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Send this Playlist by SMS
1934 Burlington Pioneer Zephyr
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:57
- Updated: 06 May 2013
In 1934 The Burlington Pioneer Zephyr broke records with its Denver to Chicago run.
http://wn.com/1934_Burlington_Pioneer_Zephyr
In 1934 The Burlington Pioneer Zephyr broke records with its Denver to Chicago run.
Betty Boop Cartoon Banned For Drug Use 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 16 May 2013
Laughing Gas! HaHaHa.
http://wn.com/Betty_Boop_Cartoon_Banned_For_Drug_Use_1934
Mystery Liner (1934) - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 62:17
- Updated: 14 May 2013
Captain Holling is relieved of command of his ship after he suffers a nervous breakdown. His replacement, Captain Downey, takes over the liner just as it is ...
http://wn.com/Mystery_Liner_1934_Full_Movie
Captain Holling is relieved of command of his ship after he suffers a nervous breakdown. His replacement, Captain Downey, takes over the liner just as it is ...
- published: 16 Jul 2009
- author: LuckyStrike502
I Wanna Be A Minstrel Man (1934)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 04 May 2013
A nice little clip from Kid Millions.
http://wn.com/I_Wanna_Be_A_Minstrel_Man_1934
1934 Hitlerjugend - der Anfang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 09 May 2013
1934. Hitler addresses the Hitlerjugend at the 1934 Nuremberg rally. Excerpt from Triumph of the Will.
http://wn.com/1934_Hitlerjugend_der_Anfang
1934. Hitler addresses the Hitlerjugend at the 1934 Nuremberg rally. Excerpt from Triumph of the Will.
- published: 15 Oct 2009
- views: 35016
- author: skoblinI
Речь Гитлера на съезде НСДАП 1934 (с русским перводом)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:33
- Updated: 03 May 2013
Полная речь Гитлера на съезде НСДАП-в Мюнхене (профессиональный перевод).
http://wn.com/Речь_Гитлера_на_съезде_НСДАП_1934_с_русским_перводом
Полная речь Гитлера на съезде НСДАП-в Мюнхене (профессиональный перевод).
- published: 08 Sep 2010
- views: 408408
- author: kuro4kaya
Asturias Revolucion Obrera 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:57
- Updated: 12 Mar 2013
la revolució d'asturies de 1934.
http://wn.com/Asturias_Revolucion_Obrera_1934
3ème - le 6 février 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 13 Apr 2013
vidéos Histoite.
http://wn.com/3ème_le_6_février_1934
Paul Otlet, visioning a web in 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:20
- Updated: 09 May 2013
Paul Otlet, a Belgian bibliographer, pacifist and entrepreneur imagined a day when users would access the database from great distances by means of an "elect...
http://wn.com/Paul_Otlet,_visioning_a_web_in_1934
Paul Otlet, a Belgian bibliographer, pacifist and entrepreneur imagined a day when users would access the database from great distances by means of an "elect...
- published: 17 Jun 2008
- author: Attila Gárdos
Free Flight Model Planes in Japan and France 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:05
- Updated: 26 Apr 2013
Compressed air powered models in Japan and rubber powered models in France filmed in 1934.
http://wn.com/Free_Flight_Model_Planes_in_Japan_and_France_1934
Compressed air powered models in Japan and rubber powered models in France filmed in 1934.
- published: 11 Sep 2007
- author: Bomberguy
World Cup 1934 Final - Italy 2:1 Czechoslovakia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 09 May 2013
0:1 Antonin Puc (70.) 1:1 Raimondo Orsi (82.) 2:1 Angelo Schiavio (95.) The 1934 World Cup Final was the deciding match of the 1934 World Cup. It was contest...
http://wn.com/World_Cup_1934_Final_Italy_21_Czechoslovakia
0:1 Antonin Puc (70.) 1:1 Raimondo Orsi (82.) 2:1 Angelo Schiavio (95.) The 1934 World Cup Final was the deciding match of the 1934 World Cup. It was contest...
- published: 28 Oct 2007
- views: 110189
- author: KINGofSOCCERhistory
Mighty Atom model airplane engine 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 29 Mar 2013
This little engine is considered by some to be one of the ten finest ignition engines ever made. Its design was commissioned in 1939 by the Polk Brothers (th...
http://wn.com/Mighty_Atom_model_airplane_engine_1934
This little engine is considered by some to be one of the ten finest ignition engines ever made. Its design was commissioned in 1939 by the Polk Brothers (th...
- published: 08 Aug 2007
- views: 46510
- author: Bomberguy
OLD FRENCH BOXING SAVATE 29.03.1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:48
- Updated: 12 May 2013
http://www.savate.tk - BLOG. Competition in 29.03.1934. At that time in France already existed first authentic kick-boxing sport SAVATE - FRENCH BOXING - Box...
http://wn.com/OLD_FRENCH_BOXING_SAVATE_29031934
http://www.savate.tk - BLOG. Competition in 29.03.1934. At that time in France already existed first authentic kick-boxing sport SAVATE - FRENCH BOXING - Box...
- published: 15 Dec 2006
- author: frenchboxingsavate
12. Februar 1934: Eine Dokumentation der Ereignisse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 13 May 2013
12. Februar 1934 - Zusammenfassung der Ereignisse Dokumentation Weiterlesen auf http://www.rotbewegt.at 12. Februar 1934 - Bürgerkrieg in Österreich (Von Man...
http://wn.com/12_Februar_1934_Eine_Dokumentation_der_Ereignisse
12. Februar 1934 - Zusammenfassung der Ereignisse Dokumentation Weiterlesen auf http://www.rotbewegt.at 12. Februar 1934 - Bürgerkrieg in Österreich (Von Man...
- published: 17 Feb 2009
- views: 9825
- author: rotbewegt
{MOVIE} It Happened One Night 1934 DVDrip FS EQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 105:02
- Updated: 14 May 2013
I HOPE MY ACCOUNT DOESNT GET DELETED BUT I LOVE THIS MOVIE, ENJOY !
http://wn.com/_MOVIE_It_Happened_One_Night_1934_DVDrip_FS_EQ
I HOPE MY ACCOUNT DOESNT GET DELETED BUT I LOVE THIS MOVIE, ENJOY !
- published: 22 Oct 2012
- author: 50sJohnny
Flame of the Pacific, 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:41
- Updated: 14 May 2013
A courtship and wedding in the South Seas. Transferred from an original 35m print. To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home...
http://wn.com/Flame_of_the_Pacific,_1934
A courtship and wedding in the South Seas. Transferred from an original 35m print. To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home...
- published: 12 Mar 2009
- views: 4087133
- author: travelfilmarchive
Glimpses of Erin 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:36
- Updated: 11 May 2013
A tour of Ireland in the 1930's. Ireland, Eire, Irish, cattle, farmhouse, thatched roof, woman driving horsecart, harvesting hay, hay mounds, hay stacks, chi...
http://wn.com/Glimpses_of_Erin_1934
A tour of Ireland in the 1930's. Ireland, Eire, Irish, cattle, farmhouse, thatched roof, woman driving horsecart, harvesting hay, hay mounds, hay stacks, chi...
- published: 19 Apr 2008
- author: travelfilmarchive
The Spielberg Jewish Film Archive - Ideal Travel Talks - Palestine 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:41
- Updated: 30 Apr 2013
Name: Ideal Travel Talks - Palestine 1934 Year: 1934 Duration: 01:20:41 Language: English inter-titles Abstract: A tour of key sites in the land of Israel in...
http://wn.com/The_Spielberg_Jewish_Film_Archive_Ideal_Travel_Talks_Palestine_1934
Name: Ideal Travel Talks - Palestine 1934 Year: 1934 Duration: 01:20:41 Language: English inter-titles Abstract: A tour of key sites in the land of Israel in...
- published: 23 Mar 2010
- views: 3426
- author: HebrewUniversity
昭和9年（1934年） 京都 カラー映像
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Updated: 15 May 2013
Kyoto Japan color film in 1934.
http://wn.com/昭和9年（1934年） 京都 カラー映像
1934 GRAND NATIONAL,GREAT FOOTAGE GOLDEN MILLER WINS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:36
- Updated: 28 Apr 2013
Visit http://HorseBettingFormula.com -- Learn How to Easily Generate A Six Figure Income Annually From Betfair...Wins 9 Out Of 10 Bets Placed.
http://wn.com/1934_GRAND_NATIONAL,GREAT_FOOTAGE_GOLDEN_MILLER_WINS
Visit http://HorseBettingFormula.com -- Learn How to Easily Generate A Six Figure Income Annually From Betfair...Wins 9 Out Of 10 Bets Placed.
- published: 09 Aug 2008
- views: 9645
- author: butlerscabin2008
Championship Game Giants 30 Bears 13, December 9, 1934
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:37
- Updated: 21 Apr 2013
Bear pass intercepted by Giants, lateral on runback for good gain. Danowski completes pass near goal line but Giants are stalled. In second period Nagurski g...
http://wn.com/Championship_Game_Giants_30_Bears_13,_December_9,_1934
Bear pass intercepted by Giants, lateral on runback for good gain. Danowski completes pass near goal line but Giants are stalled. In second period Nagurski g...
- published: 27 Jun 2011
- views: 4597
- author: historycomestolife
1934 It happened one night - Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 10 May 2013
"It happened one night" by Frank Capra.
http://wn.com/1934_It_happened_one_night_Trailer
Don Quixote (1934)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:11
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
A ComiColor Cartoon, produced by Ub Iwerks. Musical score by Carl Stalling.
http://wn.com/Don_Quixote_1934
A ComiColor Cartoon, produced by Ub Iwerks. Musical score by Carl Stalling.
