
Ceci est le second épisode d'une série documentaire réalisée par Gaumont et Vision 7 dans les années 1980. Attention à ne pas confondre la série "20ième Sièc...
- published: 28 Sep 2011
- author: lesarchivesdusorcier
Roses for the Rose Queen, 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:51
- Updated: 17 Apr 2013
Silent newsreel footage featuring Queen Alexandra's West End tour among the rose-sellers. Queen Alexandra was the wife of Edward VII until his death in 1910.
http://wn.com/Roses_for_the_Rose_Queen,_1917
Silent newsreel footage featuring Queen Alexandra's West End tour among the rose-sellers. Queen Alexandra was the wife of Edward VII until his death in 1910.
- published: 11 Dec 2007
- views: 144236
- author: TheRoyalChannel
Message from Stéphane Hessel (1917-2013)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 04 May 2013
Stéphane Hessel: author of "Indigniez-vous!" & coauthor of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights & inspiration of the Indignados and Occupy. This is his ...
http://wn.com/Message_from_Stéphane_Hessel_1917-2013
Stéphane Hessel: author of "Indigniez-vous!" & coauthor of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights & inspiration of the Indignados and Occupy. This is his ...
- published: 27 Feb 2013
- views: 2753
- author: EyeAmXXXIII
Original Dixieland Jass Band - Livery Stable Blues (1917)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 19 May 2013
Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was founded in New Orleans in 1916. Their first jazz recording is dated 1917. In late 1917 it changed the name's spelling...
http://wn.com/Original_Dixieland_Jass_Band_Livery_Stable_Blues_1917
Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was founded in New Orleans in 1916. Their first jazz recording is dated 1917. In late 1917 it changed the name's spelling...
- published: 02 Nov 2007
- views: 186567
- author: peppopb
אלנבי בירושלים 1917 Allenby in Jerusalem
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 09 May 2013
ביום שחרור ירושלים ה95 אני מעלה את הסרטון שצולם ב11.12.1917 ע"י יעקב בן דב והרולד ג'ייפס עם כניסת הגנרל אלנבי לירושלים. כניעת ירושלים יומיים קודם לכן, והצהרת...
http://wn.com/אלנבי_בירושלים_1917_Allenby_in_Jerusalem
ביום שחרור ירושלים ה95 אני מעלה את הסרטון שצולם ב11.12.1917 ע"י יעקב בן דב והרולד ג'ייפס עם כניסת הגנרל אלנבי לירושלים. כניעת ירושלים יומיים קודם לכן, והצהרת...
- published: 08 Dec 2012
- views: 31887
- author: יעקב גרוס
Picasso and Dance. Parade, 1917
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 12 May 2013
Ballet program "Picasso and Dance" by Europa Danse: http://www.le-traitdunion.com/index2.php?id_compagnie=14 Diaghilev's "Ballets Russes" Ballet "Parade" - 1...
http://wn.com/Picasso_and_Dance_Parade,_1917
Ballet program "Picasso and Dance" by Europa Danse: http://www.le-traitdunion.com/index2.php?id_compagnie=14 Diaghilev's "Ballets Russes" Ballet "Parade" - 1...
- published: 08 Oct 2012
- author: Galina Ivanova
☮ VAUQUOIS WW1 Today / heute - Minenkrieg 1916/1917 1.WK- Mine warfare - Tons of explosives !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:18
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Die Hügel von Vauquois, Argonnen. Butte de Vauquois, Argonne WW1 / 1.WK, France. Hier tobte 1916 /1917 der "Minenkrieg". Here raged the "mine warfare" 1916/1...
http://wn.com/☮_VAUQUOIS_WW1_Today_heute_Minenkrieg_1916_1917_1WK_Mine_warfare_Tons_of_explosives_!
Die Hügel von Vauquois, Argonnen. Butte de Vauquois, Argonne WW1 / 1.WK, France. Hier tobte 1916 /1917 der "Minenkrieg". Here raged the "mine warfare" 1916/1...
- published: 10 May 2013
- views: 225
- author: walkoART
Ernest Borgnine 1917-2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:13
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Ernest Borgnine : January 24, 1917 - July 8, 2012 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000308/ cabbie escape from new york ernest borgnine dead death ernie 95 snake p...
http://wn.com/Ernest_Borgnine_1917-2012
Ernest Borgnine : January 24, 1917 - July 8, 2012 http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000308/ cabbie escape from new york ernest borgnine dead death ernie 95 snake p...
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 17370
- author: MidNightRider2001
photo: Flickr
17 May 2013
17 May 2013, 17.17. Bunga Bunga. Berlusconi 'Prostitute' In Court. Tweet. A teenage former belly dancer who denies having sex with former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi has given her version of events at his allegedly raunchy "bunga bunga" parties ... Prosecutors claim that Miss El Mahroug was 17 when she was paid by the politician for sex and he is on trial separately in relation to that accusation ... She added ... She added ... She said....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Favre
18 May 2013
(Adds Elon Musk details in the 13th paragraph.). May 17 (Bloomberg) -- Bill Gates is once again the world’s richest person. The 57-year-old co-founder of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. recaptured the title from Mexican investor Carlos Slim yesterday, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as the software maker hit a five-year high. It is the first time Gates has held the mantle since 2007 ... He denies the accusation....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Misha Japaridze
18 May 2013
The US has scolded Russia for sending missiles to the Syrian government, with plans for an international peace conference promoted by the two major powers appearing to founder on diplomatic rifts over its scope and purpose. General Martin Dempsey, the most senior US military officer, has described Russia's recent delivery of anti-ship missiles to President Bashar al-Assad as "ill-timed and very unfortunate" ... Report....(size: 7.6Kb)
Edit
Sun Sentinel
20 May 2013
(Reuters) - Tampa Bay's Matt Moore matched a 1917 start by Babe Ruth as he improved to a Major League-leading 8-0 in the Rays' 3-1 victory over the Baltimore Orioles on Sunday ... The 23-year-old left-hander's start is the best by a pitcher that young since the 22-year-old Ruth went 8-0 in 1917 ... I love that. The accountability is tremendous." ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
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South China Morning Post
20 May 2013
A mainland scholar has suggested downsizing the ruling Communist Party by setting up an "exit mechanism" to cut at least 31 million members ... The Bolsheviks had only 240,000 party members before the October Revolution in 1917 when it became a ruling party, Professor Zhang Xien , who teaches politics at Shandong University, wrote in the article ... Zhang suggested the party's Central Committee classify members into three categories ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
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The Washington Post
20 May 2013
BALTIMORE — Last season, Orioles Manager Buck Showalter had the base of the right-field foul pole at Camden Yards painted black in order to help discern balls in play from home runs. Most stadiums have a yellow line on the top of the wall that serves as a marker in cases where there could be doubt ... “We got beat ... The 23-year-old Moore became the youngest left-hander to open the season 8-0 since Babe Ruth (22) in 1917 ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
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The Examiner
20 May 2013
Across America next Monday, flags will be solemnly placed on graves in cemeteries; public officials will speak of the sacrifice and the valor of our fallen soldiers, whom we honor. But words are lesser things on Memorial Day against the silent testimony of so many who gave their lives for their country. Their lives remind us that the freedom of the United States has a cost. It is not bought cheaply ... World War I 1917–1918 116,516 ... Tweet ... ....(size: 5.4Kb)
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The Charlotte Observer
20 May 2013
BALTIMORE Last season, Orioles manager Buck Showalter had the base of the right-field foul pole at Camden Yards painted black in order to help discern balls in play from home runs. Most stadiums have a yellow line on the top of the wall that serves as a marker in cases where there could be doubt ... "We've had some good things .. ... The 23-year-old Moore became the youngest left-hander to open the season 8-0 since Babe Ruth (22) in 1917 ... ....(size: 5.8Kb)
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Chicago Sun-Times
20 May 2013
Updated. May 19, 2013 9.18PM. Most people see a boat rolling down the Chicago River. Orbert Davis hears a tuba. The Chicago composer is finishing a five-movement piece for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra’s ambitious “Rivers. Nature. Power. Culture” series. Davis is using the acclaimed Richard Cahan-Michael Williams coffee table book “The Lost Panoramas ... Through our history we can picture what 1917 sounds like by the music that was recorded....(size: 6.6Kb)
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CBS Sports
20 May 2013
I was surrounded in the clubhouse the other day, with no escape. Two players wanted – demanded – to know why there was even an MVP debate last year in the American League. So technically, the great debate from 2012 rages on. Six months after the winner was announces, we are still talking about it ... 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... Hard to leave out fellow New Mexican Matt Moore, who became the youngest lefthander to go to 8-0 since Babe Ruth in 1917 ... 1 ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
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Herald Tribune
20 May 2013
BALTIMORE — Matt Moore isn’t only breaking records set by Cy Young winner David Price, he’s performing at a level that’s drawing comparisons to a pretty good southpaw named Babe Ruth ... Moore (8-0) gave up one run, struck out three and walked one to become the first eight-game winner in the majors ... Not only that, but the 23-year-old is the youngest lefty to start the season 8-0 since Ruth did it in 1917 at age 22....(size: 7.6Kb)
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The Examiner
20 May 2013
1729. A waterspout moved on land at Bexhill, Sussex England and became a tornado. The tornado leveled many buildings along its path of destruction, 12 miles long and on average 380 yards wide. 1857. A dust storm blew all day at Baghdad, Iraq. Then at about 5 pm, a darkness set in "deeper than the darkest night" terrorizing local residents. 1892 ... Codell, KS is hit by a tornado on May 20th for three consecutive years (1916, 1917 & 1918) ... ....(size: 12.9Kb)
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The Examiner
20 May 2013
1729. A waterspout moved on land at Bexhill, Sussex England and became a tornado. The tornado leveled many buildings along its path of destruction, 12 miles long and on average 380 yards wide. 1857. A dust storm blew all day at Baghdad, Iraq. Then at about 5 pm, a darkness set in "deeper than the darkest night" terrorizing local residents. 1892 ... Codell, KS is hit by a tornado on May 20th for three consecutive years (1916, 1917 & 1918) ... ....(size: 12.9Kb)
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The Examiner
19 May 2013
Of the three scandals now plaguing The Obama Administration, the one involving obtaining the AP phone records is the only one the White House has neither apologized for, nor admitted any mistakes being made ... Anytime there's a scandal involving the Justice Dept ... There is a statue called the Espionage Act of 1917 ... Since this statue was placed on the books in 1917 it's been used three times prior to Obama taking office ... Tweet. 0 Email ... ....(size: 6.0Kb)
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Sun Sentinel
19 May 2013
RHP Jeremy Hellickson tied a Tampa Bay team record on Friday when he allowed eight runs in the 12-10 win over Baltimore ... He's the youngest lefty in the American League to start 7-0 since some guy named Babe Ruth went 8-0 in 1917 when he was 22 ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
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The Examiner
19 May 2013
Here are five important lessons to learn from the DOJ's conduct toward the AP, if one did not know them already.. 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... The claimed legal justification for the conduct of the DOJ comes from the Espionage Act of 1917, a piece of legislation designed to thwart efforts to interfere with military operations, to support U.S ... Seven such cases have been brought during Obama's presidency, compared to only three from 1917 to 2008 ... 4 ... 5 ... Tweet ... ....(size: 8.3Kb)
This article is about the year 1917.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1880s 1890s 1900s – 1910s – 1920s 1930s 1940s |
| Years: | 1914 1915 1916 – 1917 – 1918 1919 1920 |
| 1917 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1917 MCMXVII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2670 |
| Armenian calendar | 1366 ԹՎ ՌՅԿԶ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6667 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 73–74 |
| Bengali calendar | 1324 |
| Berber calendar | 2867 |
| British Regnal year | 6 Geo. 5 – 7 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2461 |
| Burmese calendar | 1279 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7425–7426 |
| Chinese calendar | 丙辰年十二月初八日 (4553/4613-12-8) — to —
丁巳年十一月十八日(4554/4614-11-18) |
| Coptic calendar | 1633–1634 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1909–1910 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5677–5678 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1973–1974 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1839–1840 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5018–5019 |
| Holocene calendar | 11917 |
| Iranian calendar | 1295–1296 |
| Islamic calendar | 1335–1336 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 6 (大正6年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4250 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 6 民國6年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2460 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1917 |
Year 1917 (MCMXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the 13-day-slower Julian calendar.
Events[link]
Below, events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January[link]
- January 1 – The University of Oregon defeats The University of Pennsylvania 14–0 in college football's 3rd Annual Rose Bowl.
- January 2 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.
- January 11 – German saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland, NJ (now Lyndhurst, NJ), one of the events leading to U.S. involvement in WWI.
- January 19 – Silvertown explosion: A blast at a munitions factory in London kills 73 and injures over 400. The resulting fire causes over £2,000,000 worth of damage.
- January 22 – WWI: President Woodrow Wilson calls for "peace without victory" in Germany.
- January 25
- The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million.
- An anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco attracts huge crowds to public meetings. At one meeting attended by 7,000 people, 20,000 are kept out for lack of room. In a conference with Rev. Paul Smith, an outspoken foe of prostitution, 300 prostitutes make a plea for toleration, explaining they had been forced into the practice by poverty. When Smith asks if they will take other work at $8 to $10 a week, the ladies laugh derisively, which loses them public sympathy. The police close about 200 houses of prostitution shortly thereafter.
- January 26 – The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable.
- January 28 – The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa.
- January 30 – Pershing's troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5.
- January 31 – WWI: Germany announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine warfare.
February[link]
- February 3 – WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
- February 5 – The new constitution of Mexico is adopted.
- February 13 – Mata Hari is arrested for spying.
- February 23 – The first International Women's Day is observed in Russia.
- February 24 – WWI: United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, Walter H. Page, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the United States.
- February 26 – The Original Dixieland Jass Band records their first commercial record, with the tunes "Livery Stable Blues" and "Dixie Jazz Band One Step".
March[link]
- March 1
- The U.S. government releases the plaintext of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public.
- Japanese city of Omuta, Fukuoka is founded by Hiroushi Miruku
- March 2 – The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.
- March 4
- U.S. President Woodrow Wilson begins his second term.
- Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives.
- March 8
- (N.S.) (February 23, O.S.) – The Russian February Revolution begins with the overthrow of the Tsar.
- Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city.
- The United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters.
- March 10 – The Province of Batangas is formally founded as one of the Philippines' first encomiendas.
- March 11 – Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives de jure recognition of his government.
- March 12 – The Duma declares a provisional government.
- March 15 (N.S.) (March 2, O.S.) – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates his throne for his son.
- March 17 (N.S.) (March 4, O.S.) – Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov.
- March 25 – The Georgian Orthodox Church restores the autocephaly abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811.
- March 26 – WWI: First Battle of Gaza: British cavalry troops retreat after 17,000 Turks block their advance.
- March 30 – The independence of Poland is recognized[citation needed].
- March 31 – The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.
April[link]
- April 2 – WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.
- April 6 – WWI: The United States declares war on Germany.
- April 9–April 12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the Battle of Vimy Ridge.
- April 10 – An ammunition factory explosion in Chester, Pennsylvania kills 133.
- April 11 – WWI: Brazil severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
- April 16
- Vladimir Lenin arrives in Petrograd.
- WWI: The Nivelle Offensive commences.
- April 19 – WWI: The Second Battle of Gaza, a fiasco for the British, causes the dismissal of the commander of the Eastern Expeditionary Force, General Archibald Murray.
May[link]
- May 9 – WWI: The Nivelle Offensive is abandoned.
- May 13
- Three peasant children claim to see the Virgin Mary above a Holm Oak tree in Cova da Iria near Fátima, Portugal.
- The nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, is consecrated Archbishop by Pope Benedict XV[1]
- May 18 – WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the U.S. Congress, giving the President the power of conscription.
- May 21 – Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the Great Atlanta fire of 1917.
- May 22 – Commissioned Officer Corps of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.
- May 23 – A month of civil violence in Milan, Italy ends after the Italian army forcefully takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries. Fifty people are killed and 800 people are arrested.[2]
- May 26 – A tornado strikes Mattoon, Illinois, causing devastation and killing 101 people.
- May 27 – WWI: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches in Missy-aux-Bois.
June[link]
- June 1 – A French infantry regiment seizes Missy-aux-Bois and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them.
- June 4 – The very first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maud Howe Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography (for Julia Ward Howe). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for history for his work With Americans of Past and Present Days. Herbert Bayard Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the New York World.
- June 5 – WWI: Conscription begins in the United States.
- June 8 – A fire at the Speculator and Granite Mountain ore mine outside Butte, Montana kills at least 168 workers.
- June 13 – WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London leaves 162 dead and 432 injured.
- June 14 – The 2 millionth Ford Model T rolls off the line.
- June 15 – The United States enacts the Espionage Act.
July[link]
- July – Panama Canal Department.
- July 1
- A labor dispute ignites a race riot in East St. Louis, Illinois, which leaves 250 dead.
- Russian General Brusilov begins a major offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards Lemberg.
- July 6
- WWI: Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence capture Aqaba from the Turks.
- WWI: A conscription crisis in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act.
- July 12 – The Phelps Dodge Corporation deports over 1,000 suspected IWW members from Bisbee, Arizona.
- July 16–July 17 – Russian troops mutiny, abandon the Austrian front, and retreat to the Ukraine; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat.
- July 16–July 18 – Serious clashes in St. Petersburg in July Days; Lenin escapes to Finland; Trotsky is arrested.
- July 17 – King George V of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British Royal Family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, which is an offshoot of the historic (800+ years) House of Wettin.
- July 20
- The Parliament of Finland, dominated by Social Democrats, passes the "Power Law", declaring itself holder of the former Tsar's sovereignty in the Grand Principality of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the law, as it would alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of Finland with no more say in the country's internal affairs.
- The Corfu Declaration, which enabled the establishment of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.
- (July 7, O.S.) – Alexander Kerensky becomes premier of the Russian Provisional Government, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov.
- July 20–July 28 – WWI: Austrian and German forces repulse the Russian advance into Galicia.
- July 25 – Sir William Thomas White introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
- July 28 – The Silent Protest is organized by the NAACP in New York to protest the East St. Louis Riot of July 2, as well as lynchings in Texas and Tennessee.
- July 30 – The Parliament of Finland is dissolved by the Russian Provisional Government. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.
- July 31 – WWI: The Battle of Passchendaele: Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.
August[link]
- August – The Green Corn Rebellion, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central Oklahoma.
- August 2 – Squadron Commander E.H. Dunning lands his aircraft on the ship HMS Furious in Scapa Flow, Orkney. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship.
- August 3 – The New York Guard is founded.
- August 10 – A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests.
- August 17 – One of English literature's important meetings takes place when Wilfred Owen introduces himself to Siegfried Sassoon at the Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh.
- August 18 – The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
- August 29 – WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the Canadian House of Commons, giving the Government of Canada the right to conscript men into the army.
September[link]
- September 14 – Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.
October[link]
- October 12 – WWI: The biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand. Over 800 men and 45 officers were killed at the First Battle of Passchendaele, roughly 1 in 1000 of the nation's population at the time.
- October 15 – WWI: At Vincennes outside of Paris, Dutch dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad for spying for Germany.
- October 19 – Love Field in Dallas, Texas is opened.
- October 25 (O.S.) – (traditional beginning date of the Bolshevik Revolution).
- October 26 – WWI: Brazil declares war against the Central Powers.
November[link]
- November 2 – Zionism: The Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people" with the clear understanding "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".
- November 6
- WWI: Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passchendaele in Belgium.
- Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government.
- November 7
- (N.S.) (October 25 O.S.) – October Revolution: The workers of Petrograd in Russia, led by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin, attack and successfully destroy the Kerensky Provisional Government which results in Russia officially becoming communist.
- Iran (which provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allied Forces after the October Revolution.
- WWI – Third Battle of Gaza: United Kingdom forces capture Gaza from the Ottoman Empire.
- November 15
- In the United States, a "Night of Terror" results in the injury of several influential suffragettes.
- The Parliament of Finland again declares itself holder of sovereignty, effectively dissolving the 108-year-old union with Russia.
- November 16
- November 17 – The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom.
- November 20
- WWI – Battle of Cambrai: British forces make early progress in an attack on German positions but are soon beaten back.
- The Ukraine is declared a republic.
- November 22 – In Montreal, Canada, the National Hockey Association breaks up.
- November 23 – The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes-Picot Agreement in Izvestia and Pravda; it is subsequently printed in the Manchester Guardian on November 26.
- November 24 – In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department are killed by a bomb, the most fatal single event in U.S. police history until the September 11, 2001 attacks.
- November 25 – WWI:German forces defeat Portuguese army of about 1200 at Negomano on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania.
- November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association.
- November 28 – The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the Germans.
- November 29 – Don Cossacks declare the Don Republic, which lasts two weeks.
December[link]
- December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916).
- December 6
- Finland officially declares independence from Russia.
- Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (until the Trinity nuclear test, the biggest manmade explosion in recorded history).
- December 11 – British troops take Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Jerusalem.
- December 25 – Why Marry?, the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre in New York City.
- December 26 – United States president Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to more efficiently transport troops and materials for the war effort.
Date unknown[link]
- The Lions Clubs International is formed.
- J.R.R. Tolkien begins writing the original Book of Lost Tales (the first version of The Silmarillion); thus Middle-earth is first written about in this year.
- Female suffrage is enacted in the Netherlands.
- The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing.
- The first of the Cottingley Fairies photos are taken.
- A cholera outbreak kills several German prisoners-of-war being held at Shankend in Scotland.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 2 – Vera Zorina, German dancer and actress (d. 2003)
- January 3 – Roger W. Straus, Jr., American publisher (d. 2004)
- January 4 – Jesse White, American actor (d. 1997)
- January 5
- Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969)
- Francis L. Kellogg, U.S. diplomat and prominent socialite (d. 2006)
- Lucienne Day, textile designer (d. 2010)
- Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (Falcon Crest) (d. 2007)
- January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005)
- January 10 – Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008)
- January 12
- Jimmy Skinner, Detroit Red Wings head coach (d. 2007)
- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, transcendental meditation guru, most notably to The Beatles (d. 2008)
- January 16 – Carl Karcher, American founder of the Carl's Jr. hamburger chain (d. 2008)
- January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister and actor. (d. 1987)
- January 19
- John Raitt, American actor and singer (d. 2005)
- Graham Higman, British mathematician (d. 2008)
- January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor
- January 25 – Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003)
- January 26 – William Verity Jr., American politician (d. 2007)
- February 1 – Squadron Leader James "Ginger" Lacey, the top scoring RAF fighter pilot during the Battle of Britain (d. 1989)
- February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader
- February 4
- Yahya Khan, President of Pakistan (d. 1980)
- Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002)
- February 5 – Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress
- February 6 – Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress
- February 11
- Sidney Sheldon, American author (d. 2007)
- T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976)
- February 12 – Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (d. 2009)
- February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011)
- February 17 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008)
- February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009)
- February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967)
- February 20 – Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist and composer
- February 25
- Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993)
- Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009)
- February 27 – John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993)
- February 28
- Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
- Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007)
March–April[link]
- March 1 – Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977)
- March 2
- Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born actor, bandleader, and musician (d. 1986)
- Laurie Baker, English architect (d. 2007)
- March 3 – Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952)
- March 4 – Clyde McCullough, American baseball catcher (d. 1982)
- March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006)
- March 12 – Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011)
- March 14 – John McCallum, Australian actor (d. 2010)
- March 16 – Samael Aun Weor, Columbian writer (d. 1977)
- March 19 – Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950)
- March 20 – Vera Lynn, English actress and singer
- March 21 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984)
- March 24
- John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
- Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007)
- March 26 – Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001)
- March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)
- March 29 – Man o' War, champion thoroughbred racehorse (d. 1947)
- April 1 – Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997)
- April 2 – Dabbs Greer, American actor (d. 2007)
- April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994)
- April 7 – R.G. Armstrong, American actor
- April 10 – Robert B. Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
- April 13 – Robert O. Anderson, American businessman, founder of Atlantic Richfield Oil Co. (d. 2007)
- April 14 – Marvin Miller, American baseball executive
- April 17 – Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011)
- April 22 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina
- April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996)
- April 26
- Virgil Trucks, American baseball player
- I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect
- April 28 – Robert O. Cornthwaite, American actor (d. 2006)
- April 29 – Celeste Holm, American actress
- April 30 – Bea Wain, American singer
May–June[link]
- May 1
- Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator
- Danielle Darrieux, French singer and actress
- John Beradino, American baseball player and actor (General Hospital) (d. 1996)
- May 3 – Kiro Gligorov, President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012)
- May 8 – John Anderson, Jr., American politician
- May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d. 2005)
- May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003)
- May 16 – George Gaynes, Finnish-born actor
- May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005)
- May 21 – Raymond Burr, Canadian actor (Perry Mason) (d. 1993)
- May 22 – Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999)
- May 25 – Theodore Hesburgh, American priest and educator
- May 28
- Papa John Creech, African-American fiddler (d. 1994)
- Marshall Reed, American film and television actor (d. 1980)
- May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963)
- June 1 – William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 2 – Casey Adams, American actor (d. 2000)
- June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman; billionaire
- June 7
- Gwendolyn Brooks, African American writer (d. 2000)
- Dean Martin, American actor and singer (d. 1995)
- June 10
- Eric Hobsbawm, British historian
- Ruari McLean, British typographer (d. 2006)
- Al Schwimmer, American-Israeli businessman (d. 2011)
- June 14 – Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist and writer
- June 15
- John Bennett Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)
- Lash La Rue, American cowboy actor (d. 1996)
- June 16
- Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009)
- Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001)
- Ben Bubar, American presidential candidate. (d. 1995)
- Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d. 2007)
- June 18
- Ross Elliott, American actor (d. 1999)
- Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d. 2008)
- June 19 – Robert Karnes, American actor (d. 1979)
- June 30 – Lena Horne, American singer and actress (d. 2010)
July–August[link]
- July 1 – Humphry Osmond, British psychiatrist (d. 2004)
- July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
- July 7
- Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
- Larry O'Brien, American politician and former NBA commissioner (d. 1990)
- July 9 – Frank Wayne, American television game show producer (d. 1988)
- July 10
- Don Herbert, American television personality (Mr. Wizard) (d. 2007)
- Reg Smythe, British cartoonist (d. 1998)
- July 16 – William Woodson, American voice actor
- July 17
- Phyllis Diller, American comedian
- Kenan Evren, former President of Turkey
- July 18 – Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008)
- July 19 – William Scranton, American politician
- July 22 – Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984)
- July 30 – Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999)
- August 11 – Dik Browne, American cartoonist (Hagar the Horrible) (d. 1989)
- August 14 – Marty Glickman, American sports announcer (d. 2001)
- August 15
- Jack Lynch, Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999)
- Oscar Romero, El Salvador Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980)
- August 17 – Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d. 2008)
- August 18 – Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006)
- August 22 – John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d. 2001)
- August 25
- Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director and film producer (d. 2008)
- Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011)
- August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994)
- August 29 – Isabel Sanford, African-American actress (The Jeffersons) (d. 2004)
- August 30 – Denis Healey, British author and politician
September–October[link]
- September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008)
- September 7
- John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992)
- Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d. 2005)
- September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer, and journalist (d. 2009)
- September 11
- Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008)
- Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor
- Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (d. 1989)
- Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996)
- Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer and racehorse owner (d. 2001)
- September 13 – Robert Ward, American composer (d. 1994)
- September 15 – Shanul Haq Haqqee, Pakistani poet, author, lexicographer (d. 2005)
- September 20 – Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and official (d. 2006)
- September 25 – Johnny Sain, American baseball player (d. 2006)
- September 27 – Louis Auchincloss, American novelist (d. 2010)
- September 30 – Park Chung-hee, former president of South Korea, (d. 1979)
- October 2 – Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006)
- October 8
- Danny Murtaugh, baseball player and manager (d. 1976)
- Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
- October 10 – Thelonious Monk, American jazz pianist (d. 1982)
- October 11 – J. Edward McKinley, American actor (d. 2004)
- October 13 – George Virl Osmond, Osmond family patriarch (d. 2007)
- October 15
- Jan Miner, American actress (d. 2004)
- Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., American historian and political commentator (d. 2007)
- October 17 – Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999)
- October 19 – Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer
- October 21 – Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993)
- October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress
- October 30 – Maurice Trintignant, French race car driver (d. 2005)
November–December[link]
- November 6 – Harlan Warde, American actor (d. 1980)
- November 11 – Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944)
- November 12 – Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d. 2008)
- November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor and singer (d. 1957)
- November 19 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)
- November 20 – Robert Byrd, U.S. senator from West Virginia and President pro tempore of the United States Senate (d. 2010)
- November 22 – Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat and jurist (d. 2010)
- December 4 – Movita Castaneda, American actress
- December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011)
- December 6
- Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977)
- Irv Robbins, Canadian-American entrepreneur (d. 2008)
- December 9 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
- December 10 – Sultan Yahya Petra, King of Malaysia (d. 1979)
- December 16 – Arthur C. Clarke, British/Sri Lankan science-fiction author (2001: A Space Odyssey) (d. 2008)
- December 20 – David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher, and neuropsychologist (d. 1992)
- December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
- December 22 – Gene Rayburn, American television personality (Match Game) (d. 1999)
- December 27 – Onni Palaste, Finnish writer (d. 2009)
- December 28 – Ellis Clarke, President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2010)
- December 29 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (d. 2005)
- December 30 – Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004)
Date unknown[link]
- Huang Yao, Chinese artist (d. 1987)
Deaths[link]
January–June[link]
- January 2 – Edward Burnett Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
- January 4 – Frederick Selous, British explorer (b. 1851)
- January 10 – William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, American frontiersman (b. 1846)
- January 16 – George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837)
- February 5 – Jaber II Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860)
- February 10 – John William Waterhouse, Italian-born artist (b. 1849)
- February 21 – Fred Mace, American actor (b. 1878)
- March 5 – Manuel de Arriaga, first president of Portugal (b. 1840)
- March 8 – Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German inventor (b. 1838)
- March 17 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher and psychologist (b. 1838)
- March 31 – Emil Adolf von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)
- April 8 – Richard Olney, American politician (b. 1835)
- April 13 – Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman (b. 1856)
- April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859)
- April 15 – János Murkovics, Slovene teacher and writer in Hungary (b. 1839)
- April 17 – Scott Joplin, African-American musician and composer (b. 1867–1868)
- May 7 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1896)
- May 17 – Charles Anthoni Johnson Brooke, ruler of Sarawak (b. 1829)
- May 20 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850)
- May 24 – Les Darcy, Australian boxer (b. 1895)
- May 25
- Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (b. 1891)
- René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894)
- May 29 – Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer, and poet (b. 1831)
- June 5 – Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1891)
- June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian Prime Minister (b. 1840)
- June 26 – John Dunville, British Army officer (b. 1896)
- June 27 – Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1896)
- June 30 – Antonio de La Gandara, French painter (b. 1861)
July–December[link]
- July 2 – Herbert Beerbohm Tree, British actor (b. 1852)
- July 8 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877)
- July 12 – Donald Cunnell, British World War I fighter ace (b. 1893)
- July 16 – Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (b. 1847)
- July 27 – Emil Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841)
- July 28 – Stephen Luce, American admiral (b. 1827)
- July 31
- Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (b. 1887)
- Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (killed in action) (b. 1887)
- August 3 – Stephane Javelle, French astronomer (b. 1864)
- August 7 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (b. 1892)
- August 13 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860)
- August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)
- August 30 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860)
- September 9 – Madge Syers, British figure skater (b. 1881)
- September 11 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894)
- September 15 – Kurt Wolff, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1895)
- September 23 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1897)
- September 27 – Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834)
- September 30 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (b. 1839)
- October 13 – Florence La Badie, Canadian actress (b. 1888)
- October 15 – Mata Hari, Dutch dancer and spy (executed) (b. 1876)
- October 17 – Bobby Atherton, Welsh footballer (b. 1876)
- October 23 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845)
- October 27 – Arthur Rhys-Davids, British World War I fighter ace (b. 1897)
- October 28 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831)
- October 30 or 31 – Heinrich Gontermann, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1896)
- November 8 – Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879)
- November 11 – Queen Liliuokalani of Hawai'i (b. 1838)
- November 15 – Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (b. 1858)
- November 17
- Neil James Archibald Primrose, MP (killed in action) (b. 1882)
- Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
- December 8 – Mendele Moykher Sforim, Russian Yiddish and Hebrew writer (b. 1836)
- December 10 – Mackenzie Bowell, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823)
- December 12 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (b. 1828)
- December 19 – Richard Maybery, British World War I fighter ace (b. 1895)
- December 20 – Eric Campbell, Scottish actor (b. 1879)
- December 22 – Frances Xavier Cabrini, First American canonized as a saint (b. 1850)
- December 28 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian World War I fighter ace (b. 1892)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Charles Glover Barkla
- Chemistry – not awarded
- Medicine – not awarded
- Literature – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
- Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross
References[link]
- American Year Book: 1917 (1918), large compendium of facts about the U.S. online complete edition
- 1917 Coin Pictures
http://wn.com/1917
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Emmylou Harris | |
|---|---|
 Emmylou Harris at the Greenbelt Harvest Picnic, 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1947-04-02) April 2, 1947 (age 65) Birmingham, Alabama, U.S. |
| Genres | Folk, country rock, country, bluegrass, rock, pop, alt-country |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician |
| Instruments | Voice, guitar |
| Years active | 1970–present |
| Labels | Jubilee, Reprise, Warner Bros., Elektra, Asylum, Rhino, Nonesuch |
| Associated acts | Ryan Adams The Band Bright Eyes James Burton Beth Neilsen Chapman Earl Thomas Conley Elvis Costello Rodney Crowell Iris Dement John Denver Dixie Chicks Bob Dylan Steve Earle Vern Gosdin Patty Griffin Arlo Guthrie Mark Knopfler Albert Lee Little Feat Dave Matthews Kate and Anna McGarrigle Willie Nelson Juice Newton Roy Orbison Gram Parsons Dolly Parton John Prine Linda Ronstadt Ricky Skaggs Bruce Springsteen Don Williams Lucinda Williams Neil Young Warren Zevon |
| Website | www.emmylouharris.com |
Emmylou Harris (born April 2, 1947 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She has released many chart-topping albums and singles over the course of her career, and has won 12 Grammys and numerous other awards.
