- published: 12 Aug 2011
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- Lyrics: play full screen play karaoke
- 2003 - Димна завеса
- 2003 - The Suicide File
- 2003 - Suicide File
- 2003 - Nina Gordon
Душата ми вихрушка я обрули,
защо я пуснах гола и пеша,
сред вашите ласкателства и хули,
защо ви дадох своята душа?!
Защо ли като храм ви я отворих,
без да помисля аз, че някой ден
незнайно кой от вас, жестоки хора
иконите без срам ще окраде.
Не съжалявам, че е пуст олтарът
и че вратите са разбити с бяс,
но съжалявам, че със свойта вяра
днес няма где да се помоля аз.
Душата ми обрулена и мъртва,
пустее без икони и олтар,
във нея аз ви пуснах като в църква,
а трябваше да сложа катинар.
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
In the end what's left
Won't be your feathered hair or your fake breasts or your fast food or your slow death.
All the rallies and all the marches,
All the fireworks and all the garbage.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
The politics of hate and your so called friends
And I'll stop now if you know how this ends.
Last chance to dance and then slip away.
No love, just sex. the american way.
The american way.
We're going down now.
We're already dead.
We're going down now.
hey baby why'd you turn away i was about to say
something baby i thought would make you smile
at least for a little while oh well baby that's the
way it goes right from my head to my toes and
you're the first to know that i've got a brilliant
plan i hope you understand i want to meet in
2OO3 i want to see what the future can bring to
me and when i do i'll meet you here my darling
and when i'm free i'll be waiting where i said i
would be my love will you wait for me what
we've found is such a precious thing that's what
i 'm trying to sing but before i lose my nerve i
better write down these words 'cause i don't
know what you heard and you know that i won't
change my mind i made a promise to be true let
them say that it's a selfish game but i don' t play
Send this Playlist by SMS
The 88 best songs of 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
51. Coldplay - Clocks 52. Blu Cantrell ft Sean Paul - Breathe 53. Gary Jules - Mad World 54. Kylie Minogue - Slow 55. Robin Thicke - When I Get You Alone 56....
http://wn.com/The_88_best_songs_of_2003
51. Coldplay - Clocks 52. Blu Cantrell ft Sean Paul - Breathe 53. Gary Jules - Mad World 54. Kylie Minogue - Slow 55. Robin Thicke - When I Get You Alone 56....
KALABIT (2003) Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 104:38
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
PINOY MOVIES Ara Mina, Raymond Bagatsing and Carlos Morales KALABIT (2003) Full Movie http://www.youtube.com/MoviesKit.
http://wn.com/KALABIT_2003_Full_Movie
PINOY MOVIES Ara Mina, Raymond Bagatsing and Carlos Morales KALABIT (2003) Full Movie http://www.youtube.com/MoviesKit.
- published: 10 Apr 2013
- views: 20874568
- author: MoviesKit
The 30 best songs of 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:54
- Updated: 23 May 2013
the updated version including 88 songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_xpBRH_0DY.
http://wn.com/The_30_best_songs_of_2003
the updated version including 88 songs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_xpBRH_0DY.
- published: 30 Mar 2011
- views: 606734
- author: Max Wevers
Rap R&b; Hip Hop Song of 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
Rap R&b; Hip Hop Song of 2003 1. Jennifer Lopez ft. LL Cool J : All i have 2. Fabolous ft. Tamia : Into you 3. Chingy : Right Thurr 4. Missy Elliott ft. Ludac...
http://wn.com/Rap_R&b;_Hip_Hop_Song_of_2003
Rap R&b; Hip Hop Song of 2003 1. Jennifer Lopez ft. LL Cool J : All i have 2. Fabolous ft. Tamia : Into you 3. Chingy : Right Thurr 4. Missy Elliott ft. Ludac...
- published: 13 Mar 2012
- views: 346319
- author: fanaa28
Amy Winehouse - "Stronger Than Me" (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 22 May 2013
http://wn.com/Amy_Winehouse_Stronger_Than_Me_2003
O.S.T.R. - Witaj w 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 21 May 2013
Wykonawca: O.S.T.R. Utwór: Witaj w 2003 Utwór pochodzi z zielonego Junoumi. http://sonyvegas.info.
http://wn.com/OSTR_Witaj_w_2003
Wykonawca: O.S.T.R. Utwór: Witaj w 2003 Utwór pochodzi z zielonego Junoumi. http://sonyvegas.info.
- published: 29 Dec 2007
- views: 1082126
- author: Tomek Święcicki
1993年～2003年のヒット曲集 高速メドレー
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 28 May 2013
「ちょっと懐かしい名曲集７７」に触発されて作りました。元ネタは自分じゃありません。一曲がかなり短いですが、その分曲を多く入れたので・・・。全部で107曲あります。ヒット曲＞＞＞懐かしい＝自分の好きな曲が大体の基準です。 最近はヒットチャートの概念が変わりつつあります。論点をどこにおくかによって、人の答えは様々です...
http://wn.com/1993年～2003年のヒット曲集 高速メドレー
「ちょっと懐かしい名曲集７７」に触発されて作りました。元ネタは自分じゃありません。一曲がかなり短いですが、その分曲を多く入れたので・・・。全部で107曲あります。ヒット曲＞＞＞懐かしい＝自分の好きな曲が大体の基準です。 最近はヒットチャートの概念が変わりつつあります。論点をどこにおくかによって、人の答えは様々です...
- published: 27 Jul 2009
- views: 6136992
- author: suisuup
Ronaldinho 2003-2004 'Impossible to forget' - Cachito clips
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:45
- Updated: 01 Jun 2013
MUSIC: SONG: Your Hand is Mine - GROUP: Explosions in the Sky ***Watch in HD*** Resumen la temporada 2003-2004, la primera de Ronaldinho en el Barcelona. El ...
http://wn.com/Ronaldinho_2003-2004_'Impossible_to_forget'_Cachito_clips
MUSIC: SONG: Your Hand is Mine - GROUP: Explosions in the Sky ***Watch in HD*** Resumen la temporada 2003-2004, la primera de Ronaldinho en el Barcelona. El ...
- published: 16 Aug 2011
- views: 293932
- author: cachitograu10
2003 年大事回顧 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Updated: 16 May 2013
令人感觸的一年.
http://wn.com/2003_年大事回顧_Part_1
Eurovision Song Contest 2003 - full contest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 189:58
- Updated: 31 May 2013
Skonto Hall, Riga, Latvia Saturday 24th of May 2003, 22:00-01:10 local time. eurovision song contest esc 2003 riga latvia sertab erener every way that i can ...
http://wn.com/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003_full_contest
Skonto Hall, Riga, Latvia Saturday 24th of May 2003, 22:00-01:10 local time. eurovision song contest esc 2003 riga latvia sertab erener every way that i can ...
- published: 08 Oct 2011
- views: 96263
- author: Euroensiklopediya
14 maggio 2003, Juventus-Real Madrid, la partita perfetta!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 01 Jun 2013
Semifinale di ritorno di Champions League, Juventus-Real Madrid 3-1, gol di Trezeguet, Del Piero, Nedved, Zidane.
http://wn.com/14_maggio_2003,_Juventus-Real_Madrid,_la_partita_perfetta!
Semifinale di ritorno di Champions League, Juventus-Real Madrid 3-1, gol di Trezeguet, Del Piero, Nedved, Zidane.
- published: 14 May 2011
- views: 690011
- author: Juventus
Britney Spears, Madonna , Christina Aguilera Missy Elliot Live VMA 2003 HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:33
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
The Femme Fatale Tour http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20lZVjv2hG4 MEGAMIX TRAJECTORY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jYd2FruRJo OOPS!... I Did It Again Tour h...
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears,_Madonna_,_Christina_Aguilera_Missy_Elliot_Live_VMA_2003_HD
The Femme Fatale Tour http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20lZVjv2hG4 MEGAMIX TRAJECTORY http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_jYd2FruRJo OOPS!... I Did It Again Tour h...
- published: 11 May 2013
- views: 191374
- author: ahlexcasas
Любимые хиты (1999 -- 2003) Часть 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:00
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
У всех нас есть любимые песни. Я решил сделать видео о старых песнях, которые сейчас редко крутят по радио, но все же не забыты. В видео участвуют только НАШ...
http://wn.com/Любимые_хиты_1999_-_2003_Часть_1
У всех нас есть любимые песни. Я решил сделать видео о старых песнях, которые сейчас редко крутят по радио, но все же не забыты. В видео участвуют только НАШ...
- published: 26 Nov 2011
- views: 376988
- author: 1994albatros
WWE PPV Summerslam 2003 Elimination chamber Match (Full Match + Promo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:36
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
World Heavyweight Championship Elimination Chamber Match Triple H(c) vs Randy Orton vs Kevin Nash vs Chris Jericho vs Goldberg vs Shawn Michaels (Full Match ...
http://wn.com/WWE_PPV_Summerslam_2003_Elimination_chamber_Match_Full_Match_+_Promo
World Heavyweight Championship Elimination Chamber Match Triple H(c) vs Randy Orton vs Kevin Nash vs Chris Jericho vs Goldberg vs Shawn Michaels (Full Match ...
- published: 02 May 2013
- views: 187050
- author: reddicksas
Camp (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 105:22
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
I uploaded this video because it is my favorite movie in the entire world. Everything belongs to Todd Graff who is the writer and the director of this film. ...
http://wn.com/Camp_2003
I uploaded this video because it is my favorite movie in the entire world. Everything belongs to Todd Graff who is the writer and the director of this film. ...
- published: 20 Nov 2012
- views: 33499
- author: raymond cookman
黃子華棟篤笑 2003 - 冇碳用
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 110:18
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
黃子華棟篤笑系列：http://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD4573D12F7312831 黃子華Facebook專頁：http://facebook.com/pages/Dayo-Wong/10734526718 ==================================...
http://wn.com/黃子華棟篤笑_2003_冇碳用
黃子華棟篤笑系列：http://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLD4573D12F7312831 黃子華Facebook專頁：http://facebook.com/pages/Dayo-Wong/10734526718 ==================================...
- published: 12 Jan 2012
- views: 650860
- author: KYRepo
Holes 2003 Full Movie HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 117:26
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
CLICK THE LINK BELOW SO YOU UNDERSTAND THAT YOUTUBE DOES NOT ALLOW SYNDICATION (MOBILE VIEWERS) ON THIS VIDEO http://oi48.tinypic.com/2e3tq13.jpg Yes My Othe...
http://wn.com/Holes_2003_Full_Movie_HD
CLICK THE LINK BELOW SO YOU UNDERSTAND THAT YOUTUBE DOES NOT ALLOW SYNDICATION (MOBILE VIEWERS) ON THIS VIDEO http://oi48.tinypic.com/2e3tq13.jpg Yes My Othe...
- published: 07 Nov 2012
- views: 840547
- author: joe74270
Snap Vs. CJ Stone - Rythm is a Dancer 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 06 May 2013
Videoclip: Snap Vs. CJ Stone - Rythm is a Dancer 2003 Label: www.ministryofsound.de.
http://wn.com/Snap_Vs_CJ_Stone_Rythm_is_a_Dancer_2003
Videoclip: Snap Vs. CJ Stone - Rythm is a Dancer 2003 Label: www.ministryofsound.de.
- published: 04 Feb 2009
- views: 434959
- author: Embassy One
Boat Race 2003
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 01 Apr 2013
http://www.bloomsbury.com/bloodoverwater On a blustery, overcast April day in 2003, David and James Livington raced against each other in the 149th Oxford-Ca...
http://wn.com/Boat_Race_2003
http://www.bloomsbury.com/bloodoverwater On a blustery, overcast April day in 2003, David and James Livington raced against each other in the 149th Oxford-Ca...
- published: 16 Mar 2009
- views: 39466
- author: Bloomsbury Publishing
The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 115:02
- Updated: 03 Jun 2013
The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full...
http://wn.com/The_Recruit_2003_HD_1080p_Full_Movie
The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full Movie The Recruit 2003 - HD 1080p - Full...
- published: 15 Feb 2013
- views: 587346
- author: TheEnjoyYourTime
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:15
- Updated: 31 May 2013
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden.
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong_2003_TDF_The_Ascent_of_Luz_Ardiden
Lance Armstrong 2003 TDF - The Ascent of Luz Ardiden.
- published: 15 Jan 2011
- views: 369138
- author: ThePerfectCadence1
Full Movie - Bayaran (2003)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 105:40
- Updated: 02 Jun 2013
Full Movie - Bayaran (2003)
http://wn.com/Full_Movie_Bayaran_2003
The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003) Theatrical Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 01 Jun 2013
From New Line Cinema & Platinum Dunes. Theatrical trailer for "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)." Directed by Marcus Nispel. Produced by Michael Bay. Starr...
http://wn.com/The_Texas_Chainsaw_Massacre_2003_Theatrical_Trailer
From New Line Cinema & Platinum Dunes. Theatrical trailer for "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003)." Directed by Marcus Nispel. Produced by Michael Bay. Starr...
- published: 02 Nov 2008
- views: 1502983
- author: ForeverHorror
photo: AP / Jens Meyer
02 Jun 2013
Flood alarms have been raised in southern and eastern Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria after unseasonal summer downpours. People have gone missing at several locations. Riverside festivals have been cut short ... Along the Danube, the flood level in the city of Passau neared 11 meters, prompting the premier of the southern German state of Bavaria, Horst Seehofer, to call emergency talks ... ipj/msh (dpa, ap, AFP). ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP
02 Jun 2013
Despite the astonishing, far-reaching changes that Turkey has undergone in recent years, clouds of anxiety are gathering over the country. The apprehension has little to do with the economy. The negative energy emanating from Syria has a partial impact ... All attention is focused on the decisive impact that Turkey's Kurds will have on the country's macro politics. Let's first lay out some observations on social unrest ... But how? ... ... Like....(size: 6.7Kb)
photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
03 Jun 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Geography is usually vengeful towards conquerors and oppressors. Israel's geography, rather than a cushion, has become a prison from which there is no escape.(1) At the same time, there are frequent reminders of how the Jewish State treated historical Palestine and Palestinians, such as the one just uncovered in Tel Aviv-Jaffa ... But the collapse of geography backfires ... (1) Robert D. Kaplan....(size: 5.1Kb)
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Palm Beach Post
03 Jun 2013
John Rowland's administration violated state employees' constitutional rights when it laid off 2,800 workers based on their union membership in 2003. The 2nd U.S ... ....(size: 0.8Kb)
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The New York Times
03 Jun 2013
Select Month June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 ......(size: 9.8Kb)
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The New York Times
03 Jun 2013
Select Month June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 ......(size: 10.3Kb)
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The New York Times
03 Jun 2013
Select Month June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 ......(size: 11.0Kb)
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The New York Times
03 Jun 2013
Select Month June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 ......(size: 11.1Kb)
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The New York Times
03 Jun 2013
Select Month June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 ......(size: 13.8Kb)
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The New York Times
03 Jun 2013
Select Month June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 ......(size: 14.1Kb)
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Reuters
03 Jun 2013
QFII Name Obtained QFII Status Quota 1 UBS AG 5/23/2003 790 2 Nomura Securities Co.,Ltd. 5/23/2003 350 3 Morgan Stanley & Co. International 6/5/2003 600 Limited 4 Citigroup Global Markets Limited 6/5/2003 550 5 Goldman, Sachs & Co. 7/4/2003 300 6 Deutsche Bank Aktiengesellschaft 7/30/2003 600 7 The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking 8/4/2003 600 Corporation Limited 8 ING Bank N.V....(size: 11.6Kb)
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The Times of India
03 Jun 2013
Scientists based in Mosul, northern Iraq, have reported that even 10 years after the Iraq war of 2003, high levels of uranium contamination in soil samples have been found leading to dramatically increasing rates of childhood cancers and birth defects in local hospitals ... "The Gulf Wars of 1991 and 2003 left a legacy of pollution with DU in many regions of Iraq," they say....(size: 3.0Kb)
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Huffington Post
03 Jun 2013
It doesn't matter how many experts drill it into our heads. We're seemingly addicted to our oversized handbags, despite the health consequences. Now, at least, we have someone to blame ... "Poshitis," as it has been labeled, refers to the back and neck pain one gets from carrying a heavy purse in the crook of one's arm like Posh Spice ... How does she do it? ... (WireImage photo)April 2003. (WireImage photo)May 2003. (WireImage photo)May 2003 ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
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Detroit Free Press
03 Jun 2013
Five Detroit City Council members will not seek re-election this summer. Here is a closer look at each. ■ Related story ... 2003-present ... Detroit City Council, 2003-present; aide to Democratic U.S. Rep. John Conyers of Detroit, 1997-2003; executive director of the Detroit Branch NAACP, 1990-97; executive director of the downtown Detroit YWCA ... Detroit Board of Education trustee, 1992-97; Wayne County Commissioner, 7th District, 2003-05 ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)
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noodls
03 Jun 2013
(Source. Royal UNIBREW A/S). Company announcement No 26/2013- 3 June 2013. On 30 April 2013, Royal Unibrew initiated a share buy-back programme, cf. company announcement no. 20/2013 of 30 April 2013. The programme was implemented in accordance with the provisions of European Commission Regulation no. 2273/2003 of 22 December 2003, also referred to as the Safe Harbour Regulation ... Number of....(size: 1.7Kb)
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noodls
03 Jun 2013
(Source. Tryg A/S). On 15 March 2013, Tryg initiated a share buyback programme in compliance with the EU Commission Regulation no. 2273/2003 of 22 December 2003, the so-called Safe Harbour Regulative for share buy back. Under the programme, Tryg will purchase own shares for an amount of DKK 800m in the period from 15 March 2013 to 30 December 2013 ... price Transaction value....(size: 1.7Kb)
This article is about the year 2003.