- published: 29 Dec 2007
- views: 21033
- author: Michael Fleming
photo: Flickr
17 May 2013
17 May 2013, 17.17. Bunga Bunga. Berlusconi 'Prostitute' In Court. Tweet. A teenage former belly dancer who denies having sex with former Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi has given her version of events at his allegedly raunchy "bunga bunga" parties ... Prosecutors claim that Miss El Mahroug was 17 when she was paid by the politician for sex and he is on trial separately in relation to that accusation ... She added ... She added ... She said....(size: 5.8Kb)
photo: AP / Misha Japaridze
18 May 2013
The US has scolded Russia for sending missiles to the Syrian government, with plans for an international peace conference promoted by the two major powers appearing to founder on diplomatic rifts over its scope and purpose. General Martin Dempsey, the most senior US military officer, has described Russia's recent delivery of anti-ship missiles to President Bashar al-Assad as "ill-timed and very unfortunate" ... Report....(size: 7.6Kb)
photo: AP / Jerome Favre
18 May 2013
(Adds Elon Musk details in the 13th paragraph.). May 17 (Bloomberg) -- Bill Gates is once again the world’s richest person. The 57-year-old co-founder of Redmond, Washington-based Microsoft Corp. recaptured the title from Mexican investor Carlos Slim yesterday, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, as the software maker hit a five-year high. It is the first time Gates has held the mantle since 2007 ... He denies the accusation....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 May 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. There appears to be a curse stalking second term presidents, specifically starting with Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon and continuing through to President Barack Obama. President Obama's malevolent shadow, namely Benghazigate, IRSgate and the more recent APgate, have almost utterly enveloped him and his administration ... President Obama's second term is also unraveling....(size: 5.6Kb)
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noodls
19 May 2013
(Source. Cheyney University of Pennsylvania) Congratulations To The Class of 2013. May 18, 2013. The Cheyney University Commencement program for the Class of 2013 was held on May 18. View full gallery. Cheyney University President Michelle R ... Charisse R ... Charisse R ... Rustin. Rustin, a noted Civil Rights activist and former Cheyney University student (1934-1937) would have been 101 years old in 2013 ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.9Kb)
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The News & Observer
19 May 2013
A reader has chided me for not writing something about Mother’s Day. To tell the truth, the event snuck up on me until it was too late to meet my deadline. Today, I’m compensating for the oversight ... This special day, created by a newspaper editor in Amarillo, Texas in 1934, inspires far less fanfare than Groundhog Day and other minor holidays ... I don’t buy that as a universal truth ... Snow. 919-836-5636 or ....(size: 4.3Kb)
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The Guardian
19 May 2013
LISBON, May 19 (Reuters) - Porto were crowned Portuguese champions for the 27th time after a 2-0 win at Pacos de Ferreira on Sunday. League titles by club.. Benfica - 32. Porto - 27. Sporting - 18. Boavista - 1. Belenenses - 1. Previous Portuguese Premier League champions (runners-up and the margin of victory in points are in brackets).. 2012-13 - Porto 78 (Benfica 1). 2011-12 - Porto 75 (Benfica - 6) ... 1934-35 - Porto 22 (Sporting - 2) ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
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Deccan Chronicle
19 May 2013
The era before the invention of the internet was an age where travelling around the world was in its infancy, and held the greatest romance and mystery of all ... Humankind has always strived to reach for the impossible, to have powers beyond contemporary imagination ... In 1934, Pan American had placed a request with Boeing for a trans-oceanic aircraft and the design Beall had drawn up had won them over....(size: 6.9Kb)
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CNN
19 May 2013
May 19, 2013 -- Updated 1934 GMT (0334 HKT). Raha Moharrak, part of the "Arabs With Altitude" expedition, became the first Saudi woman to reach the summit of Everest. (CNN) -- A 27-year-old graphic designer has made history by becoming the first Saudi woman to conquer Mount Everest ... The mountaineers' Twitter account, @EverestArabs, marked the occasion by tweeting ... We salute you." ... Sherpas, climbers sign Everest treaty ... Read more ... Read more....(size: 7.9Kb)
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The Observer
19 May 2013
The Peace Bridge across the River Foyle in Derry, UK city of culture. Photograph. Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images ... In a city shattered by Bloody Sunday, relentless bombing and sectarian strife in the past, there are signs everywhere of a feelgood factor ... But there is a new wave ... Not everyone is entirely on board ... Released as an album in 2003, it was designed to echo WB Yeats's St Patrick's Day reading of poetry with music in 1934 ... Share ... ....(size: 8.9Kb)
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Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
19 May 2013
Barry Wood is a devout Presbyterian, but today he'll also be worshipping at the altar of two other gods. As president of the Pittsburgh chapter of the International Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy "MacEddy" fan club, Mr ... When. 1-4 p.m. today. Where. 405 Linda Lane, Houston, Pa. Information. 724-745-7713. The meeting is open to the public. Ms ... Wood of MacDonald and Eddy, who made eight film musicals together between 1934 and 1942 ... "No ... Ms....(size: 8.6Kb)
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The Daily Telegraph
19 May 2013
Copies of vintage detective novels can be a great investment – but be sure to investigate first. Toby Walne explains. A first-edition copy of Poirot Investigates sold for £40,630. Photo. Rex Features. By Toby Walne ... Another Hammett classic, The Thin Man, might cost £10,000 for a 1934 first-edition copy with dust jacket by Knopf in fine condition – but just £1,500 if still in great shape without a slip ... ... ....(size: 15.3Kb)
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CNN
19 May 2013
May 19, 2013 -- Updated 1539 GMT (2339 HKT). (CNN) -- Pakistanis cast ballots in Karachi on Sunday, a day after the slaying of a well-known political leader who had accused rivals of vote rigging. As voters headed to polls, accusations flew over politician Zahra Shahid Hussain's death ... A politician who claimed the vote was rigged, Zahra Shahid Hussain, was killed the day before ... HIDE CAPTION ... 1 ... May 13, 2013 -- Updated 1134 GMT (1934 HKT)....(size: 15.4Kb)
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Business Wire
18 May 2013
The complaint charges Hot Topic, its Board of Directors (the “Board”) and Sycamore Partners with violations of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“1934 Act”) ... In an attempt to secure shareholder support for the unfair Proposed Acquisition, on April 24, 2013, Hot Topic issued a materially false and misleading Preliminary Proxy Statement Pursuant to §14(a) of the 1934 Act (the “Proxy”)....(size: 5.3Kb)
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Buffalo News
18 May 2013
March 25, 1917 – May 9, 2013. Mary Ardelle Pitkin, a French teacher at Iroquois Central School in Elma from 1965 to 1992, died May 9 in Orchard Park. She was 96. Mrs ... Mrs. Pitkin was born in Evanston, Ill., but raised in Buffalo. She graduated from the Park School of Buffalo in 1934 ... After graduating from Smith with a bachelor’s degree in 1938, Mrs. Pitkin taught at the Park School and then at Ashley Hall in Charleston, S.C ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
This article is about the year 1934.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1900s 1910s 1920s – 1930s – 1940s 1950s 1960s |
| Years: | 1931 1932 1933 – 1934 – 1935 1936 1937 |
| 1934 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1934 MCMXXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2687 |
| Armenian calendar | 1383 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6684 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 90–91 |
| Bengali calendar | 1341 |
| Berber calendar | 2884 |
| British Regnal year | 23 Geo. 5 – 24 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2478 |
| Burmese calendar | 1296 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7442–7443 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸酉年十一月十六日 (4570/4630-11-16) — to —
甲戌年十一月廿五日(4571/4631-11-25) |
| Coptic calendar | 1650–1651 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1926–1927 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5694–5695 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1990–1991 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1856–1857 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5035–5036 |
| Holocene calendar | 11934 |
| Iranian calendar | 1312–1313 |
| Islamic calendar | 1352–1353 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 9 (昭和9年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4267 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 23 民國23年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2477 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1934 |
Year 1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1
- Alcatraz becomes a prison.
- International Telecommunication Union.
- Nazi Germany passes the "Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring".
- January 7 – The first Flash Gordon comic strip is published.
- January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe is executed in Germany.
- January 13 – The Candidate of Science degree is established in the USSR.
- January 20 – The Japanese company Fuji Photo Film is established.
- January 24
- The new Constitution of Estonia enters into force.
- Einstein visits the White House.
- January 26
- The Apollo Theater opens in Harlem, New York City.
- The 10 year German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed by Germany and the Second Polish Republic.
- The Republic of Austria abolishes the jury trial by decree.[1]
February[link]
- February 6 – French political crisis: The French far right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon, in an attempted coup against the Third Republic.
- February 9
- Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia have formed the Balkan Pact.
- Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.
- February 12 – The Export-Import Bank is incorporated.
- February 12–February 16 – Austrian Civil War
- February 16 – Commission of Government sworn in as form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.
- February 21 – Augusto César Sandino is assassinated in Managua by the National Guard.
- February 22 – Frank Capra's It Happened One Night, starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert, is released. It becomes a smash hit and the first of Capra's great screen classics. It becomes the first film to win all 5 of the major Academy Awards – Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. Gable and Colbert receive their only Oscars for this film.
- February 23 – Léopold III becomes King of Belgium.
March[link]
- March 1 – Manchuria becomes Manchukuo, following an invasion by the Japanese.
- March 3
- John Dillinger escapes from jail in Crown Point, Indiana, using a wooden pistol.
- Erich Franke invents the wire bearing (today wire race bearing) and files a patent application.
- March 8 – Prince Sigvard of Sweden loses his titles because of his marriage.
- March 12 – Konstantin Päts and general Johan Laidoner stage a coup in Estonia, and ban all political parties.
- March 13 – John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson and their gang rob the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa.
- March 20
- All the police forces in Germany come under the command of Heinrich Himmler.
- The Great Hakodate fire kills at least 2,166 people in southern Hokkaido, Japan.
- March 24 – The Philippine Commonwealth becomes established allowing for more self-government from the United States.
April[link]
- April 1 – Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker kill 2 young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.
- April 6 – Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
- April 12
- U.S. publication of the novel Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald
- The worlds largest ever recorded surface wind speed of 231 miles per hour was recorded on the summit of Mt. Washington NH.
- April 19 – Surgeon R.K. Wilson allegedly photographs the Loch Ness Monster.
- April 22 – John Dillinger and two others shoot their way out of an FBI ambush in northern Wisconsin.
- April 28 – FA Cup: Manchester City beat Portsmouth 2 – 1 at Wembley Stadium
- April 30 – The first S-train line in Copenhagen is opened. The Line started in Klampenborg and ended in Frederiksberg.
May[link]
- May 1 – The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria
- May 5 – The first Three Stooges short, Woman Haters, is released.
- May 7 – The Pearl of Lao Tzu, 24 x 14 cm, is found in a giant clam off Palawan, Philippines.
- May 11 – Dust Bowl: A strong 2-day dust storm removes massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst dust storms of the Dust Bowl.
- May 15
- The United States Department of Justice offers a $25,000 reward for John Dillinger.
- Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
- May 19 – Kimon Georgiev stages a coup d'etat in Bulgaria.
- May 23 – A team of police officers, led by former Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, ambush bank robbers Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow near Gibsland, Louisiana, killing them both.
- May 24
- Tomáš Masaryk is re-elected president of Czechoslovakia.
- The 5-day "Battle of Toledo" starts during the Auto-Lite strike in Toledo, Ohio.
- May 28 – Near Callander, Ontario, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne, becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
- May 29 – May 31 – The Confessional Synod of the German Evangelical Church meets in Barmen, Germany to write the Barmen Declaration.
June[link]
- June 6 – New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- June 9 – The animated short The Wise Little Hen, directed by Bert Gillett for the Silly Symphonies series, and featuring the debut of Donald Duck, is released.
- June 10 – Italy beats Czechoslovakia 2–1 after extra time to win the 1934 World Cup.
- June 12 – Political parties are banned in Bulgaria.
- June 14 – Max Baer defeats champion Primo Carnera for the world heavyweight boxing title.
- June 18 – The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.
- June 27
- The Emir of Yemen and ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.
- The Canberra Times documents the attack of an unknown spider species upon the Chilean town of Antofagasta.[2]
- June 28 – Division of Grazing created within the Department of the Interior.
- June 30
- The Nazi SA camp Oranienburg becomes a national camp, taken over by the SS.
- Night of the Long Knives: Nazis purge the SA.
July[link]
- July 1
- Bureau of Air Commerce under Department of Commerce.
- The world famous Brookfield Zoo opens in Brookfield, Illinois.
- The Hays Office censorship code for motion pictures goes into full effect in the United States.
- July 10 – German Social Democrat and author Erich Mühsam is killed in Oranienburg concentration camp.
- July 17 – The North Dakota Supreme Court declares Lieutenant Governor Ole H. Olson the legitimate governor and tells William Langer to resign. Langer proceeds to declare North Dakota independent. He revokes the declaration after the Supreme Court justices meet him.
- July 22 – Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
- July 25 – Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss during a failed coup attempt.
August[link]
- August 2 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, becoming head of state as well as Chancellor.
- August 8 – The Wehrmacht swears a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.
- August 13 – The comic strip Li'l Abner is first published in US newspapers.
- August 19
- The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
- In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers as Führer and Reichskanzler.
- August 25 – Anti-union vigilantes seize the town of McGuffey, Ohio, during the Hardin County onion pickers strike.
September[link]
- September 5–10 – 8th Nuremberg Rally
- September 8 – Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner Morro Castle kills 134 people.
- September 19
- The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.
- Bruno Richard Hauptmann is arrested in connection with the Lindbergh kidnapping case.
- September 21 – A typhoon in Honshū, Japan kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings in Osaka.
- September 22 – A gas explosion at Gresford Colliery in Wrexham, north-east Wales kills 266 miners and rescuers, one of Britain's worst coal mining disasters.