In addition to her work as a solo artist and bandleader, both as an interpreter of other composers' works and as a singer-songwriter, she is a sought-after backing vocalist and duet partner, working with numerous other artists including Gram Parsons, The Band, Linda Ronstadt, Roy Orbison, Dolly Parton, Mark Knopfler, Guy Clark, Willie Nelson, Bob Dylan, Rodney Crowell, and Neil Young.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early years[link]
Emmylou Harris is the daughter of a career military family, her father, Walter Harris, was a military officer and her mother, Eugenia was a wartime military wife. Her father, a member of the Marine Corps, was reported missing in action in Korea in 1952 and spent ten months as a prisoner of war. Born in Birmingham, Alabama, Harris spent her childhood in North Carolina and Woodbridge, Virginia, where she graduated from Gar-Field Senior High School as class valedictorian. In high school she also won a drama scholarship to the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where she began to study music seriously, learning to play the songs of Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan and Joan Baez on guitar. Leaving college to pursue her musical aspirations, she moved to New York, working as a waitress to support herself while performing folk songs in Greenwich Village coffeehouses. She married fellow songwriter Tom Slocum in 1969 and recorded her first album, Gliding Bird. Harris and Slocum soon divorced, and Harris and her newborn daughter Hallie moved in with her parents in the Maryland suburbs on the edge of Washington, D.C.[1]
With Gram Parsons[link]
Harris soon returned to performing as part of a trio with Gerry Mule and Tom Guidera. One night in 1971, members of the country rock group The Flying Burrito Brothers happened to be in the audience. Former Byrds member Chris Hillman, who had taken over the band after the departure of its founder Gram Parsons, was so impressed by Harris that he briefly considered asking her to join the band. Instead, Hillman ended up recommending her to Parsons, who was looking for a female vocalist to work with on his first solo album, GP. Harris toured as a member of Parsons' band, The Fallen Angels, in 1973, and the couple shone during vocal harmonies and duets. Harris was quite pleased, and invested a lot emotionally in their relationship. Later that year, Parsons and Harris worked on a studio album, Grievous Angel. Parsons died in his motel room near what is now Joshua Tree National Park on September 19, 1973, from an accidental overdose of drugs and alcohol. Parsons's Grievous Angel was released posthumously in 1974, and three more tracks from his last sessions with Harris were included on another posthumous Parsons album, Sleepless Nights, in 1976. There was one more album of recorded material from that period of time that was packaged with the name, Live 1973, but was not released until 1982.
The working relationship between Harris and Parsons is of great importance in country and country-rock music history. Parsons offered Harris a study in true country music, introducing her to artists like The Louvin Brothers, and provided her with a musical identity; Harris's harmony and duet vocals, on the other hand, were lauded by those who heard them, and helped inspire Parsons' performances. His death left her devastated at an emotional and musical crossroads. She eventually carried on with her own version of Parsons' musical vision, and was instrumental in bringing attention to his achievements. Harris's earliest signature song, and arguably her most personal one, "Boulder to Birmingham", written shortly after Gram's death, showed the depth of her shock and pain at losing Parsons. It was, according to her best friend Linda Ronstadt, the beginning of a "lifetime effort to process what had happened", and was just the first of many songs written and/or performed by Harris about her life with (and without) Parsons.
- I would rock my soul in the bosom of Abraham
- I would hold my life in his saving grace.
- I would walk all the way from Boulder to Birmingham
- If I thought I could see, I could see your face.
- —"Boulder to Birmingham"
- lyrics by Emmylou Harris
The Hot Band[link]
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Warner Brothers A&R representative Mary Martin introduced Harris to Canadian producer Brian Ahern, who produced her major label debut album, Pieces of the Sky, released in 1975 on Reprise Records. The album was surprisingly eclectic, especially by Nashville standards, including cover versions of The Beatles' "For No One", Merle Haggard's "Tonight the Bottle Let Me Down" and The Louvin Brothers' "If I Could Only Win Your Love". It also featured "Bluebird Wine", a composition by young Texas songwriter Rodney Crowell, who was the first in a long line of songwriters whose talents Harris has championed. The record was one of the most expensive country records produced at the time, featuring the talents of James Burton, Glen Hardin, Ron Tutt, Ray Pohlman, and Bill Payne, as well as two tracks ("Before Believing" and "Queen of the Silver Dollar") that were cut with the Angel Band. Two singles were released: "Too Far Gone", which initially charted at #73 (a 1979 reissue hit #13), and Harris's first big hit, "If I Could Only Win Your Love", a duet with Herb Pedersen (later a founding member of The Desert Rose Band), which peaked at #4.
Executives of Warner Bros. Records (Reprise Records's parent company) told Harris they would agree to record her if she would "get a hot band". Harris did so, enlisting guitarist James Burton and pianist Glen Hardin, both of whom had played with Elvis Presley as well as Parsons. Burton was a renowned guitarist, starting in Ricky Nelson's band in the 1950s, and Hardin had been a member of The Crickets. Other Hot Band members were drummer John Ware, pedal steel guitarist Hank DeVito, and bassist Emory Gordy, Jr., with whom Harris had worked while performing with Parsons. Singer-songwriter Crowell was enlisted as a rhythm guitarist and duet partner.[2] Harris's first tour schedule originally dovetailed around Presley's, owing to Burton and Hardin's continuing commitments to Presley's band. The Hot Band lived up to its name, with most of the members moving on with fresh talent replacing them as they continued on to solo careers of their own.
Elite Hotel, released in December 1975, established that the buzz created by Pieces of the Sky was well-founded. Unusual for country albums at the time, which largely revolved around a hit single, Harris's albums borrowed their approach from the album-oriented rock market. In terms of quality and artistic merit, tracks like "Sin City", "Wheels", and "Till I Gain Control Again", which weren't singles, easily stood against tracks like "Together Again", "Sweet Dreams", and "One of These Days", which were. While Elite Hotel was a #1 country album, the album did sufficiently well as a crossover success with the rock audience. Harris appealed to those who normally disapproved of the country market's pull toward crossover pop singles ("Together Again" and "Sweet Dreams" both topped the country charts). Elite Hotel won a Grammy in 1976 for Best Country Vocal Performance, Female.
Harris' reputation for guest work continued. Aside from contributing to albums by Linda Ronstadt, Guy Clark and Neil Young, Harris was tapped by Bob Dylan to perform on his Desire album, but entirely uncredited. Harris also filmed one of the studio sequences, owing to her touring schedule, in The Band's The Last Waltz, singing "Evangeline".
Burton left the Hot Band in 1976, choosing to remain with Elvis Presley's band, and was replaced by English guitarist Albert Lee. Harris's commercial apex was Luxury Liner, released in 1977, which remains one of her definitive records. On Luxury Liner, Harris's mix of songs from Chuck Berry ("(You Never Can Tell) C'est La Vie"), Gram Parsons (the title track and "She"), The Carter Family ("Hello Stranger") and Kitty Wells ("Making Believe") illustrate a continuity and artistic merit to country music often overlooked at the time. Despite Top Ten singles with "C'est La Vie" and "Making Believe", the album's best known track is the first recorded cover of Townes Van Zandt's classic "Pancho & Lefty", which would be a #1 hit for Willie Nelson and Merle Haggard in 1983. At the end of 1977, Crowell left the Hot Band to pursue a solo career; his replacement was bluegrass multi-instrumentalist and singer Ricky Skaggs.
Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town signaled a slight change of direction from Harris's previous three albums. Rather than mixing classic and contemporary, the album is made up largely of recently written songs, though from a wide variety of writers. "Two More Bottles of Wine", written by Delbert McClinton, became Harris's third #1 single, "To Daddy", written by Dolly Parton, went to #3, and a third single, "Easy From Now On", went Top Twenty. The album included two songs apiece from Crowell ("I Ain't Living Long Like This" and "Leaving Louisiana In The Broad Daylight") and songwriter Jesse Winchester ("Defying Gravity" and "My Songbird"), and Utah Phillips' "Green Rolling Hills".
The Roots Records[link]
In 1977 (January), Harris married Brian Ahern.[3] Their (Harris' second) daughter, Meghann, was born in 1979. During this time, Harris cut three studio albums that reflected a shift toward traditional country (the industry, on the other hand, was about to embrace Urban Cowboy). The first key to the change in direction was her Grammy Award-winning 1979 album Blue Kentucky Girl. Apart from a cover of The Drifters' "Save The Last Dance For Me", the album was largely made up of classic-styled country material in the vein of Loretta Lynn and Kitty Wells. One of her best-loved albums, the record includes songs ranging from The Louvin Brothers' "Everytime You Leave" to Willie Nelson's "Sister's Coming Home" to Gram Parson's signature "Hickory Wind". Wesley Rose took special interest in Harris' recording of "Beneath Still Waters", which became a #1 smash.
A Christmas album, Light of the Stable, was released in 1979; its title track featured backing vocals by Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Neil Young, all three of whom Harris had been working with sporadically since the mid-1970s, and would continue to collaborate with through the 2000s. (Harris, Parton and Ronstadt began working on a planned trio album during this time, though it would remain unfinished for nearly a decade; a few of the tracks recorded for the project surfaced on the women's respective solo albums in the interim.) The album is largely acoustic, featuring readings of traditional fare such as "Silent Night", "O Little Town of Bethlehem" and "The First Noel".
In the 1980s, Harris pursued country music's history even further with the bluegrass-oriented recording of Roses in the Snow, featuring Ricky Skaggs, Tony Rice, Albert Lee, Emory Gordy Jr. and Jerry Douglas. Harris's versions of the traditional "Wayfaring Stranger" and Paul Simon's "The Boxer" were strong singles.
In 1980, Harris recorded "That Lovin' You Feelin' Again" with Roy Orbison. The duet was a Top 10 hit on both the Country and Adult Contemporary charts. They would win the Grammy Award for Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group. She would also be featured on Paul Kennerley's concept album The Legend of Jesse James, which also featured Levon Helm of The Band and Johnny Cash.
Pop-chart success, songwriting[link]
In 1981, Harris reached the Top 40 on the Billboard pop chart with a cover of "Mister Sandman"—again Top 10 Country as well as Adult Contemporary—from her Evangeline album. (The album version of the song was a track from the ill-fated Trio sessions with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt, but neither Parton's nor Ronstadt's record companies would allow their artists' vocals to be used on the single, so Harris re-recorded the song, singing all three parts.)
Harris moved to Nashville in 1982. White Shoes in 1983 included an eclectic pairing of the rockish reading of "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" with a remake of the Donna Summer hit "On the Radio", as well as tracks from a diverse group of songwriters such as Hot Band member Crowell, Sandy Denny and T-Bone Burnett and was her last album produced by Brian Ahern until All I Intended to Be in 2008.
Harris's major-label releases thus far had included few self-penned songs, but in 1985 her songwriting skills were much in evidence with the release of a concept album The Ballad of Sally Rose, for which she co-wrote all of the songs. The album was semi-autobiographical in theme, based loosely on her relationship with Parsons. Harris described it as a "country opera", and a "huge commercial disaster".[4] Her co-writer and producer on the album was English songwriter and musician Paul Kennerley, writer of the hit singles "Born to Run" (on Harris's 1981 Cimarron album) and "In My Dreams" (on White Shoes). Kennerley also produced her next album, Thirteen. They were married in 1985 and divorced in 1993.
In 1987, nearly a full decade after they'd first attempted to do so, Harris teamed up with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt for their long-promised and much-anticipated Trio disc. The album was the biggest commercial success of Harris's career, spending five weeks at #1 on Billboard's Country Albums chart (also quickly reaching the Top 10 on the Pop Albums chart), sold several million copies and produced four Top 10 Country hits, including "To Know Him Is To Love Him", which hit #1. The disc was nominated for the coveted Album Of The Year Grammy award (given to U2 that year for The Joshua Tree) and the three women won the statuette for Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal; the album's Linda Thompson-penned track "Telling Me Lies" reached #3 Country, #25 Adult Contemporary, and was also nominated for a Grammy as 1987's Best Country Song.
Harris also found time in 1987 to release a solo album, Angel Band, featuring traditional gospel songs, on which she worked with, among others, rising country star Vince Gill.
In 1989, she recorded two songs with the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band on their album, Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume II. In a snippet of studio chatter included on one of the tracks, she talked during the recording session about her beginnings and how music had changed:
Years ago I had the experience of sitting around in a living room with a bunch of people and singing and playing, and it was like a spiritual experience, it was wonderful. And I decided then that was what I was going to do with my life was play music, do music. In the making of records, I think over the years we've all gotten a little too technical, a little too hung up on getting things perfect. We've lost the living room. The living room has gone out of the music, but today I feel like we got it back.
Around 1991, she dissolved The Hot Band and formed a new band of acoustic musicians—Sam Bush on fiddle, mandolin and vocals, Roy Huskey, Jr. on bass and vocals, Larry Atamanuik on drums, Al Perkins on banjo, guitar, Dobro guitar and vocals, and Jon Randall on guitar, mandolin and vocals—which she named The Nash Ramblers. They recorded a Grammy Award-winning live album in 1992 at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, which led to the $8 million restoration of the facility into a premium concert and event venue. It was her last album with Reprise Records.
New directions[link]
By the 1990s, Harris started receiving less airplay as mainstream country stations began shifting their focus to the youth-oriented "new country" format. Harris's albums Bluebird and Brand New Dance (1989 and 1990, respectively) received ample critical acclaim and sold reasonably well, yet her chart success was on the wane. 1993's Cowgirl's Prayer—the first album since her switch to Elektra Records—was critically praised but received very little airplay,[5] and its lead single, "High Powered Love" charted very low, peaking at #63, prompting her to shift her career in a new direction.
In 1995, Harris released one of the most critically acclaimed albums of the decade, Wrecking Ball, produced by Daniel Lanois, best known for his work with U2, Peter Gabriel and Bob Dylan. An experimental album for Harris, the record included Harris's rendition of the Neil Young-penned title track (Young himself provided guest vocals on two of the album's songs), Steve Earle's "Goodbye", Julie Miller's "All My Tears", Jimi Hendrix's "May This Be Love", Kate and Anna McGarrigle's "Goin' Back to Harlan" and Gillian Welch's "Orphan Girl". U2's Larry Mullen, Jr. showed up to play drums for the project. The album received virtually no country airplay whatsoever, but did bring Harris to the attention of alternative rock listeners, many of whom had never listened to her music before.
Harris then took her Wrecking Ball material on the road, releasing the live Spyboy in 1998, backed with a power trio comprising Nashville producer, songwriter and guitarist Buddy Miller and New Orleans musicians, drummer Brady Blade and bassist-vocalist-percussionist Daryl Johnson. In addition to performing songs from Wrecking Ball, the album updated many of Harris's career hits, including "Boulder to Birmingham".
Also in 1998, she appeared prominently on Willie Nelson's moody, instrumentally sparse Teatro album, produced by Wrecking Ball producer Lanois.[6]
During the summer of 1997 and 1998, Harris joined Sarah McLachlan's all-woman musical touring festival, the Lilith Fair, where new artists like Patty Griffin could share new experiences and ideas with seasoned musicians like Harris and Bonnie Raitt.
In January 1999, Harris released Trio 2 with Parton and Ronstadt. Much of the album had actually been recorded in 1994, but remained unreleased for nearly five years because of record label and personnel disputes, conflicting schedules, and career priorities of the three artists. Trio 2 was much more contemporary-sounding than its predecessor and was certified Gold. It included their version of Neil Young's classic "After The Gold Rush", which became a popular music video and won another Grammy—this one for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals. Harris and Ronstadt then released a duet album, Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions, later the same year. The two superstars toured together during the fall months in support of the disc. Both albums made the Top 10 of Billboard's Country Albums chart and did well on the pop side as well.
Also in 1999, Harris paid tribute to her former singing partner Gram Parsons by co-executive producing Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons, an album that gathered together more than a dozen artists. Harris performed duets with Beck, Sheryl Crow and The Pretenders on this album's tracks.
In 2000, Harris released her solo follow-up to Wrecking Ball, Red Dirt Girl, produced by Lanois protégé Malcolm Burn. For the first time since The Ballad of Sally Rose, the album contained a number of Harris's own compositions. Like Wrecking Ball, the album's sound leaned more toward alternative rock than country. Nevertheless it reached #5 on Billboard's Country Albums chart as well as a healthy #54 on the pop side. It also won Harris another of her 12 Grammy awards, in the category of Best Contemporary Folk Album.
Harris also accompanied on alternative country singer Ryan Adams' solo debut Heartbreaker and on Tracy Chapman's fifth album Telling Stories.
Also in 2000, Harris joined an all-star group of traditional country, folk and blues artists for the T-Bone Burnett-produced soundtrack to the Coen Brothers film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? The soundtrack won multiple CMA, ACM and Grammy awards. A documentary/concert film, Down from the Mountain, featured the artists performing music from the film and other songs at the Ryman Auditorium. Harris and many of the same artists took their show on the road for the Down from the Mountain Tour in 2002. In 2003, Harris supplied the finishing touches in harmonizing with the Dixie Chicks on a song they were recording in the studio, "Godspeed".
Recent work[link]
Harris released Stumble into Grace, her follow-up to Red Dirt Girl, in 2003. Like its predecessor, it contained mostly self-penned material. In 2004, Harris led the Sweet Harmony Traveling Revue tour with Gillian Welch, David Rawlings, Buddy Miller and Patty Griffin. They performed singly and together and swapped instruments.
On September 9, 2005, Harris participated in "Shelter from the Storm: A Concert for the Gulf Coast", a series of concerts simulcast by most American television stations to raise money for victims of Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita. She performed with Beth Neilsen Chapman and the Dixie Chicks, harmonizing on Patty Griffin's song, "Mary".
In 2005, Harris worked with Conor Oberst on Bright Eyes' release, I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning, performing backup vocals on three tracks. In July, she joined Elvis Costello on several dates of his US tour, performing alongside Costello and his band on several numbers each night. Harris and Costello recorded a version of Costello's song, "The Scarlet Tide", from the soundtrack of the movie Cold Mountain. July also saw the release of The Very Best of Emmylou Harris: Heartaches & Highways, a single-disc retrospective of Harris's career, on the Rhino Entertainment label. This same year, Harris appeared as a guest vocalist on Neil Young's widely acclaimed Prairie Wind. She also appeared in the Jonathan Demme documentary-concert film Neil Young: Heart of Gold, released in 2006.
All the Roadrunning, an album of collaborations with former Dire Straits frontman Mark Knopfler, was released in April 2006 and supported by a tour of Europe and the US. The album was a commercial success, reaching #8 in the UK and #17 in the US. Selections recorded during the All the Roadrunning tour performance at the Gibson Amphitheatre were released as a CD/DVD package titled Real Live Roadrunning in November 2006. In addition to several of the compositions that Harris and Knopfler recorded together in the studio, Real Live Roadrunning features solo hits from both members of the duo, as well as a few classic tracks from Knopfler's days with Dire Straits.
Harris is featured on A Tribute To Joni Mitchell, released on April 24, 2007. Harris covered the song "The Magdalene Laundries" (originally on Mitchell's 1994 album, Turbulent Indigo). She sang "Another Pot O' Tea" with Anne Murray on Murray's album Anne Murray Duets: Friends and Legends, released November 13, 2007, in Canada and January 15, 2008, in the U.S.
Harris wrote a song called "In Rodanthe" for the 2008 film Nights In Rodanthe.
A solo album, All I Intended to Be, was released on June 10, 2008, to critical acclaim. Contributors include Buddy Miller, the McGarrigle sisters, Vince Gill, Phil Madeira, and Dolly Parton. She toured with an ensemble she dubbed the Red Dirt Boys, featuring Phil Madeira on accordion, guitar, and keyboards, Colin Linden on guitar and banjo, Rickie Simpkins on mandolin and fiddle, Chris Donohue on bass, and Bryan Owings on drums.[7] It did not include Miller, who was touring with Robert Plant, Alison Krauss and T Bone Burnett at the time. In 2009, Harris toured with Patty Griffin, Shawn Colvin, and Miller as "Three Girls and Their Buddy". Madeira, Simpkins, and Donohue performed with her in late 2008, and in 2009, appearing on "A Prairie Home Companion" and at MerleFest and the Telluride Bluegrass Festival. In September 2009, Owings rejoined the Red Dirt Boys with Miller for the remainder of 2009.
In April 2009 Harris became a grandmother. Her daughter gave birth to a daughter, Prudence.[8]
In 2010, Harris regrouped with the latest version of the Red Dirt Boys—Madeira, Owings, Donohue, and Simpkins—for Lilith Fair summer dates and a scheduled US autumn tour.
According to an interview with Bonnie Tyler by Digital Spy, Emmylou Harris will be teaming up with her on Tyler's upcoming album. Harris will do backing vocals on a song, written and produced by Wayne Warner. A new solo album, Hard Bargain, was released on the Nonesuch label on April 26, 2011.
PBS host Tavis Smiley interviewed Harris in a program that aired on April 20, 2011. In the interview Harris spoke of being a straight-A student in high school, which led her to being selected as valedictorian, and recounted learning to play guitar by memorizing three chords.[citation needed]
The 2012 single "Emmylou" by Swedish folk duo First Aid Kit on their album The Lion's Roar is, in part, a tribute to Harris, with its lyrics referring to her relationship to Gram Parsons.