| 2003 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1970s 1980s 1990s – 2000s – 2010s 2020s 2030s |
| Years: | 2000 2001 2002 – 2003 – 2004 2005 2006 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2003 MMIII |
| Ab urbe condita | 2756 |
| Armenian calendar | 1452 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6753 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 159–160 |
| Bengali calendar | 1410 |
| Berber calendar | 2953 |
| British Regnal year | 51 Eliz. 2 – 52 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2547 |
| Burmese calendar | 1365 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7511–7512 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬午年十一月廿九日 (4639/4699-11-29) — to —
癸未年十二月初九日(4640/4700-12-9) |
| Coptic calendar | 1719–1720 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1995–1996 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5763–5764 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2059–2060 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1925–1926 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5104–5105 |
| Holocene calendar | 12003 |
| Iranian calendar | 1381–1382 |
| Islamic calendar | 1423–1424 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 15 (平成15年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4336 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 92 民國92年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2546 |
| Unix time | 1041379200–1072915199 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2003 |
2003 (MMIII) was a common year that started on a Wednesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2003rd year of Anno Domini; the 3rd year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 4th of the 2000s decade.
2003 was designated the:
- International Year of Freshwater.
- European Disability Year.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.
- January 5 – Police arrest seven suspects in connection with Wood Green ricin plot.
- January 8 – US Airways Express Flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 people aboard.
- January 16 – STS-107: Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on its last flight.
- January 18 – The Canberra Bushfires in Canberra, Australia, kill 4 people.
- January 23 – The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft, some 7.5 billion miles from Earth.
- January 25 – An international group of volunteers leaves London for Baghdad to act as voluntary human shields, hoping to avert a U.S. invasion.
- January 26 – The Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeated the Oakland Raiders by the score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII.
- January 29 – 2003 Phnom Penh riots: In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the Thai embassy is burned and commercial properties of Thai businesses are vandalized.
February[link]
- February 1
- At the conclusion of the STS-107 mission, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all 7 astronauts onboard.
- In Northern Ireland, Protestant Ulster Defence Association Belfast leader John Gregg is killed by a loyalist faction.
- Morgan Spurlock begins his 30-day McDonald's diet.
- February 5 – Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell addresses the UN Security Council on Iraq.
- February 9
- The Cricket World Cup begins in South Africa.
- BBC Choice closes for the final time at 12:30 a.m., being replaced with BBC Three at 7 p.m.
- War in Darfur begins.
- February 15 – Global protests against Iraq war: More than 10 million people protest in over 600 cities worldwide, the largest to take place before a war occurs.
- February 18 – An arsonist destroys a train in Daegu, South Korea, killing more than 190.
- February 20 – The Station nightclub fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, claims the lives of 100 people.
- February 26 – An American businessman is admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the first identified case of SARS. WHO doctor Carlo Urbani reports the unusual, highly contagious disease to WHO. Both the businessman and doctor later die of the disease.
- February 27 – Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plavšić is sentenced by the U.N. tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands, to 11 years in prison.
March[link]
- March 12
- Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Ðindic was assassinated in Belgrade.
- The WHO issues a global alert on SARS.
- March 13 – Human evolution: The journal Nature reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints had been found in Italy.
- March 15 – Hu Jintao becomes President of the People's Republic of China, replacing Jiang Zemin.
- March 18 - FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama, on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.
- March 19 – Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.
- March 23 – The 2003 Cricket World Cup ends as Australia beat India by 125 runs in Johannesburg, South Africa.
April[link]
- April 3
- A passenger bus hits a remote-controlled land mine in the Chechen capital, killing at least 8.
- U.S. forces seize control of Saddam International Airport, changing the airport's name to Baghdad International Airport.
- April 9 – U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.
- April 14 – The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.
- April 17 – The Stevens Report concludes that members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army cooperated with the Ulster Defence Association in the killings of Catholics in Northern Ireland.
- April 29 – The United States announces the withdrawal of troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.
May[link]
- May 1 – U. S. president George W. Bush lands on the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, where he gives a speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. A banner behind him declares "Mission Accomplished".
- May 2 – The Monkeyman superhero hoax begins in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.
- May 3 – The Old Man of the Mountain, a rock formation in New Hampshire, crumbles after heavy rain.
- May 4–May 10 – A major severe weather outbreak spawns more tornadoes than any week in U.S. history; 393 tornadoes are reported in 19 states.
- May 4 – Top Thrill Dragster opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.
- May 11 – Benvenuto Cellini's Saliera is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.
- May 12
- A suicide truck-bomb attack kills at least 60 at a government compound in northern Chechnya.
- In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 26 people are killed in the Riyadh Compound Bombings.
- May 14 – A female suicide bomber blows up explosives strapped to her waist in a crowd of thousands of Muslim pilgrims, killing at least 18 people in Chechnya.
- May 15 – The date predicted by Pana-Wave Laboratory, a Japanese cult, on which a close encounter with an unknown planet would result in the extinction of most of humankind.
- May 16 – In Casablanca, Morocco, 33 civilians are killed and more than 100 injured in the Casablanca terrorist attacks.
- May 17 – Arsenal beat Southampton 1–0 to win the FA Cup.
- May 19
- Pen Hadow becomes the first person to walk alone, without any outside help, from Canada to the North Pole.
- The Indonesian military begins an operation in Aceh province.
- May 21
- F.C. Porto defeat Celtic 3–2 (AET) in the UEFA Cup Final in Seville, Spain.
- An earthquake in the Boumerdès region of northern Algeria kills 2,200.
- May 22 – The Sheffield Winter Gardens are officially opened by Elizabeth II.
- May 23 – Dewey, the first deer cloned by scientists at Texas A&M University, is born.
- May 24 – Sertab Erener wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 for Turkey with the song Every Way That I Can, in Riga, Latvia.
- May 25 – After docking in Miami at 05:00, the SS Norway (old SS France) is severely damaged by a boiler explosion at 06:30, that kills 7, and injures 17 crew members. A few weeks later it is announced by NCL that she will never sail again as a commercial ocean liner.
- May 26 – A draft of the proposed European Constitution is unveiled.
- May 28 – Prometea, the first horse cloned by Italian scientists, is born.
- May 28 – AC Milan defeats fellow Italian rival Juventus 3–2 on penalties after a scoreless tie to win the UEFA Champions League, their sixth European title.
- May 31 – Eric Rudolph, suspected in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996, is captured in Murphy, North Carolina.
June[link]
- June 1
- The 29th G8 summit opens in Évian-les-Bains, France, to tight security and tens of thousands of protesters.
- The People's Republic of China begins filling the lake behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 metres.
- June 4 – Martha Stewart and her broker are indicted for using privileged investment information and then obstructing a federal investigation. Stewart also resigns as chairperson and chief executive officer of Martha Stewart Living.
- June 5 – A female suicide bomber detonates a bomb near a bus carrying soldiers and civilians to a military airfield in Mozdok, a major staging point for Russian troops in Chechnya, killing at least 16.
- June 22 – The largest hailstone ever recorded falls in Aurora, Nebraska.
- June 23 – Grutter v. Bollinger: The Supreme Court of the United States upholds affirmative action in university admissions.
- June 26 – Lawrence v. Texas: The U.S. Supreme Court declares sodomy laws unconstitutional.
- June 29 – A balcony collapse in Chicago kills 13.
- June 30 – In Irvine, California, Joseph Hunter Parker kills 2 Albertsons employees with a sword, before being shot to death by the police.
July[link]
- July 1 – 500,000 Hong Kong people march to protest Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which controversially redefines treason.
- July 2 – At the International Olympic Committee session in Prague, Vancouver, British Columbia is declared the host city for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.
- July 5
- SARS is declared to be contained by WHO.
- A double suicide bombing at a Moscow rock concert kills the attackers and 15 other people.
- July 6 – The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to 5 stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, 2044 and 2049 respectively.
- July 7
- Corsica voters reject a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very narrow margin.
- Canon Jeffrey John, the first would-be gay bishop in the Church of England, withdraws his acceptance of the post of Bishop of Reading after discussions with church leaders.
- July 8 – Sudan Airways Flight 39, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan; the only survivor is a 2-year-old child.
- July 10 – A Russian security agent dies in Moscow, while trying to defuse a bomb a woman had tried to carry into a cafe on central Moscow's main street.
- July 14 – CIA leak scandal: Washington Post columnist Robert Novak publishes the name of Valerie Plame, blowing her cover as a CIA operative.
- July 18
- The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.
- The body of David Kelly, a scientist at the Ministry of Defence, is found a few miles from his home, leading to the Hutton inquiry.
- July 21 – Eleven support towers on Kinzua Bridge collapse after being hit by an F-1 tornado.
- July 22 – Uday and Qusay Hussein, sons of Saddam Hussein, are killed by the U.S. military in Iraq, after being tipped off by an informant.
- July 23 – Operation Warrior Sweep is the first major military deployment of the Afghan National Army.
- July 24 – The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, Operation Helpem Fren, led by Australia, begins.
- July 26 – The electorate of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma approves a new constitution redesignating the tribe "Cherokee Nation" without "of Oklahoma" and specifically disenfranchising the Cherokee Freedmen.
- July 30 – The last Volkswagen Type 1 rolls off its production line in Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.
August[link]
- August 1 – A suicide bomber rams a truck filled with explosives into a military hospital near Chechnya, killing 50 people, including Russian troops wounded in Chechnya.
- August 2 – The United Nations authorizes an international peacekeeping force for Liberia.
- August 10 – The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK: 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) at Brogdale near Faversham in Kent.[1]
- August 11
- NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.
- Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.
- A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 °C (112 °F).
- August 14
- A widespread power outage affects the northeastern United States and South-Central Canada.
- A 6.4 Richter scale earthquake occurs near the Greek Ionian island of Lefkada; 24 are injured.
- August 15 – Oil price increases since 2003: Global oil production begins a 4-year plateau (and subsequent decline) in the face of rising demand, causing new price increases.
- August 16 – The 2003 Okanagan Mountain Park Fire spreads quickly on the outskirts of Kelowna, British Columbia, threatening to engulf the largest town in British Columbia's interior.
- August 22 – A rocket explosion kills 21 at the Brazilian rocket complex in Alcântara, Brazil, due to the premature ignition of a solid rocket booster.
- August 25
- Two bomb blasts in Mumbai, India, kill 52.
- The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, during Delta II.
- August 27 – Perihelic opposition: Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 50,000 years.
- August 28
- Bank robber Brian Douglas Wells is killed when a time bomb around his neck explodes, allegedly in an act of betrayal by his co-conspirators.
- An electricity blackout cuts off power to around 500,000 people living in southeast England and brings 60% of London's underground rail network to a halt.
September[link]
- September 3 – The Hubble Space Telescope starts Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
- September 4 – Europe's busiest shopping centre, the Bullring in Birmingham, is officially opened by Sir Albert Bore.
- September 10
- Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh is stabbed in a Stockholm department store and dies the next day.
- Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.
- September 11
- Hurricane Isabel reaches peak winds.
- September 14 – Sweden rejects adopting the euro in a referendum.
- September 15 – The ELN kidnaps 8 foreign tourists in the Ciudad Perdida in Colombia; they demand a human rights investigation and release the last hostages 3 months later.
- September 16 – Two suicide bombers drive an explosive-filled truck into a government security services building near Chechnya, killing 3 and injuring 25.
- September 18 – Hurricane Isabel makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane on North Carolina's Outer Banks. It directly kills 16 people in the Mid-Atlantic area.
- September 27 – Smart 1, a European Space Agency satellite, is launched from French Guiana.
- September 28 – A power failure affects all of Italy except Sardinia, cutting service to more than 56 million people.
- September 29 – Hurricane Juan lands at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a category 2 storm, killing 2 directly and 5 indirectly.
October[link]
- October 5 – Israeli warplanes strike inside Syrian territory.
- October 7 – 2003 California recall: Voters recall Governor Gray Davis from office and elect actor Arnold Schwarzenegger to succeed him.
- October 10 – Facing an investigation surrounding allegations of illegal drug use, American right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh publicly admits that he is addicted to prescription pain killers, and will seek treatment.
- October 12 – Michael Schumacher wins the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship in Suzuka, Japan, beating Kimi Räikkönen to the title.
- October 15
- China launches Shenzhou 5, their first manned space mission.
- The 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash kills 11 after one of its ferries slams into a pier.
- October 17 – Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada is ousted from office, ending the bolivian gas conflict, and flees to the United States.
- October 24 – The Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to a close, at least for the time being.
- October 25
- The Cedar Fire begins in San Diego County, burning 280,000 acres (1,100 km2), 2,232 homes and killing 14.
- The Florida Marlins defeat the New York Yankees to win their second World Series title.
- October 31 – Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power.
November[link]
- November 5 – Gary Ridgway, the "Green River Killer", confesses to murdering 48 women.
- November 9 – A lunar eclipse is seen in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Central Asia.
- November 12 – Occupation of Iraq: In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.
- November 15 – Two car bombs explode simultaneously in Istanbul, Turkey, targeting 2 synagogues, killing at least 25 people and wounding more than 300; Al-Qaida claims responsibility.
- November 18
- U.S. President George W. Bush makes a state visit to London in the midst of massive protests.
- The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, rules anti-same-sex marriage laws unconstitutional in Massachusetts.
- November 19 – At the end of a long public inquiry, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Prescott, gives planning approval to London Bridge Tower, set to become the tallest building in Europe.
- November 20 – Several bombs explode in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC and the British consulate.
- November 22 – 2003 Rugby World Cup: England defeat Australia 20–17 after extra time.
- November 23
- The Georgian Rose Revolution ends in overwhelming victory; president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over fraudulent elections.
- A total solar eclipse is seen over Antarctica.
- November 24 – The High Court in Glasgow imposes a minimum sentence of 27 years for Al Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, the Libyan convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
December[link]
- December 1
- The use of hand-held cell phones while driving is made illegal in the United Kingdom.
- Boeing chairman and CEO Phil Condit resigns unexpectedly. He is replaced by Lewis Platt as non-executive chairman and Harry Stonecipher as president and CEO.