- September 28
- Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.
- A trial for the custody of young Gloria Vanderbilt begins; it lasts seven weeks and ends with a compromise.
- September 29 – Stanley Matthews makes his England debut, beginning a record 23-year international career.
October[link]
- October 2 – A tornado in Osaka and Kyoto kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys the rice harvest.
- October 5 – Miners rebel in Asturias, Spain (see Asturian miners' strike of 1934).
- October 6 – Catalonian separatists rebel in Spain.
- October 9 – King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated during the king's state visit in Marseilles.
- October 16 – The Long March of the Chinese Communists begins.
- October 22 – Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd is shot and killed by FBI agents near East Liverpool, Ohio.
November[link]
- November 13 – The Italian government decrees that teachers must wear a military or party uniform in a class.
- November 21
- The MCC makes an ultimately controversial decision to alter the lbw rule so a batsman can be lbw to a ball pitching outside off stump. The change is later blamed for many problems developing during the 1950s, primarily negative bowling outside leg stump to a field of short-leg fieldsmen.
- Cole Porter's musical Anything Goes, starring Ethel Merman, premieres in New York City.
- November 23 – An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lays well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- November 26 – Universal Pictures releases the first film version of Fannie Hurst's novel, Imitation of Life, starring Claudette Colbert and Louise Beavers. It gives Beavers, usually featured in small roles as a maid, her best screen role, and features the largest supporting role played by a black person in a Hollywood film up till then. Its storyline partially revolves around a young mulatto girl rejecting her mother and trying to "pass for white". It is the first Hollywood film to seriously deal with this subject.
- November 27
- A running gun battle between FBI agents and bank robber Baby Face Nelson results in the death of one FBI agent and the mortal wounding of special agent Samuel P. Cowley, who was still able to mortally wound Nelson.
- Bolivian President Daniel Salamanca deposed.
December[link]
- December 1
- In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot and killed at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolaev (it is widely thought that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered this murder).
- In Mexico, Lázaro Cárdenas is inaugurated as President of that country.
- December 5 – Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.
- December 18 – A low-key fascist conference is held in Moreaux.
- December 24 – Actor Lionel Barrymore begins what will become an annual tradition of the Golden Age of Radio – playing the role of Ebenezer Scrooge in dramatizations of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. Barrymore continues playing Scrooge on radio until shortly before his death in 1954. He will also make a 78-RPM record album of the classic story, which will later be released on LP.
- December 26 – An American Airlines aircraft crashes in the Adirondack Mountains.
- December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.
- December 29 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
Date unknown[link]
- International Union of National Tourist Propaganda Organizations (IUNTPO).
- The "British Committee for Relations with Other Countries", which will become the British Council, is set up to foster cultural relations.[3]
- The sonoluminescence effect is discovered.
- The GPU becomes the NKVD.
- Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Côte d'Ivoire.
- The U.S. Marines leave Haiti.
- US Congress makes the Philippines a self-governing commonwealth and schedules independence for 1944. Sugar imports are reduced and immigration is limited to 50 Filipino people per year.
- The house Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania is designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
- The Quintette du Hot Club de France is established and produced two of the most famous Jazz instrumental icons Stéphane Grappelli and Django Reinhardt.
- This year is the hottest year in the United States on record.[4]
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 7 – Charles Jenkins, American sprinter
- January 9 – Bart Starr, American football player
- January 11 – Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada
- January 12 – Mick Sullivan, English rugby league footballer
- January 13 – Rip Taylor, American comedian
- January 16 – Marilyn Horne, American mezzo-soprano
- January 18 – Raymond Briggs, British writer and illustrator
- January 20
- January 22
- Nolan Strong, Detroit doo-wop singer with The Diablos
- Graham Kerr, British television personality
- Bill Bixby, American actor and director (My Favorite Maritan, The Courtship of Eddie's Father and The Incredible Hulk) (d. 1993)
- January 23 – Lou Antonio, American actor and director
- January 24 – Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet and dramatist (d. 1976)
- January 30 – Tammy Grimes, American actress
- February 5 – Hank Aaron, African-American baseball player
- February 7 – Earl King, American musician (d. 2003)
- February 10 – Fleur Adcock, New Zealand poet
- February 11
- Tina Louise, American actress (Gilligan's Island)
- Mary Quant, British fashion designer
- John Surtees, British race car driver
- February 12
- Anne Krueger, American economist
- Bill Russell, African-American basketball player
- February 13 – George Segal, American actor (The Hot Rock)
- February 14
- Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor
- Florence Henderson, American actress (The Brady Bunch)
- February 15 – Niklaus Wirth, Swiss computer scientist
- February 16 – Harold "Hal" & Herbert "Herbie" Kalin, American singers (The Kalin Twins) (d. 2005 and 2006, respectively)
- February 17
- Alan Bates, British actor (d. 2003)
- Barry Humphries, Australian actor and comedian
- February 18 – Ronald F. Marryott, American admiral (d. 2005)
- February 20 – Bobby Unser, American race car driver
- February 21 – Rue McClanahan, American actress (d. 2010)
- February 22
- Sparky Anderson, American baseball manager (d. 2010)
- Van Williams, American actor (The Green Hornet)
- February 23 – Augusto Algueró, Spanish composer (d. 2011)
- February 24
- Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
- Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
- February 27
- Vincent Fourcade, French-born interior designer and socialite (d. 1992)
- Ralph Nader, American consumer activist and presidential candidate
March–April[link]
- March 1
- Jean-Michel Folon, Belgian sculptor (d. 2005)
- Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
- March 4
- Mario Davidovsky, Argentinian composer
- John Duffey, American bluegrass musician (d. 1996)
- Anne Haney, American actress (d. 2001)
- Barbara McNair, African-American singer and actress (d. 2007)
- Janez Strnad, Slovenian physicist
- March 5
- Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- Nicholas Smith, English actor
- March 7
- Franklin Clarke, American football player
- Willard Scott, American television weather reporter (Today Show)
- March 9
- Joyce Van Patten, American actress
- Yuri Gagarin, Russian cosmonaut, first man in space (d. 1968)
- Del Close, American actor, improviser, writer, and teacher (d. 1999)
- March 11 – Sam Donaldson, American reporter (ABC News)
- March 13 – Barry Hughart, American author
- March 14
- Paul Rader, General of The Salvation Army
- Eugene Cernan, American astronaut
- March 16
- Richard Layard, Baron Layard, British economist
- Ray Hnatyshyn, Governor-General of Canada (d. 2002)
- March 20 – Willie Brown, Mayor of San Francisco, California
- March 22
- Orrin Hatch, U.S. Senator from Utah
- Larry Martyn, British comedy actor (Are You Being Served?) (d. 1994)
- March 23 – Mark Rydell, American actor and director
- March 25 – Gloria Steinem, American feminist
- March 26 – Alan Arkin, American actor
- March 31
- Orion Samuelson, American television personality
- Richard Chamberlain, American actor (Dr. Kildare)
- Shirley Jones, American singer and actress (The Partridge Family)
- Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- April 1
- Rod Kanehl, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
- Don Hastings, American actor
- April 2
- Paul Joseph Cohen, American mathematician
- Brian Glover, British actor and wrestler (d. 1997)
- April 3 – Jane Goodall, British zoologist
- April 5 – Roman Herzog, former President of Germany
- April 6 – Enrique Álvarez Félix, Mexican actor (d. 1996)
- April 9 – Bill Birch, New Zealand politician
- April 11 – Mark Strand, Canadian-born American poet
- April 14 – Loretta Lynn, American country singer
- April 18 – James Drury, American actor (The Virginian)
- April 24
- Shirley MacLaine, American actress
- Jayakanthan, Tamil writer
- April 25
- Peter McParland, Irish footballer
- Denny Miller, American actor (Wagon Train)
- April 29
- Otis Rush, American musician
- Akira Takarada, Japanese actor
- Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires, President of Cape Verde
May–June[link]
- May 3 – Henry Cooper, British boxer
- May 6 – Richard Shelby, U. S. senator from Alabama
- May 9 – Alan Bennett, British actor and writer
- May 13 – Leon Wagner, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- May 15 – George Roper, British comedian (d. 2003)
- May 18 – Dwayne Hickman, American actor (The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis)
- May 19 – Jim Lehrer, American television journalist for PBS (MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour)
- May 21 – Bengt I. Samuelsson, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 22 – Peter Nero, American pianist
- May 23 – Robert Moog, American inventor of the synthesizer (d. 2005)
- May 24 – Barry Rose, British choir director and organist
- May 27 – Harlan Ellison, American writer
- May 28 – Dionne quintuplets, Canadian quintuplets
- May 30 – Aleksei Leonov, Russian cosmonaut
- June 1
- Pat Boone, American actor and singer
- Ken Rex McElroy, American murder victim (d. 1981)
- June 3 – Rolland D. McCune, American theologian
- June 4
- Dame Daphne Sheldrick, Kenyan conservationist and author
- Dame Monica Dacon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines schoolteacher, educator and politician
- June 5 – Bill Moyers, American journalist
- June 6 – King Albert II of Belgium
- June 16
- Dame Eileen Atkins, British actress
- William Forsyth Sharpe, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
- June 20 – Samuel Zoll, Massachusetts jurist (d. 2011)
- June 25 – Beatriz Sheridan, Mexican actress and director (d. 2006)
- June 26 – Jeremy Wolfenden, British journalist (d. 1965)
- June 28 – Carl Levin, United States Senator
- June 30 – Harry Blackstone Jr., American magician (d. 1997)
July–August[link]
- July 1
- Jean Marsh,actress
- Jamie Farr, American actor (best known as Klinger on M*A*S*H)
- Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)
- July 10 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer
- July 11 – Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
- July 12 – Van Cliburn, American pianist
- July 13
- Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer, Nobel Prize laureate
- Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian cosmonaut
- July 14 – John Tyndall, British politician (d. 2005)
- July 15 – Harrison Birtwistle, British composer
- July 21 – Jonathan Miller, British theatre director
- July 25 – Luang Por Sumedho, Theravada Buddhist representative in the West
- July 28 – Bud Luckey, Pixar animator, a American voice actor
- July 30 – Bud Selig, American Major League Baseball commissioner
- August 2 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian cosmonaut
- August 3 – Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political and rebel leader (d. 2002)
- August 4 – Dallas Green, American baseball manager and executive
- August 5
- Wendell Berry, American novelist, essayist, poet
- Gay Byrne, Irish broadcaster
- August 6 – Billy Boston, Welsh rugby league footballer
- August 15 – Nino Ferrer, French singer (d. 1998)
- August 16
- Diana Wynne Jones, British writer (d. 2011)
- Donnie Dunagan, American actor
- August 18
- Vincent Bugliosi, American prosecutor and author (Helter Skelter)
- Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 1972)
- August 19 – Renée Richards, American transsexual physician and tennis player
- August 20
- Armi Kuusela, Miss Universe 1952
- Tom Mangold, British journalist and author
- August 22 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Army general
- August 23
- Sonny Jurgensen, American football player
- Barbara Eden, American actress (I Dream of Jeannie)
- August 25
- Eddie Ilarde, Filipino broadcaster and politician
- Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, former President of Iran
- August 26 – Tom Heinsohn, American baseketball player, coach, and broadcaster
- August 30
- Anatoli Solonitsyn, Russian actor (d. 1982)
- Helen Craig, English children's author, illustrator (Angelina Ballerina)
September–October[link]
- September 2
- Dominic Chianese, American actor
- Grady Nutt, American humorist (d. 1982)
- September 4 – Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)
- September 7 – Little Milton, American musician
- September 8 – Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer
- September 10 – Charles Kuralt, American journalist (On The Road) (d. 1997)
- September 15 – Fred Nile, Australian Christian politician
- September 16
- Ronnie Drew, Irish Dubliner Band Singer (d. 2008)
- Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and executive
- September 17
- Binoy Majumdar, Indian Hungryalist Poet.
- Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (d. 1969)
- September 19 – Brian Epstein, English manager of the Beatles (d. 1967)
- September 20
- Sophia Loren, Italian actress
- Takayuki Kubota, martial artist and founder of the Gosoku-ryu style of karate
- September 21 – Leonard Cohen, Canadian poet, novelist and singer/songwriter
- September 22 – Lute Olson, American basketball coach
- September 23 – Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan
- September 24
- Tommy Anderson, Scottish footballer
- Robert Lang, English actor of stage and television (d. 2004)
- September 27
- Beverly Armstrong, American female professional baseball player
- Wilford Brimley, American actor
- September 28 – Brigitte Bardot, French actress, sex symbol of the 1950s and 60's, and animal rights activist
- September 30
- Alan A'Court, English footballer (d. 2009)
- Anna Kashfi, Welsh actress
- October 1
- Chuck Hiller, baseball player (d. 2004)
- Shakeb Jalali Urdu poet (d. 1966)
- October 2 – Earl Wilson, baseball player (d. 2005)
- October 3 – Harold Henning, South African golfer (d. 2004)
- October 4 – Sam Huff, American football player
- October 9 – Jill Ker Conway, Australian-born author
- October 13 – Nana Mouskouri, Greek singer
- October 17 – Rico Rodriguez, Jamaican trombonist
- October 18 – Chuck Swindoll, American evangelist
- October 20
- Michael Dunn, a.k.a. Gary Neil Miller, dwarf American actor and singer (The Wild Wild West) (d. 1973)
- Charles S. Liebman American-Israeli political scientist and author (d. 2003)
- October 30
- Frans Brüggen, Dutch flutist, recorder player, and conductor
- Hamilton Camp, English-American actor (d. 2005)
November–December[link]
- November 1 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004)
- November 6 – Barton Myers, American/Canadian architect
- November 7 – Jackie Joseph, American actress
- November 9 – Carl Sagan, American astronomer and television host (Cosmos) (d. 1996)
- November 10 – Joanna Moore, American actress (d. 1997)
- November 12 – Charles Manson, American cult leader and criminal
- November 13 – John Gowans, General of The Salvation Army
- November 15 – Irén Pavlics, Slovene authoress in Hungary
- November 17 – Jim Inhofe, United States Senator
- November 21 – Laurence Luckinbill, American actor
- November 24 – Alfred Schnittke, Volga German composer (d. 1998)
- November 27
- Ammo Baba, Assyrian soccer player
- Gilbert Strang, American mathematician
- November 30 – Lansana Conte, President of Guinea (d. 2008)
- December 2 – Andre Rodgers, American baseball player (d. 2004)
- December 3 – Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut
- December 4
- Wink Martindale, American game show host and disc jockey (Tic Tac Dough)
- Victor French, American actor and director (d. 1989)
- December 5 – Joan Didion, American writer
- December 6 – Nick Bockwinkel, American professional wrestler
- December 9
- Judi Dench, British actress
- Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998)
- December 10 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- December 18 – Boris Volynov, Russian cosmonaut
- December 19
- Aki Aleong, Trinidad and Tobago actor
- Al Kaline, American baseball player
- Rudi Carrell, Dutch singer and entertainer (d. 2006)
- Pratibha Patil, President of India
- December 24 – Stjepan Mesic, former President of Croatia
- December 27 – Larisa Latynina, Russian gymnast
- December 28
- Maggie Smith, British actress
- Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (d. 1987)
- December 29 – Ed Flanders, American actor (St. Elsewhere) (d. 1995)
- December 30
- Joseph P. Hoar, U.S. Marine commander
- John Norris Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
- Del Shannon, American singer (Runaway) (d. 1990)
Date unknown[link]
- Paul Avery, American journalist (d. 2000)
Deaths[link]
January–March[link]
- January 6 – Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878)
- January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909)
- January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
- February 13 – József Pusztai slovene writer, poet, journalist in Hungary (b. 1864)
- February 17 – King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875)
- February 23 – Edward Elgar, English composer (Pomp and Circumstance) (b. 1857)
- February 25 – John McGraw, American baseball player (b. 1873)
- March 1 – Charles Webster Leadbeater, English author and Theosophist (b.1854)
- March 15 – Davidson Black, Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b.1884)
- March 20
- Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Dutch Queen and regent (b.1858)
- Sydney Deane, Australian cricketer and actor (b. 1863)
- March 21 – Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896)
- March 28 – Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891)
- March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born philanthropist (b. 1867)
April–June[link]
- April 11 – Gerald du Maurier, British actor (b. 1873)
- April 15 – Karl Dane, Danish actor (b. 1886)
- May 17 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (b. 1859)
- May 21 – Lew Cody, American actor (b. 1884)
- May 23
- Clyde Barrow, American outlaw (shot) (b. 1910)
- Bonnie Parker, American outlaw (shot) (b. 1910)
- May 25 – Gustav Holst, English composer (The Planets) (b. 1874)
- May 30 – Togo Heihachiro, Japanese admiral (b. 1848)
- June 8 – Dorothy Dell, American actress (b. 1915)
- June 10 – Frederick Delius, English composer (b. 1862)
- June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896)
- June 20 – Andrew Jackson Zilker, American philanthropist (b. 1858)
- June 30 – Murdered during the Night of the Long Knives:
- Karl Ernst, Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b. 1904)
- Edmund Heines, Deputy SA leader (b. 1897)
- Gregor Strasser, German politician, early Nazi leader (b. 1892)
- Kurt von Schleicher, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1882)
July–September[link]
- July 2 – Ernst Röhm, Nazi SA Leader (b. 1887)
- July 4
- Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- Hayyim Nahman Bialik The Israel's national poet (b. 1873)
- July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848)
- July 13 – Kate Sheppard, New Zealand Women's suffrage for voting (b. 1848)
- July 15 – Louis F. Gottschalk, American composer (b. 1864)
- July 22 – John Dillinger, American criminal (b. 1903)
- July 25
- François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (b. 1874)
- Englebert Dolfuss, Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1892)
- Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (b. 1889)
- July 26 – Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (b. 1871)
- July 27 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (b. 1854)
- July 28
- Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
- Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876)
- Edith Yorke, English actress (b. 1867)
- August 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician (b. 1847)
- August 9 – Alfred Steux, Belgian road racing cyclist (b. 1892)
- August 10 – George W. Hill, American director (b. 1895)
- August 13 – Mary Hunter Austin, American writer of fiction and non-fiction (b. 1868)
- August 14 – Raymond Hood, American architect (b. 1881)
- August 17 – Charlotte Gilman, noted American poet and playwright (b. 1860)
- September 2
- Russ Columbo, American singer and actor (b. 1908)
- Alcide Nunez, American musician (b. 1884)
- September 9 – Roger Fry, British artist (b. 1866)
October–December[link]
- October 5 – Jean Vigo, French film director (b. 1905)
- October 9 – Alexander I of Yugoslavia, King of Yugoslavia (b. 1888)
- October 15 – Raymond Poincaré, French President (b. 1860)
- October 17 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1852)
- October 22 – Pretty Boy Floyd, American bank robber (b. 1904)
- October 29 – Lou Tellegen, Dutch actor (b. 1881)
- November 2 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (b. 1845)
- November 10 – Ion Farris, American politician, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (b. 1878)
- November 16 – Alice Liddell, English schoolgirl, inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (b. 1852)
- November 22 – Harry Steppe, American vaudeville performer (b. 1888)
- November 27 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (b. 1908)
- November 30 – Hélène Boucher, French aviatrix (b. 1908)
- December 1 – Sergei Kirov, Soviet politician (b. 1886)
- December 6 – Duke Charles Michael of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1863)
- December 22 – Wallace Thurman, American writer (b. 1902)
- December 28 – Lowell Sherman, American actor and director (b. 1885)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – awarded to Anabel King
- Chemistry – Harold Clayton Urey
- Physiology or Medicine – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
- Literature – Luigi Pirandello
- Peace – Arthur Henderson
References[link]
- ^ Vogler, Richard (2005). A World View of Criminal Justice. International and Comparative Criminal Justice. pp. 237–238. ISBN 978-0-7546-2467-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=rN90FSGhr-cC&pg=PA237.
- ^ http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/2359868
- ^ "1930s and 1940s". British Council. http://www.britishcouncil.org/history-when-1930s-1940s.htm. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2007/08/1934-and-all-that/
- The 1930s Timeline: 1934 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
http://wn.com/1934
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| Paul Otlet | |
|---|---|
| 200px | |
| Born | 23 August 1868 Belgium |
| Died | 10 December 1944(1944-12-10) (aged 76) |
| Citizenship | Belgium |
| Nationality | Belgian |
| Fields | Information science |
| Institutions | Institut International de Bibliographie (now the International Federation for Information and Documentation) |
| Alma mater | Catholic University of Leuven; Université Libre de Bruxelles |
| Known for | one of several people who have been considered the father of information science |
| Influences | Henri La Fontaine, Edmond Picard, Melvil Dewey |
| Influenced | Andries van Dam, Suzanne Briet, Douglas Engelbart, J.C.R. Licklider, Ted Nelson, Tim Berners-Lee, Vannevar Bush, Michael Buckland, Robert M. Hayes, Luciano Floridi, Frederick Kilgour, Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, S. R. Ranganathan, Gerald Salton, Jesse Shera, Warren Weaver |
Paul Marie Ghislain Otlet (French pronunciation: [ɔtle], English: /ɒtˈleɪ/) (23 August 1868 – 10 December 1944) was an author, entrepreneur, visionary, lawyer and peace activist; he is one of several people who have been considered the father of information science, a field he called "documentation". Otlet created the Universal Decimal Classification, one of the most prominent examples of faceted classification. Otlet was responsible for the widespread adoption in Europe of the standard American 3x5 inch index card used until recently in most library catalogs around the world (by now largely displaced by the advent of online public access catalogs (OPAC)). Otlet wrote numerous essays on how to collect and organize the world's knowledge, culminating in two books, the Traité de documentation (1934) and Monde: Essai d'universalisme (1935).
In 1907, following a huge international conference, Henri La Fontaine and Otlet created the Central Office of International Associations, which was renamed to the Union of International Associations in 1910, and which is still located in Brussels. They also created a great international center called at first Palais Mondial (World Palace), later, the Mundaneum to house the collections and activities of their various organizations and institutes.
Otlet was also an idealist and peace activist, pushing internationalist political ideas that were embodied in the League of Nations and its International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation (forerunner of UNESCO), working alongside his colleague Henri La Fontaine, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913, to achieve their ideas of a new world polity that they saw arising from the global diffusion of information and the creation of new kinds of international organization.
Early life and career[link]
Otlet was born in Brussels, Belgium on 23 August 1868, the oldest child of Édouard Otlet (Brussels 13 June 1842-Blaquefort, France, 20 October 1907) and Maria (née Van Mons). His father, Édouard, was a wealthy businessman who made his fortune selling trams around the world. His mother died in 1871 at the age of 24, when Otlet was three. Through his mother, he was related to the Van Mons family, a prosperous family, and to the Verhaeren family, of which Emile Verhaeren was one of the most important Belgian poets.
His father kept him out of school, hiring tutors instead, until he was 11, believing that classrooms were a stifling environment. Otlet, as a child, had few friends, and played regularly only with his younger brother Maurice. He soon developed a love of reading and books.