Activism[link]
In 1997 and 1998, Harris performed in Sarah McLachlan's Lilith Fair, promoting feminism in music. Since 1999, Harris has been organizing an annual benefit tour called Concerts for a Landmine Free World. All proceeds from the tours support the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation's (VVAF) efforts to assist innocent victims of conflicts around the world. The tour also benefits the VVAF's work to raise America's awareness of the global landmine problem. Artists that have joined Harris on the road for these dates include Mary Chapin Carpenter, Bruce Cockburn, Sheryl Crow, Steve Earle, Joan Baez, Patty Griffin, Nanci Griffith, Willie Nelson, and Lucinda Williams. Harris is a supporter of animal rights and an active member of PETA.[9] She founded, and in her spare time assists at, an animal shelter in Nashville.[10]
She became a member of the newly formed Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2011.[11][12]
Awards and other honors[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
2005 Best Female Country Vocal Performance ("The Connection")
2001 Album of the Year (O Brother, Where Art Thou?)
2000 Best Contemporary Folk Album (Red Dirt Girl)
1999 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals ("After The Gold Rush", with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt)
1998 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals ("Same Old Train", with Alison Krauss, Clint Black, Dwight Yoakam, Earl Scruggs, Joe Diffie, Marty Stuart, Merle Haggard, Pam Tillis, Patty Loveless, Randy Travis, Ricky Skaggs & Travis Tritt)
1995 Best Contemporary Folk Album (Wrecking Ball)
1992 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Emmylou Harris & The Nash Ramblers At the Ryman, as Emmylou Harris & The Nash Ramblers)
1987 Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal (Trio, with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt)
1984 Best Country Vocal Performance, Female ("In My Dreams")
1980 Best Country Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group ("That Lovin' You Feelin' Again", with Roy Orbison)
1979 Best Country Vocal Performance, Female (Blue Kentucky Girl)
1976 Best Country Vocal Performance, Female (Elite Hotel)[13]
Country Music Association Awards[link]
2001 Album of the Year (O Brother, Where Art Thou?)
1980 Female Vocalist Of The Year
1988 Vocal Event of the Year (Trio, with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt)[14]
Other honors[link]
- VH1's 100 Most Influential Women in Rock and Roll (1998) - Number 22 out of 100
- Billboard's Century Award recipient (1999)[15] - inducted by Sarah McLachlan
- CMT's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music - #5 ranking (2002)
- Inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame on February 12, 2008[16]
- Inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009.
- Awarded an honorary doctorate of music from Berklee College of Music in 2009.[17]
Discography[link]
Main article: Emmylou Harris discography
Collaborations and other appearances[link]
Main article: Emmylou Harris appearances
References[link]
- ^ "Charlie Rose Show" June 25, 2008
- ^ The Hot Band, Emmylou.net. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
- ^ Emmylou ... and Brian ... make beautiful music together.
- ^ Keast, James (June 2008). "Questionnaire: Emmylou Harris". Exclaim.ca. http://exclaim.ca/Features/Questionnaire/emmylou_harris. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ Cromelin, Richard (11 April 1996). "Q & A with EMMYLOU HARRIS: Singing With a Voice That's Always True to Her Heart". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1996-04-11/entertainment/ca-57283_1_emmylou-harris. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ Cromelin, Richard (5 September 1998). "Willie Nelson, "Teatro," Island.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1998/sep/05/entertainment/ca-19591. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ^ Varga, George (31 July 2008). "'I'm a storyteller'". The San Diego Union-Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080731/news_1w31emmylou.html. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ "All For The Hall California benefit concert review", Nashville Gab, http://www.nashvillegab.com/2009/10/all-for-the-hall-california-benefit-concert-review.html
- ^ Kentucky Fried Cruelty :: Celebrity Support :: Emmylou Harris
- ^ Bonaparte's Retreat
- ^ New humanities commission has Tennessee influence, BestCountrySingers.com
- ^ AMERICAN ACADEMY, Commission on the Humanities & Social Sciences - Commission Members
- ^ Grammy Award Winners at www.grammy.com, retrieved 21 March 2008/
- ^ Artist Detail Emmylou Harris www.cmaawards.com. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
- ^ Billboard.com: Backstreet Boys, Spears Top 1999 Billboard Awards
- ^ Morris, Edward (28 April 2008) CMT News: Emmylou Harris, Ernest V. "Pop" Stoneman Enter Country Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
- ^ Edwards, Margot (7 October 2009). "Emmylou Harris Receives Berklee Honorary Doctorate". Berklee News. http://www.berklee.edu/news/1105/emmylou-harris-receives-berklee-honorary-doctora. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Sources[link]
- In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music, Nicholas Dawidoff, Vintage Books, 1998. ISBN 0-679-41567-X
- Emmylou Harris: Angel in Disguise, Jim Brown, Fox Music Books, 2004. ISBN 1-894997-03-4
- Fong-Torres, Ben. (1998). "Emmylou Harris". In The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Emmylou Harris |
- Official Site (requires Flash player)
- Emmylou Harris Comprehensive former official site
- Emmylou Harris at Allmusic
- Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
- Emmylou Harris Questionnaire (June 2008)
- Pitchfork article
- Gibson interview
- Interview
- Emmylou Harris on Charlie Rose
- Emmylou Harris at the Internet Movie Database
| Awards | ||
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AMA Lifetime Achievement Award for Performing 2002 |
Succeeded by Levon Helm |
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Harris, Emmylou |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | April 3, 1947 |
| Place of birth | Birmingham, Alabama, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Emmylou_Harris
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Linda Ronstadt | |
|---|---|
 Ronstadt performing |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Linda Maria Ronstadt[1] |
| Born | (1946-07-15) July 15, 1946 (age 65) |
| Origin | Tucson, Arizona, United States |
| Genres | Rock, rock and roll, folk, country rock, jazz, Latin American, Cajun, big band, pop rock, art rock, operetta |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, actress |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, percussion |
| Years active | 1967–present |
| Labels | Capitol, Asylum, Verve |
| Associated acts | Stone Poneys, Neil Young, Swampwater, Free Creek, Eagles, Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, The Muppets, Aaron Neville, Rubén Fuentes, Mariachi V. de Tecalitlán, Nelson Riddle, Ann Savoy, Jackson Browne, Warren Zevon, Michael Nesmith, Waddy Wachtel |
Linda Maria Ronstadt (born July 15, 1946) is an American popular music recording artist. She has earned eleven Grammy Awards, two Academy of Country Music awards, an Emmy Award, an ALMA Award, numerous United States and internationally certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum albums, in addition to Tony Award and Golden Globe nominations.
A singer, songwriter, and record producer, she is recognized as a definitive interpreter of songs.[2] Being one of music's most versatile and commercially successful female singers in U.S. history, she is recognized for her many public stages of self-reinvention and incarnations.[3]
With a one-time standing as the Queen of Rock,[4][5] where she was bestowed the title of "highest paid woman in rock",[6][7] and known as the First Lady of Rock, she has more recently emerged as music matriarch, international arts advocate[3] and human rights advocate.[8][9]
Ronstadt has collaborated with artists from a diverse spectrum of genres—including Billy Eckstine,[10] Frank Zappa, Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Carla Bley, The Chieftains, Gram Parsons, Dolly Parton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle and has lent her voice to over 120 albums around the world.[11] Christopher Loudon of Jazz Times noted in 2004, Ronstadt is "Blessed with arguably the most sterling set of pipes of her generation ... rarest of rarities—a chameleon who can blend into any background yet remain boldly distinctive ... It's an exceptional gift; one shared by few others."[12]
In total, she has released over 30 solo albums, more than 15 compilations or greatest hits albums. Ronstadt has charted thirty-eight Billboard Hot 100 singles, twenty-one of which have reached the top 40, ten of which have reached the top 10, three peaking at No. 2, the No. 1 hit, "You're No Good". In the UK, her single "Blue Bayou" reached the UK Top 40[13] and the duet with Aaron Neville, "Don't Know Much", peaked at No. 2 in December 1989.[14] In addition, she has charted thirty-six albums, ten Top 10 albums, and three No. 1 albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts.
Contents
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Early life[link]
Linda Ronstadt was born in Tucson, Arizona, in 1946 to Gilbert Ronstadt (1911–1995), a prosperous machinery merchant who ran the F. Ronstadt Co.,[15] and Ruth Mary Copeman Ronstadt (1914–1982), a homemaker .[16]
Ronstadt was raised, along with her brothers Peter (who served as Tucson's Chief of Police 1981–1992), Michael J., and sister Gretchen (Suzy), on the family's 10-acre (4.0 ha) ranch. The family was featured in Family Circle magazine in 1953.[17]
Linda's father Gilbert came from a pioneering Arizona ranching family[18] and was of Mexican descent, with some German and English American ancestry.[19] Their influence and contributions to Arizona's history, including wagon making, commerce, pharmacies and music, is chronicled in the library of the University of Arizona.[20] Linda Ronstadt's great-grandfather, graduate engineer Friedrich August Ronstadt (who went by the name Federico Augusto Ronstadt) immigrated to the West (then a part of Mexico) in the 1840s from Hanover, Germany, and married a Mexican citizen, and eventually settled in Tucson.[21][22] In 1991, the City of Tucson opened its central transit terminal on March 16 and dedicated it to Linda's grandfather, local pioneer businessman Federico José María Ronstadt. Ronstadt was a wagon maker whose early contribution to the city's mobility included six mule-drawn streetcars delivered in 1903–04.[23]
Her mother Ruth Mary was of German, English, and Dutch descent. Ruth Mary was the daughter of Lloyd Groff Copeman, a prolific inventor and holder of many patents. She was raised in the Flint, Michigan, area. Lloyd, with nearly 700 patents to his name, invented an early form of the toaster, many refrigerator devices, the grease gun, the first electric stove, and an early form of the microwave oven. His flexible rubber ice cube tray earned him millions of dollars in royalties.[24]
Career summary[link]
"Everybody has their own level of doing their music.... Mine just happened to resonate over the years, in one way and another, with a significant enough number of people so that I could do it professionally."
Linda Ronstadt[25]
Establishing her professional career in the mid-1960s at the forefront of California's emerging folk rock and country rock movements, genres which later defined post-60s rock music, Linda Ronstadt joined forces with Bobby Kimmel and Kenny Edwards and became the lead singer of a successful folk rock trio, The Stone Poneys. Later, as a solo artist, she released Hand Sown ... Home Grown in 1969, which has been described as the first alternative country record by a female recording artist.[26] Although fame eluded her during these years, Ronstadt actively toured with The Doors, Neil Young, Jackson Browne and others, made numerous television show appearances, and began to contribute her voice to a variety of albums.
However, with the successful release of chart-topping albums such as Heart Like a Wheel, Simple Dreams, and Living in the USA, coupled with the fact that Ronstadt became the first female "arena class" rock star, setting records as one of the top-grossing concert artists of the decade, Ronstadt became a celebrity and an illustrious star of the highest magnitude[7][26] and the most successful female artist of her era.[27][28][29] Recognized as the "First Lady of Rock"[18] and the "Queen of Rock", Ronstadt was voted the Top Female Pop Singer of the 1970s.[18] Her rock and roll image was equally as famous as her music, appearing six times on the cover of Rolling Stone, as well as Newsweek and Time covers. In the 1980s, Ronstadt went to Broadway, garnered a Tony nomination, teamed with composer Philip Glass, recorded traditional music, and collaborated with famed conductor Nelson Riddle, an event at that time viewed as an original and unorthodox move for a rock and roll artist. This venture paid off,[30] and Ronstadt remained one of the music industry's best-selling acts throughout the 1980s with multi-platinum selling albums such as What's New, Canciones de Mi Padre and Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind. Ronstadt has continued to successfully tour, collaborate, and record celebrated albums, such as Winter Light, and Hummin' to Myself. Ronstadt's thirty-plus album catalog continue to be best-sellers, with the vast majority of them certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum.[31] Having sold in excess of 100 million records worldwide[32] and setting records as one of the top-grossing concert performers for over a decade, Linda Ronstadt was the most successful female singer of the 1970s and stands as one of the most successful female recording artists in United States history. A consummate American artist, Ronstadt opened many doors for women in rock and roll and other musical genres by championing songwriters and musicians, pioneering her chart success onto the concert circuit, and being at the vanguard of many musical movements.[26]
Career overview[link]
Early influences[link]
"I don't record (any type of genre of music) that I didn't hear in my family's living room by the time I was 10. It just is my rule that I don't break because...I can't do it authentically...I really think that you're just hard-wiring (synapses) in your brain up until the age of maybe 12 or 10, and there are certain things you can't learn in an authentic way after that."
Linda Ronstadt[33]
Linda Ronstadt's early family life was filled with music and tradition, which influenced the stylistic and musical choices she later made in her career. Growing up, she listened to many types of music, including Mexican music, which was sung by her entire family and was a staple in her childhood.[34] Ronstadt has remarked that everything she has recorded on her own records—rock 'n' roll, jazz, rhythm and blues, gospel, opera, country, choral, and mariachi—is all music she heard her family sing in their living room, or heard played on the radio, by the age of 10. She credits her mother for her appreciation of Gilbert and Sullivan and her father for introducing her to the traditional pop and Great American Songbook repertoire that she would, in turn, help reintroduce to an entire generation.[33][35] Early on, her singing style had been influenced by singers such as Lola Beltrán and Édith Piaf; she has called their singing and rhythms "more like Greek music ... It's sort of like 6/8 time signature ... very hard driving and very intense."[36] She also drew influence from country singer Hank Williams. She has said that "all girl singers" eventually "have to curtsy to Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday".[18] Of Maria Callas, Ronstadt says, "There's no one in her league. That's it. Period.[37] I learn more ... about singing rock n roll from listening to Maria Callas records than I ever would from listening to pop music for a month of Sundays.... She's the greatest chick singer ever."<[37] She admires Callas for her musicianship and her attempts to push 20th-century singing, particularly opera, back into the Bel canto "natural style of singing".[38] A self-described product of American radio of the 1950s and '60s, she was a fan of its eclectic and diverse music programming.[35]
Beginning of professional career[link]
At 14, Ronstadt formed a folk trio with her brother Peter and sister Suzy. The group played coffeehouses, fraternity houses, and other small venues, billing themselves as "The Union City Ramblers" and "The Three Ronstadts", and they even recorded themselves at a Tucson studio under the name "The New Union Ramblers".[39] Their repertoire included the music they grew up on—folk, country, bluegrass, and Mexican.[40] But increasingly, Ronstadt wanted to make a union of folk music and rock 'n' roll,[28] and in 1964, after a semester at college (sources differ between Tucson's University of Arizona[6] and Arizona State University[40]), the 17 year old decided to move to Los Angeles.[41][42][43]
The Stone Poneys[link]
Main article: Stone Poneys
Linda visited a friend from Tucson, Bobby Kimmel, in Los Angeles during Easter break from college in 1964, and later that year, shortly before her eighteenth birthday,[41] decided to move there permanently to form a band with him.[42] Kimmel had already begun co-writing folk-rock songs with guitarist-songwriter Kenny Edwards, and eventually the three of them were signed by Nik Venet to Capitol in the summer of 1966 as "The Stone Poneys". The trio released three albums in a 15-month period in 1967–68: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III. The band is best known for their hit single "Different Drum" (written and composed by Michael Nesmith prior to his joining the Monkees), which reached No. 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as No. 12 in Cashbox magazine. More than 40 years later, the song remains one of Ronstadt's most popular recordings.[44]
Besides recording one of her most enduring songs, Linda Ronstadt was already showcasing her highly expressive performance of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, utilizing a wide array of backing musicians. Additionally, many of her songs, including "Different Drum", were written and composed by male songwriters and had minimal lyric changes, allowing Ronstadt to toy with gender roles that were in ferment in the 1960s and 1970s. While the Stone Poneys broke up before the release of their third album, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Ronstadt from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s.
(In 2008—as a testament to the continuing interest in Ronstadt's early work with this band—Australia's Raven Records released a compilation CD titled The Stone Poneys. The disc features all tracks from the first two Stone Poneys albums and four tracks from the third album.)
Solo career[link]
File:Silk23.jpg
Linda Ronstadt, ca. 1970, on the back cover of the album Silk Purse.
Still contractually obligated to Capitol Records, Ronstadt released her first solo album, Hand Sown ... Home Grown, in 1969. It has been called the first alternative country record by a female recording artist.[26] During this same period, she contributed to the Music From Free Creek "super session" project.
Ronstadt provided the vocals for some commercials during this period, including one for Remington electric razors, in which a multitracked Ronstadt and Frank Zappa claimed that the electric razor "cleans you, thrills you ... may even keep you from getting busted".[45]
Ronstadt's second solo album, Silk Purse, was released in March 1970. Recorded entirely in Nashville, it was produced by Elliot Mazer, whom Ronstadt chose on the advice of Janis Joplin, who had worked with him on her Cheap Thrills album.[46] The Silk Purse album cover showed Ronstadt in a muddy pigpen, while the back and inside cover depicted her onstage wearing bright red. Ronstadt has stated that she was not pleased with the album, although it provided her with her first solo hit, the multi-format single "Long Long Time", and earned her first Grammy nomination (for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance/Female).
Touring[link]
"Judy Henske, who was the then reigning queen of folk music, said to me at The Troubadour, 'Honey, in this town there are four sexes. Men, women, homosexuals, and girl singers.'"
Linda Ronstadt [47]
In a 1976 Rolling Stone interview with Cameron Crowe, Ronstadt explained that "they haven't invented a word for that loneliness that everybody goes through on the road. The world is tearing by you, real fast, and all these people are looking at you.... People see me in my 'girl-singer' suit."[48]
Several years before Ronstadt became what author Gerri Hirshey called the first "arena-class rock diva", with "hugely anticipated tours",[7] she began her solo career touring the North American concert circuit. But being on the road took its toll both emotionally and professionally. There were few "girl singers" on the Rock circuit at the time, and those that were, were relegated to "groupie level when in a crowd of a bunch of rock and roll guys", a status Ronstadt avoided.[49] Relating to men on a professional level as fellow musicians led to competition, insecurity, bad romances, and a series of boyfriend-managers. At the time, she admired singers like Maria Muldaur for not sacrificing their femininity, but says she felt enormous self-imposed pressure to compete with "the boys" at every level.[42] She noted in a 1969 interview in Fusion magazine that it was difficult being a single "chick singer" with an all-male backup band.[49] According to her, it was difficult to get a band of backing musicians because of their ego problem of being labeled sidemen for a female singer.[50]
Soon after she went solo in the late 1960s, one of her first backing bands was the pioneering country-rock band Swampwater, famous for synthesizing Cajun and swamp-rock elements into their music. Its members included Cajun fiddler Gib Guilbeau and John Beland, who later joined The Flying Burrito Brothers,[51] as well as Stan Pratt, Thad Maxwell and Eric White, brother of Clarence White of The Byrds. Swampwater went on to back Ronstadt during TV appearances on The Johnny Cash Show[52] and The Mike Douglas Show, and at the Big Sur Folk Festival.[53]
Another backing band featured players Don Henley, Glenn Frey, Bernie Leadon and Randy Meisner, who went on to form the Eagles. They toured with her for a short period in 1971 and played on Linda Ronstadt, her self-titled third album. At this stage, Ronstadt began working with producer and boyfriend John Boylan. She said, "As soon as I started working with John Boylan, I started co-producing myself. I was always a part of my productions. But I always needed a producer who would carry out my whims."[54]
Her collaborations with Peter Asher[link]
"In general when you fall in love with an artist and their music, the plan is a fairly simple one. .. get people to go and see them, and make a record that you think properly presents their music to the public and some of which you can get on the radio."
Peter Asher on collaborating with Ronstadt[25]
Ronstadt began her fourth solo album, Don't Cry Now, in 1973, with Boylan (who had negotiated her contract with Asylum Records) and John David "J.D." Souther producing most of the album's tracks. But needing someone willing to work with her as an equal, Ronstadt asked Peter Asher, who came highly recommended to her by James Taylor's sister Kate Taylor, to help her produce two of them: "Sail Away" and "I Believe in You."[55] The album featured Linda's first Country hit, "Silver Threads and Golden Needles", which she had first recorded on Hand Sown ... Home Grown; this time hitting the Country Top 20. With the release of Don't Cry Now, Ronstadt took on her biggest gig to date as the opening act on Neil Young's Time Fades Away tour, playing for larger crowds than ever before. Backstage at a concert in Texas, Chris Hillman introduced her to Emmylou Harris, telling them, "You two could be good friends",[56] which soon occurred, resulting in frequent collaborations over the following years. Meanwhile, the album became Ronstadt's most successful up to this time, selling 300,000 copies by the end of 1974.[55]
Asher turned out to be more collaborative, and more on the same page with her musically, than any producer she had worked with previously.[39] Ronstadt's professional relationship with Asher allowed her to take command and effectively delegate responsibilities in the recording studio.[55] Although hesitant at first to work with her because of her reputation for being a "woman of strong opinions (who) knew what she wanted to do (with her career)", he nonetheless agreed to become her full-time producer,[57] and remained in that role through the late 1980s. Asher attributed the long-term success of his working relationship with Ronstadt to the fact that he was the first person to manage and produce her with whom there was a solely professional relationship. "It must be a lot harder to have objective conversations about someone's career when it's someone you sleep with", he said.[55]
Asher executive produced a tribute CD called Listen to Me: Buddy Holly, released September 6, 2011, on which Ronstadt's 1976 version of Buddy Holly's "That'll Be The Day" appears among newly-recorded versions of Holly's songs by various artists.[58]
Vocal styles[link]
"I grew up singing Mexican music, and that's based on indigenous Mexican rhythms. Mexican music also has an overlay of West African music, based on huapango drums, and it's kind of like a 6/8 time signature, but it really is a very syncopated 6/8. And that's how I attack vocals."
Linda Ronstadt, on reconciling her musical instincts with rock ‘n’ roll.[59]
Ronstadt captured the sounds of country music and the rhythms of ranchero music--which she likened in 1968 to "Mexican bluegrass"--and redirected them into her rock 'n' roll and some of her pop music. Many of these rhythms and sounds were part of her Southwestern roots.[42] Likewise, a country sound and style, a fusing of country music and rock 'n' roll called Country rock, started to exert its influence on mainstream pop music around the late 1960s, and it became an emerging movement Ronstadt helped form and commercialize. However, as early as 1970, Ronstadt was being criticized by music "purists" for her "brand of music" which crossed many genres. Country Western Stars magazine wrote in 1970 that "Rock people thought she was too gentle, folk people thought she was too pop, and pop people didn't quite understand where she was at, but Country people really loved Linda." She never categorized herself and stuck to her genre-crossing brand of music. [60]
Interpretive singer[link]
Ronstadt is considered an "interpreter of her times",[2] and has earned praise for her courage to put her own unique "stamp" on many of these songs.[61] Although many of her hits were criticized for being cover songs, they were the songs the record companies elected to cull and release off the albums. More importantly, Linda Ronstadt became a highly successful "Albums Artist", some of which contain material written by her.[62] Ronstadt's natural vocal range spans several octaves from contralto to soprano, and occasionally she will showcase this entire range within a single work. Ronstadt was the first female artist in popular music history to accumulate four consecutive platinum albums (fourteen certified million selling, to date). As for the singles, Rolling Stone Magazine pointed out that a whole generation, "but for her, might never have heard the work of artists such as Buddy Holly, Elvis Costello, and Chuck Berry."[5]
""Music is meant to lighten your load. By singing it ... you release (the sadness). And release yourself ... an exercise in exorcism.... You exorcise that emotion ... and diminish sadness and feel joy."
Linda Ronstadt.[63]
Others have argued that Ronstadt had the same generational effect with her Great American Songbook music, exposing a whole new generation to the music of the 1920s and '30s—music which, ironically, was pushed aside because of the advent of rock 'n' roll. When interpreting, Ronstadt said she "sticks to what the music demands", in terms of lyrics.[64] Explaining that rock and roll music is part of her culture, she says that the songs she sang after her rock and roll hits were part of her soul. "The (Mariachi music) was my father's side of the soul", she was quoted as saying in a 1998 interview she gave at her Tucson home. "My mother's side of my soul was the Nelson Riddle stuff. And I had to do them both in order to reestablish who I was."[65]
In the 1974 book Rock 'N' Roll Woman, author Katherine Orloff writes that Ronstadt's "own musical preferences run strongly to rhythm and blues, the type of music she most frequently chooses to listen to ... (and) her goal is to ... be soulful too. With this in mind, Ronstadt fuses country and rock into a special union."[42]
By this stage of her career, Ronstadt had established her niche in the field of country-rock. Along with other musicians such as The Flying Burrito Brothers, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Swampwater, Neil Young, and the Eagles, she helped free country music from stereotypes and showed rockers that country was OK. However, she stated that she was being pushed hard into singing more Rock & Roll.[56]
Most successful female singer of the 1970s[link]
Author Father Andrew Greeley, in his book God in Popular Culture, described Ronstadt as "the most successful and certainly the most durable and most gifted woman Rock singer of her era."[66] Signaling her wide popularity as a concert artist, outside of the singles charts and the recording studio, Dirty Linen magazine describes her as the "first true woman rock 'n' roll superstar ... (selling) out stadiums with a string of mega-successful albums."[26] Amazon.com defines her as the American female rock superstar of the decade.[67]Cash Box gave Ronstadt a Special Decade Award,[68] as the top selling female singer of the 1970s.[18] Coupled with the fact that her album covers, posters, magazine covers—basically her entire rock n roll image conveyed—was just as famous as her music.[25] That by the end of the decade, the singer whom the Chicago Sun Times described as the "Dean of the 1970s school of female rock singers"[61] became what Redbook called, "the most successful female rock star in the world",[69]"Female" being the important qualifier, according to Time magazine, labeling her "a rarity ... to (have survived) ... in the shark-infested deeps of rock."[6]
Having been a cult favorite on the music scene for several years, 1975 was "remembered in the music biz as the year when 29-year-old Linda Ronstadt belatedly happened."[70] With the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Ronstadt reached No. 1 on the Billboard Album Chart (it was also the first of four No. 1 Country Albums for Ronstadt) and the disc was certified Double-Platinum[71] (over 2 million copies sold in the United States). In many instances, her own interpretations were more successful than the original recordings and many times new songwriters were discovered by a larger audience as a result of Ronstadt interpreting and recording their songs. Interestingly, Ronstadt had major success interpreting songs from a diverse spectrum of artists. This skill would eventually serve her later in her career, as a noted master song interpreter.
Heart Like A Wheel's first single release was "You're No Good"—a rockified version of an R&B song written by Clint Ballard, Jr. that Ronstadt had initially resisted because Andrew Gold's guitar tracks sounded too much like a "Beatles song" to her[55]—climbed to No. 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box Pop singles charts.[72] The album's second single release was "When Will I Be Loved"—an uptempo Country Rock version of a Top 10 Everly Brothers song—hit No. 1 in Cash Box and No. 2 in Billboard.[72] The song was also Linda's first No. 1 Country hit.[72]
The album showed a physically attractive Ronstadt on the cover but, more importantly, its critical and commercial success was due to a fine presentation of country and rock with Heart Like A Wheel, her first of many major commercial successes that would set her on the path to being one of the best-selling female artists of all time. Ronstadt won her first Grammy Award[73] for Best Country Vocal Performance/Female for "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still In Love With You)" which was originally a 1940s hit by Hank Williams. Ronstadt's interpretation peaked at No. 2 on the Country charts. The album itself was nominated for the Album of the Year Grammy as well as the Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female trophy.
Rolling Stone magazine put Linda on its cover in March 1975. This was the first of six Rolling Stone magazine covers shot by photographer Annie Leibovitz. It included her as the featured artist with a full photo layout and an article by Ben Fong-Torres, discussing Ronstadt's many struggling years in rock n roll, as well as her home life and what it was like to be a woman on tour in a decidedly all-male environment.
In September 1975, Linda's album Prisoner In Disguise was released. It quickly climbed into the Top Five on the Billboard Album Chart and sold over a million copies.[71] It became her second in a row to go platinum, "a grand slam" in the same year (Ronstadt would eventually be the first female artist in popular music history to have three consecutive platinum albums and would ultimately go on to have eight consecutive platinum albums, and then another six between 1983 and 1990).[70] The disc's first single release was "Love Is A Rose". It was climbing the Pop and Country charts but Heat Wave, a rockified version of the 1963 hit by Martha and the Vandellas, was receiving considerable airplay. Asylum pulled the "Love Is A Rose" single and issued "Heat Wave" with "Love Is A Rose" on the B-side. "Heat Wave" hit the Top Five on Billboard's Hot 100 while "Love Is A Rose" hit the Top Five on Billboard's Country chart.
In 1976, Ronstadt reached the Top 3 of Billboard's Album Chart and won her second career Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her third consecutive platinum[71] album Hasten Down The Wind. The album featured a sexy, revealing cover shot and showcased Ronstadt the singer-songwriter, who composed two of its songs, "Try Me Again" and "Lo Siento Mi Vida". It also included an interpretation of Willie Nelson's classic "Crazy", which became a Top 10 Country hit for Ronstadt in early 1977.