- December 5
- A suicide bombing on a commuter train in southern Russia kills 44 people. President Vladimir Putin condemns the attack as a bid to destabilize the country 2 days before parliamentary elections.
- The eighteenth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Abuja, Nigeria.
- December 7
- Parliamentary elections are held in Russia.
- Australian schoolboy Daniel Morcombe disappears from a bus stop on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the country's highest profile mysteries.
- December 8 – The Aso Rock Declaration is issued at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, outlining the Commonwealth's priority objectives.
- December 9 – A female suicide bomber detonates outside Moscow's National Hotel, across from the Kremlin and Red Square, killing 5 bystanders.
- December 12
- Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.
- Olympic Airlines, Greece's new flag carrier, is launched.
- December 13 – Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, is captured in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.
- December 16 – The United Kingdom announces plans to build a new runway at Stansted Airport in Essex and a short-haul runway at Heathrow Airport, sparking anger from environmental groups.
- December 18 – The Soham Murder Trial ends at the Old Bailey in London, with Ian Huntley found guilty of two counts of murder. His girlfriend Maxine Carr is found guilty of perverting the course of justice.
- December 20 – Libya admits to building a nuclear bomb.
- December 22
- An earthquake in California kills 2.
- Parmalat is first accused of falsifying accounts to the tune of USD $5 billion, later admitted by founder Calisto Tanzi; observers call it "Europe's Enron".
- December 23
- A PetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion in Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, kills 234.
- WTO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.
- December 24
- A BSE (mad cow disease) outbreak in Washington State is announced. Several countries including Brazil, Australia and Taiwan ban the import of beef from the United States.
- At the request of the U.S. Embassy in Paris, the French Government orders Air France to cancel several flights between France and the U.S. in response to terrorist concerns.
- The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. on Christmas Eve inside Madrid's busy Chamartín Station.
- December 25
- Beagle 2 is scheduled to land on Mars, but nothing is heard from the lander.
- President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan escapes the second assassination attempt in 2 weeks.
- The final episode of Britain's biggest entertainment show, Only Fools and Horses, is aired.
- December 26 – A massive earthquake devastates southeastern Iran; over 40,000 people are reported killed in the city of Bam.
- December 31
- David Bieber is arrested on suspicion of the Boxing Day police shootings in Leeds.
- British Airways Flight 223, a Boeing 747-400 flying from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles, is escorted into Dulles Airport by F-16 fighter jets after intelligence reports of terrorists trying to board the jet and use it in a terrorist attack.
- Parts of the UK are left without power on New Year's Eve due to wintry weather including blizzards and thunderstorms.
Births[link]
- November 8 – Lady Louise Windsor, British Princess and daughter of Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex
- December 7 – Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, daughter of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange and Princess Maxima of the Netherlands
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2003
January[link]
- January 8 – Ron Goodwin, English composer and conductor (b. 1925)
- January 11
- Maurice Pialat, French actor and director (b. 1925)
- Richard Simmons, American actor (b. 1913)
- January 12
- Dean Amadon, American ornithologist (b. 1912)
- Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (b. 1926)
- Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (Bee Gees) (b. 1949)
- January 15 – Doris Fisher, American singer-songwriter (b. 1915)
- January 17 – Richard Crenna, American actor (Marooned) (b. 1926)
- January 20 – Al Hirschfeld, American cartoonist (b. 1903)
- January 23 – Nell Carter, African-American singer and actress (b. 1948)
- January 24 – Gianni Agnelli, Italian auto executive (b. 1921)
- January 26
- Valeriy Brumel, Russian athlete (b. 1942)
- Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton, English historian (b. 1917)
- January 27 – Henryk Jablonski, former President of Poland (b. 1909)
- January 29 – Frank Moss, American politician (b. 1911)
February[link]
- February 1
- Michael P. Anderson, American astronaut (b. 1959)
- David M. Brown, American astronaut (b. 1956)
- Kalpana Chawla, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Laurel Clark, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- Rick Husband, American astronaut (b. 1957)
- William McCool, American astronaut (b. 1961)
- February 2 – Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
- February 10
- Edgar de Evia, American photographer (b. 1910)
- Ron Ziegler, American White House Press Secretary (b. 1939)
- Curt Hennig, American wrestler (b. 1958)
- February 19 – Johnny Paycheck, American singer (b. 1938)
- February 20
- Maurice Blanchot, French philosopher and writer (b. 1907)
- Orville Freeman, American politician (b. 1918)
- February 27 – Fred Rogers, American children's television host (b. 1928)
- February 28
- Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (b. 1917)
- Rudolf Kingslake, British lens designer and engineer (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 2
- Yevgeny Matveyev, Russian actor and film director (b. 1922)
- Hank Ballard, American musician (b. 1927)
- March 9 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (b. 1946)
- March 12
- Zoran Đinđić, Serbian prime minister (b. 1952)
- Howard Fast, American novelist (b. 1914)
- March 22 – Milton G. Henschel, American Jehovah's Witnesses leader (b. 1920)
- March 26 – Daniel Patrick Moynihan, American politician (b. 1926)
- March 29 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (b. 1956)
- March 30 – Michael Jeter, American actor (b. 1952)
April[link]
- April 1 – Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer and actor (b. 1956)
- April 2 – Edwin Starr, American soul singer (b. 1942)
- April 7 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French storyteller (b. 1903)
- April 9
- Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (b. 1949)
- Jorge Oteiza, Spanish painter (b. 1908)
- April 11 – Cecil Howard Green, British-born geophysicist and businessman (b. 1900)
- April 14 – Jyrki Otila, Finnish quiz show judge and Member of the European Parliament (b. 1941)
- April 17
- Robert Atkins, American nutritionist (b. 1930)
- Paul Getty, American-born philanthropist (b. 1932)
- Earl King, American musician (b. 1934)
- April 19 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-born Muslim leader (b. 1928)
- April 20
- Ruth Hale, American playwright and actress (b. 1908)
- Bernard Katz, German-born biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1911)
- Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (b. 1976)
- April 21 – Nina Simone, American singer (b. 1933)
- April 23 – Fernand Fonssagrives, French photographer (b. 1910)
- April 26 – Peter Stone, American writer (b. 1930)
- April 30 – Wim van Est, Dutch cyclist (b. 1923)
May[link]
- May 11 – Noel Redding, English musician (b. 1946)
- May 12 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, French UN High Commissioner for Refugees (b. 1933)
- May 14
- Wendy Hiller, English actress (b. 1912)
- Robert Stack, American actor (b. 1919)
- May 15
- June Carter Cash, American singer (b. 1929)
- Rik Van Steenbergen, Belgian cyclist (b. 1924)
- May 26 – Kathleen Winsor, American writer (b. 1919)
- May 27 – Luciano Berio, Italian composer (b. 1925)
- May 28
- Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist and chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1917)
- Martha Scott, American actress (b. 1912)
June[link]
- June 2
- Burke Marshall, American lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
- Freddie Blassie, American professional wrestler and manager (b. 1918)
- June 10
- Donald Regan, American Treasury Secretary (b. 1918)
- Bernard Williams, English philosopher (b. 1929)
- June 11 – David Brinkley, American television reporter (b. 1920)
- June 12 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
- June 14 – Jimmy Knepper, American musician (b. 1927)
- June 15
- Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (b. 1911)
- Kaiser Matanzima, President of Transkei bantustan (b. 1915)
- June 18 – Larry Doby, American baseball player (b. 1923)
- June 21 – Leon Uris, American writer (b. 1924)
- June 25 – Lester Maddox, American politician (b. 1915)
- June 26
- Denis Thatcher, British husband of Margaret Thatcher (b. 1915)
- Strom Thurmond, American politician (b. 1902)
- Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroon footballer (b. 1975)
- June 29 – Katharine Hepburn, American actress (b. 1907)
- June 30 – Buddy Hackett, American comedian and actor (b. 1924)
July[link]
- July 1
- Herbie Mann, American jazz flautist (b. 1930)
- N!xau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
- George Roper, British comedian (b. 1934)
- July 4 – Barry White, American singer (b. 1944)
- July 5 – Roman Lyashenko, Russian hockey player (b. 1979)
- July 6 – Buddy Ebsen, American actor (b. 1908)
- July 10
- Winston Graham, English writer (b. 1908)
- Hartley Shawcross, Baron Shawcross, British chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg trials (b. 1902)
- July 11 – Zahra Kazemi, Iranian-Canadian freelance photographer. (b. 1949)
- July 12 – Benny Carter, American musician (b. 1907)
- July 13 – Compay Segundo, Cuban musician (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1907)
- July 14 – Éva Janikovszky, Hungarian novelist (b. 1926)
- July 15
- Roberto Bolaño, Chilean writer (b. 1953)
- Tex Schramm, American football team president and general manager (b. 1920)
- July 16
- Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (b. 1924)
- Carol Shields, American-born writer (b. 1935)
- July 17 – Rosalyn Tureck, American pianist and harpsichordist (b. 1914)
- July 22
- Uday Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1964)
- Qusay Hussein, son of Saddam Hussein (b. 1966)
- July 25
- Ludwig Bölkow, German aeronautical engineer (b. 1912)
- John Schlesinger, English film director (b. 1926)
- July 27 – Bob Hope, English-born American comedian (b. 1903)
- July 30 – Sam Phillips, American record producer (b. 1923)
August[link]
- August 1 – Marie Trintignant, French actress (b. 1962)
- August 4
- Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1916)
- Brian Trueman, English musician (b. 1930)
- August 9 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (b. 1946)
- August 11 – Armand Borel, Swiss mathematician (b. 1923)
- August 14 – Helmut Rahn, German footballer (b. 1929)
- August 16 – Idi Amin, Ugandan dictator (b. 1924)
- August 19
- Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (b. 1948)
- Carlos Roberto Reina, President of Honduras (b. 1926)
- August 22 – Imperio Argentina, Argentinian singer and actress (b. 1906)
- August 23 – Jack Dyer, Australian football player, coach, and commentator (b. 1913)
- August 29 – Vladimir Vasicek, Czech painter (b. 1919)
- August 30 – Charles Bronson, American actor (b. 1921)
September[link]
- September 1
- Terry Frost, English artist (b. 1915)
- John Gould, American humorist, essayist, and columnist (b. 1908)
- September 6 – Harry Goz, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 7 – Warren Zevon, American singer (b. 1947)
- September 8 – Leni Riefenstahl, German film director (b. 1902)
- September 9
- Larry Hovis, American actor (b. 1936)
- Edward Teller, Hungarian-born physicist (b. 1908)
- September 11
- Anna Lindh, Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1957)
- John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)
- September 12 – Johnny Cash, American singer and guitarist (b. 1932)
- September 13 – Frank O'Bannon, American politician (b. 1930)
- September 14 – John Serry, Sr., American musician (b. 1915)
- September 17 – Sheb Wooley, American actor and singer (b. 1921)
- September 22 – Gordon Jump, American actor (b. 1932)
- September 23 – Yuri Senkevich, Russian TV anchorman (b. 1937)
- September 24 – Edward Said, Palestinian-born literary critic (b. 1935)
- September 25
- Franco Modigliani, Italian-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- George Plimpton, American writer and actor (b. 1927)
- September 26
- Robert Palmer, English singer (b. 1949)
- Shawn Lane, American musician (b. 1963)
- September 27 – Donald O'Connor, American actor, singer, and dancer (b. 1925)
- September 28
- Althea Gibson, American tennis player (b. 1927)
- Elia Kazan, Greek-American director (b. 1909)
- September 30 – Robert Kardashian, Armenian-American attorney and businessman (b. 1944)
October[link]
- October 1 – Huntington Hardisty, American admiral (b. 1929)
- October 3 – William Steig, American cartoonist (b. 1907)
- October 5
- Timothy Treadwell, American environmentalist and filmmaker (b. 1957)
- Denis Quilley, British actor (b. 1927)
- Dan Snyder, Canadian hockey player (b. 1978)
- Neil Postman, American educator, media theorist, and cultural critic (b. 1931)
- October 10 – Eugene Istomin, American pianist (b. 1925)
- October 12
- Jim Cairns, Australian politician (b. 1914)
- Bill Shoemaker, American jockey (b. 1931)
- October 13 – Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
- October 16
- László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
- Stu Hart, Canadian wrestling promoter (b. 1915)
- October 19
- Alija Izetbegović, Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina (b. 1925)
- Michael Hegstrand American wrestler (b. 1957)
- October 20 – Jack Elam, American actor (b. 1918)
- October 21 – Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
- October 23 – Soong May-ling, Chinese wife of Chiang Kai-shek (b. 1898)
- October 24 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1925)
- October 25
- Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian philosopher and social reformer (b. 1920)
- Robert Strassburg, American composer (b. 1915)
- October 29
- Hal Clement, American writer (b. 1922)
- Franco Corelli, Italian opera tenor (b. 1921)
- October 31 – Richard Neustadt, American political historian (b. 1919)
November[link]
- November 3 – Spider Jorgensen, American baseball player and coach (b. 1919)
- November 4 – Richard Wollheim, British philosopher (b. 1923)
- November 5 – Dorothy Fay, American actress (b. 1915)
- November 6
- Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (b. 1919)
- Mike Lockwood American wrestler (b. 1971)
- November 9 – Art Carney, American actor (b. 1918)
- November 10
- Canaan Banana, first President of Zimbabwe (b. 1936)
- Irv Kupcinet, American columnist and television personality (b. 1912)
- November 12
- Jonathan Brandis, American actor (b. 1976)
- Penny Singleton, American actress (b. 1908)
- November 15
- November 18 – Michael Kamen, American composer (b. 1948)
- November 20
- Robert Addie, British actor (b. 1960)
- David Dacko, first President of the Central African Republic (b. 1930)
- Jim Siedow, American actor (b. 1920)
- November 24
- Hugh Kenner, Canadian literary critic (b. 1922)
- Warren Spahn, American baseball player (b. 1921)
- November 26
- Abed Hamed Mowhoush, Iraqi general
- Stefan Wul, French writer (b. 1922)
- November 28 – Mihkel Mathiesen, Estonian statesman (b. 1918)
- November 30 – Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer (b. 1906)
December[link]
- December 3 – David Hemmings, English actor (b. 1941)
- December 4 – Iggy Katona, American race car driver (b. 1916)
- December 6
- Hans Hotter, German opera and Lieder bass-baritone singer (b. 1909)
- Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio, President of Guatemala (b. 1918)
- December 7
- Carl F. H. Henry, American theologian and publisher (b. 1913)
- Azie Taylor Morton, U.S. Treasurer (b. 1936)
- December 8 – Rubén González, Cuban pianist (Buena Vista Social Club) (b. 1919)
- December 9 – Paul Simon, U.S. Senator from Illinois (b. 1928)
- December 11 – Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (b. 1927)
- December 12 – Heydar Aliyev, former President of Azerbaijan (b. 1923)
- December 14
- Jeanne Crain, American actress (b. 1925)
- Blas Ople, Filipino politician (b. 1927)
- December 15 – George Fisher, American political cartoonist (b. 1923)
- December 16
- Robert Stanfield, Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1914)
- Gary Stewart, American singer (b. 1945)
- December 17
- Ed Devereaux, Australian actor (b. 1925)
- Otto Graham, American football player (b. 1921)
- December 19
- Hope Lange, American actress (b.1933)
- Roger Conant, American herpetologist (b.1909)
- December 22 – Dave Dudley, American singer (b. 1928)
- December 27 – Alan Bates, English actor (b. 1934)
- December 29
- Earl Hindman, American actor (b. 1942)
- Dinsdale Landen, English actor (b. 1932)
- Bob Monkhouse, English comedian and game show host (b. 1928)
- December 30
- David Bale, South African–born activist (b. 1941)
- John Gregory Dunne, American writer (b. 1932)
- Anita Mui, Hong Kong singer (b. 1963)
- December 31 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born physicist (b. 1898)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Chemistry – Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon
- Economics – Robert F. Engle, Clive W. J. Granger
- Literature – John Maxwell Coetzee
- Peace – Shirin Ebadi
- Physics – Alexei Alexeevich Abrikosov, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, Anthony James Leggett
- Physiology or Medicine – Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2003
- In the video game Freedom Fighters, the game is set in an alternate timeline from 1945 on where world power shifted towards the Soviet Union, the Soviets invades and conquers the United States, causing a rebel resistance.