At the age of 6, a temporary decline in his father's wealth caused the family to move to Paris. At the age of 11, Paul went to school for the first time, a Jesuit school in Paris, where he stayed for the next three years. The family then returned to Brussels, and Paul studied at the prestigious Collège Saint-Michel in Brussels for high school. In 1894, his father became a senator in the Belgian Senate for the Catholic Party (until 1900). His father remarried to Valerie Linden, daughter of famed botanist Jean Jules Linden; the two eventually had five additional children. The family travelled often during this time, going on holidays and business trips to Italy, France and Russia.
Otlet was educated at the Catholic University of Leuven and at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, where he earned a law degree on 15 July 1890. He married his step-cousin, Fernande Gloner, soon afterward, on 9 December 1890. He then clerked with famed lawyer Edmond Picard, a friend of his father's.
Otlet soon became dissatisfied with his legal career, and began to take an interest in bibliography. His first published work on the subject was the essay "Something about bibliography", written in 1892. In it he expressed the belief that books were an inadequate way to store information, because the arrangement of facts contained within them was an arbitrary decision on the part of the author, making individual facts difficult to locate. A better storage system, Otlet wrote in his essay, would be cards containing individual "chunks" of information, that would allow "all the manipulations of classification and continuous interfiling." In addition would be needed "a very detailed synoptic outline of knowledge" that could allow classification of all of these chunks of data.
In 1891, Otlet met Henri La Fontaine, a fellow lawyer with shared interests in bibliography and international relations, and the two became good friends. They were commissioned in 1892 by Belgium's Societé des Sciences sociales et politiques (Society of social and political sciences) to create bibliographies for various of the social sciences; they spent three years doing this. In 1895, they discovered the Dewey Decimal Classification, a library classification system that had been invented in 1876. They decided to try to expand this system to cover the classification of facts that Otlet had previously imagined. They wrote to the system's creator, Melvil Dewey, asking for permission to modify his system in this way; he agreed, so long as their system was not translated into English. They began work on this expansion soon afterwards.
During this time, Otlet and his wife then had two sons, Marcel and Jean, in quick succession.
Otlet founded the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) in 1895, later renamed as (in English) the International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID).
The Universal Bibliographic Repertory[link]
In 1895, Otlet and La Fontaine also began the creation of a collection of index cards, meant to catalog facts, that came to be known as the "Repertoire Bibliographique Universel" (RBU), or the "Universal Bibliographic Repertory". By the end of 1895 it had grown to 400,000 entries; later it would reach a height of over 15 million.
In 1896, Otlet set up a fee-based service to answer questions by mail, by sending the requesters copies of the relevant index cards for each query; scholar Alex Wright has referred to the service as an "analog search engine".[1] By 1912, this service responded to over 1,500 queries a year. Users of this service were even warned if their query was likely to produce more than 50 results per search.
Otlet envisioned a copy of the RBU in each major city around the world, with Brussels holding the master copy. At various times between 1900 and 1914, attempts were made to send full copies of the RBU to cities such as Paris, Washington, D.C. and Rio de Janeiro; however, difficulties in copying and transportation meant that no city received more than a few hundred thousand cards.
The Universal Decimal Classification[link]
In 1904, Otlet and La Fontaine began to publish their classification scheme, which they termed the Universal Decimal Classification. They completed this initial publication in 1907. The system defines not only detailed subject classifications, but also an algebraic notation for referring to the intersection of several subjects; for example, the notation "31:[622+669](485)" refers to the statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden. The UDC is an example of an analytico-synthetic classification, i.e., it permits the linking of one concept to another. Although some have described it as faceted, it is not, though there are some faceted elements in it. A truly faceted classification consists solely of simple concepts; there are many compound concepts listed in the UDC. It is still used by many libraries and bibliographic services outside the English-speaking world, and in some non-traditional contexts such as the BBC Archives.
Personal difficulties and World War I[link]
In 1906, with his father Édouard near death and his businesses falling apart, Paul and his brother and five step-siblings formed a company, Otlet Frères ("Brothers Otlet") to try to manage these businesses, which included mines and railways. Paul, though he was consumed with his bibliographic work, became president of the company. In 1907, Édouard died, and the family struggled to maintain all parts of the business. In April 1908, Paul Otlet and his wife began divorce proceedings. Otlet remarried in 1912, to Cato Van Nederhesselt.
In 1913, La Fontaine won the Nobel Peace Prize, and invested his winnings into Otlet and La Fontaine's bibliographic ventures, which were suffering from lack of funding. Otlet journeyed to the United States in early 1914 to try to get additional funding from the U.S. Government, but his efforts soon came to a halt due to the outbreak of World War I. Otlet returned to Belgium, but quickly fled after it became occupied by the Germans; he spent the majority of the war in Paris and various cities in Switzerland. Both his sons fought in the Belgian army, and one of them, Jean, died during the war in the Battle of the Yser.
Otlet spent much of the war trying to bring about peace, and the creation of multinational institutions that he felt could avert future wars. In 1914, he published a book, "La Fin de la Guerre" ("The End of War") that defined a "World Charter of Human Rights" as the basis for an international federation.
The Mundaneum[link]
Main article: Mundaneum
In 1910, Otlet and La Fontaine first envisioned a "city of knowledge", which Otlet originally named the "Palais Mondial" ("World Palace"), that would serve as a central repository for the world's information. In 1919, soon after the end of World War I, they convinced the government of Belgium to give them the space and funding for this project, arguing that it would help Belgium bolster its bid to house the League of Nations headquarters. They were given space in the left wing of the Palais du Cinquantenaire, a government building in Brussels. They then hired staff to help add to their Universal Bibliographic Repertory. The Palais Mondial was briefly shuttered in 1922, due to lack of support from the government of Prime Minister Georges Theunis, but was reopened after lobbying from Otlet and La Fontaine. Otlet renamed the Palais Mondial to the Mundaneum in 1924. The RBU steadily grew to 13 million index cards in 1927; by its final year, 1934, it had reached over 15 million.[2] Index cards were stored in custom-designed cabinets, and indexed according to the Universal Decimal Classification. The collection also grew to include files (including letters, reports, newspaper articles, etc.) and images, contained in separate rooms; the index cards were meant to catalog all of these as well. The Mundaneum eventually contained 100,000 files and millions of images.
In 1934, the Belgian government again cut off funding for the project, and the offices were closed. (Otlet protested by keeping vigil outside the locked offices, but to no avail.) The collection remained untouched within those offices, however, until 1940, when Germany invaded Belgium. Requisitioning the Mundaneum's quarters to hold a collection of Third Reich art and destroying substantial amounts of its collections in the process, the Germans forced Otlet and his colleagues to find a new home for the Mundaneum. In a large but decrepit building in Leopold Park they reconstituted the Mundaneum as best as they could, and there it remained until it was forced to move again in 1972, well after Otlet's death.
The World City[link]
The World City or Cité Mondiale is a utopian vision by Paul Otlet of a city which like a universal exhibition brings together all the leading institutions of the world.[3] The World City would radiate knowledge to the rest of the world and construct peace and universal cooperation. Otlet’s idea to design a utopian city dedicated to international institutions was largely inspired by the contemporary publication in 1913 by the Norwegian-American sculptor Hendrik Christian Andersen and the French architect Ernest Hébrard of an impressive series of Beaux-Arts plans for a World Centre of Communication (1913). For the design of his World City, Otlet collaborated with several architects. In this way a whole series of designs for the World City was developed. The most elaborated plans were: the design of a Mundaneum (1928) and a World City (1929) by Le Corbusier in Geneva next to the palace of the League of Nations, by Victor Bourgeois in Tervuren (1931) next to the Congo Museum, again by Le Corbusier (in collaboration with Huib Hoste) on the left bank in Antwerp (1933), by Maurice Heymans in Chesapeake Bay near Washington (1935), and by Stanislas Jassinski and Raphaël Delville on the left bank in Antwerp (1941). In these different designs the program of the World City stayed more or less fixed, containing a World Museum, a World University, a World Library and Documentation Centre, Offices for the International Associations, Offices or Embassies for the Nations, an Olympic Centre, a residential area, and a park.
Exploring new media[link]
Otlet integrated new media, as they were invented, into his vision of the networked knowledge-base of the future. In the early 1900s, Otlet worked with engineer Robert Goldschmidt on storing bibliographic data on microfilm (then known as "micro-photography"). These experiments continued into the 1920s, and by the late 1920s he attempted along with colleagues to create an encyclopedia printed entirely on microfilm, known as the Encyclopaedia Microphotica Mundaneum, which was housed in the Mundaneum. In the 1920s and 1930s, he wrote about radio and television as other forms of conveying information, writing in the 1934 Traité de documentation that "one after another, marvellous inventions have immensely extended the possibilities of documentation." In the same book, he predicted that media that would convey feel, taste and smell would also eventually be invented, and that an ideal information-conveyance system should be able to handle all of what he called "sense-perception documents".
Political views and involvement[link]
Otlet was a firm believer in international cooperation to promote both the spread of knowledge and peace between nations. The Union of International Associations, which he had founded in 1907 with Henri La Fontaine, later led to the development of both the League of Nations and the International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation, which was later merged into UNESCO.
In 1933, Otlet proposed building in Belgium near Antwerp a "gigantic neutral World City" to employ a massive amount of workers, in order to alleviate the unemployment generated by the Great Depression.[4]
Fade into oblivion[link]
Otlet died in 1944, soon before the end of World War II, having seen his major project, the Mundaneum, shuttered, and having lost all his funding sources.
According to Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward, "the First World War marked the end of the intellectual as well as sociopolitical era in which Otlet had functioned hitherto with remarkable success," after which Otlet began to lose the support of both the Belgian government and the academic community, and his ideas began to seem "grandiose, unfocused and passe."
In the wake of World War II, the contributions of Otlet to the field of information science were lost sight of in the rising popularity of the ideas of American information scientists such as Vannevar Bush, Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson and by such theorists of information organization as Seymour Lubetzky.
Rediscovery[link]
Beginning in the 1980s, and especially after the advent of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, new interest arose in Otlet's speculations and theories about the organization of knowledge, the use of information technologies, and globalization. His 1934 masterpiece, the Traité de documentation, was reprinted in 1989 by the Centre de Lecture publique de la Communauté française in Belgium.[5] (Neither the Traité nor its companion work, "Monde" (World) has been translated into English so far.) In 1990 Professor W. Boyd Rayward published an English translation of some of Otlet's writings.[6] He also published a biography of Otlet (1975) that was translated into Russian (1976) and Spanish (1996, 1999, and 2005).
In 1985, Belgian academic André Canonne raised the possibility of recreating the Mundaneum as an archive and museum devoted to Otlet and others associated with them; his idea initially was to house it in the Belgian city of Liège. Cannone, with substantial help from others, eventually managed to open the new Mundaneum in Mons, Belgium in 1998. This museum is still in operation, and contains the personal papers of Otlet and La Fontaine and the archives of the various organizations they created along with other collections important to the modern history of Belgium.
Analysis of Otlet's theories[link]
Otlet scholar W. Boyd Rayward has written that Otlet's thinking is a product of the 19th century and the philosophy of positivism, which holds that, through careful study and the scientific method, an objective view of the world can be gained. According to Rayward, his ideas placed him culturally and intellectually in the Belle Époque period of pre-World-War-I Europe, a period of great "cultural certitude".
Otlet's writings have sometimes been called prescient of the current World Wide Web. His vision of a great network of knowledge was centered on documents and included the notions of hyperlinks, search engines, remote access, and social networks—although these notions were described by different names.[7]
See also[link]
- People
- Ideas
- As We May Think
- External memory
- Global brain
- Hypermedia
- Hypertext
- Intelligence amplification
- Project Xanadu
- Victorian Internet
- World Brain
- World Wide Web
- Fields of study
References[link]
- ^ The web that time forgot, Alex Wright, The New York Times, 17 June 2008
- ^ Rayward, W. Boyd. "Visions of Xanadu: Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Hypertext.", Journal of the American Society for Information Science 4(4):235-250. May 1994.