At the end of 1977, Ronstadt surpassed the success of Heart Like A Wheel with her album Simple Dreams, which held the No. 1 position for five consecutive weeks on the Billboard Album Chart. It also knocked Elvis Presley out of No. 1 on Billboard's Country Albums chart. It sold over 3½ million copies in less than a year in the U.S. alone. The album was released in September 1977, and by December it had replaced Fleetwood Mac's long running No. 1 album Rumours in the top spot. Simple Dreams spawned a string of hit singles on numerous charts. Among them were the RIAA platinum-certified single "Blue Bayou", a Country Rock interpretation of a Roy Orbison song, "It's So Easy"—previously sung by Buddy Holly—and "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", a song written by Warren Zevon, an up and coming songwriter of the time whom Ronstadt elected to highlight and record. The album garnered several Grammy Award nominations—including Record of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for "Blue Bayou"—and won its art director, Kosh, a Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, the first of three Grammy Awards he would win for designing Ronstadt album covers.
Simple Dreams became one of the singer's most successful international selling albums as well, reaching No. 1 on the Australian and Canadian Pop and Country Albums charts.[74] Simple Dreams also made Ronstadt the most successful international female touring artist as well. The same year, she completed a highly successful concert tour around Europe. As Country Music Magazine wrote in October 1978, Simple Dreams solidified Ronstadt's role as "easily the most successful female rock and roll and country star at this time."[40]
Also in 1977, she was asked by the Los Angeles Dodgers to sing the U.S. National Anthem at game three of the World Series against the New York Yankees.[75]
[edit] Time Magazine and Linda's 'Rock Chick' image
Ronstadt has remarked that she felt as though she was "artificially encouraged to kinda cop a really tough attitude (and be tough) because Rock & Roll is kind of tough (business)," which she felt wasn't worn quite authentically.[76] Female rock artists like her and Janis Joplin, whom she described as lovely, shy and very literate in real life and the antithesis of the "red hot mamma" she was artificially encouraged to project, went through an identity crisis.[76]
File:RonstadtTime.jpg
Linda Ronstadt, on the cover of the February 28, 1977, issue of Time.
Eventually, Ronstadt's Rock & Roll image became just as famous as her music by the mid-1970s.[25] The 1977 appearance on the cover of Time magazine under the banner "Torchy Rock" was controversial for Ronstadt, considering what the image appeared to project about the most famous woman in rock.[29][76] At a time in the industry when men still told women what to sing and what to wear,[77] Ronstadt hated the image of her that was projected to the world on that cover,[76] and she noted recently how the photographer kept forcing her to wear a dress, which was an image she did not want to project[76] (although she wore a rather revealing dress for the cover of Hasten Down the Wind, which projected an image of her not all that different from the Time magazine cover). In 2004, she was interviewed for CBS This Morning[78] and stated that this image was not her because she didn't sit like that. Asher noted, "Anyone who's met Linda for 10 seconds will know that I couldn't possibly have been her Svengali. She's an extremely determined woman, in every area. To me, she was everything that feminism's about."[77] Qualities which, Asher has stated, were considered a "negative (in a woman at that time), whereas in a man they were perceived as being masterful and bold".[57] Since her solo career began, Ronstadt has fought hard to be recognized as a solo female singer in the world of rock, and her portrayal on the Time cover didn't appear to help the situation.[50] It was in 1976 that Rolling Stone magazine published in its cover story an alluring collection of photographs taken by Annie Leibovitz, which helped to further the image that Ronstadt later said she wasn't pleased with. Ronstadt and Asher claim to have viewed the photos prior to publication and, when their request that the photos be removed was denied, they unceremoniously threw Leibovitz out of the house.[citation needed]
In 1978 Rolling Stone magazine declared Ronstadt, "by far America's best-known female rock singer."[27] She scored a third No. 1 album on the Billboard Album Chart – unsurpassed by any female artist at this point in time – with Living In The USA. Linda achieved a major hit single with "Ooh Baby Baby," with her rendition hitting all four major singles charts (Pop, AC, Country and R&B). Living In The USA was the first album by any recording act in music history to ship double-platinum (over 2 million advance copies).[7] The album eventually sold 3 million U.S. copies.
File:Living in the USAconcert.jpg
Linda Ronstadt's promotional poster, for the 1978 Living In The USA album and concert
At the end of that year, Billboard magazine crowned Linda Ronstadt with three No. 1 Awards for the Year: No. 1 Pop Female Singles Artist of the Year, No. 1 Pop Female Album Artist of the Year, and No. 1 Female Artist of the Year (overall).[79]
Living In The USA showed the singer on roller skates with a newly short, permed hairdo on the album cover. Ronstadt continued this theme on concert tour promotional posters with photos of her on roller skates in a dramatic pose with a large American flag in the background. By this stage of her career, she was using posters to promote every album[25] and concert – which at the time were recorded live on radio or TV. Ronstadt was also featured in the 1978 film FM, where the plot involved disc jockeys attempting to broadcast a Linda Ronstadt concert live, without a competing station's knowledge. The movie also showed Ronstadt performing the songs "Poor, Poor Pitiful Me," "Love Me Tender," and "Tumbling Dice". Ronstadt was persuaded to record "Tumbling Dice" after Mick Jagger came backstage when she was at a concert and said, "You do too many ballads, you should do more rock and roll songs."[80]
Following the success of Living in the USA, Ronstadt conducted successful album promotional tours and concerts. Ronstadt made a guest appearance onstage with The Rolling Stones at the Tucson Community Center on July 21, 1978, in her hometown of Tucson, where Ronstadt and Mick Jagger sang "Tumbling Dice."[81][82] On singing with Jagger, Ronstadt later said, "I loved it. I didn't have a trace of stage fright. I'm scared to death all the way through my own shows. But it was too much fun to get scared. He's so silly onstage, he knocks you over. I mean you have to be on your toes or you wind up falling on your face."[27]
Highest paid woman in rock[link]
"Rock is the thumping heart of Linda's music, and the rock world is dominated by males. The biggest stars are male, and so are the back-up musicians ... rock beats are ... phallic, and lyrics ... masculine.... Janis Joplin, the first great white woman rocker, rattled the bars ... but she died.... Joni Mitchell ... stylish (but can’t) compete in drawing power with men ... (however) Linda Ronstadt ... has made herself one of the biggest individual rock draws in the world."
Time magazine, 1977[6]
By the end of 1978, Ronstadt had solidified her role as one of rock and pop's most successful solo female acts, and owing to her consistent platinum album success, and her ability as the first-ever woman to sell out concerts in arenas and stadiums hosting tens of thousands of fans,[18] Ronstadt became the "highest paid woman in rock".[83][dead link] She had six platinum certified albums, three of which went to No. 1 on the Billboard album chart, and numerous charted Pop singles. In 1978 alone, she made over $12 million[18] (equivalent to $38,000,000 in today's dollars)[84] and in the same year her albums sales were reported to be 17 million—grossing over $60 million[4] (equivalent to a gross of over $170,000,000, in today's dollars).[84]
As Rolling Stone magazine dubbed her "Rock's Venus",[27] her record sales continued to multiply and set records themselves. By 1979, Ronstadt had collected eight gold, six platinum and four multi-platinum certifications for her albums, an unprecedented feat at the time. Her 1976 Greatest Hits album would sell consistently for the next 25 years and in 2001 was certified by the RIAA for 7 times platinum[71] (over 7 million U.S. copies sold). In 1980, Greatest Hits Volume II was released and certified platinum.[71]
In 1979, Ronstadt went on a successful international tour, playing in arenas across Australia to Japan, including the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia and the Budokan in Tokyo, Japan. She also participated in a benefit concert for her friend Lowell George, held at The Forum, in Los Angeles.
By the end of the decade, Ronstadt had outsold her female competition; no other female artist to date had five straight platinum LPs: Hasten Down the Wind, and Heart Like a Wheel among them.[85] US Magazine reported in 1978, that Linda Ronstadt, Stevie Nicks, Carly Simon and Joni Mitchell had become "The Queens of Rock"[4] and 'Rock is no longer exclusively male. There is a new royalty ruling today's record charts'.[4]
She would go on to parlay her mass commercial appeal with major success in interpreting The Great American Songbook, made famous a generation before by Frank Sinatra, and Ella Fitzgerald and later the Mexican folk songs of her childhood.
From rock to opera[link]
"Rampant eclecticism is my middle name. "
Linda Ronstadt[47]
In 1980 Ronstadt recorded Mad Love, her seventh consecutive platinum selling album. Mad Love is a straightforward Rock & Roll album with post-punk, new wave influences, including tracks by songwriters such as Elvis Costello, The Cretones, and musician Mark Goldenberg who played on the record himself. She also made the cover of Rolling Stone Magazine for a record-setting sixth time. Mad Love entered the Billboard Album Chart in the Top Five its first week (a record at that time) and climbed to the No. 3 position. The project continued her streak of Top 10 hits with "How Do I Make You?", originally recorded by Billy Thermal, and "Hurt So Bad", originally a Top 10 hit for Little Anthony & the Imperials. The album earned Ronstadt a 1980 Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female (although she lost to Pat Benatar's Crimes of Passion album). Benatar praised Linda Ronstadt by stating, "There are a lot of good female singers around. How could I be the best? Ronstadt is still alive!"[86]
File:Pirates-of-penzance-DVDcover.jpg
Rex Smith, Linda Ronstadt and Kevin Kline, ca. 1980, from the Central Park production of The Pirates of Penzance.
In the summer of 1980 Ronstadt began rehearsals for the first of several leads in Broadway musicals. Joseph Papp cast her as the lead in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of Gilbert and Sullivan's The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Kevin Kline.[87] She said singing Gilbert and Sullivan was a natural choice for her, since her grandfather Fred Ronstadt was credited with having created Tucson's first orchestra, the Club Filarmonico Tucsonense, and had once created an arrangement of The Pirates of Penzance.[88]
The Pirates of Penzance opened for a limited engagement in New York City's Central Park, eventually moving its production to Broadway, where it became a major hit, running from January 8, 1981, to November 28, 1982.[89] Newsweek was effusive in its praise: "... she has not dodged the coloratura demands of her role (and Mabel is one of the most demanding parts in the G&S canon): from her entrance trilling 'Poor Wand'ring One,' it is clear that she is prepared to scale whatever soprano peaks stand in her way."[72] Ronstadt co-starred with Kline and Angela Lansbury in the 1983 motion picture version of the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta. Ronstadt received a Golden Globe nomination for the role in the movie version. She garnered a Tony Award nomination for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical and The Pirates of Penzance won several Tony Awards, including a Tony Award for Best Revival.
As a child, Ronstadt had discovered La Bohème through the silent movie with Lillian Gish and was determined to someday play the part of Mimi. When she met the late opera superstar Beverly Sills, she was told, "My dear, every soprano in the world wants to play Mimi!" In 1984 Ronstadt was cast in the role at Joseph Papp's Public Theatre. However, the production was a critical and commercial disaster, closing after only a few nights.[90]
In 1988 Ronstadt would return to Broadway for a limited-run engagement in the musical show adaptation of her album celebrating her Mexican heritage, Canciones De Mi Padre—A Romantic Evening In Old Mexico.[91]
In 1982 Ronstadt released Get Closer—a primarily rock album with some country and pop music as well. It remains her only album between 1975 and 1990 not to be officially certified Platinum. It peaked at No. 31 on the Billboard Album Chart. The release continued her streak of Top 40 hits with "Get Closer" and "I Knew You When"—a 1965 hit by Billy Joe Royal—while the Jimmy Webb song "Easy For You To Say" was a surprise Top 10 Adult Contemporary hit in the spring of 1983. "Sometimes You Just Can't Win" was released to country radio, and made it to No. 27 on that listing. Linda also filmed several music videos for this album which became popular on the fledgling MTV cable channel. The album earned Ronstadt two Grammy Award nominations: one for Best Rock Vocal Performance/Female for the title track and another for Best Pop Vocal Performance/Female for the album. The artwork won its art director, Kosh, his second Grammy Award for Best Album Package.
Along with the release of her Get Closer album, Ronstadt embarked on a very successful North American tour, remaining one of the top rock concert draws that summer and fall. On November 25, 1982, Linda's 'Happy Thanksgiving Day' concert was held at the Reunion Arena in Dallas and broadcast live via satellite on radio stations across the United States.[92]
Artistic aspirations[link]
Ronstadt has remarked that in the beginning of her career "(she) ... was so focused on folk, rock and country that..(she) got a bit bored and started to branch out, and ... (has) been doing that ever since."[93] By 1983, Linda Ronstadt's estimated worth was over $40 million[94] mostly from successful records, concerts and merchandising.
Ronstadt eventually tired of playing arenas.[76] She had ceased to feel that arenas, where people milled around smoking marijuana cigarettes and drinking beer, were "appropriate places for music." She wanted "angels in the architecture"—a reference to a lyric in the Paul Simon song "You Can Call Me Al" from the 1986 album Graceland. (Ronstadt sang harmony with Simon on a different Graceland track, "Under African Skies." The lyrics pay tribute to Ronstadt: "Take this child, Lord, from Tucson, Arizona....") Ronstadt has said she wants to sing in places similar to the Theatre of ancient Greece, where the attention is focused on the stage and performer.[95]
Ronstadt's recording output in the 1980s proved to be just as commercially and critically successful as her 1970s recordings. Between 1983 and 1990 Ronstadt scored six additional platinum albums; two of these have been certified triple platinum (each with over 3 million U.S. copies sold); one has been certified double platinum (over two million copies sold); and one has earned additional certification as a Gold (over 500,000 U.S. copies sold) double disc album.[31]
By recording Traditional pop, Traditional country, Traditional Latin roots, and Adult Contemporary, Ronstadt resonated with a different fan base and diversified her appeal.
Jazz/pop trilogy[link]
In 1981 Linda Ronstadt produced and recorded an album of jazz and pop standards (later marketed in bootleg form) titled Keeping Out of Mischief with the assistance of producer Jerry Wexler. However, Ronstadt's displeasure with the final result led her, with regrets, to scrap the project. "Doing that killed me", she said in a Time magazine interview.[96] But the appeal of the album's music had seduced Ronstadt, as she told Down Beat magazine in April 1985, crediting Wexler for encouraging her.[97] Nonetheless, Ronstadt had to somehow convince her reticent record company, Elektra Records, to greenlight this type of album under her contract.[98]
By 1983 Ronstadt had enlisted the help of 62-year-old conductor and master of jazz/traditional pop orchestration, Nelson Riddle. The two embarked on an unorthodox and original approach to rehabilitating the Great American Songbook, recording a trilogy of highly successful jazz/ traditional pop albums: What's New (1983—U.S. 3.7 million as of 2010); Lush Life (1984—U.S. 1.7 million as of 2010); and For Sentimental Reasons (1986—U.S. 1.3 million as of 2010). The three albums have a combined sales total of nearly 7 million copies in the United States alone.
"I now realize I was taking a tremendous risk, and that Joe Smith (the head of Elektra Records, and strongly opposed) was looking out for himself, and for me. When it became apparent I wouldn't change my mind, he said: 'I love Nelson so much! Can I please come to the sessions. I said 'Yes.' "When the albums ... were successful, Joe congratulated me, and I never said 'I told you so.'"
Linda Ronstadt[99]
The album design for What's New by designer Kosh was unlike any of her previous disc covers. It showed Ronstadt in a vintage dress lying on shimmering satin sheets with a Walkman headset. At the time, Ronstadt received some chiding for both the album cover and her venture into what was then considered "elevator music" by cynics, but remained determined to record with Nelson Riddle, and What's New became a hit. The album was released in September 1983, it spent 81 weeks on the Billboard Album Chart and held the No. 3 position for a month and a half (held out of the top spot by Michael Jackson's 'Thriller' and Lionel Richie's 'Can't Slow Down') and the RIAA certified it triple platinum[71] (over 3 million U.S. copies sold alone). The album earned Ronstadt another Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and critical raves, with Time magazine calling it "one of the gutsiest, most unorthodox and unexpected albums of the year".[100]
Ronstadt faced considerable pressure not to record What's New or record with Riddle. According to jazz historian Peter Levinson, author of the book September In The Rain—a Biography on Nelson Riddle, Joe Smith, president of Elektra Records, was terrified that the Nelson Riddle album would turn off Ronstadt's rock audience.[98] Linda did not completely turn her back on her rock and roll past, however; the video for the title track featured Danny Kortchmar as the old beau that she bumped into during a rainstorm.
What's New brought Nelson Riddle to a younger audience. According to Levinson, "the younger audience hated what Riddle had done with Frank Sinatra,[101] which in 1983 was considered 'Vintage Pop.'" Working with Ronstadt, Riddle brought his career back into focus in the last three years of his life.[101] Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, What's New "isn't the first album by a rock singer to pay tribute to the golden age of the pop, but is ... the best and most serious attempt to rehabilitate an idea of pop that Beatlemania and the mass marketing of rock LPs for teenagers undid in the mid-60s.... In the decade prior to Beatlemania, most of the great band singers and crooners of the 40s and 50s codified a half-century of American pop standards on dozens of albums ... many of them now long out-of-print."[102] What's New is the first album by a rock singer to have major commercial success in rehabilitating the Great American Songbook.[102]
In 1984 Ronstadt and Nelson Riddle performed these songs live, in concert halls throughout Australia, Japan and the United States, including multi-night performances at historic venues Carnegie Hall, Radio City Music Hall and Pine Knob.
In 2004 Ronstadt released Hummin' to Myself, her album for Verve Records. It was her first foray into traditional jazz since her sessions with Jerry Wexler and her records with the Nelson Riddle Orchestra, but this time with an intimate jazz combo. The album was a quiet affair for Ronstadt, giving few interviews and making only one television performance as promotion. It reached No. 2 on Billboard's Top Jazz Albums chart but peaked at No. 166 on the main Billboard album chart. Not having the mass distribution that Warner Music gave her, Hummin' To Myself had sold over 75,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2010—which is quite successful for a small record label like Verve Records. It also achieved some critical acclaim from the jazz cognoscenti.[12]
"Trio" recordings[link]
"When (we) sang, it was a beautiful and different sound I've never heard before. We (recorded the vocals) as individual parts, because we didn't have the luxury of spending a lot of time together on a tour bus ... and knowing each other's (vocal) moves ... takes years."
Linda Ronstadt[59]
In 1978, Ronstadt, with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris, began recording a Trio album. Unfortunately, the attempt was not successful. Ronstadt later remarked that not too many people were in control at the time and everyone was too involved with their own careers. (Though the efforts to complete the album were abandoned, a number of the more successful recordings were included on the singers' respective solo recordings over the next few years.) This concept album was put on the back burner for almost ten years.
In January 1986, the three eventually did make their way into the recording studio, where they spent the next several months working. The result, Trio, which they had conceived ten years earlier, was released in March 1987. It was a considerable hit, holding the No. 1 position on Billboard's Country Albums chart for five weeks running and hitting the Top 10 on the Pop side also. Selling over three million U.S. copies and winning them a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, it produced four Top Ten Country singles including "To Know Him Is To Love Him" which hit #1. The album was also a nominee for overall Album of the Year, in the company of Michael Jackson, U2, Prince, and Whitney Houston.
In 1994, the three performers recorded a follow-up to Trio. As was the case with their aborted 1978 effort, conflicting schedules and competing priorities delayed the album's release indefinitely. Ronstadt, who had already paid for studio time—and owed her record company a finished album—removed Dolly's individual tracks at her request, kept Emmylou's vocals on, and produced a number of the recordings, which she subsequently released on her 1995 return to Country Rock, Feels Like Home.
However, in 1999, Ronstadt, Parton and Harris agreed to release the Trio II album, as was originally recorded in 1994. It included an ethereal cover of Neil Young's "After The Gold Rush" which became a popular music video. The effort was certified Gold (over 500,000 copies sold) and won them a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals for the track. Ronstadt co-produced the album with George Massenburg and the three ladies also received a Grammy Nomination for Best Country Album.
Canciones—songs of the Ronstadt family[link]
At the end of 1987, Ronstadt released an album of traditional Mexican folk songs, or what she describes as "world class songs", titled Canciones de Mi Padre. Keeping with the Ronstadt history theme, her cover art was dramatic, bold, and colorful. For Canciones De Mi Padre, Ronstadt was in full Mexican regalia, and her musical arranger was famed Mariachi musician Rubén Fuentes.
These canciones were a big part of Ronstadt's family tradition and musical roots. For example, the history of this album goes back half a century. In January 1946, the University of Arizona published a booklet by Luisa Espinel entitled Canciones de mi Padre.[103] Luisa Espinel, Ronstadt's aunt, was herself an international singer in the 1920s and 1930s. Ms. Espinel's father was Fred Ronstadt, Linda's grandfather, and the songs she had learned, transcribed and published were some of the ones he had brought with him from Sonora. Ronstadt researched and extracted from the favorites she had learned from her father Gilbert and she called her album by the same name as her aunt's booklet and as a tribute to her father and his family. Though not fully bilingual, she has a fairly good command of the Spanish language, allowing her to sing Latin American songs with little discernible Anglo accent; Ronstadt has often identified herself as Mexican-American.[104] Her formative years were spent with her father's side of the family.[105] In fact, in 1976, Ronstadt had collaborated with her father to write and compose a Traditional Mexican folk ballad titled "Lo siento mi vida", a song that she included in her Grammy winning album Hasten Down the Wind. Also, Ronstadt has credited Mexican singer Lola Beltrán as an influence in her own singing style, and she recalls how a frequent guest to the Ronstadt home, Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero, father of Chicano music, would often serenade her as a child.[88]
This album won Ronstadt a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance. The real achievement, however, is the disc's RIAA double-platinum[71] (over 2 million U.S. copies sold) certification—making it the biggest-selling non-English language album in U.S. music history. Another achievement is that the album and later theatrical stage show, served as a benchmark of Latin cultural renaissance in North America.
"(I obtained) enough clout and ... after years and years of making commercial records, I was entitled to experiment ... the success of the (Nelson Riddle albums) ... entitled me to try the Mexican stuff."
Linda Ronstadt [47]
Ronstadt produced and performed a theatrical stage show in concert halls across the United States and Latin America to both Hispanic and non-Hispanic audiences, including on the Great White Way. She called the stage show by the same name Canciones de mi Padre. These performances were released on DVD. Ronstadt elected to return to the Broadway stage, 4 years after she performed in La Bohème, for a limited run engagement. PBS Great Performances aired the celebrated stage show during its annual fund drives and the show was a hit with audiences, earning Ronstadt an Emmy Award for Individual Performance In A Variety Or Music Program.
Linda later recorded two additional discs of Latin music in the early 1990s. Although their promotion, like most of her albums in the 1990s, were a quieter affair for Ronstadt, where she appeared to do the "bare minimum" to promote them. They were not nearly as successful as Canciones De Mi Padre, but were critically acclaimed in some circles. In 1991 she released Mas Canciones, a follow up to the first Canciones. For this effort she won a Grammy award for Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album. The following year she stepped outside of the Mariachi genre and decided to record well known "afro-Cuban" songs. This disc was titled Frenesí. Like her two previous Latin recordings ventures, this third Latin album won Ronstadt another Grammy award, this time for Best Traditional Tropical Latin Album.
In 1991 Ronstadt acted in the lead role of arch angel San Miguel in La Pastorela, or A Shephard's Tale, a musical filmed at San Juan Bautista. It was written and directed by Luis Valdez. The production was part of the PBS "Great Performances" series. (As of December 2010, it existed on VHS format but had not been released on DVD by that time.)
Returning to the pop music scene[link]
By the late 1980s, while enjoying the success of her big band jazz collaborations with Nelson Riddle and her surprise hit Mariachi recordings, Linda Ronstadt elected to return to recording mainstream pop music once again. In 1987 she made a return to the top of Billboard Hot 100 singles chart with "Somewhere Out There", which peaked at No. 2 in March.[72] Featured in the animated film An American Tail, the sentimental duet with James Ingram was nominated for several Grammy Awards, ultimately winning "Song of the Year." It also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Motion Picture song and achieved high sales, earning a million-selling Gold single in the U.S.—one of the last 45s ever to do so. It was also accompanied by a popular music video. On the heels of this success, Steven Spielberg asked Ronstadt to record the theme song for the animated sequel titled An American Tail: Fievel Goes West, which was titled "Dreams To Dream." Although "Dreams To Dream" failed to achieve the success of "Somewhere Out There", the song did give Ronstadt an Adult Contemporary hit in 1991.
In 1989, Ronstadt released a mainstream pop album and several popular singles. This effort, titled Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind, became one of the singer's most successful albums—in terms of production, arrangements, chart sales, and critical acclaim. It became Ronstadt's tenth Top 10 album on the Billboard chart, reaching the No. 7 position and being certified triple-platinum[71] (over 3 million U.S. copies sold). The album also garnered critical acclaim, receiving numerous Grammy nominations and being praised by Amazon.com as "an album that defines virtually everything that is right about adult contemporary pop."[106] Linda featured New Orleans soul singer Aaron Neville on several of the twelve disc cuts.
Ronstadt incorporated the sounds of the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir, Tower of Power horns, the Skywalker Symphony and numerous musicians. It had duets, including "Don't Know Much" (Billboard Hot 100 No. 2 hit—Christmas 1989[72]) and "All My Life" (Billboard Hot 100 No. 11 hit), both of which were long-running No. 1 Adult Contemporary hits. These duets with Aaron Neville received much critical acclaim, earning several Grammy nominations. The duo won both the 1989 and 1990 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal awards. Linda's last known live Grammy Award appearance was in 1990 when she and Neville performed "Don't Know Much" together on the telecast.[38] ("Whenever I sing with a different artist, I can get things out of my voice that I can't do by myself", Ronstadt reflected in 2007. "I can do things with Aaron that I can't do alone.")[107]
In December 1990, Linda Ronstadt participated in a concert held at the Tokyo Dome to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday, and to raise awareness of environmental issues. Other participants included Miles Davis, Lenny Kravitz, Hall & Oates, Natalie Cole, Japanese artists, Yoko Ono and Sean Lennon. A CD resulted, titled Happy Birthday, John.[108]
A return to roots music[link]
Continuing with her crafted approach to more mainstream-oriented material, Ronstadt released the highly acclaimed Winter Light album at the end of 1993. It included New Age arrangements such as the lead single "Heartbeats Accelerating" as well as the self-penned title track and featured the unique glass armonica instrument. But alas, it was Linda's first commercial failure since 1972, and peaked at a disappointing No. 92 in Billboard, whereas 1995's Feels Like Home was Ronstadt's much heralded return to Country-Rock and included her version of Tom Petty's classic hit "The Waiting." The single's rollicking, fiddle-infused flip side, "Walk On", returned Linda to the Country Singles chart for the first time since 1983. An album track entitled "The Blue Train" charted 10 weeks in Billboard's Adult Contemporary Top 40. This album fared slightly better than its predecessor, reaching #75. Both albums were later deleted from the Elektra/Asylum catalog.
In 1996 Ronstadt produced Dedicated to the One I Love, an album of classic rock 'n roll songs reinvented as lullabies. The disc reached No. 78 in Billboard. Ronstadt was awarded a Grammy in the Best Musical Album for Children category.
In 1998 Ronstadt released We Ran, her first album in over two years. The disc harkened back to Ronstadt's country-rock and folk-rock heyday. She returned to her rock 'n' roll roots with vivid interpretations of songs by Bruce Springsteen, Doc Pomus, Bob Dylan and John Hiatt. The recording was produced by Glyn Johns. A commercial failure, the album stands—at 60,000 copies sold at the time of its deletion in 2008—as the poorest selling studio album in Linda's Elektra/Asylum catalogue. We Ran did not chart any singles but it was well received by critics.
Despite the lack of success of We Ran, Ronstadt kept towards this adult rock exploration. She released Western Wall – The Tucson Sessions in the summer of 1999—a folk-rock oriented project with EmmyLou Harris. It earned a Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Folk Album, and made the Top 10 of Billboard's Country Albums chart (#73 on the main Billboard album chart). However, it would sell roughly half the number of copies that Trio II sold and had gone out of print as of December 2010.