- In the TV series Stargate SG-1 the second alpha site is attacked by kull warriors.
- In The Simpsons timeline, the events of The Simpsons: Hit & Run take place between October 25 and October 31, with all seven levels taking place on one week.
- The events of Resident Evil: Extinction take place, before the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles.
- The events of 28 Days Later commence in 2003, with the initial uprising of the Rage virus and decimation of Great Britain, and then the sequel 28 Weeks Later is also set later on in 2003, with the resurgence of the virus. The third film, 28 Months Later is to be set around 2005.
- In the last chapters of Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, Jill Valentine and Chris Redfield are sent to an Umbrella Fortress in February 2003.
- The Galactic Federation in the Metroid Backstory was formed in 2003.
- The main character in Osamu Tezuka's manga Tetsuwan Atom (1951) or Astro Boy was "born" on 7 April 2003.
- The 1981 arcade game Omega Race is set in the year 2003.
External links[link]
- 2003 Year in Review – comprehensive listing of 2003 reviews and lists
- 2003 Year-End Google Zeitgeist – Google's Yearly List of Major Events and Top Searches for 2003
References[link]
http://wn.com/2003
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Winehouse" redirects here. For the first coffee house in London, see Jamaica Wine House.
| Amy Winehouse | |
|---|---|
 Amy Winehouse at the Eurockéennes festival in France (2007) |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Amy Jade Winehouse |
| Born | (1983-09-14)14 September 1983 Southgate, London, UK |
| Died | 23 July 2011(2011-07-23) (aged 27) Camden, London, UK |
| Genres | Soul, R&B, jazz, blues |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, composer, arranger |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, drums |
| Years active | 1993–2011 |
| Labels | Island, Lioness, Universal Republic (U.S.) |
| Associated acts | Dionne Bromfield, Mark Ronson, Tony Bennett, Nas, Zalon, Tyler James, Paul Weller, The Rolling Stones, Lily Allen |
| Website | www.amywinehouse.com |
Amy Jade Winehouse (14 September 1983 – 23 July 2011) was an English singer and songwriter known for her powerful deep contralto vocals[1] and her eclectic mix of musical genres including R&B, soul and jazz.[2] Winehouse's 2003 debut album, Frank, was critically successful in the UK and was nominated for the Mercury Prize. Her 2006 follow-up album, Back to Black, led to six Grammy Award nominations and five wins, tying the then record for the most wins by a female artist in a single night, and made Winehouse the first British female to win five Grammys,[3][4] including three of the "Big Four": Best New Artist, Record of the Year and Song of the Year.
In 2007 she won a Brit Award for Best British Female Artist; she had also been nominated for Best British Album. She won the Ivor Novello Award three times: once in 2004 for Best Contemporary Song (musically and lyrically) for "Stronger Than Me", once in 2007 for Best Contemporary Song for "Rehab", and once in 2008 for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "Love Is a Losing Game".
Winehouse died of alcohol poisoning on 23 July 2011. Her album Back to Black subsequently became the UK's best selling album of the 21st century.[5] In 2012, Winehouse was listed at number 26 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music.[6]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Amy Winehouse was born in the Southgate area of North London to a Jewish family, with some Russian ancestry on her mother's side[7][8] who also influenced her interest in jazz.[9] Her father, Mitchell "Mitch" Winehouse, was a taxi driver, her mother, Janis Winehouse (née Seaton),[10] a pharmacist.[11] Her grandmother, Cynthia, was a singer[12] and she had an older brother, Alex (born 1979).[13] Mitch often sang Frank Sinatra songs to young Amy, who also took to a constant habit of singing to the point that teachers found it difficult keeping her quiet in class.[14] Winehouse's parents separated when she was nine.[15]
When Winehouse was nine years old, her grandmother Cynthia suggested she attend the Susi Earnshaw Theatre School for furthering her vocal education.[16] She attended the Earnshaw school for four years and founded a short-lived rap group called Sweet 'n' Sour with Juliette Ashby, her childhood friend[17] before seeking full-time training at Sylvia Young Theatre School; however, Winehouse was allegedly expelled at 14 for "not applying herself" and also for piercing her nose.[13][18] (Sylvia Young herself has denied this – "She changed schools at 15 – I've heard it said she was expelled; she wasn't. I'd never have expelled Amy.")[19] She also appeared in an episode of The Fast Show, 1997, with other children from the Sylvia Young School[20] and later attended The Mount School, Mill Hill, the BRIT School in Selhurst, Croydon, Southgate School and then Ashmole School.[21][22][23][24]
Music career[link]
Early career[link]
After toying around with her brother Alex's guitar, Winehouse received her first guitar when she was 13 and began writing music a year later. Soon after, she began working for a living, including, at one time, as an entertainment journalist for the World Entertainment News Network, in addition to singing with local group the Bolsha Band.[13][25] In July 2000 she became the featured female vocalist with the National Youth Jazz Orchestra; her influences were to include Sarah Vaughan and Dinah Washington.[26] Her boyfriend at the time, soul singer Tyler James, sent her demo tape to an A&R person.[9] Winehouse signed to Simon Fuller's 19 Management in 2002. While being developed by the management company, she was kept as a recording industry secret.[27] Her future A&R representative at Island/Universal, Darcus Beese, heard of her by accident when the manager of The Lewinson Brothers showed him some productions of his clients, which featured Winehouse as key vocalist. When he asked who the singer was, the manager told him he was not allowed to say. Having decided that he wanted to sign her, it took several months of asking around for Beese to eventually discover who the singer was. However, Winehouse had already recorded a number of songs and signed a publishing deal with EMI by this time. Incidentally, she formed a working relationship with producer Salaam Remi through these record publishers.[27]
Beese introduced Winehouse to his boss, Nick Gatfield, and the Island head shared his enthusiasm in signing the young artist. Winehouse was signed to Island/Universal, as rival interest in Winehouse had started to build to include representatives of EMI and Virgin starting to make moves. Beese told HitQuarters that he felt the reason behind the excitement, over an artist who was an atypical pop star for the time, was due to a backlash against reality TV music shows, which included audiences starved for fresh, genuine young talent.[27]
Winehouse's greatest love was 1960s girl groups.[28] Her stylist, Alex Foden, borrowed her "instantly recognisable" beehive hairdo (a weave[29][30]) and she borrowed her Cleopatra makeup from The Ronettes.[28] Her imitation was so successful, as the Village Voice reports: "Ronnie Spector—who, it could be argued, all but invented Winehouse's style in the first place when she took the stage at the Brooklyn Fox Theater with her fellow Ronettes more than 40 years ago—was so taken aback at a picture of Winehouse in the New York Post that she exclaimed, "I don't know her, I never met her, and when I saw that pic, I thought, 'That's me!' But then I found out, no, it's Amy! I didn't have on my glasses."[31]
New York Times reporter, Guy Trebay, discussed the multiplicity of influences on Winehouse's style. Trebay noted: "her stylish husband, Blake Fielder-Civil, may have influenced her look." Additionally, Trebay observes:
- She was a 5-foot-3 almanac of visual reference, most famously to Ronnie Spector of the Ronettes, but also to the white British soul singer Mari Wilson, less famous for her sound than her beehive; to the punk god Johnny Thunders...; to the fierce council-house chicks... (see: Dior and Chanel runways, 2007 and 2008); to the rat-combed biker molls photographed by the Swiss photographer Karlheinz Weinberger in the 1960s; to a lineage of bad girls, extending from Cleopatra to Louise Brooks’s Lulu and including Salt-n-Pepa, to irresistible man traps that always seemed to come to the same unfortunate end.[32]
[edit] Major label success and Frank
Winehouse's debut album, Frank, was released on 20 October 2003. Produced mainly by Salaam Remi, many songs were influenced by jazz and, apart from two covers, every song was co-written by Winehouse. The album received positive reviews[33][34] with compliments over the "cool, critical gaze" in its lyrics[2] and brought comparisons of her voice to Sarah Vaughan,[35] Macy Gray and others.[2]
The album entered the upper levels of the UK album chart in 2004 when it was nominated for BRIT Awards in the categories of "British Female Solo Artist" and "British Urban Act". It went on to achieve platinum sales.[36] Later in 2004 she won the Ivor Novello (songwriting) Award for Best Contemporary Song, alongside Salaam Remi, with her contribution to the first single, "Stronger Than Me".[37] The album also made the short list for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize. In the same year she performed at the Glastonbury Festival, the V Festival, the Montreal International Jazz Festival (7 July 2004, at the Club Soda), and on the Jazzworld stage. After the release of the album, Winehouse commented that she was "only 80 percent behind [the] album" because of the inclusion by her record label of certain songs and mixes she disliked.[9] Additional singles from the album were "Take the Box", "In My Bed"/"You Sent Me Flying" and "Pumps"/"Help Yourself".
[edit] International success and Back to Black
In contrast to her jazz-influenced former album, Winehouse's focus shifted to the girl groups of the 1950s and 1960s. Winehouse hired New York singer Sharon Jones's longtime band, the Dap-Kings to back her up in the studio and on tour.[38] In May 2006 Winehouse's demonstration tracks such as "You Know I'm No Good" and "Rehab" appeared on Mark Ronson's New York radio show on East Village Radio. These were some of the first new songs played on the radio after the release of "Pumps" and both were slated to appear on her second album. The 11-track album was produced entirely by Salaam Remi and Ronson, with the production credits being split between them. Ronson said in a 2010 interview that he liked working with Winehouse because she was blunt when she did not like his work.[39] Promotion of Back to Black soon began and, in early October 2006 Winehouse's official website was relaunched with a new layout and clips of previously unreleased songs.[36] Back to Black was released in the UK on 30 October 2006. It went to number one on the UK Albums Chart numerous times, and entered at number seven on the Billboard 200 in the US. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2007, selling 1.85 million copies over the course of the year.[40]
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25-second audio sample from one of the standout tracks on "Back to Black" album
Originally performed by The Shirelles in the 1960s, this version slows the tempo down and features a jazz arrangement.
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| Problems listening to these files? See media help. | |
The album spawned a number of singles. The first single released from the album was the Ronson-produced "Rehab". The song reached the top ten in the UK and the US.[41] Time magazine named "Rehab" the Best Song of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, saying, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy" and "It's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you've got the best song of 2007."[42] The album's second single and lead single in the US, "You Know I'm No Good", was released in January 2007 with a remix featuring rap vocals by Ghostface Killah. It ultimately reached number 18 on the UK singles chart. The title track, "Back to Black", was released in the UK in April 2007 and peaked at number 25, but was more successful across mainland Europe.[43] "Tears Dry on Their Own", "Love Is a Losing Game" and "Just Friends" were also released as singles, but failed to achieve the same level of success.[44]
A deluxe edition of Back to Black was also released on 5 November 2007 in the UK. The bonus disc features B-sides, rare, and live tracks, as well as "Valerie". Winehouse's debut DVD I Told You I Was Trouble: Live in London was released the same day in the UK and 13 November in the US. It includes a live set recorded at London's Shepherds Bush Empire and a 50-minute documentary charting the singer's career over the previous four years.[45] Frank was released in the United States on 20 November 2007 to positive reviews.[46][47] The album debuted at number 61 on the Billboard 200 chart.[48]
In addition to her own album she collaborated with other artists on singles. Winehouse was a vocalist on the song "Valerie" on Ronson's solo album Version. The song peaked at number two in the UK, upon its October single release. The song was nominated for a 2008 Brit Award for "Best British Single".[49][50][51] Her work with ex-Sugababe Mutya Buena, "B Boy Baby", was released on 17 December 2007. It served as the fourth single from Buena's solo debut album, Real Girl.[52]
Continued success and acclaim[link]
By year's end Winehouse had garnered numerous accolades and awards. The singer won 2008 Grammy Awards in the categories of Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for the single "Rehab", while her album Back to Black was nominated for Album of the Year and won the Best Pop Vocal Album award.[53][54] Producer Mark Ronson's work with her won the award in the Grammy Award for Producer of the Year, Non-Classical category.[55] The singer also earned a Grammy in the Best New Artist category. This earned Winehouse an entry in the 2009 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records for Most Grammy Awards won by a British Female Act.[56] She performed "You Know I’m No Good" and "Rehab" at the awards ceremony via satellite, as her visa approval came through too late for her to travel to the US. She said "This is for London because Camden town ain't burning down", in reference to the Camden Market fire.[57] After the Grammy Awards, the album's sales increased catapulting Back to Black to number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 after initially peaking at number seven.[58] On 13 January 2008, Back to Black held the number one position on the Billboard Pan European charts for the third straight week.[59] In January 2008 Universal Music International said it believed that there was a correlation between number of albums sold and the extensive media coverage the singer had received.[60]
A special deluxe edition of Back to Black topped the UK album charts on 2 March 2008. The original edition of the album resided at the number 30 position, in its 68th week on the charts, while "Frank" charted at number 35.[61] By 12 March the album had sold a total of 2,467,575 copies, 318,350 of those in the previous 10 weeks, putting the album on the UK's top 10 best-selling albums of the 21st century for the first time.[62] On 7 April, Back to Black was residing at the top position on the pan-European charts for the sixth consecutive and thirteenth aggregate week.[63] Back to Black was the world's seventh biggest selling album for 2008.[64] These sales helped keep Universal Music's recorded music division from dropping to levels experienced by the overall music market.[65]
At the 2008 Ivor Novello Awards, Winehouse became the first artist to receive two nominations for the top award, best song, musically and lyrically. She won the award for "Love Is a Losing Game" and was nominated for "You Know I'm No Good".[66] "Rehab", a Novello winner for best contemporary song in 2006, also received a 2008 nomination for best-selling British song.[67] Winehouse was nominated for a MTV Europe Award in the Act of The Year category.[68] Amy Winehouse – The Girl Done Good: A Documentary Review, a 78-minute DVD, was released on 14 April 2008. The documentary features interviews with those who knew her at a young age, helped her gain success, jazz music experts, as well as music and pop culture specialists.[69][70] A clip of Winehouse's music was included in the "Roots and Influences" area that looked at connections between different artists at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Annex NYC, which opened in December 2008. One thread started with Billie Holiday continued with Aretha Franklin, Mary J. Blige and finished with Winehouse.[71] In a poll of United States residents conducted for VisitBritain by Harris Interactive that was released in March 2009, one fifth of those polled indicated they had listened to Winehouse's music during the previous year.[72] Winehouse performed with Rhythms del Mundo on their cover of the Sam Cooke song "Cupid" for an Artists Project Earth benefit album that was released on 13 July 2009.[73][74]
On the week of July 26, after Winehouse's death, Frank, Back To Black, and the Back To Black EP re-entered the Billboard 200 at number 57, number 9, and number 152 respectively with the album climbing to number 4 the following week.[75][76] Back To Black also topped the Billboard Digital Albums chart on the same week and was the second best seller at iTunes.[77] "Rehab" re-entered and topped the Billboard Digital Songs chart as well, selling up to 38,000 more digital downloads.[78] As of August 2011 "Back to Black" was the best selling album in the United Kingdom in the 21st Century.[79]
Final projects[link]
Winehouse and Mark Ronson contributed a cover of Lesley Gore's "It's My Party" to the Quincy Jones tribute album Q Soul Bossa Nostra released 9 November 2010.[80] Winehouse and drummer ?uestlove of the Roots had agreed to form a group. Winehouse's problems obtaining a visa delayed the still unnamed group from working together. Producer Salaam Remi had already created some material with Winehouse as part of the project.[81] According to a newspaper report, Universal Music pressed her regarding new material in 2008. According to that same report Winehouse as of 2 September had not been near a recording studio. It was noted that she had touring obligations during the summer and also that if an album was quickly recorded, it would be at least a year before an album could be released.[65] In late October Winehouse's spokesman was quoted as saying that Winehouse had not been given a deadline to complete her third album, for which she was learning to play drums.[82]
During her 2009 stay in Saint Lucia, Winehouse worked on new music with producer Salaam Remi. Island claimed that a new album would be due in 2010; Island co-president Darcus Beese said, "I've heard a couple of song demos that have absolutely floored me".[83] In July 2010 Winehouse was quoted as saying her next album would be released no later than January 2011, saying "It’s going to be very much the same as my second album, where there's a lot of jukebox stuff and songs that are... just jukebox, really." Mark Ronson said in July 2010 that he had not started to record the album.[84]
Winehouse's last recording was a duet with American singer Tony Bennett for his latest album, Duets II, which was released on 20 September 2011.[85] Their single from the album, "Body and Soul," was released on 14 September 2011 on MTV and VH1 to commemorate what would have been her 28th birthday. Her father, Mitch Winehouse, launched The Amy Winehouse Foundation with the goal of raising awareness and support for organizations that help vulnerable, young adults with problems such as addiction. Proceeds from "Body and Soul" will benefit The Amy Winehouse Foundation.[86] The song received the Grammy for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards on 12 February 2012.[87] Winehouse's father, Mitch Winehouse, picked up the award at the awards ceremony with his wife Janis, saying, "We shouldn't be here. Our darling daughter should be here. These are the cards that we're dealt."[88]
When interviewed by Jon Stewart on The Daily Show on 29 September 2011, Bennett stated that in hindsight, he believed Amy:
-
- was in trouble at that time because she had a couple of engagements that she didn't keep up. But what people didn't realize at that time, that she really knew, and in fact I didn't even know it when we were making the record, and now looking at the whole thing; she knew that she was in a lot of trouble; that she wasn't going to live. And it wasn't drugs. It was alcohol toward the end. . . . It was such a sad thing because . . . she was the only singer that really sang what I call the 'right way' because she was a great jazz-pop singer. . . . She was really a great jazz singer. A true jazz singer. And I regret that because that's the 'right way' to sing.[89]
An album of previously unreleased material, entitled Lioness: Hidden Treasures, was released on 6 December 2011.[90]
Artistry[link]
Influence[link]
British singer Adele has credited Winehouse's success in the United States for making her and fellow British singer Duffy's journey to the United States "a bit smoother".[91] American singer Lady Gaga credited Winehouse with paving the way for her rise to the top of the charts. She appeared to be using a metaphorical analogy to explain that Winehouse made it easier for unconventional women to have mainstream pop success.[92] Raphael Saadiq, Anthony Hamilton, and John Legend said "Amy Winehouse was produced by people who wanted to create a marketing coup. The positive side is that it reacquainted an audience with this music and played an introductory role for others. This reinvigorated the genre by overcoming the vintage aspect".[93]
After the release of Back to Black, record companies sought out female artists with a similar sound and fearless and experimental female musicians in general. Adele and Duffy were the second wave of artists with a sound similar to Winehouse's. A third wave of female musicians that has emerged since the album was released are led by VV Brown, Florence and the Machine, La Roux and Little Boots.[94] In February 2010 rapper Jay-Z credited Winehouse with revitalising British music, saying, "There's a strong push coming out of London right now, which is great. It's been coming ever since I guess Amy (Winehouse). I mean always, but I think Amy, this resurgence was ushered in by Amy."[95] In March 2011 the New York Daily News ran an article attributing the continuing wave of British female artists that have been successful in the United States to Winehouse and her absence. Spin magazine music editor Charles Aaron was quoted as saying "Amy Winehouse was the Nirvana moment for all these women," "They can all be traced back to her in terms of attitude, musical styles or fashion". According to Keith Caulfield, chart manager for Billboard, "Because of Amy, or the lack thereof, the marketplace was able to get singers like Adele and Duffy," "Now those ladies have brought on the new ones, like Eliza Doolittle, Rumer and Ellie."[96]
Live performances[link]
Winehouse toured in conjunction with the Back to Black album's release. She performed headlining gigs in September and November 2006, including one of the Little Noise Sessions charity concerts at the Union Chapel, Islington. On 31 December 2006, Winehouse appeared on Jools Holland's Annual Hootenanny and performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" along with Paul Weller and Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra. She also performed Toots & the Maytals' "Monkey Man". She began a run of another 14 gigs beginning in February 2007. At his request, Bruce Willis introduced Winehouse before her performance of "Rehab" at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards. Winehouse made awards organizers nervous when she went on a Las Vegas jaunt in the hours before the show.[97] During the summer of 2007, Winehouse performed at various festivals, including UK's Glastonbury Festival,[98] Chicago's Lollapalooza festival, Rock Werchter and Baltimore's Virgin Music Festival.