- ^ In 2011 Wouter Van Acker completed his PhD on the visionary schemes and schemas of Paul Otlet.
- ^ Work for All the World, TIME Magazine, 23 January 1933
- ^ Traité De Documentation link to PDF of original manuscript
- ^ International Organisation and Dissemination of Knowledge link to PDF of original manuscript
- ^ Charles van den Heuvel, Building Society, Constructing Knowledge, Weaving the Web. In: W.Boyd Rayward [ed.] European Modernism and the Information Society. Informing the Present, Understanding the Past. Aldershot 2008, pp. 127-153
Bibliography[link]
edited by W. Boyd Rayward
- Van Acker, Wouter. Internationalist Utopias of Visual Education. The Graphic and Scenographic Transformation of the Universal Encyclopaedia in the Work of Paul Otlet, Patrick Geddes, and Otto Neurath. In Perspectives on Science, Vol.19, nr.1 (2011), p.32-80
- Wouter Van Acker and Geert Somsen, 'A Tale of Two World Capitals – the Internationalisms of Pieter Eijkman and Paul Otlet' in: Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire/Belgisch Tijdschrift voor Filologie en Geschiedenis, Vol. 90, nr.4 (2012)
- Wouter Van Acker, Universalism as Utopia. A Historical Study of the Schemes and Schemas of Paul Otlet (1868-1944), Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University Press, Zelzate (2011), ISBN 978-90-8578-459-3
- Buckland, Michael. Paul Otlet, Pioneer of Information Management.
- Ducheyne, Steffen. Paul Otlet's Theory of Knowledge and Linguistic Objectivism, Knowledge Organization 32, 2005, pp. 110–116.
- Heuvel, Charles van den, Building Society, Constructing Knowledge, Weaving the Web. In: W.Boyd Rayward [ed.] European Modernism and the Information Society. Informing the Present, Understanding the Past. Aldershot 2008, pp. 127–153
- Levie, Françoise. L'homme qui voulait classer le monde. Paul Otlet et le Mundaneum, Bruxelles, Les Impressions Nouvelles, 2006.
- Levie, Françoise. The Man Who Wanted to Classify the World, DVD, duration 60 minutes, Memento Production, 2006.
- Rayward, W. Boyd. Bibliography of the works of Paul Otlet.
- Rayward, W. Boyd. Otlet, Paul. International Organization and Dissemination of Knowledge: Selected Essays. (FID 684). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.
- Rayward, W. Boyd. The Universe of Information: the Work of Paul Otlet for Documentation and international Organization. FID Publication 520; Moscow: Published for the International Federation for Documentation by the All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information (Viniti), 1975, 390pp
- Rayward, W. Boyd. Universum informastsii Zhizn' i deiatl' nost' Polia Otle. Trans.R.S. Giliarevesky. Moscow: VINITI, 1976,402pp
- Rayward, W. Boyd. El Universo de la Documentacion: la obra de Paul Otlet sobra documentacion y organizacion internacional. Trans. Pilar Arnau Rived. Madrid: Mundarnau, 1996. 2 ed 1999; 3rd ed 2005
- Wright, Alex. Glut: Mastering Information Through the Ages. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2007.
- Wright, Alex. Forgotten Forefather, Boxes & Arrows, 10 November 2003.
- Judge, Anthony Union of International Associations – Virtual Organization. Paul Otlet's 100-year Hypertext Conundrum?
- Zurita Sánchez, Juan Manuel. El paradigma otletiano como base de un modelo para la organización y difusión del conocimiento científico. México, El Author, 2001. Tesina, Colegio de Bibliotecología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UNAM.
- Theater Adhoc, Performance Lecture The Humor and Tragedy of Completeness
- Theater Adhoc, A theatrical insight in the ideals and dilemmas of the world of Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine The Humor and Tragedy of Completeness (mainly in Dutch – translations on request)
- ALEX WRIGHT (17 June 2008). "The Web Time Forgot". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/science/17mund.html?ex=1371441600&en=dcb3569538ca10b7&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink. Retrieved 2008-08-10. , broad coverage of Paul Otlet by the New York Times
External links[link]
- Mundaneum
- Union of International Associations
- Universal Decimal Classification
- Documentary about Paul Otlet (Internet Archive)
- Biographer Boyd Rayward's Paul Otlet page
- Works by or about Paul Otlet in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Paul Otlet Case Study/ Analogous Spaces.Spaces of Information, Intellect and Action
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Otlet, Paul |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | author, entrepreneur, lawyer, peace activist |
| Date of birth | 23 August 1868 |
| Place of birth | Brussels, Belgium |
| Date of death | 10 December 1944 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Paul_Otlet
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Otlet
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Don Quixote (disambiguation).
| Don Quixote | |
|---|---|
 Title page of first edition (1605) |
|
| Author(s) | Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra |
| Original title | El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote De la Mancha |
| Country | Spain |
| Language | Spanish |
| Genre(s) | Picaresco, satire, parody, farce |
| Publisher | Juan de la Cuesta |
| Publication date | 1605 (Part One) 1615 (Part Two) |
| Published in English |
1612 (Part One) 1620 (Part Two) |
| Media type | |
| Dewey Decimal | 863 |
| LC Classification | PQ6323 |
Don Quixote (
/ˌdɒn kiːˈhoʊtiː/; Spanish: [ˈdoŋ kiˈxote] (
listen)), fully titled The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha (Spanish: El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha), is a novel written by Miguel de Cervantes. The novel follows the adventures of Alonso Quijano, who reads too many chivalric novels, and sets out to revive chivalry under the name of Don Quixote. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as his squire, who frequently deals with Don Quixote's rhetorical orations on antiquated knighthood with a unique Earthy wit. He is met by the world as it is, initiating themes like Intertextuality, Realism, Metatheatre and Literary Representation.
Published in two volumes a decade apart, in 1605 and 1615, Don Quixote is considered the most influential work of literature from the Spanish Golden Age and the entire Spanish literary canon. As a founding work of modern Western literature, and one of the earliest canonical novels, it regularly appears high on lists of the greatest works of fiction ever published. In one such list, Don Quixote was cited as the "best literary work ever written".
Contents |
Plot[link]
Part 1[link]
The First Sally
Alonso Quijano, the protagonist of the novel, is a retired directioner nearing fifty years of age, living in an unnamed section of La Mancha with his niece and housekeeper. While mostly a rational man of sound reason, his reading of books of chivalry in excess has had a profound effect on him, leading to the distortion of his perception and the wavering of his mental faculties. In essence, he believes every word of these books of chivalry to be true though, for the most part, the content of these books is clearly fiction. Otherwise, his wits, in regards to everything other than chivalry, are intact. He decides to go out as a knight-errant in search of adventure. He dons an old suit of armour, renames himself "Don Quixote de la Mancha," and names his skinny horse "Rocinante". He designates a neighboring farm girl as his lady love, renaming her Dulcinea del Toboso, while she knows nothing about this.
He sets out in the early morning and ends up at an inn, which he believes to be a castle. He asks the innkeeper, whom he thinks to be the lord of the castle, to dub him a knight. He spends the night holding vigil over his armor, where he becomes involved in a fight with muleteers who try to remove his armor from the horse trough so that they can water their mules. The innkeeper then dubs him a knight to be rid of him, and sends him on his way. Don Quixote next "frees" a young boy who is tied to a tree and beaten by his master by making his master swear on the chivalric code treat the boy fairly. The boy's beating is continued as soon as Quixote leaves. Don Quixote has a run-in with traders from Toledo, who "insult" the imaginary Dulcinea, one of whom severely beats Don Quixote and leaves him on the side of the road. Don Quixote is found and returned to his home by a neighboring peasant.
File:Donquixote.JPG
"Don Quixote" by Pablo Picasso (1955)
The Second Sally
While Don Quixote is unconscious in his bed, his niece, the housekeeper, the parish curate, and the local barber secretly burn most of the books of chivalry, and seal up his library pretending that a magician has carried it off. After a short period of feigning health, Don Quixote approaches his neighbor, Sancho Panza, and asks him to be his squire, promising him governorship of an island. The uneducated Sancho agrees, and the pair sneak off in the early dawn. It is here that their series of famous adventures begin, starting with Don Quixote's attack on windmills that he believes to be ferocious giants. The two next encounter a group of friars accompanying a lady in a carriage. They are heavily cloaked, as is the lady, to protect themselves from the hot climate and dust on the road. Don Quixote takes the friars to be enchanters who hold the lady captive. He knocks a friar from his horse, and is immediately challenged by an armed Basque travelling with the company. As he has no shield, the Basque uses a pillow to protect himself, which saves him when Don Quixote strikes him. The combat ends with the lady leaving her carriage and demanding those travel with her to "surrender".
The Pastoral Wanderings
Sancho and Don Quixote go on, and fall in with a group of goatherds. Don Quixote tells Sancho and the goatherds about the "Golden Age" of man, reminiscent of both Ovid and the later Rousseau in which property does not exist, and men live in peace. The goatherds invite the Knight and Sancho to the funeral of Grisóstomo, once a student who left his studies to become a shepherd after reading Pastoral novels, seeking the shepherdess Marcela. At the funeral Marcela appears, delivering a long speech vindicating herself from the bitter verses written about her by Grisóstomo, claiming her own autonomy and freedom from expectations put on her by Pastoral clichés. She disappears into the woods, and Don Quixote and Sancho follow. Ultimately giving up, the two stop and dismount by a pond to rest. Some Galicians arrive to water their ponies, and Rocinante attempts to mate with them. The Galicians hit Rocinante with clubs to dissuade him, which Don Quixote takes as a threat and runs to defend Rocinante. The Galicians beat Don Quixote and Sancho leaving them in great pain.
The Adventures with Cardenio and Dorotea
After leaving the prisoners, The Knight and Sancho wander into the Sierra Morena, and there encounter the dejected Cardenio. Cardenio relates the first part of his story, in which he falls deeply in love with his childhood friend Luscinda, and is hired as the companion to the Duke's son, leading to his friendship with the Duke's younger son, Don Fernando. Cardenio confides in Don Fernando his love for Luscinda and the delays in their engagement, caused by Cardenio's desire to keep with tradition. After reading Cardenio's poems praising Luscinda, Don Fernando falls in love with her. Don Quixote interrupts when Cardenio suggests that his beloved may have become unfaithful after the formulaic stories of spurned lovers in Chivalric novels.
In the course of their travels, the protagonists meet innkeepers, prostitutes, goatherds, soldiers, priests, escaped convicts, and scorned lovers. These encounters are magnified by Don Quixote’s imagination into chivalrous quests. Don Quixote’s tendency to intervene violently in matters which do not concern him, and his habit of not paying his debts, result in many privations, injuries, and humiliations (with Sancho often getting the worst of it). Finally, Don Quixote is persuaded to return to his home village. The author hints that there was a third quest, but says that records of it have been lost.
Part 2[link]
The Third Sally
Although the two parts are now normally published as a single work, Don Quixote, Part Two was a sequel published ten years after the original novel. While Part One was mostly farcical, the second half is more serious and philosophical about the theme of deception.
As Part Two begins, it is assumed that the literate classes of Spain have all read the first part of the history of Don Quixote and his squire. When they encounter the duo in person, a Duke and Duchess, and others, deceive Don Quixote for entertainment, setting forth a string of imagined adventures resulting in a series of practical jokes that put Don Quixote's sense of chivalry and his devotion to Dulcinea through many tests.