Also in 1999, Ronstadt went back to her concert roots, when she performed with the Eagles and Jackson Browne at Staples Center's 1999 New Year's Eve celebration kicking off the December 31 end-of-the-millennium festivities. As Staples Center Senior Vice President and General Manager Bobby Goldwater said, "It was our goal to present a spectacular event as a sendoff to the 20th century", and "Eagles, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt are three of the most popular acts of the century. Their performances will constitute a singular and historic night of entertainment for New Year's Eve in Los Angeles."[109]
In 2000 Linda Ronstadt completed her long contractual relationship with the Elektra/Asylum Records label. The fulfillment of this contract commenced with the release of A Merry Little Christmas, Linda's first holiday collection, which included rare choral works, the somber Joni Mitchell song "River", and a rare recorded duet with the late Rosemary Clooney on her (Clooney's) signature song, "White Christmas". Since leaving Warner Music, Ronstadt has gone on to release one album each under the Verve and Vanguard Record labels.
"Your musical soul is like facets of a jewel, and you stick out one facet at a time ... (and) I tend to work real hard on whatever it is I do, to get it up to speed, up to a professional level. I tend to bury myself in one thing for years at a time."
Linda Ronstadt[25]
In 2006, recording as the ZoZo Sisters, Ronstadt teamed with her then-new friend, musician and musical scholar Ann Savoy, to record Adieu False Heart. It was an album of roots music incorporating pop, Cajun, and early 20th century music and released on the Vanguard Records label. But Adieu False Heart was a commercial failure, peaking at No. 146 in the U.S., and stands as the latest Linda Ronstadt album as of 2012.
Adieu False Heart, recorded in Louisiana, features a cast of local musicians, including Chas Justus, Eric Frey and Kevin Wimmer of the Red Stick Ramblers, Sam Broussard of The Mamou Playboys, Dirk Powell and Joel Savoy, as well as an array of Nashville musicians: fiddler Stuart Duncan, mandolinist Sam Bush and guitarist Bryan Sutton. The recording earned two Grammy nominations: Best Traditional Folk Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.
In 2007 Ronstadt could be heard on the compilation LP We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song--a tribute album to jazz music's all-time most heralded artist—on the track "Miss Otis Regrets."[110] In the summer of 2007 Ronstadt headlined the Newport Folk Festival, making her debut at this prestigious event, where she incorporated jazz, rock and folk music into her repertoire.
Selected list of career achievements[link]
- As of 2011 Linda Ronstadt has earned three No. 1 Pop albums, ten Top 10 Pop albums and 36 charting Pop albums on the Billboard Pop Album Charts. On Billboard (magazine)'s Top Country Albums chart, she has charted 15 albums including four that hit #1.
- Also—as of 2011—Ronstadt's singles have earned her a No. 1 hit and three No. 2 hits on the Billboard Hot 100 (with ten Top 10 Pop singles and twenty-one reaching the 'Top 40' overall). Additionally she has scored two No. 1 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, and two No. 1 hits and on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart.
- Linda has recorded and released well over 30 studio albums and has made guest appearances on an estimated 120 other albums.[111] Her guest appearances included the classical minimalist Philip Glass's album Songs from Liquid Days, a hit Classical record with other major Pop stars either singing or writing lyrics, she also appeared on Glass's follow up recording; 1000 Airplanes on the Roof, an appearance on Paul Simon's Graceland, where she sang second voice beautifully on a wonderful song of Paul Simon's called "Under African Skies," a song which it appears has a verse dedicated to Ms. Ronstadt, to her amazing voice and harmonies, and to her birth in Tucson, Arizona, she voiced herself in The Simpsons episode "Mr. Plow" and sang a duet "Funny How Time Slips Away" with Homer Simpson on The Yellow Album. Ronstadt has also recorded on albums with artists as diverse as Billy Eckstine, Emmylou Harris, The Chieftains, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, J. D. Souther, Gram Parsons, Bette Midler, Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Earl Scruggs, The Eagles, Andrew Gold, Hoyt Axton, Kate and Anna McGarrigle, Mark Goldenberg, Ann Savoy, Karla Bonoff, James Taylor, Warren Zevon, Maria Muldaur, Randy Newman, Nicolette Larson, the Seldom Scene, Rosemary Clooney, Aaron Neville, Rodney Crowell, Hearts and Flowers, Teresa, Laurie Lewis, Yanka Runpika and Flaco Jiménez.
- Linda's three biggest-selling studio albums to date are her 1977 release Simple Dreams, 1983's What's New, and 1989's Cry Like A Rainstorm, Howl Like The Wind, each one certified by the Recording Industry Association of America for over 3 million copies sold. Her highest-selling album to date is the 1976 compilation, Greatest Hits, certified for over 7 million units sold in 2001.[112]
- Linda Ronstadt became music's first major touring female artist, selling out major venues, and she also became the top-grossing solo female concert artist for the 1970s.[7] Ronstadt remained a highly successful touring artist into the 1990s at which time she decided to 'scale back' to smaller venues.
- Cash Box magazine—fierce competition to Billboard in the 1970s—named Linda Ronstadt the '#1 Female Artist of the Decade'.[18]
- Her RIAA certification (audits paid for by record companies or artist for promotion) tally as of 2001, now totals 19 Gold, 14 Platinum and 7 Multi-Platinum albums.[113]
- Ronstadt's album sales have not been certified since 2001, and at the time, Ronstadt's U.S. album sales were certified by the RIAA at over 30 million albums sold while Peter Asher, her former producer and manager, placed her total U.S. album sales at over 45 million.[33] Likewise, her worldwide albums sales are in excess of 60 million albums sold, according to Verve Music.[114]
- She was the first female in music history to score three consecutive platinum albums and ultimately racked up a total of eight consecutive platinum albums.[115]
- Her album Living In The USA is the first album by any recording act in U.S. music history to ship double platinum (over 2 million advanced copies).[7]
- Linda's first Latin release, the all-Spanish 1987 album, Canciones De Mi Padre stands as the best-selling non-English-language album in U.S. music history. As of 2009, it had sold over 2½ million U.S. copies.
- Ronstadt has served as record producer on various albums from musicians such as her cousin David Lindley and Aaron Neville to singer-songwriter Jimmy Webb.[116] She produced Cristal – Glass Music Through the Ages, an album of classical music using glass instruments with Dennis James, and Ronstadt singing on several of the arrangements.[117] In 1999, Ronstadt also produced the Grammy Award winning Trio II.
- She has received a total of 27 Grammy Award nominations in various fields from Rock, Country, and Pop, to Tropical Latin, and has won 11 Grammy Awards in fields including Pop, Country, Tropical Latin, Musical Album for Children, and Mexican-American.
- Ronstadt was the first female solo artist to have two Top 40 singles simultaneously on Billboard magazine's Hot 100: "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" (October 1977). By December, both "Blue Bayou" and "It's So Easy" had climbed into Billboard's Top 5 and remained there for the entire month.[118]
- As a singer-songwriter Ronstadt has also written songs covered by several artists, such as "Try Me Again" covered by Trisha Yearwood and "Winter Light" which was co-written and composed with Zbigniew Preisner and Eric Kaz, and covered by Sarah Brightman.
- Ronstadt has elected to sing songs written by a diverse group of artist including Lowell George, Zevon, Costello, Souther, Newman, Patty Griffin. Sinéad O'Connor, Julie Miller, Mel Tillis, Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers, John Hiatt, Joe Melson, Seldom Scene, Bruce Springsteen, George Jones, Tracy Nelson, the Flying Burrito Brothers, Little Feat, Neil Young, Bob Dylan, Chuck Berry, the Everly Brothers, Brian Wilson, the Rolling Stones, the Miracles, Oscar Hammerstein II, Roy Orbison and Buddy Holly and the Crickets.
- Rolling Stone Magazine writes, a whole generation "but for her, might never have heard the work of Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, or Elvis Costello."[5]
- "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" included Heart Like A Wheel (1974) at No. 164 and The Very Best Of Linda Ronstadt (2002) at #324.[119]
- In 1999, Ronstadt ranked No. 21 in VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. Three years later, she ranked No. 40 in CMT's 40 Greatest Women in Country Music.
Personal life[link]
Beginning in the mid-1970s, Linda Ronstadt's private life was given major publicity. It was fueled by a relationship with then-Governor of California Jerry Brown, a Democratic presidential candidate. They shared a Newsweek magazine cover in April 1979.[120] They also made the cover of Us Weekly magazine. Ronstadt and Brown took a trip to Africa which became fodder for the international press, and they made the cover of People magazine. In the mid-1980s, Ronstadt was engaged to Star Wars director George Lucas.[121] In 1991 Ronstadt adopted an infant daughter, Mary Clementine.[122] She later adopted a son, Carlos.[123] She has never married.[124]
In the early 1980s, Ronstadt was criticized by some (mainly rock critics) for playing two concerts, as a replacement for Frank Sinatra, in South Africa under apartheid, at a time when Ray Charles, The Beach Boys, Tina Turner, Sinatra, Shirley Bassey and Cher were also performing there.
In 2009, in honor of Linda Ronstadt, the Martin Guitar Company has made a 00–42 model "Linda Ronstadt Limited Edition" acoustic guitar. Ronstadt has appointed the Land Institute as recipient of all proceeds from her signature guitar.[125]
In the summer of 2011, Simon & Schuster announced they would publish Ronstadt's autobiography. To be entitled Heart Like A Wheel, the memoir is scheduled to be released in 2013.[126][127]
Political activism[link]
Major criticism and praise involving Ronstadt's politics arose during a July 17, 2004, performance at the Aladdin Theatre for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas. Toward the end of her performance, as she had done across the country, Ronstadt spoke to the audience, praising Fahrenheit 9/11, Michael Moore's documentary film about the Iraq War, and dedicated the song "Desperado" to Moore.[128] Accounts say the crowd's initial reaction was mixed, with "half the crowd heartily applauding her praise for Moore, (and) the other half booing."[128] Following the concert, news accounts reported that Ronstadt was "evicted" from the hotel premises.[129] Ronstadt's comments, as well as the reactions of some audience members and the hotel, became a topic of discussion nationwide. Aladdin casino president Bill Timmins and Michael Moore each made public statements on the controversy.[130] The incident prompted international headlines and debate on an entertainer's right to express a political opinion from the stage, and made the editorial section of The New York Times.[131] Following the incident, many friends of Ronstadt's, including the Eagles, immediately canceled their engagements at the Aladdin.[38] Ronstadt also received telegrams of support from her rock 'n' roll friends around the world, such as The Rolling Stones, The Eagles, and Elton John. Amid reports of mixed public response, Ronstadt continued in her praise of Moore and his film throughout her 2004 and 2006 summer concerts across North America. At a 2006 concert in Canada, Ronstadt told the Calgary Sun that she was "embarrassed George Bush (was) from the United States.... He's an idiot.... He's enormously incompetent on both the domestic and international scenes.... Now the fact that we were lied to about the reasons for entering into war against Iraq and thousands of people have died – it's just as immoral as racism." Her remarks drew international headlines. In an August 14, 2007, interview, she commented on all her well-publicized, outspoken views, in particular the Aladdin incident by noting, "If I had it to do over I would be much more gracious to everyone ... you can be as outspoken as you want if you are very, very respectful. Show some grace".[132]
In August 2009, Ronstadt, in a well-publicized interview to PlanetOut Inc. titled "Linda Ronstadt's Gay Mission", championed gay rights, same sex marriage and stated that "homophobia is anti-family values. Period, end of story."[133]
On January 16, 2010, Ronstadt converged with thousands of other activists in a "National Day of Action". Ronstadt stated that her "dog in the fight" was—as a native Arizonan and coming from a law enforcement family—the treatment of illegal aliens, Arizona's enforcement of its anti-immigrant law and Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio's immigration efforts.[134]
On April 29, 2010, Ronstadt began a campaign, including joining a lawsuit,[135] against Arizona's new illegal-immigration law SB 1070 calling it a "devastating blow to law enforcement..the police don't protect us in a democracy with brute force", something she said she learned from her brother, Peter, who was Chief of Police in Tucson.[136]
Ronstadt has also been outspoken on environmental and community issues. Ronstadt is a major supporter and admirer of sustainable agriculture pioneer Wes Jackson, saying in 2000 that "the work he's doing right now is the most important work there is in the (United States)",[137] and dedicating the rock anthem "Desperado" to him at an August 2007 concert in Kansas City, Kansas .[138] In 2007 Ronstadt resided in the San Francisco area, while also maintaining her home in Tucson, Arizona.[139] That same year she drew criticism and praise[140] from Tucsonans for commenting that the local city council's failings, developers' strip mall mentality, greed and growing dust problem had rendered the city unrecognizable and poorly developed.[141]
National arts advocate[link]
"In the United States we spend millions of dollars on sports because it promotes teamwork, discipline, and the experience of learning to make great progress in small increments. Learning to play music together does all this and more."
Congressional testimony from Linda Ronstadt[142]
In 2008, Ronstadt was appointed Artistic Director of the San José Mariachi and Mexican Heritage Festival.[3][143] On March 31, 2009, in testimony that the LA Times viewed as "remarkable",[144] Ronstadt spoke to the United States Congress' House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies, attempting to convince lawmakers to budget $200 million in the 2010 fiscal year for the National Endowment of the Arts.[145]
Ronstadt has also been honored for her contribution to the American arts. On September 23, 2007, Ronstadt was inducted into the Arizona Music & Entertainment Hall of Fame, along with Stevie Nicks, Buck Owens and filmmaker Steven Spielberg.[146] On August 17, 2008, Ronstadt received a tribute by various artists including BeBe Winans and Wynonna Judd, when she was honored with the Trailblazer Award, presented to her by Plácido Domingo at the 2008 ALMA Awards,[147] a ceremony later televised in the U.S. on ABC.
In May 2009, Ronstadt received an honorary doctorate of music degree from the Berklee College of Music for her achievements and influence in music, and her contributions to American and international culture.[148] Mix magazine stated that "Linda Ronstadt (has) left her mark on more than the record business; her devotion to the craft of singing influenced many audio professionals.... (and is) intensely knowledgeable about the mechanics of singing and the cultural contexts of every genre she passes".[54]
In 2004, Ronstadt wrote the Foreword Introduction to the book titled The NPR Curious Listener's Guide To American Folk Music,[149] and in 2005 she wrote the Introduction to the book titled Classic Ferrington Guitars, about guitar-maker and luthier Danny Ferrington and his custom guitars that he created for Ronstadt and other musicians such as Elvis Costello, Ry Cooder, and Kurt Cobain.[150]
Awards[link]
Grammy Awards[link]
- 1975—Best Country Vocal Performance, Female, "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still In Love With You)" from Heart Like a Wheel
- 1976—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, Hasten Down the Wind
- 1980—Best Musical Album for Children, In Harmony: A Sesame Street Record (multiple artist compilation w/ Linda Ronstadt)1
- 1987—Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, Trio (with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris)
- 1988—Best Mexican-American Performance, Canciones de Mi Padre
- 1989—Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, "Don't Know Much" from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind with Aaron Neville
- 1990—Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, "All My Life" from Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind with Aaron Neville
- 1992—Best Tropical Latin Album, Frenesi
- 1993—Best Mexican-American Album, Mas Canciones
- 1996—Best Musical Album for Children, Dedicated to the One I Love
- 1999—Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, "After the Gold Rush" from Trio II with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris
1 "Best Musical Album for Children" Grammy—Linda Ronstadt is not recognised by the Grammy Awards as being a recipient of this particular Grammy, although she participated in the production. Therefore, the Grammy Award site[151] shows Ronstadt the recipient of only 10 Awards, and 17 additional nominations. However, the official Grammy Awards site does show Ronstadt as a recipient for the Grammy winning Musical Album for Children.
Grammy Award nominations[link]
- 1970—Best Contemporary Vocal Performance, Female, "Long, Long Time" from Silk Purse
- 1975—Album of the Year, Heart Like a Wheel
- 1975—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, Heart Like a Wheel
- 1977—Record of the Year, "Blue Bayou" from Simple Dreams
- 1977—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, "Blue Bayou" from Simple Dreams
- 1980—Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female, "How Do I Make You" from Mad Love
- 1982—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, "Get Closer" from the album Get Closer
- 1982—Best Rock Vocal Performance, Female, "Get Closer" from the album Get Closer
- 1983—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, What's New
- 1985—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, Lush Life
- 1987—Album of the Year, Trio with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris
- 1987—Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal, "Somewhere Out There" from the soundtrack to An American Tail with James Ingram
- 1989—Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female, Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind
- 1999—Best Country Album, Trio II with Dolly Parton and Emmylou Harris
- 1999—Best Contemporary Folk Album, Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions with Emmylou Harris
- 2002—Best Traditional Folk Album, Evangeline Made: A Tribute to Cajun Music, multiple artist compilation, with vocalist Ann Savoy
- 2006—Best Traditional Folk Album, Adieu False Heart with Ann Savoy
Latin Grammy Award[link]
- 2011—Latin Recording Academy Lifetime Achievement Award[152]
Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame inductee[link]
- 2007—For her significant impact and evolution and development of the entertainment culture in the state of Arizona
ACM Music Award[link]
- 1974—Best New Female Artist
- 1987—Best Album / 'TRIO'—Dolly Parton, Linda Ronstadt and Emmylou Harris
Emmy Award[link]
- 1989—Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program, Linda Ronstadt, Great Performances: Canciones de Mi Padre
ALMA Award[link]
- 2008—Trailblazer Award for Contribution to American Music[153]
Tony Award nomination[link]
- 1981—Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical, Linda Ronstadt in The Pirates of Penzance as "Mabel"
Golden Globe Award nomination[link]
- 1983—Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical or Comedy, Linda Ronstadt in The Pirates of Penzance
Discography[link]
Main article: Linda Ronstadt discography
References[link]
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- ^ "MIX, Magazine on professional audio and music production Audio". Linda Ronstadt December 1, 2000, by Dan Daley. http://mixonline.com/mag/audio_linda_ronstadt/index.html. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ "American Way, April 1, 1988". Linda Ronstadt's New Old Flame- Mexican Music 1. "I'm Not Good At Doing What I'm Told". http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artamway.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
- ^ Joshua Clegg Caffery (July 26, 2006). "Songbird Sisters: South Louisiana's Ann Savoy teams up with pop icon Linda Ronstadt for their new CD, Adieu False Heart". The Independent Weekly. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928000105/http://www.theind.com/cover2.asp?CID=-1710469275. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- ^ "Everlasting Linda". Linda Ronstadt Interview 17 June 1998 at Linda's home in Tucson, Arizona. http://www.debbiekruger.com/writer/freelance/ronstadt_transcript.html. Retrieved 2007-07-06.
- ^ "God in Popular Culture". Andrew Greeley, Chapter 14. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artgod88-1.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ "Official Amazon Review". The Very Best of Linda Ronstadt, September 24, 2002. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00006J424. Retrieved 2007-05-14.
- ^ "Cashbox". Special Decade Award. http://www.lindaronstadt.com/files/pwoi/Decade.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ Elizabeth Kaye. "Linda Ronstadt: Why Is She The Queen Of Lonely?". Redbook. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/intrb.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ a b Robert Windeler (November 17, 1975). "When Will She Be Loved? Linda Ronstadt Finds the Time, at Last, Is Now". People magazine. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artpeo75.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ^ a b c d e f g h RIAA Certifcations
- ^ a b c d e f The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits: by Fred Bronson. ISBN 0-8230-7677-6
- ^ "Grammy.com: Grammy Award Winners". 1975–18th Annual GRAMMY Awards. http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx. Retrieved 2008-02-23.
- ^ "Ronstadt Facts, Investigative International Sales". Linda Ronstadt Record Sales Information Page (German Site). http://lindaronstadt.de/facts.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt Singing the National Anthem at Game three of World Series". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DxYYwE_ezE. Retrieved 2007-08-11.
- ^ a b c d e f "Not My Job: Linda Ronstadt". NPR. April 28, 2007. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9888452. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
- ^ a b "M O J O, the Rock'n'Roll Magazine". Homecoming Queen, April 1995. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artmojo.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt". CBS News Sunday Morning December 5, 2004 Interview. http://www.lindaronstadt.com/files/CBSNSM/CBS_SundayAM.html. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
- ^ "Congratulations". Billboard. December 23, 1978. http://www.lindaronstadt.com/files/pwoi/BB_23Dec1978_Congrats.html. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ "TOUR REFLECTIONS AND SIMPLE DREAMS". The Hit Parader Interview. March 1978. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/arthp78.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
- ^ "Ronstadt and Rolling Stones, July 21, 1978". Photos. http://www.iorr.org/talk/read.php?1,1222215,1222980. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
- ^ "Ronstadt Rolling Stones, July 21, 1978". Rolling Stone tour dates 21/07/1978 Community Center — Tucson. http://www.myetymology.com/encyclopedia/Rolling_Stones_U.S._Tour_1978.html0. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs nameddouble_platinum; see the help page. - ^ a b "The Inflation Calculator". The following form adjusts any given amount of money for inflation, according to the Consumer Price Index. http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl. Retrieved 2009-08-10.
- ^ "People". On the Charts and in Men's Hearts Linda Ronstadt is No. 1 With a Bullet. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artpeo77.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ "Pat Benatar: Rock's Reluctant Sex Symbol". Record Review, December 1980. http://www.lemuseumdebenatar.com/vintage4.html. Retrieved 2007-07-05.
- ^ "Hit Parader". Rock Queen Conquers Broadway And Lives Happily Ever After, September 1981. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/arthp81.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ a b "AARP Segunda Juventud Online". Linda Ronstadt, The music legend opens up to AARP Segunda Juventud Online, By Anita Mabante Leach, August 2007. http://www.aarpsegundajuventud.org/english/entertainment/2007-AS/07AS_ronstadt.html. Retrieved 2007-09-16. [dead link]
- ^ "IBDB Internet Broadway Database, an official database presented by The League of American Theatres and Producers, Inc. In association with Theatre Development Fund and New York State". Linda Ronstadt. http://www.ibdb.com/person.asp?id=58306. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ "Newsweek". A Pop Star Goes Puccini by Jack Kroll, December 10, 1984. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artnw84.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ "IBDB Internet Broadway Database". Linda Ronstadt's Canciones. http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=4514. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ "Billboard Magazine". Linda Ronstadt's promo ad for live Dallas radio concert broadcast. http://www.lindaronstadt.com/files/scans/1982_dallas_radio_concert.jpg. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt to play at Fantasy Springs". The Press-Enterprise (Riverside, California) author=Paul Saitowitz. May 31, 2007. http://www.pe.com/entertainment/stories/PE_Ent_Guide_D_ronstadt01.19591ed.html. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
- ^ "What's New with Linda Ronstadt? She's Singing Her Love Songs to Star Wars Czar George Lucas". People magazine. March 26, 1984. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artpeo84.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-12.
- ^ "The Gazette". Great musicians and their legions of paying fans deserve a great venue. http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=3d66e8e0-b5c8-4106-a56b-95d023c067c3. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
- ^ Cocks, Jay; Worrell, Denise (September 26, 1983). "Time magazine". Linda Leads The Band. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949833-2,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-06.
- ^ "Downbeat". An Intimate Conversation. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artdb85.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
- ^ a b "Jerry Jazz Musician". The Peter Levinson Interview. http://www.jerryjazzmusician.com/mainHTML.cfm?page=levinson.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ "San Diego Union Tribune, November 2004". A 'song interpreter' for her times, By George Varga. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20041121-9999-1a21linda.html. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
- ^ "Music: Linda Leads the Band, September 26, 1983". Time Magazine. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/arttm83.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
- ^ a b "Id". Interview. http://www.jerryjazzmusician.com/mainHTML.cfm?page=levinson.html. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
- ^ a b Stephen Holden (February 7, 2005). "Linda Ronstadt Celebrate the Golden Age of Pop". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/04/arts/linda-ronstadt-celebrates-the-golden-age-of-pop.html. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
- ^ "Tucson'sRonstadtFamily". The Arizona Library. http://parentseyes.arizona.edu/ronstadtfamily/music/cancintr.html. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
- ^ "American Way". Linda Ronstadt's New Old Flame- Mexican Music. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artamway.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-07.
- ^ "Rolling Stone". The Rolling Stone Interview. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061022112308/http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/intrs78.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
- ^ "Review". Amazon.com essential recording. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000002H7E. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ "Home grown" by Ron Thibodeaux, The Times-Picayune, New Orleans, La., Feb. 11, 2007.
- ^ "Tokyo Dome". Concert to commemorate John Lennon's 50th birthday. http://www.jeclique.com/onoweb/dreampower2001.html. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ "Eagles to Perform at Staples Center". New Year's Eve. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928135754/http://www.staplescenter.com/news/fullstory.sps?iNewsid=103445&itype=&iCategoryID=0. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
- ^ Rock On The Net—Linda Ronstadt
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt". Album and Guest Appearances. Archived from the original on March 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070330225942/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/eric_herni/guest.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "RIAA". Ronstadt's RIAA Certified Gold and Platinum. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Ronstadt&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2007&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ "RIAA". The Best Selling Artist Tallies. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=Ronstadt&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2007&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2007-05-09.
- ^ Verve Music Group—Biography on Linda Ronstadt
- ^ "Joel Whitburn's The Billboard Albums". Linda Ronstadt's Top Pop Albums. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/toppopa.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^ "Homecoming Queen". MOJO, the Rock'n'Roll Magazine. April 1995. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artmojo.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
- ^ "Rich Bailey Interview". Dennis James discusses his career, his current CD, and working with Linda Ronstadt, January 2002. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/djames.html. Retrieved 2007-05-08.
- ^ The Book of Singles—Top 20 Charts 1984 to present Day: Dave McAleer: 2001: ISBN 0-87930-666-1:
- ^ The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time
- ^ "Newsweek". The Pop Politics of Jerry Brown. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/newsweek79.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
- ^ "US Magazine". Linda Ronstadt Checking in with the ex-flower child at home in Tucson: by Jonathan Schwartz. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113244/http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/artus00.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ Fink, Mitchell (September 16, 1991). "The Insider". People Weekly 1991 (33): 33. "Singer Linda Ronstadt quietly became a single parent earlier this year. She has adopted an infant girl and named her Mary Clementine Ronstadt."
- ^ Walsh, Diana (September 25, 1997). "Linda Ronstadt home for sale". San Francisco Examiner. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1997/09/25/NEWS10452.dtl. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
- ^ [1] Interview, The Honolulu Advertiser
- ^ "CF Martin & Company Website". Linda Ronstadt Signature Guitar. http://www.martinguitar.com/artists/display_artist.php?d=387. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
- ^ "Quick Takes: Linda Ronstadt plans memoir". L.A. Times (Tribune Newspaper). July 29, 2011. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-quick-20110729,0,447297.story. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ Lindsay Deutsch (July 29, 2011). "Trailblazing rocker Linda Ronstadt to publish memoir". USA TODAY (Gannett Co. Inc.). http://books.usatoday.com/bookbuzz/post/2011/07/trailblazing-rocker-linda-ronstadt-to-publish-memoir/179169/1. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
- ^ a b "The Progressive". Linda Ronstadt Gets the Hook at Aladdin: by Matthew Rothschild July 21, 2004. http://www.progressive.org/mag_mclindar. Retrieved 2007-05-12.
- ^ "Las Vegas Review-Journal". Aladdin officials defend eviction of singer after political comments. http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2004/July-20-Tue-2004/news/24348468.html. Retrieved 2007-05-12. [dead link]
- ^ "Michael Moore". Open Letter to Bill Timmins, President Aladdin Casino and Hotels. http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/message/index.php?messageDate=2004-07-19. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ "Desperadoes". The New York Times. July 21, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/21/opinion/21wed4.html. Retrieved 2007-05-12. [dead link]
- ^ "Interview: Linda Ronstadt, Written by Nancy Dunham". Blogcritics Magazine. http://blogcritics.org/archives/2007/08/14/085901.php. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
- ^ "LINDA RONSTADT'S GAY MISSION Author=Jenny Stewart". Planet Out. http://www.gay.net/entertainment/2009/08/legend-linda-ronstadt-gay-lesbian-mission.html. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt Calls Joe Arpaio "a Sadistic Man", Will Participate in Anti-Arpaio Human Rights March Saturday, January 16". Phoenix New Times. http://blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com/bastard/2009/12/linda_ronstadt_call_joe_arpaio.php. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt joins group filing suit against Arizona law". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/From-the-news-wires/2010/0430/Linda-Ronstadt-joins-group-filing-suit-against-Arizona-law. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "lawsuits challenge Arizona's immigration law". Arizona Daily Star. http://azstarnet.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/article_5f4f524e-53e0-11df-b705-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
- ^ "Id". http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/US2000.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ "Ex-Interior Department secretary says The Land Institute on right track". Salina Journal Online. http://www.saljournal.com/rdnews/story/Prairie100107. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
- ^ Selvin, Joel. "Linda Ronstadt, at 60, is back in San Francisco, raising kids, and singing what she wants to sing". San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/07/28/DDG2PK61T81.DTL. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt draws readers' ire". Arizona Star. http://www.azstarnet.com/allheadlines/186398. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ "Ronstadt: Dust drove me away". Arizona Star. http://www.azstarnet.com/metro/185781. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
- ^ "Written Testimony in Support of FY10 Appropriations for the National Endowment for the Arts". Submitted by Linda Ronstadt Singer House Appropriations Subcommittee on Interior, Environment & Related Agencies. http://www.ronstadt-linda.com/testimony2.html. Retrieved 2012-03-19.