Winehouse's tour, however, did not go as well. In November 2007 the opening night of a 17-date tour was marred by booing and walkouts at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. A music critic for the Birmingham Mail said it was "one of the saddest nights of my life...I saw a supremely talented artist reduced to tears, stumbling around the stage and, unforgivably, swearing at the audience."[99] Other concerts ended similarly, with, for example, fans at her Hammersmith Apollo performance saying that she "looked highly intoxicated throughout",[100] until she announced on 27 November 2007, that her performances and public appearances were cancelled for the remainder of 2007, citing doctor advice to take a complete rest. A statement issued by concert promoter Live Nation blamed "the rigours involved in touring and the intense emotional strain that Amy has been under in recent weeks" for the decision.[101]
On 20 February 2008, Winehouse performed at the 2008 BRIT Awards, performing "Valerie" with Mark Ronson, followed by "Love Is a Losing Game". She urged the crowd to "make some noise for my Blake."[102] In Paris she performed what was described as a "well-executed 40 minute" set at the opening of a Fendi boutique.[103] Although her father, manager and various members of her touring team reportedly tried to dissuade her, Winehouse performed at the Rock in Rio Lisboa festival in Portugal in May 2008.[16] Although the set was plagued by a late arrival and problems with her voice, the crowd warmed to her. In addition to her own material she performed two Specials covers.[104] Winehouse performed at Nelson Mandela's 90th Birthday Party concert at London's Hyde Park on the 27 June,[105] and the next day at the Glastonbury Festival.[106] On 12 July at the Oxegen Festival she performed a well-received 50 minute set[107] which was followed the next day by a 14 song set at T in the Park.[108] On 16 August she played at the Staffordshire leg of the V Festival, and the following day played the Chelmsford leg of the festival. Organizers said that Winehouse attracted the biggest crowds of the festival. Audience reaction was reported as mixed.[109] On 6 September she was the headliner at Bestival. She performed what was described as a polished set which ended with her storming off the stage. Her hour late arrival caused her set to be cut off at the halfway point due to a curfew.[110]
In May 2009 Winehouse returned to performing at a jazz festival in Saint Lucia amid torrential downpours and technical difficulties. During her hour long set it was reported she was unsteady on her feet and had trouble remembering lyrics. She apologised to the crowd for being "bored" and ended her set by walking off the stage in the middle of a song.[111][112] To a cheering crowd on 23 August at the V festival, Winehouse sang with The Specials on their songs "You're Wondering Now" and "Ghost Town".[113]
In July 2010 she performed "Valerie" with Mark Ronson at a movie premiere. She sang lead but forgot some of the song's lyrics.[84] In October Winehouse performed a four song set to promote her fashion line. In December 2010 Winehouse played a 40 minute concert at a Russian oligarch's party in Moscow. Guests included other Russian tycoons and Russian show business stars. The tycoon hand picked the songs she played.[114]
During January 2011, she played five dates in Brazil, with opening acts of Janelle Monáe and Mayer Hawthorne.[115][116] On 11 February 2011, Winehouse cut short a performance in Dubai following booing from the audience. Winehouse was reported to be tired, distracted and "tipsy" during the performance.[117]
On 18 June 2011, Winehouse started her 12-leg 2011 European tour in Belgrade. Local media described her performance as a scandal and disaster, and she was booed off the stage due to her apparently being too drunk to perform. It was reported that she was unable to remember the city she was in, the lyrics of her songs or – when trying to introduce them – the names of the members of her band.[118][119] The local press also claimed that Winehouse was forced to perform by her bodyguards, who didn't allow her to leave the stage when she tried to do so.[120] She then pulled out of performances in Istanbul and Athens which had been scheduled for the following week.[121] On 21 June it was announced that she had cancelled all shows of her European tour and would be given "as long as it takes" to sort herself out.[122]
Winehouse's last public appearance took place at Camden's Roundhouse, London on 20 July 2011, when she made a surprise guest appearance on stage to support her goddaughter, Dionne Bromfield, who was singing "Mama Said" with The Wanted.[123]
Club nights[link]
On 10 July 2008, Winehouse launched her own club night, Snakehips at the Monarch, in the Camden Monarch venue in London. Although billed as a DJ battle between her and another DJ, she stayed behind the decks swaying as another person actually played 1960s music.[124] She appeared at another Snakehips event at the Monarch on the night of 11 September. After reportedly arriving two hours late, she spun music and played a short acoustic set.[125]
Other ventures[link]
Winehouse joined a campaign to stop a block of flats being built beside the George Tavern, a famous London East End music venue. Campaign supporters feared the residential development would end the spot's lucrative sideline as a film and photo location, on which it relies to survive.[126] As part of a breast cancer awareness campaign, Winehouse appeared in a revealing photograph for the April 2008 issue of Easy Living magazine.[127] Winehouse had an estimated £10m fortune, tying her for tenth place in the 2008 Sunday Times listing of the wealth of musicians under age 30.[128] The following year her fortune had dropped to an estimated £5m.[129] Her finances are run by Mitch and Janis Winehouse.[130] It was reported she earned about £1m singing at two private parties during Paris Fashion Week.[131] as well as another £1m to perform at a Moscow Art Gallery for Russian oligarch Roman Abramovich.[132] Winehouse loaned a vintage dress used in her video for "Tears Dry on Their Own" as well as a DVD to the British Music Experience, a new museum dedicated to the history of British pop music.[133] The museum, located in The O2, opened on 9 March 2009.[134][135]
In January 2009, Winehouse announced that she was launching her own record label. The first act on her Lioness Records is Winehouse's 13-year-old goddaughter, Dionne Bromfield. Her first album, featuring covers of classic soul records, was released on 12 October 2009.[136] Winehouse is the backing singer on several tracks on the album and she performed backing vocals for Bromfield on the television programme Strictly Come Dancing on 10 October.[137]
Winehouse and her family are the subject of a 2009 documentary shot by Daphne Barak titled Saving Amy.[138] Winehouse entered into a joint venture in 2009 with EMI to launch a range of wrapping paper and gift cards containing song lyrics from her album Back to Black.[139] On 8 January 2010, a television documentary, My Daughter Amy, aired on Channel 4.[140] Saving Amy was released as a paperback book in January 2010.[141]
Winehouse collaborated on a 17 piece fashion collection with the Fred Perry label. It was released for sale in October 2010. According to Fred Perry's marketing director "We had three major design meetings where she was closely involved in product style selection and the application of fabric, colour and styling details,” and gave "crucial input on proportion, colour and fit”. The collection consists of "vintage-inspired looks including Capri pants, a bowling dress, a trench coat, pencil skirts, a longline argyle sweater and a pink-and-black checkerboard-printed collared shirt".[142][143] At the behest her family three forthcoming collections up to and including autumn/winter 2012 that she had designed prior to her death will be released.[144]
Personal life[link]
With the paparazzi taking photographs of her wherever they could, Winehouse obtained an injunction against a leading paparazzi agency (Big Pictures) under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, the resultant court order banning them from following her.[145] Photographers were also banned from following her within 100 metres of her home and photographing Winehouse in her home or the home of her friends and family. According to a newspaper report, sources close to the singer said legal action was taken out of concern for the safety of Winehouse and those close to her.[145]
Relationships[link]
Winehouse dated chef-musician Alex Clare (sometimes referred to as Alex Claire) in 2006, while on the outs with her on-off boyfriend and future husband, Blake Fielder-Civil. Clare famously sold his story to the News of the World, which published it under the headline “Bondage Crazed Amy Just Can’t Beehive in Bed”.[146][147]
She married Fielder-Civil (born August 1978), a former video production assistant,[148][149] on 18 May 2007, in Miami Beach, Florida. Fielder-Civil was a "dropout" of Bourne Grammar School, who moved to London at aged 16 from his native Lincolnshire.[16] In a June 2007 interview, Winehouse admitted she could sometimes be violent toward him after she had been drinking, saying "if he says one thing I don't like then I'll chin him".[150] In August 2007, they were photographed, bloodied and bruised, in the streets of London after an alleged fight, although she contended her injuries were self-inflicted.[151] American men's campaigner Glenn Sacks condemned Winehouse for what he called her "bragging" about abusing her husband, saying that "a male abuser would have been locked up, stigmatised, and vilified".[152]
Winehouse's parents and in-laws publicly reported their numerous concerns, citing fears that the two might commit suicide, with Fielder-Civil's father encouraging fans to boycott her music.[153] Fielder-Civil was quoted in a British tabloid as saying he introduced her to crack cocaine and heroin.[154] During a visit with Mitch Winehouse at the prison in July 2008, Fielder-Civil reportedly said that they would cut themselves to ease the pain of withdrawal.[16]
From 21 July 2008 to 25 February 2009, Fielder-Civil was imprisoned following his guilty plea on charges of trying to pervert the course of justice as well as a charge of grievous bodily harm with intent.[155][156][157] The incident, in July 2007, involved an assault on a pub landlord that resulted in a broken cheek.[158] According to the prosecution the landlord accepted £200,000 as part of a deal to "effectively throw the [court] case and not turn up". The prosecution testified that the money used to pay off the landlord belonged to Winehouse,[159] but that Winehouse pulled out of a meeting with the men involved in the plot, because she had to attend an awards ceremony.[160]
Winehouse was spotted with aspiring actor Josh Bowman on holiday in Saint Lucia in early January 2009, saying she was "in love again, and I don't need drugs."[161] She commented that the "whole marriage was based on doing drugs" and that "for the time being I've just forgotten I'm even married."[161] On 12 January, Winehouse's spokesman confirmed that "papers have been received" for what Fielder-Civil's solicitor has said are divorce proceedings based on a claim of adultery.[162][163] On 25 February, Blake Fielder-Civil was quoted as saying that he planned to continue divorce proceedings to give himself a drug-free fresh start.[157] In March, Winehouse was quoted in a magazine as saying, "I still love Blake and I want him to move into my new house with me – that was my plan all along ... I won't let him divorce me. He's the male version of me and we're perfect for each other."[164] Uncontested,[165] the divorce was granted on 16 July 2009 and became final on 28 August 2009.[165] Upon his request Fielder-Civil received no money in the settlement.[166] She dated director Reg Traviss for approximately two years before her death.[167]
Substance abuse and mental health issues[link]
Winehouse's battles with substance abuse were the subject of much media attention. In 2005, she went through a period of drinking, heavy drug use, violent mood swings and weight loss.[16] People who saw her during the end of that year and early 2006 reported a rebound that coincided with the writing of Back to Black.[16] Her family believes that the mid-2006 death of her grandmother, who was a stabilising influence, set her off into addiction.[16] In August 2007, Winehouse cancelled a number of shows in the UK and Europe, citing exhaustion and ill health. She was hospitalised during this period for what was reported as an overdose of heroin, ecstasy, cocaine, ketamine and alcohol.[168] In various interviews, she admitted to having such problems with self-harm, depression and eating disorders.[13][169]
Winehouse told a magazine that the drugs were to blame for her hospitalisation and that "I really thought that it was over for me then."[170] Soon after, Winehouse's father commented that when he had made public statements regarding her problems, he was using the media because it seemed the only way to get through to her.[171] In an interview with The Album Chart Show on British television, Winehouse said she was manic depressive and not alcoholic, adding that that sounded like "an alcoholic in denial".[172] A U.S. reporter writes that Winehouse was a "victim of mental illness in a society that doesn't understand or respond to mental illness with great effectiveness".[173]
On 2 December 2007, images of the singer outside her home in the early morning hours, barefoot and wearing only a bra and jeans, appeared on the internet and in tabloid newspapers. In a statement, her spokesman blamed paparazzi harassment for the incident.[174] The spokesman reported that the singer was in a physician-supervised programme and was channelling her difficulties by writing a lot of music.[175] The British tabloid The Sun posted a video of a woman, alleged to be Winehouse, apparently smoking crack cocaine and speaking of having taken ecstasy and valium. Winehouse's father moved in with her,[176] and Island Records, her record label, announced the abandonment of plans for an American promotion campaign on her behalf.[177] In late January 2008, Winehouse reportedly entered a rehabilitation facility for a two-week treatment program.[178]
On 23 January 2008, the video was passed on to the Metropolitan Police,[177] who questioned her on 5 February.[179] No charges were brought. On 26 March 2008, Winehouse's spokesman said she was "doing well" and denied a published report in a British tabloid that consideration was being given to having her return to rehab.[180] Her record company reportedly believed that her recovery remained fragile.[181] By late April 2008, her erratic behaviour, including an allegation of assault, caused fear that her drug rehabilitation efforts have been unsuccessful,[182] leading to efforts by Winehouse's father and manager to seek assistance in having her sectioned.[183] Her dishevelled appearance during and after a scheduled club night in September sparked new rumours of a relapse. Photographers were quoted as saying she appeared to have cuts on her legs and arms.[125]
According to Winehouse's physician Winehouse quit illegal substances in 2008.[184] In an October 2010 interview, Winehouse speaking of her decision to quit drugs said "I literally woke up one day and was like, 'I don’t want to do this any more”.[185] Drinking alcohol emerged as a problem with Winehouse abstaining for a few weeks then lapsing.[184] The physician said that Winehouse was treated with Librium for alcohol withdrawal and anxiety, and underwent psychologist and a psychiatrist reviews in 2010, but refused psychological therapy.[184]
Violence and legal difficulties[link]
In 2006, Winehouse admitted punching a fan in the face for criticising her having taken Blake Fielder-Civil as a husband. She then attacked her spouse as he attempted to calm her down, kneeing him in the crotch.[186]
In October 2007, Winehouse and her then-husband were arrested in Bergen, Norway for possession of seven grams of marijuana. The couple were later released and fined 3850 kroner (around £350).[187] Winehouse first appealed the fines, claiming she was "duped" into confessing,[187][188] but later dropped the appeal.[189]