Even Sancho deceives him at one point. Pressured into finding Dulcinea, Sancho brings back three dirty and ragged peasant girls, and tells Don Quixote that they are Dulcinea and her ladies-in-waiting. When Don Quixote only sees the peasant girls, Sancho pretends that their derelict appearance results from an enchantment. Sancho later gets his comeuppance for this when, as part of one of the duke and duchess's pranks, the two are led to believe that the only method to release Dulcinea from her spell is for Sancho to give himself a surplus of three thousand lashes. Sancho naturally resists this course of action, leading to friction with his master. Under the duke's patronage, Sancho eventually gets a governorship, though it be false, and proves to be a wise and practical ruler; though this, too, ends in humiliation.
Near the end, Don Quixote reluctantly sways towards sanity: an inn is just an inn, not a castle.
The lengthy untold "history" of Don Quixote's adventures in knight-errantry comes to a close after his battle with the Knight of the White Moon, in which we the readers find him conquered. Bound by the rules of chivalry, Don Quixote submits to prearranged terms that the vanquished is to obey the will of the conqueror, which in this case, is that Don Quixote is to lay down his arms and cease his acts of chivalry for the period of one year (a duration in which he may be cured of his madness). Defeated and dejected, he and Sancho start their journey home.
Part Two of Don Quixote is often regarded as the birth of modern literature, as it explores the concept of a character understanding that he is being written about. This is a theme much explored in writings of the 20th Century.
Upon returning to his village, Don Quixote announces his plan to retire to the countryside and live the pastoral existence of shepherd, although his housekeeper, who has a more realistic view of the hard life of a shepherd, urges him to stay home and tend to his own affairs. Soon after, he retires to his bed with a deathly illness, possibly brought on by melancholy over his defeats and humiliations. One day, he awakes from a dream having fully recovered his sanity. Sancho tries to restore his faith, but Alonso Quixano, for that is his true name, can only renounce his previous existence and apologize for the harm he has caused. He dictates his will, which includes a provision that his niece will be disinherited if she marries a man who reads books of chivalry. After Alonso Quixano dies, the author emphasizes that there are no more adventures to relate, and that any further books about Don Quixote would be spurious.
Themes[link]
See also: List of works influenced by Don Quixote
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The novel's structure is in episodic form. It is written in the picaresco style of the late sixteenth century, and features reference other picaresque novels including Lazarillo de Tormes and The Golden Ass. The full title is indicative of the tale's object, as ingenioso (Spanish) means "quick with inventiveness".[1] marking the transition of modern literature from Dramatic to thematic unity. The novel takes place over a long period of time, including many adventures all united by common themes of the nature of reality, reading, and dialogue in general.
Although the novel is farcical on the surface, the novel, especially in its second half, is more serious and philosophical about the theme of deception. Quixote has served as an important thematic source not only in literature but in much of art and music, inspiring works by Pablo Picasso and Richard Strauss. The contrasts between the tall, thin, fancy-struck, and idealistic Quixote and the fat, squat, world-weary Panza is a motif echoed ever since the book’s publication, and Don Quixote's imaginings are the butt of outrageous and cruel practical jokes in the novel. Even faithful and simple Sancho is unintentionally forced to deceive him at certain points. The novel is considered a satire of orthodoxy, veracity, and even nationalism. In going beyond mere storytelling to exploring the individualism of his characters, Cervantes helped move beyond the narrow literary conventions of the chivalric romance literature that he spoofed, which consists of straightforward retelling of a series of acts that redound to the knightly virtues of the hero.
From shepherds to tavern-owners and inn-keepers, the characterization in Don Quixote was groundbreaking. The character of Don Quixote became so well known in its time that the word quixotic was quickly adopted by many languages. Characters such as Sancho Panza and Don Quixote’s steed, Rocinante, are emblems of Western literary culture. The phrase "tilting at windmills" to describe an act of attacking imaginary enemies derives from an iconic scene in the book.
It stands in a unique position between medieval chivalric romance and the modern novel. The former consist of disconnected stories featuring the same characters and settings with little exploration of the inner life of even the main character. The latter are usually focused on the psychological evolution of their characters. In Part I, Quixote imposes himself on his environment. By Part II, people know about him through "having read his adventures," and so, he needs to do less to maintain his image. By his deathbed, he has regained his sanity, and is once more "Alonso Quixano the Good".
When it was first published, Don Quixote was usually interpreted as a comic novel. After the French Revolution it was popular in part due to its central ethic that individuals can be right while society is quite wrong and seen as disenchanting—not comic at all. In the 19th century it was seen as a social commentary, but no one could easily tell "whose side Cervantes was on." Many critics came to view the work as a tragedy in which Don Quixote's innate idealism and nobility are viewed by the world as insane, and are defeated and rendered useless by common reality. By the 20th century the novel had come to occupy a canonical space as one of the foundations of modern literature.
Background[link]
Sources[link]
Sources for Don Quixote include the Castillian novel Amadis de Gaula, which had enjoyed great popularity throughout the 16th century. Another prominent source, which Cervantes evidently admires more, is Tirant lo Blanch which the priest describes in Chapter VI of Quixote as "the best book in the world." The scene of the book burning gives us an excellent list of Cervantes's likes and dislikes about literature.
Cervantes makes a number of references to the Italian poem Orlando furioso. In chapter 10 of the first part of the novel, Don Quixote says he must take the magical helmet of Mambrino, an episode from Canto I of Orlando, and itself a reference to Matteo Maria Boiardo's Orlando innamorato.[2] The interpolated story in chapter 33 of Part four of the First Part is a retelling of a tale from Canto 43 of Orlando, regarding a man who tests the fidelity of his wife.[3]
Another important source appears to have been Apuleius's The Golden Ass, one of the earliest known novels, a picaresque from late classical antiquity. The wineskins episode near the end of the interpolated tale "The Curious Impertinent" in chapter 35 of the first part of Don Quixote is a clear reference to Apuleius, and recent scholarship suggests that the moral philosophy and the basic trajectory of Apuleius's novel are fundamental to Cervantes's program.[4] Similarly, many of both Sancho's adventures in Part II and proverbs throughout are taken from popular Spanish and Italian folklore.
[edit] Spurious Second Part by Avellaneda
It is not certain when Cervantes began writing Part Two of Don Quixote, but he had probably not gotten much further than Chapter LIX by late July 1614. About September, however, a spurious Part Two, entitled Second Volume of the Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha: by the Licenciado (doctorate) Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda, of Tordesillas, was published in Tarragona by an unidentified Aragonese who was an admirer of Lope de Vega, rival of Cervantes.[5] Avellaneda's identity has been the subject of many theories, but there is no consensus as to who he was. In its prologue, the author gratuitously insulted Cervantes, who not surprisingly took offense and responded; the last half of Chapter LIX and most of the following chapters of Cervantes' Segunda Parte lend some insight into the effects upon him; Cervantes manages to work in some subtle digs at Avellaneda's own work, and in his preface to Part II, comes very near to criticizing Avellaneda directly.
In his introduction to The Portable Cervantes, Samuel Putnam, a noted translator of Cervantes' novel, calls Avellaneda's version "one of the most disgraceful performances in history".[6]
The second part of Cervantes' Don Quixote, finished as a direct result of the Avellaneda book, has come to be regarded by some literary critics [7] as superior to the first part, because of its greater depth of characterization, its discussions, mostly between Quixote and Sancho, on diverse subjects, and its philosophical insights.
Other stories[link]
Don Quixote, Part One contains a number of stories which do not directly involve the two main characters, but which are narrated by some of the picaresque figures encountered by the Don and Sancho during their travels. The longest and best known of these is "El Curioso Impertinente" (the impertinently curious man), found in Part One, Book Four. This story, read to a group of travelers at an inn, tells of a Florentine nobleman, Anselmo, who becomes obsessed with testing his wife's fidelity, and talks his close friend Lothario into attempting to seduce her, with disastrous results for all. In Part Two, the author acknowledges the criticism of his digressions in Part One and promises to concentrate the narrative on the central characters (although at one point he laments that his narrative muse has been constrained in this manner). Nevertheless, "Part Two" contains several back narratives related by peripheral characters.
Several abridged editions have been published which delete some or all of the extra tales in order to concentrate on the central narrative.[8]
Style[link]
Spelling and pronunciation[link]
Cervantes wrote his work in a form of Old Castilian or Ladino, a Sephardic Jewish language derived from Hebrew and Aramaic and that became the medieval form of the Spanish language. The language of Don Quixote, although still containing archaisms, is far more understandable to modern Spanish readers than is, for instance, the completely medieval Spanish of the Poema de mio Cid, a kind of Spanish that is as different from Cervantes's language as Middle English is from Modern English. The Old Castilian language was also used to show the higher class that came with being a knight errant.
In Old Castilian the letter x represented the sound written with sh in modern English, so the name was originally pronounced "ki-SHOT-eh "[kiˈʃote]. However as Old Castilian became modern Spanish, the pronunciation of the sh sound changed, and came to be pronounced with a voiceless velar fricative sound like the Scottish or German ch and today the Spanish pronunciation of "Quixote" is ki-HO-teh [kiˈxote]. The original pronunciation is reflected in languages such as Astur-Leonese, Galician, Catalan, French, Italian and Portuguese that pronounce it with a "sh" or "ch" sound.
Today English speakers generally attempt something close to the modern Spanish pronunciation when saying Quixote (Quijote), as [dɒŋ kiːˈhoʊteɪ], although the traditional English spelling pronunciation pronouncing the name with the value of the letter x in modern English is still sometimes used, resulting in /ˈkwɪksət/ or /ˈkwɪksoʊt/. The traditional English rendering is preserved in the pronunciation of the adjectival form quixotic, i.e., /kwɪkˈsoʊtɨk/ or /kwɪkˈsɒtɪk/, the foolishly impractical pursuit of ideals, typically marked with rash and lofty romantic ideals.[9]
Setting[link]
Cervantes' story takes place on the plains of La Mancha, specifically the comarca of Campo de Montiel.
In a village of La Mancha, the name of which I have no desire to call to mind, there lived not long since one of those gentlemen that keep a lance in the lance-rack, an old buckler, a lean hack, and a greyhound for coursing.—Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Volume I, Chapter I
The location of the village to which Cervantes alludes in the opening sentence of Don Quixote has been the subject of debate since its publication over four centuries ago. Indeed, Cervantes deliberately omits the name of the village, giving an explanation in the final chapter:
Such was the end of the Ingenious Gentlemen of La Mancha, whose village Cide Hamete would not indicate precisely, in order to leave all the towns and villages of La Mancha to contend among themselves for the right to adopt him and claim him as a son, as the seven cities of Greece contended for Homer.—Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote, Volume II, Chapter 74
In 2004, a multidisciplinary team of academics from Complutense University, led by Francisco Parra Luna, Manuel Fernández Nieto and Santiago Petschen Verdaguer, deduced that the village was that of Villanueva de los Infantes.[10] Their findings were published in a paper titled "'El Quijote' como un sistema de distancias/tiempos: hacia la localización del lugar de la Mancha", which was later published as a book: El enigma resuelto del Quijote. The result was replicated in two subsequent investigations: "La determinación del lugar de la Mancha como problema estadístico" and "The Kinematics of the Quixote and the Identity of the 'Place in La Mancha'".[11][12]
Language[link]
Because of its widespread influence, Don Quixote also helped cement the modern Spanish language. The opening sentence of the book created a classic Spanish cliché with the phrase "de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme" ("whose name I do not wish to recall"): "En un lugar de la Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero acordarme, no hace mucho tiempo que vivía un hidalgo de los de lanza en astillero, adarga antigua, rocín flaco y galgo corredor." ("In a village of La Mancha, whose name I do not wish to recall, there lived, not very long ago, one of those gentlemen with a lance in the lance-rack, an ancient shield, a skinny old horse, and a fast greyhound.")