- ^ "Testimony by Linda Ronstadt". Silicon Valley Mercury News. http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_12031166. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Linda Ronstadt hails Gustavo Dudamel in testimony on Capitol Hill". Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2009/04/linda-ronstadt-hails-gustavo-dudamel-in-testimony-on-capitol-hill.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Testimony by Linda Ronstadt text". Silicon Valley Mercury News. http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_12031166. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Arizona Music Hall of Fame". Official website. http://www.azmusichalloffame.org/. Retrieved 2008-07-22.
- ^ "Associated Press, August 17, 2008". ALMA Awards. http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5gagoJaITZvmh43WUE3goinc3vnewD92KFEFO0. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
- ^ "Honorary Doctorate Linda Ronstadt". Commencement May 9. http://www.berklee.edu/news/641/smokey-robinson-at-commencement-may-9. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
- ^ "Amazon". The NPR Curious Listener's Guide To American Folk Music, by Kip Lornell (Author), Linda Ronstadt (Foreword). http://www.amazon.com/dp/0399530339. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ "Barnes & Noble". Classic Ferrington Guitars: by Kate Giel (Editor), Linda Ronstadt (Introduction). http://search.barnesandnoble.com/booksearch/isbnInquiry.asp?z=y&EAN=9780760776056. Retrieved 2007-05-17.
- ^ Grammy Awards—Official Site Past Winners Searchable database
- ^ Morris, Christopher (July 26, 2011). "Ronstadt draws lifetime award". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118040434. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "ALMA Award". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVJHUdmCcPU&feature=PlayList&p=D46B9D0623515D35&index=0&playnext=1. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
Articles and interviews[link]
- Fusion, Linda Ronstadt: Female Rocker, (December 26, 1969), Courtesy of Unofficial Linda Ronstadt Homepage
- Creem Magazine, A Heart To Heart with Linda Ronstadt (December 1976), Courtesy of Unofficial Linda Ronstadt Homepage
- Linda Ronstadt: Melancholy Baby, Esquire, (October 1985), Courtesy of Unofficial Linda Ronstadt Homepage
- The Weekend Australian: Everlasting Linda, by Debbie Kruger, Courtesy of Debbie Kruger (July 19, 1998)
- Linda Ronstadt lets wisdom strike notes, The Honolulu Advertiser (March 31, 2006)
- San Diego Union-Tribune interview
- Tucson Citizen report of the Aladdin incident
- Edmonton Sun interview "Linda Ronstadt defends her politics" (August 10, 2006)
- Calgary Sun "Ronstadt still sings sweetly" (August 10, 2006)
- Linda Ronstadt's interview with Tavis Smiley (August 5, 2006)
- Kudos To Linda Ronstadt by James Donahue
- Linda Ronstadt rocks with jazz sophistication (August 4, 2007)
- Linda Ronstadt plays NPR's "Wait Wait ... Don't Tell Me!" (April 28, 2007)
External links[link]
- The Definitive Linda Ronstadt Homepage (Unofficial but comprehensive)
- Linda Ronstadt at the Internet Movie Database
- Linda Ronstadt at the Internet Broadway Database
- Linda Ronstadt at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Linda Ronstadt discography
- Tucson's Ronstadt Family History of the Ronstadt family
- VIRB.com site
- Linda Ronstadt was inducted into the Hit Parade Hall of Fame (winners based on fan votes)
- Future Rock n Roll Hall of Fame Induction chances and Information
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ronstadt, Linda |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American singer |
| Date of birth | 1946-07-15 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Linda_Ronstadt
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For other people named Charles Chaplin, see Charles Chaplin (disambiguation).
| Sir Charlie Chaplin | |
|---|---|
 Chaplin as The Tramp, 1915 |
|
| Birth name | Charles Spencer Chaplin |
| Born | (1889-04-16)16 April 1889 Walworth, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Died | 25 December 1977(1977-12-25) (aged 88) Vevey, Switzerland |
| Medium | Film, music, mimicry |
| Nationality | British |
| Years active | 1895–1976[1] |
| Genres | Slapstick, mime, visual comedy |
| Influenced | Benny Hill Marcel Marceau The Three Stooges Federico Fellini Milton Berle Peter Sellers Rowan Atkinson Johnny Depp Jacques Tati Woody Allen |
| Spouse |
Mildred Harris (m. 1918–1921) «start: (1918)–end+1: (1922)»"Marriage: Mildred Harris to Charlie Chaplin" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Charlie_Chaplin) 8 children |
| Signature |  |
Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin, KBE (16 April 1889 – 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, film director and composer best known for his work during the silent film era.[2] He became the most famous film star in the world before the end of World War I. Chaplin used mime, slapstick and other visual comedy routines, and continued well into the era of the talkies, though his films decreased in frequency from the end of the 1920s. His most famous role was that of The Tramp, which he first played in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice in 1914.[3] From the April 1914 one-reeler Twenty Minutes of Love onwards he was writing and directing most of his films, by 1916 he was also producing them, and from 1918 he was even composing the music for them. With Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, he co-founded United Artists in 1919.[4]
Chaplin was one of the most creative and influential personalities of the silent-film era. He was influenced by his predecessor, the French silent film comedian Max Linder, to whom he dedicated one of his films.[5] His working life in entertainment spanned over 75 years, from the Victorian stage and the music hall in the United Kingdom as a child performer, until close to his death at the age of 88. His high-profile public and private life encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin was identified with left-wing politics during the McCarthy era and he was ultimately forced to resettle in Europe from 1952.
In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin the 10th greatest male screen legend of all time.[6] In 2008, Martin Sieff, in a review of the book Chaplin: A Life, wrote: "Chaplin was not just 'big', he was gigantic. In 1915, he burst onto a war-torn world bringing it the gift of comedy, laughter and relief while it was tearing itself apart through World War I. Over the next 25 years, through the Great Depression and the rise of Adolf Hitler, he stayed on the job. ... It is doubtful any individual has ever given more entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most".[7] George Bernard Shaw called Chaplin "the only genius to come out of the movie industry".[8]
Contents |
Early years (1889–1913)[link]
Background and childhood hardship[link]
File:Hannahchaplin.jpg
Hannah Chaplin, mother
Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin (née Hannah Harriet Pedlingham Hill, 1865–1928) and Charles Chaplin Sr. (1863–1901). There is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London.[9][note 1] His mother and father had married four years previously, at which time Chaplin Sr. became the legal carer of Hannah's illegitimate son, Sydney John (1885–1965).[12][note 2] At the time of his birth, Chaplin's parents were both entertainers in the music hall tradition: Hannah, the daughter of a shoemaker,[13] had a brief and unsuccessful career under the stage name Lily Harley,[14] while Charles Sr., a butcher's son,[15] worked as a popular singer.[16] The Chaplins became estranged in around 1891;[17] a year later, Hannah gave birth to a third son—George Wheeler Dryden—fathered by music hall entertainer Leo Dryden. The child was taken by Dryden at six months old, and did not re-enter Chaplin's life for 30 years.[18]
Chaplin's childhood was fraught with poverty and hardship, prompting biographer David Robinson to describe his eventual trajectory as "the most dramatic of all the rags to riches stories ever told."[19] His early years were spent with his mother and brother in the London district of Kennington; Hannah had no means of income, other than occasional nursing and dressmaking, and Chaplin Sr. provided no support for his sons.[20] Because of this poverty, Chaplin was sent to a workhouse at seven years old. The council housed him at the Central London District School for paupers, which Chaplin remembered as "a forlorn existence".[21] He was briefly reunited with his mother at nine years old, before Hannah was forced to readmit her family to the workhouse in July 1898. The boys were promptly sent to Norwood Schools, another charity institution.[22]
I was hardly aware of a crisis because we lived in a continual crisis; and, being a boy, I dismissed our troubles with gracious forgetfulness.[23]
—Chaplin on his childhood
In September 1898, Hannah Chaplin was committed to Cane Hill mental asylum—she had developed a psychosis seemingly brought on by malnutrition and an infection of syphilis.[24] Chaplin recalled his anguish at the news: "Why had she done this? Mother, so light-hearted and gay, how could she go insane?"[25] For the two months she was there, Chaplin and his brother were sent to live with their father, whom the young boy scarcely knew.[26] Charles Chaplin Sr. was by then a severe alcoholic, and life with the man was bad enough to provoke a visit from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.[27] He died two years later, at 37 years old, from cirrhosis of the liver.[28]
Hannah Chaplin entered a period of remission, but in May 1903 became ill again. Chaplin, then 14, had the task of taking his mother to the infirmary.[29] He lived alone for several days, searching for food and occasionally sleeping rough, until his brother Sydney returned from the navy.[30] Hannah Chaplin was released from the asylum eight months later,[31] but in March 1905 her madness returned, this time permanently. "There was nothing we could do but accept poor mother's fate", Chaplin later wrote, and she remained in care until her death in 1928.[32]
Young performer[link]
Chaplin's first stage appearance came at five years old, when he took over from his mother one night in Aldershot. Hannah had been booed off stage, and the manager chose Chaplin, who was standing in the wings, to go on as her replacement. The young boy confidently entertained the crowd, and received laughter and applause.[33] It was an isolated performance, but at nine years old Chaplin became interested in the theatre. He credited his mother, later writing "[she] imbued me with the feeling that I had some sort of talent."[34] Through his father's connections, Chaplin became a member of The Eight Lancashire Lads clog dancing troupe.[35] He began his professional career in this way, as the group toured English music halls from 1899 to 1902.[36] Chaplin worked hard and the act was popular with audiences, but dancing did not satisfy the child and he dreamt of forming a comedy act.[37]
What had happened? It seemed the world had suddenly changed, had taken me into its fond embrace and adopted me.[38]
—Chaplin reflecting on his change in fortunes
By age 13 Chaplin had fully abandoned education.[39][note 3] He supported himself with a range of jobs, but said he "never lost sight of my ultimate aim to become an actor."[41] At 14, shortly after his mother's relapse, he registered with a theatrical agency in London's West End. The manager sensed potential in Chaplin and he was soon on the stage.[42] His first role was a newsboy in H. A. Saintsbury's Jim, a Romance of Cockayne. It opened in July 1903 in Kingston upon Thames, but the show was unsuccessful and it closed after two weeks. Chaplin's comic performance, however, was singled out for praise in many of the reviews.[43] From October 1903 to June 1904, Chaplin toured with Saintsbury in Charles Frohman's production of Sherlock Holmes.[44] He repeated his performance of Billy the pageboy for two subsequent tours,[45] and was so successful that he was called to London to play the role alongside William Gillette, the original Holmes.[note 4] "It was like tidings from heaven", Chaplin recalled.[47] Chaplin starred in the West End production at the Duke of York's Theatre from 17 October to 2 December 1905.[48] He completed one final tour of Sherlock Holmes in early 1906, eventually leaving the play after more than two and a half years.[49]
Vaudeville[link]
Chaplin quickly began work in another role, touring with his brother—who was also pursuing an acting career—in a comedy sketch called Repairs. He left the troupe in May 1906, and joined the vaudeville act Casey's Court Circus.[50] Chaplin's specialism with the company was a burlesque of Dick Turpin and the music hall star "Dr. Bodie". It was popular with audiences and Chaplin became the star of the show. When they finished touring in July 1907, the 18-year-old was an accomplished comedian.[51] Several months of unemployment followed, however, and Chaplin lived a solitary existence while lodging with a family in Kennington. He attempted to develop a solo comedy act, but his Jewish impersonation was poorly received and he performed it only once.[52]
By 1908, Sydney Chaplin had become a star of Fred Karno's prestigious comedy company.[53] In February, he managed to secure a two-week trial for his younger brother. Karno was initially wary, thinking Chaplin a "pale, puny, sullen-looking youngster" who "looked much too shy to do any good in the theatre."[54] But the teenager made an impact on his first night at the London Coliseum, winning more laughs in his small role than the star, and he was quickly signed to a contract. His salary was £3 10s a week.[55][note 5] Chaplin's most successful role with the Karno company was a drunk called the Inebriate Swell, a character recognised by Robinson as "very Chaplinesque".[57] He took it to Paris in the autumn of 1909.[58] In April 1910, he was given the lead role in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless, or The Boy 'Ero. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention.[59]
Karno selected his new star to join a fraction of the company that toured America; he also signed Chaplin to a new contract, which doubled his pay.[60] The young comedian headed the show and impressed American reviewers, being described as "one of the best pantomime artists ever seen here."[61] The tour lasted 21 months, and the troupe—which also included Stan Laurel of later Laurel and Hardy fame—returned to England in June 1912.[62] Chaplin recalled: "I had a disquieting feeling of sinking back into a depressing commonplaceness", and was therefore "elated" when a new tour began in October.[63]
Entering films (1914–1917)[link]
Beginning with Keystone[link]
Chaplin's second American tour with the Karno company was not particularly successful, as cast members fell sick and audiences failed to grasp the troupe's burlesque humour.[64] They had been there six months when Chaplin's manager received a telegram, asking "Is there a man named Chaffin in your company or something like that" with the request that that this comedian contact the New York Motion Picture Company. A member of NYMPC had seen Chaplin perform (accounts of whom and where vary) and felt that he would make a good replacement for Fred Mace, outgoing star of their Keystone Studios.[65] Chaplin thought the Keystone comedies "a crude mélange of rough and rumble", but liked the idea of working in films and justified, "Besides, it would mean a new life".[66] He met with the company, and a contract was drawn up in July 1913. After some adjustments, Chaplin signed with Keystone on 25 September.[67] The contract stipulated a year's work at $150 a week.[68]
Chaplin (left) in his first film appearance, Making a Living (1914)
The Tramp débuts in Kid Auto Races at Venice (1914), Chaplin's second released film
Chaplin arrived in Los Angeles, home of the Keystone studio, in early December 1913.[69] His boss was Mack Sennett, who initially expressed concern that the 24-year-old looked too young. Chaplin reassured him, "I can make up as old as you like."[70] He was not used in a picture until late January, during which time the comedian attempted to learn the processes of filmmaking.[71] Making a Living marked his film debut, released 2 February 1914. Chaplin strongly disliked the picture, but one review picked him out as "a comedian of the first water."[72] For his second appearance in front of cameras, Chaplin selected the costume with which he became identified. He described the process in his autobiography:
"I wanted everything to be a contradiction: the pants baggy, the coat tight, the hat small and the shoes large ... I added a small moustache, which, I reasoned, would add age without hiding my expression. I had no idea of the character. But the moment I was dressed, the clothes and the makeup made me feel the person he was. I began to know him, and by the time I walked on stage he was fully born."[73]
The film was Mabel's Strange Predicament, but "The Tramp" character, as it became known, debuted to audiences in Kid Auto Races at Venice—shot later but released two days earlier.[74] Chaplin adopted the character permanently, and attempted to make suggestions for the films he appeared in. These ideas were dismissed by his directors.[75] During the filming of his tenth picture he clashed with director Mabel Normand, and was almost released from his contract. Sennett kept him on, however, when a request arrived for more Chaplin films. With an insurance of $1,500 promised in case of failure, Sennett also allowed Chaplin to direct his own film.[76]
Caught in the Rain (issued 4 May 1914), Chaplin's first directed picture, was among Keystone's most successful releases to date. Robinson writes that the comedian already demonstrated "a special mastery of telling stories in images" at this early stage in his career.[77] Chaplin proceeded to direct every short film in which he appeared for Keystone, approximately one per week, which he remembered as the most exciting time of his career.[78] His films introduced a slower, more expressive form of comedy than the typical Keystone farce,[79] and he developed a large fan base.[80] In June, Keystone issued adverts in Britain with the words: "Are you prepared for the Chaplin boom? There has never been so instantaneous a hit as that of Chas Chaplin".[81] In November 1914, Chaplin appeared in the first feature length comedy film, Tillie's Punctured Romance, directed by Sennett. Chaplin only had a supporting role, but the movie's success meant it was pivotal in advancing his career.[82] When Chaplin's contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, he asked for $1,000 a week. Sennett refused this amount as too large, and so the comedian waited to receive an offer from another studio.[83]
Developing with Essanay[link]
The Essanay Film Manufacturing Company sent Chaplin an offer of $1,250 a week with a signing bonus of $10,000. This large amount was irresistible to him, and in late December 1914 he travelled to Chicago to join the studio.[84] Chaplin was unimpressed with the conditions there, and after making one film (His New Job, released 1 February 1915), moved to the company's small studio in Niles, California.[85] There, Chaplin began to form a stock company of regular players, including Leo White, Bud Jamison, Paddy McGuire and Billy Armstrong. In San Francisco he recruited a leading lady—Edna Purviance.[86] She went on to appear in 35 films with Chaplin over eight years.[87] The pair also formed a romantic relationship that lasted into 1917.[88]
Chaplin asserted a high level of control over his pictures, and started to put more time and care into each film.[89] There was a month long wait between the release of his second production, A Night Out, to his third, The Champion.[90] With The Tramp, issued April 1915, Chaplin began to inject greater emotion into his pictures.[91] The use of pathos was developed further with The Bank, released four films and four months later, as Chaplin chose to have a sad ending. Robinson notes that this was an innovation in comedy films, and marked the time when serious critics began to appreciate his work.[92] Chaplin made 14 films for Essanay, the last of which was a parody of Carmen named Burlesque on Carmen (1916). The film was re-cut and expanded by the studio without Chaplin's consent, leading the star to seek an injunction in May 1916. The court dismissed this claim since he had failed to fulfil his contract requirements,[note 6] but Chaplin subsequently ensured that every contract he signed prohibited the alteration of his finished products.[93]
During the course of 1915, Chaplin became a cultural phenomenon. Shops were stocked with Chaplin merchandise, he was featured in cartoons and comic strips, and several songs were written about the star.[94] As his Essanay contract came to an end, and fully aware of his popularity, Chaplin requested a $150,000 signing bonus from his next studio. He received several offers, including Universal, Fox, and Vitagraph, the best of which came from the Mutual Film Corporation at $10,000 a week.[95]
Global celebrity with Mutual[link]
A contract was negotiated with Mutual that amounted to $670,000 a year, making Chaplin—at 26 years old—one of the highest paid people in the world.[96] John R. Freuler, the studio President, explained, "We can afford to pay Mr Chaplin this large sum annually because the public wants Chaplin and will pay for him." The comedian made statements to the press in which he claimed money was not his main concern, but that he was "simply making hay while the sun shines."[97]
Mutual gave Chaplin his own Los Angeles studio to work in, which opened in March 1916.[98] He added two key members to his stock company, Albert Austin and Eric Campbell,[99] and embarked on a series of elaborate productions—The Floorwalker, The Fireman, The Vagabond, One A.M. and The Count.[100] For The Pawnshop he recruited the actor Henry Bergman, who was to work with Chaplin for 30 years.[101] Behind the Screen and The Rink finished off Chaplin's releases for 1916. The Mutual contract stipulated that Chaplin release a two-reel film every four weeks, which he had managed to meet. With the new year, however, Chaplin began to demand more time.[102] He made only four more films for Mutual over the next ten months of 1917—Easy Street, The Cure. The Immigrant and The Adventurer.[103] With their careful construction—and in the case of Easy Street and The Immigrant, their social commentary—these films are considered by Chaplin scholars to be among his finest work.[104][105] Later in life, Chaplin referred to his Mutual years as "the happiest period of my career."[106]
Chaplin was the subject of a backlash in the British media for not fighting in World War 1.[107] He defended himself, revealing that he had registered for the draft but was not asked to fight.[108] Despite this campaign Chaplin was a favourite with the troops,[109] and his popularity continued to grow worldwide. The name of Charlie Chaplin was said to be "a part of the common language of almost every country", and according to Harper's Weekly his "little, baggy-trousered figure" was "universally familiar".[110] In 1917, Chaplin imitators were widespread enough for the star to take legal action,[111] and it was reported that nine out of ten men attended costume parties dressed as Chaplin.[112] The same year, a study by the Boston Society for Psychical Research concluded that Chaplin was "an American obsession."[112] The actress Minnie Maddern Fiske wrote in Harper's Weekly that "a constantly increasing body of cultured, artistic people are beginning to regard the young English buffoon, Charles Chaplin, as an extraordinary artist, as well as a comic genius."[110]
First National (1918–1923)[link]
Mutual were patient with Chaplin's decreased rate of output, and the contract ended amicably. The star's primary concern in finding a new distributor was independence; Sydney Chaplin, then his business manager, told the press: "Charlie [must] be allowed all the time he needs and all the money for producing [films] the way he wants ... It is quality, not quantity, we are after."[113] On 17 June 1917, Chaplin signed to complete eight films for First National Exhibitors' Circuit.[114] He chose to build a new studio, situated on five acres of land off Sunset Boulevard, with production facilities of the highest order.[115] It was completed in January 1918,[116] and Chaplin was given freedom over the making of his pictures.[117]
A Dog's Life, released April 1918, was the first film under the new contract. Chaplin paid yet more concern to story construction, and began treating the Tramp as "a sort of Pierrot."[118] The film was described by Louis Delluc as "cinema's first total work of art."[119] Following its completion, Chaplin embarked on the Third Liberty Bond campaign, touring the Unites States for one month to raise money for the Allies of World War One.[120] He also produced a short propaganda film, donated to the government for fund-raising, called The Bond.[121] Chaplin's next release was war-based, placing the Tramp in the trenches for Shoulder Arms. Associates warned him against making a comedy about the war, but he recalled: "Dangerous or not, the idea excited me."[122] It took four months to produce, eventually released in October 1918 at 45 minutes long, and was highly successful.[123]
[edit] Mildred Harris, founding United Artists and The Kid
In September 1918, Chaplin married the 17-year-old actress Mildred Harris. It was a hushed affair conducted at a registry office; Harris had revealed she was pregnant, and the star was eager to avoid controversy.[124] Soon after, this pregnancy was found to be a false alarm.[125] Chaplin's unhappiness with the union was matched by his dissatisfaction with First National.[126] After the release of Shoulder Arms he requested more money from the company, which was refused. Frustrated with their lack of concern for quality,[127] Chaplin joined forces with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D. W. Griffith to form a new distribution company—United Artists, established in January 1919.[128] The "revolutionary" arrangement gave the four partners complete control over their pictures, which they were to fund personally.[129] Chaplin was eager to start with the new company, and offered to buy out his contract with First National. They declined this, and insisted that he complete the final six films he owed them.[130]
Chaplin felt that marriage stunted his creativity, and he struggled over the production of his next film, Sunnyside.[131] Mildred was pregnant during this period, and on 7 July 1919 she gave birth to a boy. Norman Spencer Chaplin was born malformed, and died three days later.[132] The event seems to have influenced Chaplin's work, as he planned a film that turned the Tramp into the carer of a young boy.[133] Filming on The Kid began in August 1919, with four-year-old Jackie Coogan his co-star.[134] It soon occurred to Chaplin that it was turning into a large project, so to placate First National he halted production and quickly filmed A Day's Pleasure. Both it and Sunnyside were considered a disappointment by viewers.[135]
The Kid was in production until May 1920.[136] Shortly before this, Chaplin and his wife had separated after 18 months of marriage—they were "irreconcilably mismated", he remembered.[137] Chaplin became fearful that Mildred would claim The Kid as part of the divorce proceedings, so packed the 400,000 feet negative into crates and travelled to Salt Lake City to cut the film in a hotel room.[138] At 68 minutes, it was his longest picture to date. Dealing with issues of poverty and parent–child separation, The Kid is thought to be influenced by Chaplin's own childhood[117] and was the first film to combine comedy and drama.[139] It was released on 6 January 1921 to instant success, and by 1924 had been screened in over 50 countries.[140]
Chaplin spent five months on his next film, the two-reeler The Idle Class.[141] Following its September 1921 release, Chaplin chose to return to England for the first time in almost a decade. He told the press as he arrived, "I felt I had to come home ... I mean to enjoy myself thoroughly, and go to all the old corners that I knew when I was a boy."[142] Robinson writes, "The scenes that awaited him in London were astonishing. His homecoming was a triumph hardly paralleled in the twentieth century".[143] Chaplin was away for five weeks, and later wrote a book about the trip.[144] He subsequently worked to fulfil his First National contract, and released Pay Day, his final two-reeler, in February 1922. The Pilgrim was delayed by distribution disagreements with the studio, and released a year later.[145]
Independent filmmaker (1924–1975)[link]
[edit] A Woman of Paris and The Gold Rush
Having satisfied his First National contract, Chaplin was free to make his first picture for United Artists. In November 1922 he began filming A Woman of Paris, a romantic drama about ill-fated lovers.[146] Chaplin intended it as a star-making vehicle for Edna Purviance,[147] and did not appear in the picture himself other than in a brief, uncredited cameo.[148] Filming took seven months, followed by three months of editing the large negative.[149] A Woman of Paris premièred in September 1923 and was widely acclaimed by critics.[150] The public, however, seemed to have little interest in a Chaplin film without Chaplin, and it was a box-office disappointment. The filmmaker was hurt by this failure—he had long wanted to produce a dramatic film and was proud of the result—and withdrew A Woman of Paris from circulation as soon as he could.[151] During production of the film Chaplin had been involved with the actress Pola Negri, a romantic pairing that received vast media interest. In January 1923 the pair announced their engagement; by July they had separated, leading to speculation that the relationship was a publicity stunt.[152]
For his next film Chaplin returned to comedy. Setting high standards, he told himself, "This next film must be an epic! The Greatest!"[153] A photograph from the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush provided his inspiration.[154] The Tramp was to become a lonely prospector fighting adversity and looking for love amid the historic event. With Georgia Hale his new leading lady, Chaplin began filming the picture in February 1924.[155] It was an elaborate production that included location shooting in the Truckee mountains with 600 extras, extravagant sets, and special effects.[156] The last scene was not shot until May 1925, after 15 months. At a cost of almost $1,000,000,[157] Chaplin felt it was the best film he had made to that point.[158] The Gold Rush opened in August 1925 and earned a profit of $5,000,000.[159] It contains some of Chaplin's most famous gags, such as the "Dance of the Rolls",[160] and he later said it was the film he would most like to be remembered for.[161]
[edit] Lita Grey and The Circus
While making The Gold Rush, Chaplin married for the second time. Mirroring the circumstances of his first union, Lita Grey was a teenage actress—originally set to star in The Gold Rush—whose surprise announcement of pregnancy forced Chaplin into marriage. She was 16 and he was 35, meaning Chaplin could have been charged with de facto rape under Californian law.[162] He therefore arranged a discreet marriage in Mexico on 24 November 1924.[163] When their son, Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr, was born on 5 May 1925, Chaplin sent Lita and the child into hiding: it was seen as too close to their wedding, so a fake birth announcement was made to the press at the end of June.[164]
Chaplin was markedly unhappy with the marriage, and spent long hours at the studio to avoid seeing his wife.[165] Soon after The Gold Rush's release he was at work on a new film: The Circus.[166] Chaplin built a story around the idea of walking a tightrope while besieged by monkeys, which became the film's "climactic incident", and turned The Tramp into the accidental star of a circus.[167] David Robinson notes that the film provided "a welcome distraction" from the "wretchedness" of his home life; Lita was pregnant for a second time, frustrating Chaplin and exacerbating difficulties between the pair. Their second son, Sydney Earle Chaplin, was born on 30 March 1926.[168] Filming on The Circus was continuing steadily when a fire broke out on 28 September, destroying the entire set. Although the studio was quickly brought back into operation, it marked the beginning of severe difficulties for Chaplin.[169] In November, Lita took their children and left the family home. Unwilling to allow his film to be drawn into the divorce proceedings, Chaplin announced that production on The Circus had been temporarily suspended.[170]
Lita's lawyers issued their divorce complaint on 10 January 1927. The document, which ran to an exceptional 52 pages, not only sought heavy material gains but was designed to ruin Chaplin's public image. Accusations of infidelity and abuse were bolstered with lurid details of his sexual preferences. Chaplin entered a nervous breakdown, as the story became headline news and pirated copies of the document were read by the public.[171] The star's fanbase was nevertheless strong enough to survive this smear campaign, and he was heartened by declarations of support.[172] Eager to end the case without further scandal, Chaplin's lawyers agreed to a cash settlement of $600,000—the largest awarded by American courts at that time.[173] Production on The Circus resumed, and the film was completed in October 1927.[174] It was released the following January to a positive reception.[175] The Lita affair was soon forgotten,[176] but Chaplin was deeply affected by it: the stress of the ordeal turned his hair white, and his second wife received only a passing mention in his autobiography.[177]
1930s[link]
After the arrival of sound films, Chaplin continued to focus on silent films with a synchronised recorded score, which included sound effects and music with melodies based in popular songs or composed by him;[178] City Lights (1931), and Modern Times (1936) were essentially silent films. City Lights has been praised for its mixture of comedy and sentimentality. Critic James Agee, for example, wrote in Life magazine in 1949 that the final scene in City Lights was the "greatest single piece of acting ever committed to celluloid".