On 26 April 2008, Winehouse was cautioned after she admitted to police she slapped a 38 year-old man in the face, a "common assault" offence. She voluntarily turned herself in and was held overnight. Police said, at her arrival she was "in no fit state" to be interviewed.[190] Winehouse was arrested on 7 May 2008 on suspicion of possessing drugs after a video of her apparently smoking crack cocaine was passed to the police in January,[191] but was released on bail a few hours later because they could not confirm, from the video, what she was smoking.[168][192] The Crown Prosecution Service considered charging her with possessing a controlled drug and allowing her premises to be used for the supply by others of a controlled drug, but she was cleared when the service could not establish that the substance in the video was a controlled drug.[193] In reaction to the decision, former police commander John O’Connor said it is an "absolute scandal that nothing could be done" about Winehouse "cocking a snook at the law".[194] Some members of Parliament also reacted negatively.[194][195] Two London residents were subsequently charged with conspiracy to supply cocaine and ecstasy to Winehouse.[196] One of the pair was sentenced to two years in prison on 13 December 2008, while the other received a two-year community order.[197]
On 5 March 2009, Winehouse was arrested and charged with common assault following a claim by a woman that Winehouse hit her in the eye at a September 2008 Prince's Trust charity ball.[198] At the same time, she was reported to have spat at the English socialite Pippa Middleton and to have headbutted a photographer.[199] Winehouse's spokesperson announced the singer cancelled a scheduled United States Coachella Festival appearance in "light of current legal issues".[200] Swearing in under her legal name of Amy Jade Civil, Winehouse appeared in court on 17 March to enter her plea of not guilty.[201] On 23 July her assault trial began with prosecutor Lyall Thompson charging that Winehouse acted with "deliberate and unjustifiable violence" while appearing to be under the influence of alcohol or another substance. The woman, Sharene Flash, testified that Winehouse "punched me forcefully in my right eye. She used a fist, her right one.” Winehouse testified that she did not punch Flash, but tried to push Flash away from her because she was scared of Flash. Winehouse cited her worry that Flash would sell her story to a tabloid, Flash's height advantage, and Flash's "rude" behaviour as reasons for her fear of Flash.[202][203] On the 24 July, District Judge Timothy Workman ruled that Winehouse was not guilty of the charge. Workman cited the facts that all but two of the witnesses were intoxicated at the time of the incident and that medical evidence did not show "the sort of injury that often occurs when there is a forceful punch to the eye".[204]
On 19 December 2009, Winehouse was arrested again on charges of common assault, plus another charge of public order offence. Winehouse assaulted the front-of-house manager of the Milton Keynes Theatre after he asked her to move from her seat.[205] On 20 January 2010, she admitted common assault and disorderly behaviour. She was given a two-year conditional discharge and ordered to pay £85 court costs and £100 compensation to the man she attacked.[206]
Respiratory problems[link]
On 23 June 2008, Winehouse's publicist corrected earlier misstatements by Mitch Winehouse that his daughter had early stage emphysema, instead claiming she had signs of what could lead to early-stage emphysema.[207] Mitch Winehouse had also stated that his daughter's lungs were operating at 70 percent capacity and that she had an irregular heartbeat. Mitch Winehouse said that these problems had been caused by her chain smoking crack cocaine. The singer’s father also reported that doctors had warned Winehouse that, if she continued smoking crack cocaine, she would have to wear an oxygen mask and would eventually die.[208] In a radio interview, Mitch Winehouse said the singer was responding "fabulously" to treatment, which included being covered with nicotine patches.[209] British Lung Foundation spokesman Keith Prowse noted this type of condition could be managed with treatment. Prowse also said the condition was not normal for a person her age but "heavy smoking and inhaling other substances like drugs can age the lungs prematurely".[210] Norman H. Edelman of the American Lung Association explained that if she stopped smoking, her lung functions would decline at the rate of a normal person, but continued smoking would lead to a more rapid decline in lung function.[211] Photographs of the singer with a cigarette in her mouth, taken 23 June 2008, were widely published.[212]
Winehouse was released from The London Clinic 24 hours after returning from a temporary leave to perform at Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday and at a concert in Glastonbury, and continued receiving treatment as an outpatient.[213] In July 2008, Winehouse stated that she had been diagnosed with "some areas of emphysema" and said she is getting herself together by "eating loads of healthy food, sleeping loads, playing my guitar, making music and writing letters to my husband every day".[214] She also kept a vertical tanning bed in her apartment.[30] Winehouse began precautionary testing on her lungs and chest on 25 October 2008[215] at the London Clinic for what was reported as a chest infection. Winehouse was in and out of the facility and was granted permission to set her own schedule regarding home leave.[82] She returned to the hospital on 23 November 2008 for a reported reaction to her medication.[216]
Death[link]
Winehouse's bodyguard said that he arrived at her residence three days before her death and felt she was somewhat intoxicated. He observed moderate drinking over the next few days. He observed her "laughing, listening to music and watching TV at 2 am the day of her death". According to the bodyguard at 10 am he observed her lying on her bed and tried unsuccessfully to rouse her. This did not raise much suspicion because she usually slept late after a night out. According to the bodyguard shortly after 3 pm he checked on her again and observed her lying in the same position as before leading to a further check in which he concluded she was not breathing and had no pulse. He claimed he subsequently called emergency services.[184] At 3:54 pm BST on 23 July 2011, two ambulances were called to Winehouse's home in Camden, London.[217][218] Winehouse was pronounced dead at the scene.[219] Shortly afterwards, the Metropolitan Police confirmed that she had died.[220][221] After her death was announced, media and camera crews appeared, as crowds gathered near Winehouse’s residence to pay their respects. Forensic investigators entered the flat as police cordoned off the street outside. Police recovered one small and two large bottles of vodka from her room.[184]
A coroner's inquest reached a verdict of misadventure. The report released on 26 October 2011 explained that Winehouse's blood alcohol content was 416 mg per decilitre at the time of her death, more than five times the legal drink-drive limit. According to the coroner, "The unintended consequences of such potentially fatal levels was her sudden death."[184][222]
Winehouse's record label, Universal Republic, released a statement that read in part: "We are deeply saddened at the sudden loss of such a gifted musician, artist and performer."[223][224] Many musical artists have since paid tribute to Winehouse including U2, M.I.A., Lady Gaga, Mutya Buena, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj, Keisha Buchanan, Rihanna, George Michael, Adele, Kelly Clarkson, Courtney Love,[225] and the American punk rock band Green Day, who wrote a song in her tribute titled "Amy."[226] Family and friends attended Winehouse's funeral on 26 July 2011 at Edgwarebury Lane cemetery in north London.[227][228][229] Her mother and father, Janis and Mitch Winehouse, close friend Kelly Osbourne, producer Mark Ronson and her boyfriend Reg Traviss were among those in attendance at the private service led by Rabbi Frank Hellner.[227][228] Her father delivered the eulogy, saying "Goodnight, my angel, sleep tight. Mummy and Daddy love you ever so much."[227] Carole King's "So Far Away" closed the service with mourners singing along.[230] She was later cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.[231] The family planned to sit a two-day shiva.[231] Winehouse's parents set up a foundation in her name, to help those affected by drug addiction.[232]
Controversy[link]
Winehouse's dichotomous public image of critical and commercial success versus personal turmoil proved to be controversial. The New Statesman called Winehouse "a filthy-mouthed, down-to-earth diva,"[233] while Newsweek called her "a perfect storm of sex kitten, raw talent and poor impulse control."[234] Karen Heller with The Philadelphia Inquirer summarised the maelstrom this way:
She's only 24 with six Grammy nods, crashing headfirst into success and despair, with a codependent husband in jail, exhibitionist parents with questionable judgement, and the paparazzi documenting her emotional and physical distress. Meanwhile, a haute designer Karl Lagerfeld appropriates her dishevelled style and eating issues to market to the elite while proclaiming her the new Bardot.[235]
By 2008, her continued drug problems threatened her career. Even as Nick Gatfield, the president of Island Records, toyed with the idea of releasing Winehouse "to deal with her problems", he remarked on her talent, saying, "It’s a reflection of her status [in the U.S.] that when you flick through the TV coverage [of the Grammys] it’s her image they use."[177] Post-Grammys, some questioned whether Winehouse should have been honoured with the awards given her recent personal and drug problems,[236][237][238] including Natalie Cole, who introduced Winehouse at the ceremony. Cole (who battled her own substance-abuse problems while winning a Grammy for Best New Artist in 1975[239]) remarked, "I think the girl is talented, gifted, but it's not right for her to be able to have her cake and eat it too. She needs to get herself together."[239] In an opinion newspaper commentary, Antonio Maria Costa, executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, said that the alleged drug habits of Winehouse and other celebrities send a bad message "to others who are vulnerable to addiction" and undermine the efforts of other celebrities trying to raise awareness of problems in Africa, now that more cocaine used in Europe passes through Africa.[240] Winehouse's spokesperson called Costa a "ludicrous man" and noted that "Amy has never given a quote about drugs or flaunted it in any way. She's had some problems and is trying to get better. The U.N. should get its own house in order."[241] Following Winehouse's death William Bennett a former director of the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy criticised the Grammy Awards nominating committee along similar lines.[242] Graeme Pearson, the former head of Scotland's drug enforcement agency, criticised Winehouse and Kate Moss for making going to rehab a badge of honour, thus giving the false impression that quitting drugs is easy, because many cannot afford to go to clinics.[243]
Winehouse became a staple in popularity polls due not to her musical contributions, but her lifestyle. The 2008 NME Awards nominated Winehouse in the categories of "Villain of the Year", "Best Solo Artist", and "Best Music DVD"; Winehouse won for "Worst Dressed Performer".[244][245] In its third annual list, Glamour magazine named Winehouse the third worst dressed British Woman.[246] Winehouse was ranked number two on Richard Blackwell's 48th annual "Ten Worst Dressed Women" list, behind Victoria Beckham.[247] In an April 2008 poll conducted by Sky News, Winehouse was named the second greatest "ultimate heroine" by the UK population at large, topping the voting for that category of those polled under 25 years old.[248] Psychologist Donna Dawson commented that the results demonstrate women like Winehouse who have "a certain sense of vulnerability or have had to fight against some adversity in their lives” receive recognition.[248] Winehouse was voted the second most hated personality in the United Kingdom in a poll conducted one month later by Marketing magazine.[249]
Speaking at a discussion entitled Winehouse or White House?: Do we go too big on showbiz news? Jeff Zycinski, head of BBC Radio Scotland, said the BBC and media in general were complicit in the destruction of celebrities like Winehouse. He said that public interest in the singer's lifestyle does not make her lifestyle newsworthy. Rod McKenzie editor of the BBC Radio One program Newsbeat replied that "If you play [Amy Winehouse's] music to a certain demographic, those same people want to know what's happening in her private life. If you don't cover it, you're insulting young license fee payers."[250] The British artist M.I.A. was quoted in The Guardian in 2007 as saying she found Winehouse "really interesting", saying "I once saw her in the street and she was really out of it, so I guess she is really living it out. I think Amy's thing is feeling really weird about what she does and dealing with that."[251] British singer and songwriter Lily Allen was quoted in a Scottish newspaper as saying
I know Amy Winehouse very well. And she is very different to what people portray her as being. Yes, she does get out of her mind on drugs sometimes, but she is also a very clever, intelligent, witty, funny person who can hold it together. You just don't see that side.[252]
Artistic impressions[link]
London's Mall Galleries opened an exhibition in May 2008 that included a sculpture of Winehouse, entitled Excess. The piece, created by Guy Portelli, had a miniature of the singer lying on top of a cracked champagne bottle, with a pool of spilled liquid underneath. The body was covered with what appeared to be tiny pills, while one outstretched hand held a glass.[253] Another piece, a print entitled "Celebrity 1" by artist Charlotte Suckling, was exhibited in the same exhibition.[253] A wax sculpture of Winehouse went on display at the London Madame Tussauds on 23 July 2008. The singer did not attend the unveiling, although her parents did.[254] A sculpture by Marco Perego, entitled "The Only Good Rock Star Is a Dead Rock Star", that depicts Winehouse lying in a pool of blood with an apple and a bullet hole in her head after being shot by American novelist and beat poet William S. Burroughs (in a recreation of the accidental killing of his wife Joan Vollmer),[255] was scheduled to go on display in New York’s Half Gallery on 14 November 2008. The sale price for the sculpture is listed at US $100,000. Perego said of the sculpture "Rock stars are the sacrificial animals of society." Winehouse’s spokesperson said "It’s a funny kind of tribute. The artist seems in thrall to a tabloid persona that is not the real Amy. People often use her image to sell their work."[255]
Discography[link]
Main article: Amy Winehouse discography
- Studio albums:
- Frank (2003)
- Back to Black (2006)
- Posthumous albums:
- Lioness: Hidden Treasures (2011)
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Amy Winehouse
Among the awards and recognitions for Frank, Winehouse earned an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song ("Stronger Than Me"),[256] a BRIT Award nomination for Best Female Solo Artist,[257] and an inclusion in Robert Dimery's 2006 book, 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[258] Back to Black produced numerous nominations, including two BRIT Awards (Best Female Solo Artist and Best British Album), six Grammy Awards (including five wins),[3] four Ivor Novello Awards, four MTV Europe Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, three World Music Awards, and was nominated for the Mercury Prize (Album of the Year) and a MOBO Awards (Best UK Female). During her career, Winehouse received 23 awards from 60 nominations. In February 2012, Winehouse was listed at number 26 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music.[6]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ The New York Observer 14 December 2007: Amy Winehouse: The Next Tragic Talent? Retrieved 23 July 2011
- ^ a b c Bush, John. Amy Winehouse Frank Review. allmusic.com. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.