The novel's farcical elements make use of punning and similar verbal playfulness. Character-naming in Don Quixote makes ample figural use of contradiction, inversion, and irony, such as the names Rocinante[13] (a reversal) and Dulcinea (an allusion to illusion), and the word quixote itself, possibly a pun on quijada (jaw) but certainly cuixot (Catalan: thighs), a reference to a horse's rump.[14] As a military term, the word quijote refers to cuisses, part of a full suit of plate armour protecting the thighs. The Spanish suffix -ote denotes the augmentative—for example, grande means large, but grandote means extra large. Following this example, Quixote would suggest 'The Great Quijano', a play on words that makes much sense in light of the character's delusions of grandeur. La Mancha is a region of Spain, but mancha (Spanish word) means spot, mark, stain, region and word are not etymologically related (from Arab origin the former, from Latin macula the latter), so "de La Mancha" (lit. both Stained Quixote and Quixote from La Mancha) is a hilarious name for a spotless knight.
Publication[link]
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In July 1604, Cervantes sold the rights of El ingenioso hidalgo don Quixote de la Mancha (known as Don Quixote, Part I) to the publisher-bookseller Francisco de Robles for an unknown sum. License to publish was granted in September, the printing was finished in December, and the book came out on January 16, 1605.[15][16] The novel was an immediate success. The majority of the 400 copies of the first edition were sent to the New World, with the publisher hoping to get a better price in the Americas.[17] Although most of them disappeared in a shipwreck near La Havana, approximately 70 copies reached Lima, from where they were sent to Cuzco in the heart of the defunct Inca Empire.[17]
No sooner was it in the hands of the public than preparations were made to issue derivative (pirated) editions. "Don Quixote" had been growing in favour, and its author's name was now known beyond the Pyrenees. By August 1605 there were two Madrid editions, two published in Lisbon, and one in Valencia. A second edition was produced with additional copyrights for Aragon and Portugal, which publisher Francisco de Robles secured.[18] Sale of these publishing rights deprived Cervantes of further financial profit on Part One. In 1607, an edition was printed in Brussels. Robles, the Madrid publisher, found it necessary to meet demand with a third edition, a seventh publication in all, in 1608. Popularity of the book in Italy was such that a Milan bookseller issued an Italian edition in 1610. Yet another Brussels edition was called for in 1611.[16] In total, the novel is believed to have sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.[19]
In 1613, Cervantes published the Novelas Ejemplares, dedicated to the Maecenas of the day, the Conde de Lemos. Eight and a half years after Part One had appeared, we get the first hint of a forthcoming Segunda Parte (Part Two). "You shall see shortly," Cervantes says, "the further exploits of Don Quixote and humours of Sancho Panza."[20] Don Quixote, Part Two, published by the same press as its predecessor, appeared late in 1615, and quickly reprinted in Brussels and Valencia (1616) and Lisbon (1617). Part two capitalizes on the potential of the first while developing and diversifying the material without sacrificing familiarity. Many people agree that it is richer and more profound. Parts One and Two were published as one edition in Barcelona in 1617. Historically, Cervantes's work has been said to have “smiled Spain’s chivalry away”, suggesting that Don Quixote as a chivalric satire contributed to the demise of Spanish Chivalry.[21]
English editions in translation[link]
There are many translations of the book, and it has been adapted many times in shortened versions. Many derivative editions were also being written at the time, as was the custom of envious or unscrupulous writers. Seven years after the Parte Primera appeared, Don Quixote had been translated into French, German, Italian, and English, with the first French translation of 'Part II' appearing in 1618, and the first English translation in 1620. One abridged adaptation is authored by Agustín Sánchez, which runs slightly over 150 pages, cutting away about 750 pages.[22][dead link]
Thomas Shelton's English translation of the First Part appeared in 1612. Shelton is a somewhat elusive figure: some claim Shelton was actually a friend of Cervantes, although there is no credible evidence to support this claim. Although Shelton's version is cherished by some, according to John Ormsby and Samuel Putnam, it was far from satisfactory as a carrying over of Cervantes's text.[18] Shelton's translation of the novel's Second Part appeared in 1620.
Near the end of the 17th century, John Phillips, a nephew of poet John Milton, published what is considered by Putnam the worst English translated version. The translation, as literary critics claim, was not based on Cervantes' text but mostly upon a French work by Filleau de Saint-Martin and upon notes which Thomas Shelton had written previously. Around 1700, a version by Pierre Antoine Motteux appeared. Ormsby considered this version "worse than worthless". What future translator Samuel Putnam called "the prevailing slapstick quality of this work, especially where Sancho Panza is involved, the obtrusion of the obscene where it is found in the original, and the slurring of difficulties through omissions or expanding upon the text" all made the Motteux version irresponsible. In 1742, the Charles Jervas translation appeared, posthumously. Through a printer's error, it came to be known, and is still known, as "the Jarvis translation". The most scholarly and accurate English translation of the novel up to that time, it has been criticized by some as being too stiff. Nevertheless, it became the most frequently reprinted translation of the novel until about 1885. Another 18th century translation into English was that of Tobias Smollett, himself a novelist. Like the Jarvis translation, it continues to be reprinted today.
Most modern translators take as their model the 1885 translation by John Ormsby. It is said that his translation was the most honest of all translations, without expansions upon the text or changing of the proverbs.
In 1922, Arvid Paulson and Clayton Edwards published a now-forgotten expurgated children's version printed under the title The Story of Don Quixote which has nevertheless recently been published on Project Gutenberg. It retains as much of the text as it could while leaving out the risque sections as well as those chapters that young readers might consider dull, and embellishes a great deal on Cervantes's original text (the title page actually gives credit to the two translators as if they were the authors, and leaves out any mention of Cervantes).[23]
The most widely read English-language translations of the mid-20th century are by Samuel Putnam (1949), J. M. Cohen (1950; Penguin Classics), and Walter Starkie (1957). The last English translation of the novel in the 20th century was by Burton Raffel, published in 1996. The 21st century has already seen three new translations of the novel into English. The first is by John D. Rutherford and the second by Edith Grossman. Reviewing the novel in the New York Times, Carlos Fuentes called Grossman's translation a "major literary achievement"[24] and another called it the "most transparent and least impeded among more than a dozen English translations going back to the 17th century."[25] In 2005, the year of the novel's 400th anniversary, Tom Lathrop published a new English translation of the novel, based on a lifetime of specialized study of the novel and its history.[26]
See also[link]
- Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda – author of a spurious sequel to Don Quixote, which in turn is referenced in the actual sequel
- List of best-selling books
- List of Don Quixote characters
- List of works influenced by Don Quixote – including a gallery of paintings and illustrations
- The 100 Best Books of All Time
- Tirant lo Blanc – one of the chivalric novels frequently referenced by Don Quixote
- Amadis de Gaula – one of the chivalric novels found in the library of Don Quixote
- António José da Silva – writer of Vida do Grande Dom Quixote de la Mancha e do Gordo Sancho Pança (1733)
- Belianis – one of the chivalric novels found in the library of Don Quixote
- coco - In the last chapter, the epitaph of Don Quijote identifies him as el coco
References and sources[link]
- ^ ingenio 1, Real Academia Española
- ^ Don Quijote de la Mancha, Miguel de Cervantes, Edicíon de Florencio Sevilla Arroyo, Área 2002 p.161
- ^ "Don Quixote" by Miguel de Cervantes, translated and annotated by Edith Grossman, p.272
- ^ See chapter 2 of E. C. Graf's Cervantes and Modernity.
- ^ D. Eisenberg, "Cervantes, Lope and Avellaneda", Estudios cervantinos (Barcelona: Sirmio, 1991), pp. 119–41.
- ^ Cervantes, Miguel, The Portable Cervantes, ed. Samuel Putnam (New York: Penguin, [1951] 1978), p. viii
- ^ Putnam, Samuel (1976). Introduction to The Portable Cervantes. Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 14. ISBN 0-14-015057-9.
- ^ An example is The Portable Cervantes (New York: Viking Penguin, 1949), which contains an abridged version of the Samuel Putnam translation.
- ^ "Quixotic". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/quixotic. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
- ^ "To Quixote's village at the speed of a nag". Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article404423.ece.
- ^ (in Spanish) (PDF) La determinación del lugar de la Mancha como problema estadístico. Valencia: Department of Statistics, University of Malaga. http://dmle.cindoc.csic.es/pdf/BEIO_2006_22_01_04.pdf.
- ^ (PDF) The Kinematics of the Quixote and the Identity of the "Place in La Mancha". Valencia: Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Valencia. pp. 7. http://www.uv.es/pla/Quixote/Kinematics2.pdf.
- ^ rocinante: deriv. of rocín, work horse; colloq., brusque labourer; rough, unkempt man. Real Academia Española.
- ^ quijote1.2: rump or haunch. Real Academia Española.
- ^ Cahill, Hugh. "Don Quixote". King's College London. http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/iss/library/speccoll/bomarch/bomnov05.html. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
- ^ a b "Cervantes, Miguel de". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2002.
J. Ormsby, "About Cervantes and Don Quixote" - ^ a b Serge Gruzinski, teacher at the EHESS (July–August 2007). "Don Quichotte', best-seller mondial". n°322. L'Histoire. p. 30.
- ^ a b J. Ormsby, "About Cervantes and Don Quixote"
- ^ http://www.vanderbilt.edu/magazines/vanderbilt-magazine/archives/images/inclass_f05.pdf
- ^ See also the introduction to Cervantes, Miguel de (1984) Don Quixote, Penguin p.18, for a discussion of Cervantes's statement in response to Avellaneda's attempt to write a sequel.
- ^ Prestage. Chivalry. pp. 109.
- ^ "Catalogue library of the Cervantes Institute of Belgrade". http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=es&u=http://belgrado.cervantes.es/Biblioteca/Fichas/Cervantes.%2520Saavedra,%2520Miguel%2520de%2520(1547-1616)_114_58_1.shtml&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=5&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDon%2BQuijote%2Bby%2BMiguel%2Bde%2BCervantes%2BSaavedra,%2BAgustin%2BSanchez%2BAguilar%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
- ^ http://www.gutenberg.org/files/29468/29468-h/29468-h.htm
- ^ By Carlos Fuentes. "Tilt" New York Times 2 November 2003. Accessed 2010-08-04
- ^ "Beholding Windmills and Wisdom From a New Vantage". New York Times 14 November 2003
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/Don-Quixote-Miguel-Cervantes/dp/1589770250
Further reading[link]
- Bloom, Harold (Ed.) (2000) Cervantes's Don Quixote (Modern Critical Interpretations). Chelsea House Publishers ISBN 0-7910-5922-7
- D' Haen, Theo (Ed.) (2009) International Don Quixote. Editions Rodopi B.V. ISBN 90-420-2583-2
- Echevarría, Roberto González (Ed.) (2005) Cervantes' Don Quixote: a casebook Oxford University Press USA ISBN 0-19-516938-7
- Duran, Manuel and Rogg, Fay R. (2006) "Fighting Windmills: Encounters with Don Quixote". Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-300-11022-7
- Johnson, Carroll B (Ed.) (2006) Don Quijote Across Four Centuries: 1605–2005. Juan de la Cuesta-Hispanic Monographs ISBN 1-58871-088-2
- Graf, E. C. (2007) Cervantes and Modernity: Four Essays on Don Quijote. Bucknell University Press ISBN 0-8387-5655-7
External links[link]
| Find more about Don Quixote on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
- Don Quixote on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Don Quixote, Volume 1 (volunteer-read audiobook) from LibriVox at Internet Archive.
- "One Master, Many Cervantes", by Ilan Stavans. A history of English translations. Humanities, September/October 2008. Volume 29, Number 5. Accessed 2010-08-04
- Works by Cervantes at Project Gutenberg
- The full text of Don Quijote in the original Spanish.
- Background information about Don Quijote and Cervantes
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