While Modern Times (1936) is a non-talkie, it does contain talk—usually coming from inanimate objects such as a radio or a TV monitor. This was done to help 1930s audiences, who were out of the habit of watching silent films, adjust to not hearing dialogue. Modern Times was the first film where Chaplin's voice is heard (in the nonsense song at the end, which Chaplin both performed and wrote the nonsense lyrics to). However, for most viewers it is still considered a silent film.
Although "talkies" became the dominant mode of film making soon after they were introduced in 1927, Chaplin resisted making such a film all through the 1930s. He considered cinema essentially a pantomimic art. He said: "Action is more generally understood than words. Like Chinese symbolism, it will mean different things according to its scenic connotation. Listen to a description of some unfamiliar object—an African warthog, for example; then look at a picture of the animal and see how surprised you are".[179]
[edit] The Great Dictator
Chaplin's first talking picture, The Great Dictator (1940), was an act of defiance against Nazism. It was filmed and released in the United States one year before the U.S. entry into World War II. Chaplin played the role of "Adenoid Hynkel",[180] Dictator of Tomainia, modelled on German dictator Adolf Hitler, who was only four days his junior and sported a similar moustache. The film also showcased comedian Jack Oakie as "Benzino Napaloni", dictator of Bacteria, a jab at Italian dictator Benito Mussolini.[180]
Paulette Goddard filmed with Chaplin again, depicting a woman in the ghetto. The film was seen as an act of courage in the political environment of the time, both for its ridicule of Nazism, for the portrayal of overt Jewish characters, and the depiction of their persecution. In addition to Hynkel, Chaplin also played a look-alike Jewish barber persecuted by the regime. The barber physically resembled the Tramp character.[180]
At the conclusion, the two characters Chaplin portrayed swapped positions through a complex plot, and he dropped out of his comic character to address the audience directly in a speech[181] denouncing dictatorship, greed, hate, and intolerance, in favour of liberty and human brotherhood.
The film was nominated for Academy awards for Best Picture (producer), Best Original Screenplay (writer) and Best Actor.[182]
McCarthy era[link]
During the era of McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of "un-American activities" as a suspected communist. J. Edgar Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep extensive secret files on him, tried to end his United States residency. FBI pressure on Chaplin grew after his 1942 campaign for a second European front in the war and reached a critical level in the late 1940s, when Congressional figures threatened to call him as a witness in hearings. This was never done, probably from fear of Chaplin's ability to lampoon the investigators.[183] In February 2012 an MI5 file on Chaplin was opened to the public which revealed that the FBI had contacted the British secret service to provide them with information which would enable them to ban Chaplin from the US.[184] In particular, it wanted MI5 to find out where Chaplin was born and pursue suggestions that his real name was Israel Thornstein. MI5 searched, but to no avail. A suggestion that he "may have been born in France" also came to nothing.
In 1952, Chaplin left the US for what was intended as a brief trip home to the United Kingdom for the London premiere of Limelight. Hoover learned of the trip and negotiated with the Immigration and Naturalization Service to revoke Chaplin's re-entry permit. Chaplin decided not to re-enter the United States, writing: "Since the end of the last world war, I have been the object of lies and propaganda by powerful reactionary groups who, by their influence and by the aid of America's yellow press, have created an unhealthy atmosphere in which liberal-minded individuals can be singled out and persecuted. Under these conditions I find it virtually impossible to continue my motion-picture work, and I have therefore given up my residence in the United States."[185]
That Chaplin was unprepared to remain abroad, or that the revocation of his right to re-enter the United States, was a surprise to him, may be apocryphal: An anecdote in some contradiction is recorded during a broad interview with Richard Avedon, celebrated New York portraitist.[186]
Avedon is credited with the last portrait of the entertainer to be taken before his departure to Europe and therefore the last photograph of him as a singularly “American icon”. According to Avedon, Chaplin telephoned him at his studio in New York while on a layover before the final leg of his travel to England. The photographer considered the impromptu self-introduction a prank and angrily answered his caller with the riposte, “If you’re Charlie Chaplin, I’m Franklin Roosevelt!” To mollify Avedon, Chaplin assured the photographer of his authenticity and added the comment, “If you want to take my picture, you'd better do it now. They are coming after me and I won’t be back. I leave ... (imminently).” Avedon interrupted his production commitments to take Chaplin’s portrait the next day, and never saw him again.
Following his exile from the United States, Chaplin made his home in Vevey, Switzerland. His final two films were made in London: A King in New York (1957) in which he starred, wrote, directed and produced; and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), which he directed, produced, and wrote. The latter film stars Sophia Loren and Marlon Brando, and Chaplin made his final on-screen appearance in a brief cameo role as a seasick steward. He also composed the music for both films with the theme song from A Countess From Hong Kong, "This is My Song", reaching number one in the UK as sung by Petula Clark.
Final works[link]
_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg)
Chaplin compiled a film The Chaplin Revue from three First National films A Dog's Life (1918), Shoulder Arms (1918) and The Pilgrim (1923) for which he composed the music and recorded an introductory narration. Chaplin also wrote My Autobiography, between 1959 and 1963, which was published in 1964. He briefly returned to the United States in 1972 to receive an honorary Academy Award.
In his pictorial autobiography My Life In Pictures, published in 1974, Chaplin indicated that he had written a screenplay for his daughter, Victoria; entitled The Freak, the film would have cast her as an angel. According to Chaplin, a script was completed and pre-production rehearsals had begun on the film (the book includes a photograph of Victoria in costume), but were halted when Victoria married. "I mean to make it some day," Chaplin wrote. However, his health declined steadily in the 1970s which hampered all hopes of the film ever being produced.
From 1969 until 1976, Chaplin wrote original music compositions and scores for his silent pictures and re-released them. He composed the scores of all his First National shorts: The Idle Class in 1971 (paired with The Kid for re-release in 1972), A Day's Pleasure in 1973, Pay Day in 1972, Sunnyside in 1974, and of his feature length films, firstly The Circus in 1969 and The Kid in 1971. Chaplin worked with music associate Eric James whilst composing all his scores.
He received a knighthood on 4 March 1975, at the age of 85.[187] Chaplin's last completed work was the score for his 1923 film A Woman of Paris, which was completed in 1976, by which time Chaplin was extremely frail, even finding communication difficult.
Death[link]
Chaplin's robust health began to slowly fail in the late 1960s, after the completion of his final film A Countess from Hong Kong, and more rapidly after he received his Academy Award in 1972. By 1977, he had difficulty communicating, and was using a wheelchair. Chaplin died in his sleep in Vevey, Switzerland on 25 December 1977.[188] Charlie Chaplin was survived by his wife, nine children and 24 grandchildren.[189]
Chaplin was interred in Corsier-Sur-Vevey Cemetery, Switzerland.[190] On 1 March 1978, his corpse was stolen by a small group of Swiss mechanics in an attempt to extort money from his family.[191] The plot failed; the robbers were captured, and the corpse was recovered eleven weeks later near Lake Geneva. His body was reburied under 6 feet (1.8 m) of concrete to prevent further attempts.
Filmmaking[link]
Method[link]
Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods, claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion. In fact, until he began making spoken dialogue films with The Great Dictator in 1940, Chaplin never shot from a completed script. The method he developed, once his Essanay contract gave him the freedom to write for and direct himself, was to start from a vague premise—for example "Charlie enters a health spa" or "Charlie works in a pawn shop." Chaplin then had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to improvise gags and "business" around them, almost always working the ideas out on film. As ideas were accepted and discarded, a narrative structure would emerge, frequently requiring Chaplin to reshoot an already-completed scene that might have otherwise contradicted the story.[192] Chaplin's unique filmmaking techniques became known only after his death, when his rare surviving outtakes and cut sequences were carefully examined in the 1983 British documentary Unknown Chaplin.
This is one reason why Chaplin took so much longer to complete his films than his rivals did. In addition, Chaplin was an incredibly exacting director, showing his actors exactly how he wanted them to perform and shooting scores of takes until he had the shot he wanted. Animator Chuck Jones, who lived near Charlie Chaplin's Lone Star studio as a boy, remembered his father saying he watched Chaplin shoot a scene more than a hundred times until he was satisfied with it.[193] This combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionism—which resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted, all at enormous expense—often proved very taxing for Chaplin, who in frustration would often lash out at his actors and crew, keep them waiting idly for hours or, in extreme cases, shutting down production altogether.[192]
Themes[link]
Chaplin's political sympathies always lay with the left. His silent films made prior to the Great Depression typically did not contain overt political themes or messages, apart from the Tramp's plight in poverty and his run-ins with the law, but his 1930s films were more openly political. Modern Times depicts workers and poor people in dismal conditions. The final dramatic speech in The Great Dictator, which was critical of following patriotic nationalism without question, was controversial. His 1947 black comedy, Monsieur Verdoux showed a critical view of capitalism, which was met with public scorn. Chaplin's final American film, Limelight, was less political and more autobiographical in nature. His following European-made film, A King in New York (1957), satirised the political persecution and paranoia that had forced him to leave the U.S. five years earlier.
Music[link]
Chaplin wrote or co-wrote the scores and songs for many of his films. "Smile", which he composed for his film, Modern Times, hit number 2 on the UK charts when sung by Nat King Cole in the 1950s.[194] It was also Michael Jackson's favourite song.[195][196] "This Is My Song", written and composed by Chaplin for his film A Countess from Hong Kong, hit number 1 on the UK charts when sung by Petula Clark in the 1960s.[197] In 1973, Chaplin won the Oscar for Best Film Score for his film, Limelight.[198]
Personal life and family[link]
See also: Chaplin family
Chaplin's mother died in 1928 in Glendale, California,[199] seven years after she was brought to the U.S. by her sons. Unknown to Charlie and Sydney until years later, they had a half-brother through their mother. The boy, Wheeler Dryden (1892–1957), was raised abroad by his father but later connected with the rest of the family and went to work for Chaplin at his Hollywood studio.[200] In 1928, Chaplin built the Montecito Inn in Montecito near Santa Barbara as an escape from show business with his closest friends.[201]
The South African duo Locnville, Andrew and Brian Chaplin, are related to Chaplin (their grandfather was Chaplin's first cousin).
Relationships[link]
- Edna Purviance was Chaplin's first major leading lady after Mabel Normand. Purviance and Chaplin were involved in a close romantic relationship during the production of his Essanay and Mutual films in 1916–1917. The romance seems to have ended by 1918, and Chaplin's marriage to Mildred Harris in late 1918 ended any possibility of reconciliation. Purviance would continue as leading lady in Chaplin's films until 1923, and would remain on Chaplin's payroll until her death in 1958. She and Chaplin spoke warmly of one another for the rest of their lives.
-
Mildred Harris: On 23 October 1918, Chaplin, age 29, married the popular child actress, Harris, who was 16 at the time. They had one son, Norman Spencer "The Little Mouse" Chaplin, born on 7 July 1919, who died three days later and is interred under the name The Little Mouse at Inglewood Park Cemetery, Inglewood California. Chaplin separated from Harris by late 1919, moving back into the Los Angeles Athletic Club.[202] The couple divorced in November 1920, with Harris getting some of their community property and a US$100,000 settlement.[202] Chaplin admitted that he "was not in love, now that [he] was married [he] wanted to be and wanted the marriage to be a success." During the divorce, Chaplin claimed Harris had an affair with noted actress of the time Alla Nazimova, rumoured to be fond of seducing young actresses.[203]
Mildred Harris, c. 1918–1920
- Pola Negri: Chaplin was involved in a very public relationship and engagement with the Polish actress, Negri, in 1922–23, after she arrived in Hollywood to star in films. The stormy on-off engagement was halted after about nine months, but in many ways it foreshadowed the modern stereotypes of Hollywood star relationships. Chaplin's public involvement with Negri was unique in his public life. By comparison he strove to keep his other romances during this period very discreet and private (usually without success). Many biographers have concluded the affair with Negri was largely for publicity purposes.
- Lita Grey: Chaplin first met Grey during the filming of The Kid. Three years later, at age 35, he became involved with the then 16-year-old Grey during preparations for The Gold Rush in which she was to star as the female lead. They married on 26 November 1924, after she became pregnant (a development that resulted in her being removed from the cast of the film). They had two sons, the actors Charles Chaplin, Jr. (1925–1968) and Sydney Chaplin (1926–2009). The marriage was a disaster, with the couple hopelessly mismatched. The couple divorced on 22 August 1927.[204] Their extraordinarily bitter divorce had Chaplin paying Grey a then-record-breaking US$825,000 settlement, on top of almost one million dollars in legal costs. The stress of the sensational divorce, compounded by a federal tax dispute, allegedly turned his hair white. The Chaplin biographer Joyce Milton asserted in Tramp: The Life of Charlie Chaplin that the Grey-Chaplin marriage was the inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov's 1950s novel Lolita.
-
Paulette Goddard: Chaplin and actress Goddard were involved in a romantic and professional relationship between 1932 and 1940, with Goddard living with Chaplin in his Beverly Hills home for most of this time. Chaplin gave her starring roles in Modern Times and The Great Dictator. Refusal to clarify their marital status is often claimed to have eliminated Goddard from final consideration for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind. After the relationship ended in 1940, Chaplin and Goddard made public statements that they had been secretly married in 1936; but these claims were likely a mutual effort to prevent any lasting damage to Goddard's career. In any case, their relationship ended amicably in 1942, with Goddard being granted a settlement. Goddard went on to a major career in films at Paramount in the 1940s, working several times with Cecil B. DeMille. Like Chaplin, she lived her later life in Switzerland, dying in 1990.
- Joan Barry (1920–??): In 1942, Chaplin had a brief affair with Barry, whom he was considering for a starring role in a proposed film, but the relationship ended when she began harassing him and displaying signs of severe mental illness (not unlike his mother). Chaplin's brief involvement with Barry proved to be a nightmare for him. After having a child, she filed a paternity suit against him in 1943. Although blood tests proved Chaplin was not the father of Barry's child, Barry's attorney, Joseph Scott, convinced the court that the tests were inadmissible as evidence, and Chaplin was ordered to support the child. The injustice of the ruling later led to a change in California law to allow blood tests as evidence. Federal prosecutors also brought Mann Act charges against Chaplin related to Barry in 1944, of which he was acquitted.[205] Chaplin's public image in America was gravely damaged by these sensational trials.[183] Barry was institutionalised in 1953 after she was found walking the streets barefoot, carrying a pair of baby sandals and a child's ring, and murmuring: "This is magic".[206] Chaplin's second wife, Lita Grey, later asserted that Chaplin had paid corrupt government officials to tamper with the blood test results. She further stated that "there is no doubt that she [Carol Ann] was his child."[207]
- Oona O'Neill: During Chaplin's legal trouble over the Barry affair, he met O'Neill, daughter of Eugene O'Neill, and married her on 16 June 1943. He was fifty-four; she had just turned eighteen. The marriage produced eight children; their last child, Christopher, was born when Chaplin was 73 years old. Oona survived Chaplin by fourteen years, and died from pancreatic cancer in 1991.[208]
Children[link]
| Child | Birth | Death | Chaplin's age at time of birth |
Mother | Grandchildren |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norman Spencer Chaplin | 7 July 1919 | 10 July 1919 |
|
Mildred Harris | |
| Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr.[209] | 5 May 1925 | 20 March 1968 |
|
Lita Grey | Susan Maree Chaplin (b 1959) |
| Sydney Earle Chaplin | 31 March 1926 | 3 March 2009 |
|
Stephan Chaplin (b 19xx) | |
| Carol Ann Barry Chaplin (Disputed)[210] | 2 October 1943 |
|
Joan Barry | Unknown | |
| Geraldine Leigh Chaplin | 31 July 1944 |
|
Oona O'Neill | Shane Saura Chaplin (b 1974) Oona Castilla Chaplin (b 1986) |
|
| Michael John Chaplin | 7 March 1946 |
|
Kathleen Chaplin (b. 1975) Dolores Chaplin (b. 1979) Carmen Chaplin (b 19xx) George Chaplin (b 19xx) |
||
| Josephine Hannah Chaplin | 28 March 1949 |
|
Julien Ronet (b. 1980) | ||
| Victoria Chaplin | 19 May 1951 |
|
Aurélia Thiérrée (b. 1971) James Thiérrée (b. 1974) |
||
| Eugene Anthony Chaplin | 23 August 1953 |
|
Kiera Chaplin (b. 1982) | ||
| Jane Cecil Chaplin | 23 May 1957 |
|
Orson Salkind (b. 1986) Osceola Salkind (b. 1994) |
||
| Annette Emily Chaplin | 3 December 1959 |
|
|||
| Christopher James Chaplin | 6 July 1962 |
|
Awards and recognition[link]
File:Charlie Chaplin 2207447904 crop.jpg
Statue of Chaplin in Leicester Square, London
Chaplin was knighted in 1975 at the age of 85 as a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II.[211][212] The honour had been first proposed in 1931. Knighthood was suggested again in 1956, but was vetoed after a Foreign Office report raised concerns over Chaplin's purported communist views and his moral behaviour in marrying two 16-year-old girls; it was felt that honouring him would damage both the reputation of the British honours system and relations with the United States.[213]
Among other recognitions, Chaplin was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1970; that he had not been among those originally honoured in 1961 caused some controversy.[214] Chaplin's Swiss mansion is to be opened as a museum tracing his life from the music halls in London to Hollywood fame.[215][216]
A statue of Charlie Chaplin was made by John Doubleday, to stand in Leicester Square in London. It was unveiled by Sir Ralph Richardson in 1981.[217] A bronze statue of him is at Waterville, County Kerry, as he and his family spent long holidays in The Butler Arms Hotel during the 1960s.[218]
Academy Awards[link]
Chaplin received three Academy Awards in his lifetime: one for Best Original Score, and two Honorary Awards. However, during his active years as a filmmaker, Chaplin expressed disdain for the Academy Awards; his son Charles Jr wrote that Chaplin invoked the ire of the Academy in the 1930s by jokingly using his 1929 Oscar as a doorstop.[219] This may help explain why City Lights and Modern Times, considered by several polls to be two of the greatest of all motion pictures,[220][221] were not nominated for a single Academy Award.
- The 1st Academy Awards ceremony: When the first Oscars were awarded on 16 May 1929, the voting audit procedures that now exists had not yet been put into place, and the categories were still very fluid. Chaplin's The Circus was set to be heavily recognised, as Chaplin had originally been nominated for Best Production, Best Director in a Comedy Picture, Best Actor and Best Writing (Original Story). However, the Academy decided to withdraw his name from all the competitive categories and instead give him a Special Award "for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus". The only other film to receive a Special Award that year was The Jazz Singer.[222]
- The 13th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1941, The Great Dictator was nominated for five awards, including two for Chaplin: Best Writing and Best Actor. Chaplin lost out on both counts. For writing, he lost to Preston Sturges for The Great McGinty, and for acting to James Stewart for The Philadelphia Story.
- The 20th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1948, Chaplin's screenplay for Monsieur Verdoux was nominated, but the award went instead to Sidney Sheldon for The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer.
- The 44th Academy Awards ceremony: Chaplin's second Oscar was awarded forty-three years after his first, in 1972. Chaplin came out of exile to accept the Honorary Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century". Stepping onto the stage of the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Chaplin received the longest standing ovation in Academy Award history, lasting a full twelve minutes.[223]
- The 45th Academy Awards ceremony: In 1973, Chaplin's film Limelight was honoured with an Oscar for Best Original Score. Though the film had originally been released in 1952, due to Chaplin's political difficulties at the time, the film did not play for one week in Los Angeles, and thus did not meet the criterion for nomination until it was re-released in 1972.
Chaplin's American business partner, who helped promote and release his films in the U.S., was Mo Rothman (1919–2011). Rothman is also credited with urging Chaplin to end his self-imposed exile and visit the U.S. to appear and be honoured both by the Lincoln Center Film Society in New York and then at Hollywood's Academy Awards in 1972.[224]
Legacy[link]
Chaplin's "tramp" character is possibly the most imitated on all levels of entertainment. The influence of his 'Tramp' character could be seen on other artists and media providers. Beginning early on there were many tributes, and parodies made. E. C. Segar's 1916 comic strip "Charlie Chaplin's Comedy Capers" is an early example.[225] Segar's 'Chaplin' comics would later be collected in 1917 into five books, precursors of the later comic book format.[226] Two different animated cartoon series also starred 'Charlie' a tramp character, the first a series of nine shorts from 1916 by Movca Film Service.[227] And later ten films[228] by the Pat Sullivan Studio from 1918–1919, which would later use the 'Charlie/Charley' gestures to create Felix the Cat, the character made one later appearance in one of Felix's 1923 cartoons "Felix in Hollywood".[229]
- From 1917 to 1918, silent film actor Billy West made more than 20 films as a comedian precisely imitating Chaplin's tramp character, makeup and costume.[230]
- The third of composer Karl Amadeus Hartmann's 1929–30 composition Wachsfigurenkabinett: Fünf kleine Opern (Waxworks: Five Little Operas) is entitled 'Chaplin-Ford-Trot', and features the character of Charlie Chaplin (in a speaking rather than operatic role).
- Shree 420 and Awaara main characters are heavily influenced by The Tramp.
- Kamal Haasan moulded his character "Chaplin Chellappa" on Chaplin in the Tamil film Punnagai Mannan[231]
- In 1985, Chaplin was honoured with his image on a postage stamp of the United Kingdom, and in 1994 he appeared on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.
- John Woo directed a parody film of Chaplin's "The Kid" called Hua ji shi dai (1981), also known as "Laughing Times."
- A minor planet, 3623 Chaplin, discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1981, is named after Chaplin.[232]
- In 1992, a film was made about Chaplin's life entitled Chaplin, directed by Oscar-winner Richard Attenborough, and starring Robert Downey, Jr., in an Oscar-nominated performance, and Geraldine Chaplin playing the part of Charlie Chaplin's mother, her own grandmother.
- In 2001, British comedian Eddie Izzard played Chaplin in Peter Bogdanovich's film, The Cat's Meow, which speculated about the still-unsolved death of producer Thomas H. Ince during a yachting party thrown by William Randolph Hearst, of which Chaplin was a guest.
- In 2002, on a UK poll broadcast by the BBC, Chaplin was ranked number 66 on a list of the 100 Greatest Britons.[233]
- In 2010 the New York Guitar Festival commissioned a number of contemporary artists to compose new scores for some of Chaplin's silent films. The artists included Justin Vernon of Bon Iver, Marc Ribot, David Bromberg, Alex de Grassi and Chicha Libre.[234]
- On 15 April 2011, a day before his 122nd birthday anniversary, Google celebrated this with a special Google Doodle video on its global and other country-wide homepages.[235]
Filmography and current rights issues[link]
Main article: Charlie Chaplin filmography
Chaplin wrote, directed, and starred in dozens of feature films and short subjects. Highlights include The Immigrant (1917), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940), all of which have been selected for inclusion in the National Film Registry. Three of these films made the AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies and AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) lists: The Gold Rush, City Lights, and Modern Times.
A listing of the dozens of Chaplin films and alternate versions can be found in the Ted Okuda-David Maska book Charlie Chaplin at Keystone and Essanay: Dawn of the Tramp. Thanks to The Chaplin Keystone Project, efforts to produce definitive versions of Chaplin's pre-1918 short films have come to a successful end: after ten years of research and clinical international cooperation work, 34 Keystone films have been fully restored and published in October 2010 on a 4-DVD box set. All twelve Mutual films were restored in 1975 by archivist David Shepard and Blackhawk Films, and new restorations with even more footage were released on DVD in 2006.
Today, nearly all of Chaplin's output is owned by Roy Export S.A.S. in Paris, which enforces the library's copyrights and decides how and when this material can be released. French company MK2 acts as worldwide distribution agent for the Export company. In the U.S. as of 2010, distribution is handled under license by Janus Films, with home video releases from Criterion Collection, affiliated with Janus.
Notes and references[link]
- Notes
- ^ An MI5 investigation in 1952 was unable to find any record of Chaplin's birth.[10] Chaplin biographer David Robinson notes that it is not surprising that his parents failed to register the birth: "It was easy enough, particularly for music hall artists, constantly moving (if they were lucky) from one town to another, to put off and eventually forget this kind of formality; at that time the penalties were not strict or efficiently enforced."[9] In 2011 a letter sent to Chaplin in the 1970s came to light which claimed that he had been born in a Gypsy caravan at Black Patch Park in Smethwick, Staffordshire. Chaplin's son Michael has suggested that the information must have been significant to his father in order for him to retain the letter.[11]
- ^ Sydney was born when Hannah Chaplin was 19; his biological father cannot be known for sure. Hannah Chaplin later told her sons that he was a bookmaker named Hawkes, but this cannot be verified. Sydney's birth certificate and baptismal records omit the name of the father.[13]
- ^ In the years Chaplin was touring with The Eight Lancashire Lads, his mother ensured that he still attended school.[40]
- ^ William Gillette co-wrote the Sherlock Holmes play with Arthur Conan Doyle, and had been starring in it since its New York opening in 1899. He had come to London in 1905 to appear in a new play, Clarice. Its reception was poor, and Gillette decided to add an "after-piece" called The Painful Predicament of Sherlock Holmes. This short play was what Chaplin originally came to London to appear in. After three nights, however, Gillette chose to close Clarice and replace it with Sherlock Holmes. Chaplin had so pleased Gillette with his performance in The Painful Predicament that he was kept on as Billy for the full play.[46]
- ^ £3 10s was a considerable amount in 1908. Using the Retail Price Index, in 2012 this would be equivalent to a salary of £285 a week. Based on average earnings at that time, however, it held an "economic power" equivalent to £2,540.[56]
- ^ In July 1915, Chaplin had agreed to produce ten two-reel films for Essanay by the start of 1916. He completed only six films in this period, leading the court to conclude that extending Burlesque on Carmen to four reels was justified.
- References
- ^ "Trivia for A Woman of Paris: A Drama of Fate (1923)". Internet Movie Database. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://imdb.com/title/tt0014624/trivia. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
- ^ Obituary Variety Obituaries, 28 December 1977.
- ^ Blanke, David (2002). The 1910s. American popular culture through history (illustrated ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-313-31251-9.
- ^ Haupert, Michael (2006). The Entertainment Industry. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-313-32173-3.
- ^ Kelly, Shawna (2008). Aviators in Early Hollywood (illustrated ed.). Mount Pleasant, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7385-5902-5.