- ^ a b Winehouse dominates Grammys with 5 wins Msnbc. Retrieved 24 July 2011
- ^ Winehouse, Alex (13 February 2008). "Amy Winehouse's brother on her return to form". The Times.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse's Back to Black sets chart record". BBC News. 25 August 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-14660787. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music VH1. 2012 Viacom International Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2012
- ^ Niv Elis (2010). "Surprise! They're Jewish!". Moment Magazine. http://www.momentmag.com/datetalk/dt_IsAJew.html. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
- ^ Schlesinger, Fay; Killalea, Debra (13 January 2009). "1911 census reveals David Beckham's rag and bone man ancestor ... and who lived in your house before WW1". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1113763/1911-census-reveals-David-Beckhams-rag-bone-man-ancestor-----lived-house-WW1.html.
- ^ a b c Mulholland, Garry. "Charmed and Dangerous." The Observer. 1 February 2004. Retrieved on 28 October 2006.
- ^ Death of Amy Winehouse spurs mourning among friends, family and fans as music world loses troubled star Mancunian Matters. Retrieved 22 April 2012
- ^ Caroline Sullivan (2011-07-23). "obituary". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/23/amy-winehouse-obituary. Retrieved 2011-08-17.
- ^ Amy Winehouse's dad has message for fan with baby The Sun. Retrieved 25 February 2012
- ^ a b c d Eliscu, Jenny. (14 June 2007), "The Diva and Her Demons." Rolling Stone. (1028):58–69. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Sanderson, Elizabeth. "Amy Winehouse's mother explains why she feels powerless to stop her troubled daughter’s descent into hell of addiction." Daily Mail. 18 August 2007. Retrieved on 1 July 2008.
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- ^ a b c d e f g Sandall, Robert. "Can Amy Winehouse be saved?" The Times. 27 July 2008.
- ^ "Singer of the Week – Amy Winehouse". AskMen.com. http://www.askmen.com/women/singer_300/367_amy_winehouse.html. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
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- ^ Young, speaking to Adrian Goldberg on Radio 5 Live, 23 July 2011
- ^ The Fast Show Episode #3.2 at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Amy Winehouse: 1983–2011". The Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group). 23 July 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/8656986/Amy-Winehouse-1983-2011.html. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
- ^ Braddock, Kevin. "Fame Academy: The Brit School." The Independent 28 January 2007. Accessed: 17 May 2008.
- ^ "Dan Gillespie ", The Gay & Lesbian Awards, Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ "Osidge". Hidden London. http://www.hidden-london.com/osidge.html. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
- ^ Winehouse, Amy. "On the couch with: Amy Winehouse". Access All Areas. http://www.accessallareas.net.au/artists/Amy_Winehouse.php. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "LondonJazz: Amy Winehouse and NYJO - photos and a tribute". Londonjazz.blogspot.com. 2011-07-25. http://londonjazz.blogspot.com/2011/07/amy-winehouse-and-nyjo-photos-and.html. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Darcus Beese". HitQuarters. 23 Feb 2004. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_Darcus_Beese_int.html. Retrieved 15 Nov 2010.
- ^ a b Sisario, Ben (23 July 2011). "Amy Winehouse, British Soul Singer With a Troubled Life, Dies at 27". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/arts/music/amy-winehouse-british-soul-singer-dies-at-27.html. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ Topping, Alexandra (26 July 2011). "Amy Winehouse: private funeral held". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/jul/26/amy-winehouse-private-funeral. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Claire (23 July 2011). "Up All Night With Amy Winehouse: Rolling Stone's 2008 Story". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/up-all-night-with-amy-winehouse-rolling-stones-2008-story-20110723. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- ^ Yaeger, Lynn (22 May 2007). "Winehouse Rules: Amy channels Ronnie Spector's high hair and Cleopatra eyes". Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/2007-05-22/nyc-life/winehouse-rules/2/. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Trebay, Guy (27 July 2011). Fashion & Style: A Bad Girl With a Touch of Genius. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/28/fashion/amy-winehouse-bad-girl-with-a-touch-of-genius.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse: Frank". Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071109003537/http://www.google.com/reviews?cid=d83e260924369f43&sa=X&oi=music&ct=reviews. . Google.com. Retrieved on 20 November 2006.
- ^ Lindon, Beccy. "Amy Winehouse, Frank." The Guardian. 17 October 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.
- ^ Boraman, Greg. Urban Review: Amy Winehouse, Frank. BBC.co.uk. 27 November 2003. Retrieved on 4 November 2006.
- ^ a b "''Amy Winehouse (official site)''". Amywinehouse.co.uk. http://www.amywinehouse.co.uk/. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "ASCAP Members Honored At The Ivors". ASCAP. http://www.ascap.com/eventsawards/awards/ivors/2004/. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ Sisario, Ben. "She’s Not Anybody’s Backup Act." New York Times. 29 September 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.
- ^ Alexandra Topping (8 June 2010). "Mark Ronson gets all new romantic with Duran Duran". Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jun/08/mark-ronson-duran-duran. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
- ^ "Winehouse and Lewis head charts". BBC News. 31 December 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7165210.stm. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
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- ^ Tyrangiel, Josh. "Top 10 Songs – 50 Top 10 Lists of 2007." Time.com.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse – Back To Black". ACharts.us. http://acharts.us/song/12483. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse". Acharts.us. http://acharts.us/performer/amy_winehouse. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Universal Republic Stars, Amy Winehouse and Mika, to Release Special Live DVDs in U.S. 13 November." Universal Republic Records Press release. 2 December 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Friskics-Warren, Bill. "Amy Winehouse: A 'Frank' Assessment." Washington Post 20 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Toombs, Mikel. "Listen Up: Amy Winehouse's 'Frank'." Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Harris, Chris. "'American Idol' Champ Jordin Sparks Fails To Ignite The Charts, Barely Cracking Billboard Top 10." MTV.com. 28 November 2007. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.
- ^ Mark Ronson featuring Amy Winehouse – Valerie. ilikemusic.com Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Colothan, Scott. Leona Lewis Does The Chart Double Again. Hi-HopElements.com. 26 November 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ Amy Winehouse – I Told You I Was Trouble – Documentary & Live Concert DVD. ilikemusic.com. Retrieved on 13 December 2007.
- ^ Brit Awards nominations go pop. egigs.co.uk, 14 January 2008.
- ^ "Grammy Scorecard." Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "The 50th Annual Grammy Awards winners". Livedaily.com. 10 February 2008. http://www.livedaily.com/news/13646.html. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
- ^ "Production, Non-Classical; Surround Sound; Production, Classical; Classical; Music Video." Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Now That's Entertaining Glasgow Daily Record 15 September 2008[dead link].
- ^ Gamboa, Glenn. "Amy Winehouse takes home 5 Grammy Awards.". Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080213213543/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etgrammy0211,0,1561599.story. Newsday. 11 February 2008.
- ^ Martens, Todd. "Winehouse, Hancock see post-Grammy bump." Los Angeles Times. 20 February 2008.
- ^ "Macdonald Bumps Radiohead From U.K. Album Chart." Billboard.com. 14 January 2008.
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- ^ Costa, Antonio Maria. "Every line of cocaine means a little part of Africa dies." The Observer 9 March 2008.
- ^ "''Anti-drugs chief hits out at Winehouse, Moss''". Edition.cnn.com. 2008-03-09. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/09/un.drugs/. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Grammy for Winehouse's 'Rehab' a mistake? by William Bennett for CNN 27 July 2011". Salon.com. 27 July 2011. http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/07/27/bill_bennett_grammys. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- ^ "Scots drugs chief says Kate Moss and Amy Winehouse make rehab chic." The Times. 18 May 2008.
- ^ "Record seven NME nominations for Arctic Monkeys." The Times. 29 January 2008.
- ^ "Shockwaves NME Awards 2008: Winners' list | News". Nme.Com. 2008-02-29. http://www.nme.com/news/nme-awards/34797. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Fashion queen Kate back on top."[dead link] ITN. 7 April 2008.
- ^ "Beckham, Winehouse top worst-dressed list." United Press International. 8 January 2008.
- ^ a b "Amy Winehouse Is The UK's 'Ultimate Heroine' Amongst under 25s Gigwise". Gigwise.com. 2008-04-23. http://www.gigwise.com/news/42588/amy-winehouse-is-the-uks-ultimate-heroine. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Heather Mills Voted Most Hated Personality In The United Kingdom.". Gigwise.com. 2008-05-16. http://www.gigwise.com/news/43213/heather-mills-voted-most-hated-personality-in-the-united-kingdom. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Shepherd, Robert (2008-07-02). "''BBC news execs clash over celebrity coverage''". Broadcastnow.co.uk. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/2008/07/bbc_news_execs_clash_over_celebrity_coverage.html. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ Collins, Hattie (18 August 2007). "Hattie Collins meets rapper MIA". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/aug/18/urban.mia. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- ^ Lily Allen interview: Rebuilding the Lily Scotland on Sunday 7 December 2008.
- ^ a b Greenwood, Richard (2008-05-14). "Amy Winehouse sculpture to go on display.". London: Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/05/14/bbwinehouse14.xml. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ "Winehouse parents reveal waxwork.". BBC News. 2008-07-23. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7521104.stm. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
- ^ a b Amy Winehouse ‘shot down’ in name of art The Times. Retrieved 24 July 2011
- ^ "Profile: Amy Winehouse". BBC News. 29 July 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6939184.stm. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
- ^ Brits 2004: The winners BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2011
- ^ Dimery, Robert (2006). 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Tristan de Lancey; Universe Publishing
Further reading[link]
- General
- Lewis, Pete. "A Blues & Soul Classic Interview With Amy Winehouse Before 'Rehab'" Blues & Soul. April 2004 (reprinted February 2008).
- Anderman, Joan. "Of course she should go to rehab." Boston Globe. 15 December 2007.
- Grimwood, Ben. "The Year of Amy Winehouse". Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130145159/http://collegenews.com/feature.php?newsid=2513. CollegeNews.com. 29 November 2007.
- Gundersen, Edna. "Amy Winehouse's sobering transformation could hurt her musical credibility." USA TODAY. 28 January 2008.
- Hill, Emily. "Amy Winehouse: her own woman." The Guardian. 31 July 2008
- Pareles, Jon. "In Real Time, Amy Winehouse’s Deeper Descent." New York Times 24 January 2008.
- Rosen, Jody. "Dark Star." Slate. 12 February 2008.
- Smith, Joan. "There's nothing poetic about Amy's self-destruction" The Independent. 26 June 2008.
- The Smoking Gun. BACKSTAGE RIDER: Divas: Amy Winehouse 12 May 2006.
- Tyrangiel, Josh. "Trouble Woman." TIME. 24 January 2008.
- Vernon, Polly Amy Winehouse: Unplugged Harper's Bazaar October 2010
- Perry, Simon; Stephen M. Silverman (20 January 2009). "Amy Winehouse Was at Death's Door, Says Dad". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20253618,00.html.
- July 2009 Mitch Winehouse interview with Daily Mirror covering a variety of her personal issues
- Books
- Barak, Daphne. Saving Amy. New Holland Publishers, 25 January 2010. ISBN 978-1-84773-670-3
- Johnstone, Nick. Amy Amy Amy: The Amy Winehouse Story. Omnibus Press, 1 April 2008. ISBN 978-0-8256-3602-8.
- Newkey-Burden, Chas. Amy Winehouse: The Biography. John Blake Publishing, 7 April 2008. ISBN 1-84454-563-6.
External links[link]
| Find more about Amy Winehouse on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Official website
- Amy Winehouse at the All Music Guide
- Amy Winehouse collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Amy Winehouse collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- New York Times fashion retrospective
- Slide Show at Rolling Stone
- Videos at Island Records on YouTube
- Official Video Of Amy Winehouse performing 'Back To Black' Live and Acoustic at SXSW
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Winehouse, Amy |
| Alternative names | Winehouse, Amy Jade |
| Short description | English singer and songwriter |
| Date of birth | 14 September 1983 |
| Place of birth | London, England |
| Date of death | 23 July 2011 |
| Place of death | London, England |
http://wn.com/Amy_Winehouse
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Winehouse
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Britney" redirects here. For other uses, see Britney (disambiguation).
| Britney Spears | |
|---|---|
 Spears performing at her Femme Fatale Tour in Europe, 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Britney Jean Spears |
| Born | (1981-12-02) December 2, 1981 (age 30) McComb, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, dancer, actress, record producer, author, fashion designer, video director |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Jive, RCA[1] |
| Associated acts | The New Mickey Mouse Club |
| Website | britneyspears.com britney.com |
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist and entertainer. Born in McComb, Mississippi, and raised in Kentwood, Louisiana, Spears began performing as a child, landing acting roles in stage productions and television shows. She signed with Jive Records in 1997 and released her debut album ...Baby One More Time in 1999, which became the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist.[2] During her first decade in the music industry, she became a prominent figure in mainstream popular music and popular culture, followed by a much-publicized personal life. Her first two albums established her as a pop icon and broke sales records, while title tracks "...Baby One More Time" and "Oops!... I Did It Again" became international number-one hits. Spears was credited with influencing the revival of teen pop during the late 1990s, and became the 'best-selling teen aged artist of all time' before she turned 20,[3] garnering her the honorific title of "Princess of Pop".[4]
In 2001, she released her third studio album Britney and expanded her brand, playing the starring role in the film Crossroads. She assumed creative control of her fourth studio album, In the Zone (2003), which yielded chart-topping singles "Me Against the Music", "Toxic" and "Everytime". After the release of two compilation albums, Spears experienced personal struggles and her career went into hiatus. Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in 2007 and despite receiving little promotion, it spawned hits "Gimme More" and "Piece of Me". In 2008, her erratic behavior and hospitalizations caused her to be placed in a conservatorship. The same year, her sixth studio album Circus was released, with the global chart-topping lead single "Womanizer", and hits such as "Circus" and "If U Seek Amy". She embarked on her highest-grossing global concert tour,[5] The Circus Starring Britney Spears, in 2009. In October of the same year, she released a chart-topping single, "3", which became her third single to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Her seventh studio album Femme Fatale, released in 2011, has become the first of her albums to yield three top ten singles in the United States, "Hold It Against Me", "Till the World Ends" and "I Wanna Go". The same year, she also gained her fifth number one single when she featured on the remix of "S&M" alongside Rihanna.