- ^ "AFI's 100 YEARS...100 STARS". American Film Institute. Wed, 16 June 1999. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822055357/http://www.afi.com/tvevents/100years/stars.aspx. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ Sieff, Martin.Washington Times -Books 21 December 2008
- ^ Walsh, John (25 November 2009). "The Big Question: Does Charlie Chaplin merit a museum in his honour, and what is his legacy? – News, People". The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-big-question-does-charlie-chaplin-merit-a-museum-in-his-honour-and-what-is-his-legacy-1826871.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 10.
- ^ "MI5 files: Was Chaplin really a Frenchman and called Thornstein?". The Telegraph. 17 February 2012. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/9086510/MI5-files-Was-Chaplin-really-a-Frenchman-and-called-Thornstein.html. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplain was 'born into a Midland gipsy family'". Express and Star. 18 February 2011. http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2011/02/18/charlie-chaplin-was-born-into-midland-gipsy-family/. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ Robinson, p. 4 for marriage, p. 3. for Sydney's birth, p. 19 for Charles Chaplin Sr.'s legal responsibility over Sydney.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 3.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 5–7.
- ^ Weissman, p. 10.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 9–10, 12.
- ^ Robinson, p. 13.
- ^ Robinson, p. 15.
- ^ Robinson, p. xv.
- ^ Robinson, p. 16.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 29 for quote; Robinson, p. 19 for factual details.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 24–26.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 10.
- ^ Weissman, pp. 49–50.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 33.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 15, 33.
- ^ Robinson, p. 27.
- ^ Robinson, p. 36.
- ^ Robinson, p. 27 for remission, p. 40 for infirmary admission.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 71–72 for living alone, pp. 73–74 for Sydney's return.
- ^ Robinson, p. 41.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 88; Robinson, pp. 55–56 for factual details.
- ^ Robinson, p. 17; Chaplin, p. 18.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 41.
- ^ Louvish, p. 21.
- ^ Louvish, p. 25.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 44.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 77.
- ^ Robinson, p. 39.
- ^ Louvish, p. 19.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 76.
- ^ Robinson. pp. 44–45.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 46–47; Louvish, p. 26.
- ^ Robinson, p. 45 for being cast in the role; pp. 49–51 for tour.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 53, 58.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 59–60.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 89.
- ^ Robinson, p. 685.
- ^ Robinson, p. 63.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 63–64.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 64–68; Chaplin, p. 94.
- ^ Robinson, p. 68.
- ^ Robinson, p. 71 for Karno's reputation: "Fred Karno's Speechless comedians, though, were supreme of their kind".
- ^ Robinson, p. 76, covers Sydney Chaplin's contract and success with Karno and details of how he introduced Charlie to the company.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 76–77.
- ^ "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present". Measuring Worth. http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
- ^ Robinson, p. 82.
- ^ Robinson, p. 81.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 84–85.
- ^ Robinson, p. 88.
- ^ Robinson, p. 91 says Chaplin was the American company's "leading comedian"; p. 92 for reviews.
- ^ Robinson, p. 95.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 133–134 for quotations, Robinson p. 96 for factual details.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Robinson, p. 102.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 138–139.
- ^ Robinson, p. 103.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 139.
- ^ Robinson, p. 107.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 141.
- ^ Robinson, p. 108.
- ^ Robinson, p. 110.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 145.
- ^ Robinson, p. 113.
- ^ Robinson, p. 120: "Mabel swept aside Chaplin's suggestions, just as Lehrman and Nichols had done." This refers to Mabel Normand, Henry Lehrman and George Nichols, who directed Chaplin's early films.
- ^ Robinson, p. 121.
- ^ Robinson, p. 123.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 153, 157.
- ^ Robinson, p. 113.
- ^ Robinson, p. 125.
- ^ Robinson, p. 130.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Robinson, p. 131.
- ^ Robinson, p. 135.
- ^ Robinson, p. 137.
- ^ Robinson, p. 138.
- ^ Robinson, p. 139.
- ^ Robinson, p. 141 for beginning of relationship, p. 219 for end of relationship.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 165; Robinson, pp. 140, 143.
- ^ Robinson, p. 143.
- ^ Robinson, p. 142.
- ^ Robinson, p. 146.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 149–150; Chaplin, p. 173.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Robinson, p. 156.
- ^ Robinson, p. 160: "No person in the world other than a king or an emperor – unless perhaps Charlie Schwab of the US Steel Corporation – had ever received even half that salary."
- ^ Robinson, pp. 159, 162.
- ^ Robinson, p. 164.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 165–166.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 169–173.
- ^ Robinson, p. 175.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 179–180.
- ^ Robinson, p. 191.
- ^ ""The Happiest Days of My Life": Mutual". Charlie Chaplin. British Film Institute. http://chaplin.bfi.org.uk/resources/bfi/biog/biog.php?fid=biog6. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Robinson, p. 191; Louvish, p. 104.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 188.
- ^ Robinson, p. 185.
- ^ Robinson, p. 186.
- ^ Robinson, p. 187.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 210.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 215–216.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 213.
- ^ Robinson, p. 221.
- ^ Robinson, p. 223.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 203; Robinson, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Robinson, p. 228.
- ^ a b "Independence Won: First National". Charlie Chaplin. British Film Institute. http://chaplin.bfi.org.uk/resources/bfi/biog/biog.php?fid=biog7. Retrieved 05 May 2012.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 208.
- ^ Robinson, p. 229.
- ^ Robinson, p. 237; p. 241 says he returned in early May.
- ^ Robinson, p. 244.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 218.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 241–245.
- ^ Robinson, p. 246.
- ^ Robinson, p. 248.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 246–247 for marriage unhappiness: "Chaplin found himself, without any pleasure, a married man."
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 219–220.
- ^ Robinson, p. 267.
- ^ Robinson, p. 269.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 223.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 248–249.
- ^ Robinson, p. 251.
- ^ Robinson, p. 252.
- ^ Robinson, p. 253.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 255–253.
- ^ Robinson, p. 261.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 235; Robinson, p. 259.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 262–263.
- ^ Chaplin, pp. 233–234.
- ^ Robinson, p. 265.
- ^ Robinson, p. 269.
- ^ Robinson, p. 280.
- ^ Robinson, p. 282.
- ^ Robinson, p. 291.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 295–300.
- ^ Robinson, p. 310.
- ^ Robinson, p. 302.
- ^ Robinson, p. 311–312.
- ^ Robinson, p. 318.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 318–320.
- ^ Robinson, p. 322 covers the box office failure and Chaplin's reaction; p. 302 writes that A Woman of Paris fulfilled an "old ambition" to produce a dramatic film.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 325–329.
- ^ Chaplin, p. 299.
- ^ Robinson, p. 334.
- ^ Robinson, p. 337.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 340–345.
- ^ Robinson, p. 354 for last scene; p. 358 for cost.
- ^ Robinson, p. 357.
- ^ Robinson, p. 358.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 339, 353.
- ^ Robinson, p. 334.
- ^ Robinson, p. 346.
- ^ Robinson, p. 348.
- ^ Robinson, p. 355.
- ^ Robinson, p. 350.
- ^ Robinson, p. 360.
- ^ Robinson, p. 161.
- ^ Robinson, p. 368.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 369–370.
- ^ Robinson, p. 371.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 372–374.
- ^ Robinson, p. 375.
- ^ Robinson, p. 378.
- ^ Robinson, p. 381.
- ^ Robinson, p. 382.
- ^ Robinson, p. 383.
- ^ Robinson, p. 377 for Lita's brief autobiography mention; p. 381 for hair: "At the height of the troubles with Lita his hair had gone white overnight: Henry Bergman remembered the shock when the changed Chaplin arrived at the studio one morning."
- ^ "Chaplin as a composer". CharlieChaplin.com. http://www.charliechaplin.com/biography/articles/205-Chaplin-as-a-composer.
- ^ Monday, 9 Feb 1931 (9 February 1931). "Cinema: The New Pictures: Feb. 9, 1931". TIME. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741027-1,00.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ a b c The Great Dictator at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "The speech of the Great Dictator". Vagabundia.net. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.vagabundia.net/dictator.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ "The Great Dictator (1940)". Movies.yahoo.com. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1800072595/awards. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
- ^ a b Whitfield, Stephen J., The Culture of the Cold War, page 187-192
- ^ Norton-Taylor, Richard (17 February 2012). "MI5 spied on Charlie Chaplin after FBI asked for help to banish him from US". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2012/feb/17/mi5-spied-on-charlie-chaplin. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "Names make news. Last week these names made this news". TIME. 27 April 1953. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818302-2,00.html.
- ^ Richard Avedon: Darkness and Light (1996) American Masters, PBS
- ^ "Those Were the Days". Express and Star. http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1950-75/1975.html. Retrieved 9 October 2011.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin Dead at 88; Made the Film an Art Form.". New York Times. 26 December 1977, Monday. http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/03/30/reviews/chaplin-obit.html. Retrieved 21 August 2007. "Charlie Chaplin, the poignant little tramp with the cane and comic walk who almost single-handedly elevated the novelty entertainment medium of motion pictures into art, died peacefully yesterday at his home in Switzerland. He was 88 years old."
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin's grandchildren" (in French). Illustre.ch. 2010-09-01. http://www.illustre.ch/Charlie-Chaplin-Charlot_56924_.html. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Henri Langlois (1914–1977) – Find A Grave Memorial". findagrave.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1234. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ "Chaplin Body Stolen From Swiss Grave. Vehicle Apparently Used. British Envoy 'Appalled'.". New York Times. 3 March 1978, Friday. "The body of Charlie Chaplin was stolen last night or early today from the grave where it was buried two months ago in a small cemetery in the Swiss village of Corsier-surVevey, overlooking the eastern end of Lake Geneva."
- ^ a b Unknown Chaplin at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ Jones, Chuck. Chuck Amuck: The Life and Times of an Animated Cartoonist. Avon Books, ISBN 978-0-380-71214-4)
- ^ http://www.everyhit.com/searchsec.php
- ^ "Michael Jackson: Actress Brooke Shields cries for Jacko". Mirror Online. 2009-07-07. http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/michael-jackson-actress-brooke-shields-405145. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Brooke Shields: 'Michael Jackson's laugh was the sweetest and purest of anyone I have ever known'". NewJerseyNewsroom.com. 2009-07-07. http://www.newjerseynewsroom.com/movies/brooke-shields-michael-jacksons-laugh-was-the-sweetest-and-purest-of-anyone-i-have-ever-known. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "British Record Charts". Petula Clark.net. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.petulaclark.net/chartsbritish.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ Limelight (1952) – Awards
- ^ Chaplin, Lita Grey; Vance, Jeffrey (1998). Wife of the life of the party. The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series. 61 (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8108-3432-3.
- ^ Mehran, Hooman. "Chaplin's writing and directing collaborators". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://chaplin.bfi.org.uk/programme/essays/collaborators.html. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
- ^ Hotka, Thomas Carl (11 March 2010). West of the East Coast. AuthorHouse. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4490-8277-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ab6Dts2rH1wC&pg=PA143. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
- ^ a b Maland, Charles J. (1991). Chaplin and American Culture. Princeton University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-691-02860-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=hJhaiT7B04AC.
- ^ Zimmerman, Bonnie (1999). Lesbian Histories and Cultures. Routledge. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-8153-1920-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=0EUoCrFolGcC.
- ^ "International Herald Tribune. 23 August 2002. 1927:Chaplin Divorce Settled: In our pages: 100, 75 and 50 years ago". International Herald Tribune. 23 August 2002. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/23/opinion/23iht-edold_ed3__57.html. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
- ^ "Mann & Woman". Time (magazine). 3 April 1944. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,850389,00.html. Retrieved 21 August 2007. "Auburn-haired Joan Barry, 24, who wandered from her native Detroit to New York to Hollywood in pursuit of a theatrical career, became a Chaplin protegee in the summer of 1941. She fitted into a familiar pattern. Chaplin signed her to a $75-a-week contract, began training her for a part in a projected picture. Two weeks after the contract was signed she became his mistress. Throughout the summer and autumn, Miss Barry testified last week, she visited the ardent actor five or six times a week. By midwinter her visits were down to "maybe three times a week". By late summer of 1942, Chaplin had decided that she was unsuited for his movie. Her contract ended."
- ^ "Just Like the Movies". Time (magazine). 17 August 1953. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,858217,00.html. Retrieved 21 August 2007. "Another Chaplin ex-protegee, 33-year-old Joan Barry, who won a 1946 paternity suit against the comedian, was admitted to Patton State Hospital (for the mentally ill) after she was found walking the streets barefoot, carrying a pair of baby sandals and a child's ring, and murmuring: "This is magic, my god"."
- ^ Mandarano, Matthew. "Cult Movies – Joan Barry: The Most (In)famous Actress to Never Appear on Screen". Alternativereel.com. http://www.alternativereel.com/includes/articles/display_article.php?id=00075. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin marries Oona O’Neill". New York: A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/6/16?catId=12. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
- ^ Or Charles Spencer Chaplin III because his grandfather was called Charles Spencer Chaplin, Sr., and his father could have been called Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr.
- ^ Mandarano, Matthew. "Cult Movies - Joan Barry: The Most (In)famous Actress to Never Appear on Screen - Joan Berry". Alternativereel.com. http://www.alternativereel.com/includes/articles/display_article.php?id=00075. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 46444. p. 8. 31 December 1974. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
- ^ "Comic genius Chaplin is knighted". BBC. 4 March 1975. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/4/newsid_2794000/2794107.stm. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Reynolds, Paul (21 July 2002). "Chaplin knighthood blocked". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2141391.stm. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Gregory Paul Williams, The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History, page 311. storyofhollywood.com, 2006, ISBN 978-0-9776299-0-9. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9W4R_CZtFe8C&pg=PA311&dq=charlie+chaplin+Hollywood+Walk+of+Fame&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=charlie%20chaplin%20Hollywood%20Walk%20of%20Fame&f=false. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin museum to open in Swiss mansion". The Guardian (UK). 23 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2009/nov/23/charlie-chaplin-museum-swiss-mansion. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ "Chaplin". chaplinmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.chaplinmuseum.com/. Retrieved 15 February 2010.
- ^ Haining 1982, p. 201.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival". http://www.chaplinfilmfestival.com/.
- ^ Chaplin, Charles (1960). My father, Charlie Chaplin. Random House.
- ^ Rosenbaum, Jonathan (1998). "List-o-Mania: Or, How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love American Movies". Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.chicagoreader.com/movies/100best.html.
- ^ "The Complete List – ALL-TIME 100 Movies – TIME Magazine". TIME. 2005. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html.
- ^ "History of the Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/about/history.html. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
- ^ "Charlie Chaplin prepares for return to United States after two decades". A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/charlie-chaplin-prepares-for-return-to-united-states-after-two-decades. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
- ^ Vitello, Paul (26 September 2011). "Mo Rothman Dies at 92; Revived Interest in Charlie Chaplin". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/27/movies/mo-rothman-dies-at-92-revived-interest-in-charlie-chaplin.html?_r=1&hpw. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
- ^ Cope, Mike (2008). The Last of the Funnies: A Li'L Tall Tale about America's Favorite Art Form. CreateSpace. p. 63. ISBN 1-4382-6412-7.
- ^ Inge, M. Thomas (1990). Comics as Culture. University Press of Mississippi. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-313-31251-9.
- ^ "The Internet Movie Database: Movca Film Service [us: Production Company – filmography"]. The Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/company/co0098778/. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ David A. Gerstein. "The Pre-Felix Pat Sullivan Studio Filmography". Golden Age Cartoons.com. http://felix.goldenagecartoons.com/prefelixfilms.html. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
- ^ Canemaker, John (1996). Felix: The Twisted Tale of the World's Most Famous Cat. Da Capo Press. pp. 38, 78. ISBN 0-306-80731-9.
- ^ Louvish, Simon (2005). Stan and Ollie, the Roots of Comedy. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-312-32598-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=iSfU38xkO7AC.
- ^ "Timeless Classic Punnagai Mannan: Movie Review – Sri Lanka". Lankanewspapers.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2010. http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2006/12/10556_space.html. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
- ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 305. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3. http://books.google.com/books?q=3623+Chaplin+1981+TC2.
- ^ 100 great British heroes BBC News. Retrieved 25 February 2012
- ^ Stokes, Emily (2010-01-25). "Silent Films/Live Guitars/Justin Vernon, the New York Guitar Festival, Merkin Concert Hall". FT.com. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/673fa6c4-09d6-11df-8b23-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1f3kTFrJ8. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
- ^ "Google doodles a video honouring Charlie Chaplin". IBN Live. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/google-doodles-a-video-honouring-charlie-chaplin/149271-11.html. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
Sources[link]
- Chaplin, Charles (2003 [First published 1964]). My Autobiography. London: Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-141-01147-5.
- Louvish, Simon (2010 [First published 2009]). Chaplin: The Tramp's Odyssey. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-23796-2.
- Robinson, David (1986 [First published 1985]). Chaplin: His Life and Art. London: Paladin. ISBN 0-586-08544-0.
- Weissman, Stephen (2009). Chaplin: A Life. London: JR Books. ISBN 987-1-906779-50-4.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Charlie Chaplin |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Charlie Chaplin |
- Charlie Chaplin at the Internet Movie Database
- Charles Chaplin at the TCM Movie Database
- Charlie Chaplin at AllRovi
- Charlie Chaplin Website
- Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival Website
- The Charlie Chaplin Archive
- Chaplin A Life: 40 Photo-Essays
- Films by, about or starring Charlie Chaplin at the Internet Archive
- Obituary, NY Times, 26 December 1977 Chaplin's Little Tramp, an Everyman Trying to Gild Cage of Life, Enthralled World
- The TIME 100: Charlie Chaplin Archived, May 2011.
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Chaplin, Charlie |
| Alternative names | Chaplin, Charles Spencer, Jr. (full name) |
| Short description | English actor and director |
| Date of birth | (1889-04-16)16 April 1889 |
| Place of birth | Walworth, London, England |
| Date of death | 25 December 1977(1977-12-25) |
| Place of death | Vevey, Switzerland |
http://wn.com/Charlie_Chaplin
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the French Wikipedia. (January 2012) Don't speak French? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the French article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating.
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| Stéphane Hessel | |
|---|---|
 Stéphane Hessel at a political rally for Europe Écologie, March 2010 |
|
| Born | Stéphane Frédéric Hessel (1917-10-20) 20 October 1917 (age 94) Berlin, Germany |
| Residence | Paris, France |
| Citizenship | French |
| Occupation | Diplomat, ambassador |
| Years active | 1946 to present |
| Known for | Human rights advocacy French Resistance fighter Buchenwald survivor |
| Notable work(s) | Time for Outrage! (Indignez-vous!) |
| Parents | Helen Grund Hessel Franz Hessel |
| Awards | Légion d'honneur Ordre du Mérite North-South Prize UNESCO/Bilbao Prize |
Stéphane Frédéric Hessel (born 20 October 1917) is a diplomat, ambassador, writer, concentration camp survivor, former French Resistance fighter and BCRA agent. Born German, he became a naturalised French citizen in 1939. He participated in the editing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. In 2011, he was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Hessel was born in Berlin, the son of Helen (Grund), a journalist, and writer Franz Hessel, who inspired the characters of Jules and Kathe in Henri-Pierre Roche's novel Jules and Jim[1] (Kathe was called Catherine in the subsequent film adaptation by François Truffaut). His paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants who joined the Lutheran church, and his mother was from a Christian family.[2] Hessel emigrated to Paris with his parents in 1924.[3] Having received his baccalauréat when 15 years old, he was admitted in 1937 to the École Normale Supérieure. He became a naturalized French citizen in 1939,[3] before being mobilized later that year into the French army in Saint-Maixent-l'Ecole.
Refusing to adhere to the Vichy government of Marshal Philippe Pétain, Hessel fled to London and joined General Charles de Gaulle's group of Resistance fighters in 1941,[1][4] returning to France, to organize Resistance communication networks in advance of the 1944 Allied invasion of France.[1] He was captured by the Gestapo and later deported to the Buchenwald and Dora concentration camps, where he was tortured by waterboarding.[4] Hessel, Forest Yeo-Thomas and Harry Peulevé escaped execution at Buchenwald through the help of Eugen Kogon and Alfred Balachowsky, who exchanged their identities with three prisoners who had died of typhus.[4][5] Hessel tried unsuccessfully to escape from Dora, but was able to avoid being hanged in reprisal. He later escaped during a transfer to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp,[1] and went to Hannover, where he met the advancing troops of the United States Army.
Human rights advocate, diplomat[link]
After the war, Hessel was involved with Eleanor Roosevelt[1] in editing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.[3] In 1962, he created the Association for Training in Africa and Madagascar (AFTAM) and became its first president.[6] In August 1982, Hessel was appointed for three years to the Haute Autorité de la communication audiovisuelle, the French regulatory agency for audio-visual communication. Hessel continues to hold a diplomatic passport, having been named an "ambassador for life".[4]
He is a member of the French division of the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World and is a founding member of the Collegium International[7] and served as vice president. He was a member of the Commission nationale consultative des droits de l'homme and the Haut Conseil de la coopération internationale.
In 2003, along with other former Resistance fighters, he signed the petition "For a Treaty of a Social Europe" and in August 2006, he was a signatory to an appeal against the Israeli air-strikes in Lebanon. The appeal, made by the French member organization of European Jews for a Just Peace, was published in Libération and other French newspapers.[8]
In 2004, he was awarded the North-South Prize by the Council of Europe.[1] That same year, he participated in the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the National Council of Resistance of 15 March 1944, which urged the younger generations to live by and pass on the legacy of the Resistance and its ideals of economic, social and cultural democracy.
On 14 July 2006, Hessel was made Grand Officier de la Légion d'honneur,[9] having already been given the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit in 1999.
Hessel called for the French government to make funds available to provide housing for the homeless[9] and denounced the French government's failure to comply with Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the Place de la Republique on 21 February 2008.
On the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 December 2008, Hessel received the UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Culture of Human Rights.[1][10] Hessel also received the United Nations Association of Spain Peace Prize Award 2008.[11]
On 5 January 2009, Hessel criticized the Israeli military attacks in the Gaza strip, saying "In fact, the word that applies—that should be applied—is 'war crime' and even 'crime against humanity'.[12] But this word must be used carefully, especially when one is in Geneva, the seat of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, who may have an important opinion on that issue. For my part, having visited Gaza, having seen the refugee camps with thousands of children, the manner in which they are bombed appears as a veritable crime against humanity."
In 2011, Hessel was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers "[f]or bringing the spirit of the French Resistance to a global society that has lost its heart."[13]
[edit] Time for Outrage!
In October 2010, his essay, Time for Outrage! (original French title: Indignez-vous!), was published in an edition of 6,000 copies (ISBN 978-1455509720 ). It has sold more than 3.5 million copies worldwide[14] and has been translated into Swedish, Basque, Catalan,[15] Italian,[4] German.[3] Greek, Portuguese,[4] Slovenian,[16] Spanish,[4] Croatian, Hebrew,[17] and Korean.[18] Translations into Japanese, Hungarian, and other languages are planned. In the United States, The Nation magazine's March 7–14, 2011 issue published the entire essay in English.[4][19]
Hessel's booklet argues that the French need to again become outraged, as were those who participated in the Resistance during World War II. Hessel's reasons for personal outrage include the growing gap between the very rich and the very poor, France's treatment of its illegal immigrants, the need to re-establish a free press, the need to protect the environment, importance of protecting the French welfare system,[4] and the plight of Palestinians, recommending that people read the September 2009 Goldstone Report.[20] He calls for peaceful and non-violent insurrection.[20]
In 2011, one of the names given to the Spanish protests against corruption and bipartisan politics was Los Indignados (the outraged), taken from the title of the book's translation there (¡Indignaos!). These protests, in conjunction with the Arab Spring, later helped to inspire other protests in many countries, including Greece, UK, Chile, Israel, and Occupy Wall Street which began in New York's financial district, but has now spread across the United States and numerous other countries. Ongoing protests in Mexico challenging corruption, drug cartel violence, economic hardship and policies also have been called the Indignados.[21]
Publications[link]
- Danse avec le siècle, autobiography. Editors Seuil (1997) (French), 312 pages ISBN :9782020235563 (French)
- Ô ma mémoire, la poésie, ma nécessité, poems. Seuil (2006, republished 2010) (French)
- Citoyen du monde, conversations with Jean-Michel Helvig. Fayard (2008) (French)
- Indignez-vous! essay. Indigène, Montpellier (October 21, 2010) 32 pages, ISBN 978-2-911939-76-1 (French)
- Impegnatevi, Salani Editore, Italy, 2011 (Italian)
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e f g Charles Glass, "Time for Outrage!" The Nation (February 16, 2011). Retrieved March 17, 2011
- ^ http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/best-selling-french-author-and-holocaust-survivor-has-some-advice-for-israel-1.417320
- ^ a b c d Stéphane Hessel, Empört Euch! Translated by Michael Kogon. Ullstein Buchverlage GmbH, Berlin (2011)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Elaine Sciolino, "A Resistance Hero Fires Up the French" The New York Times (March 9, 2011). Retrieved March 16, 2011
- ^ Marshall, Bruce (2000, p. 197). The White Rabbit. Published by Cassell, London. OCLC 59575058 ISBN 0-304-35697-2
- ^ History of AFTAM Association for Training in Africa and Madagascar, official website. Retrieved March 17, 2011 (French)
- ^ "Appeal for the International Ethical, Political and Scientific Collegium" Collegium International (February 5, 2002). March 17, 2011
- ^ "Nous, Juifs contre les frappes d'Israël" Libération (August 9, 2006). Retrieved March 17, 2011 (French)
- ^ a b Sponsor biographies Bibliothèques sans Frontières. Retrieved March 17, 2011 (French)
- ^ "Stéphane Hessel to receive UNESCO/Bilbao Prize". http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=44186&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
- ^ "Stéphane Hessel Roda de Premsa ANUE Premi per la Pau (1)" ecombase. Retrieved June 17, 2011 (Catalan)
- ^ Joseph A. Kechichian, "Worthy persons of the year" Gulf News (December 30, 2010). Retrieved March 17, 2011
- ^ #100: Stéphane Hessel, Foreign Policy (December 2011). Retrieved December 4, 2011
- ^ Tracy McNicoll, "Prophet of Outrage" Daily Beast (September 25, 2011). Retrieved October 1, 2011
- ^ "Indigneu-vos!" (PDF) Biblioteca Social d'Olot. (April 2011). Retrieved June 21, 2011 (Catalan)
- ^ "Hesselova knjiga Dvignite se! tudi v slovenščini" SiOL.net (May 9, 2011). Retrieved May 18, 2011 (Slovene)
- ^ תזעמו! Retrieved October 1, 2011 (Hebrew)
- ^ 지금은 분노해야 할 때… Retrieved April 23, 2012 (Korean)
- ^ "Time for Outrage!" The Nation (March 7–14, 2011). Retrieved March 16, 2011
- ^ a b Ignacio Ramonet, "A Call to Outrage" Other News (February 15, 2011). Retrieved March 17, 2011
- ^ Bacon, David (Nov 2011). "Mexico's Indignados Have Had It". Z Magazine (Cambridge, MA: Institute for Social and Cultural Communications): 25–7.
- This article incorporates information from the revision as of January 2008 of the equivalent article on the French Wikipedia.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stéphane Hessel |
- Stéphane Hessel interviewed by Juan González on Democracy Now! October 10, 2011
- "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" United Nations. Retrieved March 16, 2011
- 60th anniversary commemortion of the Program of the Conseil National de la Résistance. Retrieved March 16, 2011
- Biography and writings of Hessel Denis Touret. Retrieved March 16, 2011 (French)
- Interview with Hessel Irenees.net (July 9, 2008). Retrieved March 16, 2011 (French)
- Indigène editions Official website. Publisher of Indignez-vous! Retrieved March 17, 2011
- Time for Outrage! Charles Glass Books. English translation of Indignez-vous! Retrieved March 17, 2011
- "Stéphane Hessel, a drafter of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, signed personal guarantee for Ales Bialiatski" Belarusian Viasna Human Rights Centre. Retrieved September 6, 2011
- Stéphane Hessel at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hessel, Stephane |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | ambassador, former diplomat, concentration camp survivor |
| Date of birth | October 20, 1917 |
| Place of birth | Berlin, Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Stéphane_Hessel
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stéphane_Hessel
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