Spears work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including a Grammy Award, 6 MTV Video Music Awards including the Lifetime Achievement Award, 9 Billboard Music Awards, and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2009, Billboard ranked her as the 8th overall Artist of the Decade,[6] and also recognized her as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall.[7] The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) also recognized Spears as the eighth top-selling female artist in the United States, with 33 million certified albums.[8] Nielsen SoundScan ranked Spears the tenth best-selling digital artist of the country, with more than 28.6 million digital singles as of January 2012.[9] She has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[10] Rolling Stone recognized her instant success as one of the Top 25 Teen Idol Breakout Moments of all time,[11] while VH1 ranked her eleventh on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list in 2012.[12] Forbes also revealed that Spears was the sixth most powerful celebrity, and the third best paid musician of 2011-12, having topped the list back in 2002.[13] In Fall 2012, Spears will serve as a judge in the second season of the American version of The X Factor.[14]
Contents
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Biography[link]
1981–97: Early life, and career beginnings[link]
Britney Jean Spears was born on December 2, 1981, the second child of Lynne Irene (née Bridges) and James Parnell Spears. She is of English heritage through her maternal grandmother, Lillian Portelli who was born in London, and of distant Maltese and Sicilian (Sicani) descent.[15][16][17] Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn.[18] At age three, she started to attend dance lessons in her hometown of Kentwood, Louisiana, and was selected to perform as a solo artist at the annual recital. During her childhood, she also attended gymnastics and voice lessons, and won many state-level competitions and children's talent shows.[19][20][21] Spears made her local stage debut at age five, singing "What Child Is This?" at her kindergarten graduation. She said about her ambition as a child, "I was in my own world, [...] I found out what I'm supposed to do at an early age".[20] At age eight, Spears and her mother Lynne traveled to Atlanta for an audition in the 1990s revival of The Mickey Mouse Club. Casting director Matt Casella rejected her for being too young to join the series at the time, but introduced her to Nancy Carson, a New York City talent agent. Carson was impressed with Spears's vocals and suggested enrolling her at the Professional Performing Arts School; shortly after, Lynne and her daughters moved to a sublet apartment in New York. Spears was hired for her first professional role as the understudy for the lead role of Tina Denmark in the Off-Broadway musical Ruthless!. She also appeared as a contestant on the popular television show Star Search, as well as being cast in a number of commercials.[22][23] In December 1992, she was finally cast in The Mickey Mouse Club, but returned to Kentwood after the show was canceled. She enrolled at Parklane Academy in nearby McComb, Mississippi. Although she made friends with most of her classmates, she compared the school to "the opening scene in Clueless with all the cliques. [...] I was so bored. I was the point guard on the basketball team. I had my boyfriend, and I went to homecoming and Christmas formal. But I wanted more."[20][24]
In June 1997, Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join the female pop group Innosense. Lynne asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels, therefore she needed a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song of Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a sound engineer. Spears traveled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three of the labels rejected her, arguing that audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls, and "there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson, or another Tiffany." Two weeks later, executives from Jive Records returned calls to Rudolph.[25] Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated about Spears's audition that "It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [...] For any artist, the motivation—the 'eye of the tiger'—is extremely important. And Britney had that."[20] She then sang Houston's "I Have Nothing" (1992) for the executives, and got signed to the label.[26] They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from "lower and less poppy" delivery to "distinctively, unmistakably Britney."[27] After hearing the recorded material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears had originally envisioned "Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary" but felt all right with her label's appointment of producers, since "It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it—it's more me." She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from March to April 1998, with producers Max Martin, Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub, among others.[20]
[edit] 1998–2000: ...Baby One More Time, and Oops!... I Did It Again
After Spears returned to the United States, she embarked on a shopping mall promotional tour to promote her forthcoming album. Her show was a four song set and she was accompanied by two back up dancers. Her first concert tour followed, as an opening act for 'N Sync.[28] Her debut album, ...Baby One More Time, was released on January 1999.[29] It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified two-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America after a month. Worldwide, the album topped the charts in fifteen countries and sold over ten million copies in a year.[30] It became the biggest selling album ever by a teenage artist.[21] The title track was released as the lead single from the album. Originally, Jive Records wanted its music video to be animated; however, Spears rejected it, and suggested the final idea of a Catholic schoolgirl.[27] The single sold 500,000 copies on its first day, and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, topping the chart for two consecutive weeks.[31][32] "...Baby One More Time" later received a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[33] The title track also topped the singles chart for two weeks in the United Kingdom, and became the fastest-selling single ever by a female artist, shipping over 460,000 copies.[34] It would later become the 25th most successful song of all time in British chart history.[35] Spears is also the youngest female artist to have a million seller in the country.[36] "(You Drive Me) Crazy" was released as the third single from the album. It became a top-ten hit worldwide and propelled ...Baby One More Time to sell 26 million copies.[37]
The April 1999 cover of Rolling Stone featured Spears lying on her bed, clad with a bra, shorts and an open top. The American Family Association (AFA) referred to the shoot as "a disturbing mix of childhood innocence and adult sexuality" and called to "God-loving Americans to boycott stores selling Britney's albums." Spears responded to the outcry commenting, "What's the big deal? I have strong morals. [...] I'd do it again. I thought the pictures were fine. And I was tired of being compared to Debbie Gibson and all of this bubblegum pop all the time."[38] Shortly before, Spears had announced publicly she would remain a virgin until marriage.[21] On June 28, 1999, Spears began her first headlining ...Baby One More Time Tour in North America, which was positively received by critics,[39] but generated some controversy due to her racy outfits.[40] An extension of the tour, titled Crazy 2k, followed in March 2000. Spears premiered songs from her upcoming second album during the show.[24]
Oops!... I Did It Again, her second studio album, was released in May 2000. It debuted at number one in the US, selling 1,3 million copies, breaking the SoundScan record for the highest debut sales by any solo artist.[41] The album sold over 20 million copies worldwide.[42] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone said that "the great thing about Oops! – under the cheese surface, Britney's demand for satisfaction is complex, fierce and downright scary, making her a true child of rock & roll tradition."[43] The album's lead single, "Oops!... I Did It Again", peaked at the top of the charts in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and many other European nations.[36][44] The album as well as the title track received Grammy nominations for Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, respectively.[45]
The same year, Spears embarked on the Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour, which grossed $40.5 million; she also released her first book, Britney Spears' Heart-to-Heart, co-written with her mother.[21][46] On September 7, 2000, Spears performed at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards. Halfway through the performance, she ripped off her black suit to reveal a sequined flesh-colored bodysuit, followed by heavy dance routine. It is noted by critics as the moment that Spears showed signs of becoming a more provocative performer.[47] Amidst media speculation, Spears confirmed she was dating 'N Sync member Justin Timberlake.[21]
[edit] 2001–03: Britney, Crossroads, and In the Zone
In February 2001, Spears signed a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, and released another book co-written with her mother, entitled A Mother’s Gift.[21] Her third studio album, Britney, was released in November 2001. While on tour, she felt inspired by hip hop artists such as Jay-Z and The Neptunes and wanted to create a record with a funkier sound.[48] The album debuted at number one in the Billboard 200 and reached top five positions in Australia, the United Kingdom and mainland Europe and sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[36][49][50] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called Britney "the record where she strives to deepen her persona, making it more adult while still recognizably Britney. [...] It does sound like the work of a star who has now found and refined her voice, resulting in her best record yet."[51] The album was honored with two Grammy nominations—Best Pop Vocal Album and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Overprotected"— and was listed in 2008 as one of Entertainment Weekly's "100 Best Albums from the Past 25 Years".[52][53] The album's first single, "I'm a Slave 4 U", became a top-ten hit worldwide.[54]
Spears's performance of the single at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards featured a caged tiger and a large albino python draped over her shoulders. It was harshly received by animal rights organization PETA, who claimed the animals were mistreated and scrapped plans for an anti-fur billboard that was to feature Spears.[47] To support the album, Spears embarked on the Dream Within a Dream Tour. The show was critically praised for its technical innovations, the pièce de résistance being a water screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage.[55][56] The tour grossed $43.7 million, becoming the second highest grossing tour of 2002 by a female artist, behind Cher's Farewell Tour.[57] Her career success was highlighted by Forbes in 2002, as Spears was ranked the world's most powerful celebrity.[58] Spears also landed her first starring role in Crossroads, released in February 2002. Although the film was largely panned, most critics actually praised Spears's acting.[59][60][61] Crossroads, which had a $11 million budget, went on to gross over $57 million worldwide.[61]
In June 2002, Spears opened her first restaurant, Nyla, in New York City, but terminated her relationship in November, citing mismanagement and "management's failure to keep her fully apprised".[62] In July 2002, Spears announced she would take a six month break from her career; however, she went back into the studio in November to record her new album.[63] Spears' relationship with Justin Timberlake ended after three years. In December 2002, Timberlake released the song "Cry Me a River" as the second single from his solo debut album. The music video featured a Spears look-alike and fueled the rumors that she had been unfaithful to him.[64][65] As a response, Spears wrote the ballad "Everytime" with her backing vocalist and friend Annet Artani.[66] The same year, Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst said that he was in a relationship with Spears. However, Spears denied Durst's claims.[67] In a 2009 interview, he explained that "I just guess at the time it was taboo for a guy like me to be associated with a gal like her."[67] Spears opened the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards with Christina Aguilera, performing "Like a Virgin". Halfway through they were joined by Madonna, with whom they both kissed. The incident was highly publicized.[61]
Spears released her fourth studio album, In the Zone, in November 2003. She assumed more creative control by writing and co-producing most of the material.[21] Vibe called it "A supremely confident dance record that also illustrates Spears's development as a songwriter."[68] NPR listed the album as one of "The 50 Most Important Recording of the Decade", adding that "the decade's history of impeccably crafted pop is written on her body of work."[69] In the Zone sold over 609,000 copies in the United States and debuted at the top of the charts, making Spears the first female artist in the SoundScan era to have her first four studio albums to debut at number one.[21] It also debuted at the top of the charts in France and the top ten in Belgium, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands.[70] In the Zone sold over 10 million copies worldwide.[71] The album produced the hit singles: "Me Against the Music", a collaboration with Madonna; "Toxic"—which won Spears her first and only Grammy for Best Dance Recording; "Everytime" and "Outrageous".[21]
[edit] 2004–07: Compilation albums, motherhood, personal struggles, and Blackout
On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Allen Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, stating that Spears "lacked understanding of her actions".[72] She began The Onyx Hotel Tour in support of In the Zone in March 2004.[73] On June 8, 2004, Spears fell and injured her left knee during the music video shoot for "Outrageous". She was taken immediately to a local hospital, where doctors performed an MRI scan and found floating cartilage. The following day, Spears underwent arthroscopic surgery. She was forced to remain six weeks with a thigh brace, followed by eight to twelve weeks of rehabilitation, which caused The Onyx Hotel Tour to be canceled.[74] During 2004, Spears became involved in the Kabbalah Centre through her friendship with Madonna.[75]
In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The romance received intense attention from the media, since Federline had recently broken up with actress Shar Jackson, who was still pregnant with their second child at the time.[21] The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement.[76] Shortly after, she released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious, which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume.[21] In October 2004, Spears announced she would be taking another career break to start a family.[77] Greatest Hits: My Prerogative, her first greatest hits compilation album, was released in November 2004.[78] Spears's cover version of Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative" was released as the lead single from the album, reaching the top of the charts in Finland, Ireland, Italy and Norway.[79] The second single, "Do Somethin'", was a top ten hit in Australia, the United Kingdom and other countries of mainland Europe.[80][81] Worldwide, Greatest Hits: My Prerogative sold over 5 million copies.[82] In late 2004, Spears went on KIIS-FM radio in Los Angeles, CA to play a new demo titled "Mona Lisa." The demo was to be the first single from an upcoming album called the "Original Doll." However, Spears' label later cancelled the album for unknown reasons.[83][84] Spears gave birth to her first child, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005.[85]
In November 2005, she released her first remix compilation, B in the Mix: The Remixes, which consists of eleven remixes.[86] It has sold over 1 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling remix albums of all time.[87] In February 2006, pictures surfaced of Spears driving with her son Sean, on her lap instead of in a car seat. Child advocates were horrified by the photos of her holding the wheel with one hand and Sean with the other. Spears claimed that the situation happened because of a frightening encounter with paparazzi, and that it was a mistake on her part.[21] The following month, she guest-starred on the Will & Grace episode "Buy, Buy Baby" as closeted lesbian Amber Louise.[88] She publicly announced she no longer studied Kabbalah in June 2006, explaining, "my baby is my religion."[75] Two months later, Spears posed nude for the cover of Harper's Bazaar. The picture was heavily compared to Demi Moore's August 1991 Vanity Fair cover.[21] She gave birth to her second child, Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.[89] On November 7, 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline, citing irreconcilable differences.[90] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a global settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.[91] Spears's aunt Sandra Bridges Covington, with whom she had been very close, died of ovarian cancer in January.[92] On February 16, 2007, Spears stayed in a drug rehabilitation facility in Antigua for less than a day. The following night, she shaved her head with electric clippers at a hair salon in Tarzana, Los Angeles. She admitted herself to other treatment facilities during the following weeks.[93] After completing a month-long program at Promises, she wrote on her website, "I truly hit rock bottom. Till this day I don't think that it was alcohol or depression. [...] was like a bad kid running around with ADD."[21] In May 2007, she produced a series of promotional concerts at House of Blues venues, titled The M+M's Tour.[94] Spears lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.[95] Also, in 2007 Spears was sued by Louis Vuitton over her 2005 music video "Do Something" for pimping out her Hummer interior in counterfiet Louis Vuitton cherry blossom fabric. Which resulted in her video being banned on European TV stations.[96]
Her fifth studio album, Blackout, was released in October 2007. It debuted at the top of charts in Canada and Ireland, number two in the U.S. Billboard 200,—held off from the top spot by Eagles's Long Road out of Eden— France, Japan, Mexico and the United Kingdom and the top ten in Australia, Korea, New Zealand and many European nations. In the United States, Spears became the only female artist to have her first five studio albums debut at the two top slots of the chart.[97] Blackout sold over 3.1 million copies worldwide.[98] Peter Robinson of The Observer said that "Britney has delivered the best album of her career, raising the bar for modern pop music with an incendiary mix of Timbaland's Shock Value and her own back catalogue."[99] Dennis Lim of Blender commented, "Spears’s fifth studio album is her most consistent, a seamlessly entertaining collection of bright, brash electropop."[100] Blackout won Album of the Year at MTV Europe Music Awards 2008 and was listed as the fifth Best Pop Album of the Decade by The Times.[101][102] Spears performed the lead single "Gimme More" at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was panned by many critics. David Willis of BBC stated her performance would "go down in the history books as being one of the worst to grace the MTV Awards".[103] Despite the backlash, the single rocketed to worldwide success, peaking at number one in Canada and the top ten in almost every country it charted.[104][105] The second single "Piece of Me" reached the top of the charts in Ireland and reached the top five in Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The third single "Break the Ice" was released the following year and had moderate success due to Spears not being able to promote it properly.[106][107][108] In December 2007, Spears began a relationship with paparazzo Adnan Ghalib.[109]
[edit] 2008–10: Conservatorship, and Circus
On January 3, 2008, Spears refused to relinquish custody of her sons to Federline's representatives. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father James Spears and attorney Andrew Wallet, giving them complete control of her assets.[21] Spears was released on February 6, 2008. Her parents expressed disappointment and concern at the decision to release her.[110] The following month, she guest-starred on the How I Met Your Mother episode "Ten Sessions" as receptionist Abby. She received positive reviews for her performance, as well as bringing the series its highest ratings ever.[111][112] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.[113] On September 7, 2008, Spears opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a pre-taped comedy sketch with Jonah Hill and an introduction speech. She won Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Video of the Year for "Piece of Me".[114] A 60-minute introspective documentary, Britney: For the Record, was produced to chronicle Spears' return to the recording industry. Directed by Phil Griffin, For the Record was entirely shot in Beverly Hills, Hollywood, and New York City during the third quarter of 2008.[115] Main shooting began on September 5, 2008, two days before Spears' appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards. For the Record was broadcast on MTV on November 30, 2008 to 5.6 million viewers for the two airings on the premiere night. MTV reported that Spears' documentary garnered on average, the highest rating in its Sunday night timeslot, in the network's history.[116]
Her sixth studio album Circus, was released in December 2008. It received positive reviews from critics; according to the music review aggregation of Metacritic, it garnered an average score of 64/100.[117] Circus debuted at number one in Canada, Czech Republic and the United States, and inside the top in many European nations.[105][118] In the United States, Spears became the youngest female artist to have five albums debut at number one, earning a place in the Guinness Book of World Records.[119] She also became the only act in the Soundscan era to have four albums debut with 500,000 or more copies sold.[118] Circus became one of the fastest-selling albums of the year,[120] and has sold 4 million copies worldwide.[121][122] Its lead single, "Womanizer", became her first number one in the Billboard Hot 100 since "...Baby One More Time" and topped the charts in countries such as Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway and Sweden.[123][124] It was also nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Dance Recording.[125] In January 2009, Spears and her father James obtained a restraining order against her former manager Sam Lufti, ex-boyfriend Adnan Ghalib and attorney Jon Eardley—all of whom, court documents claim, had been conspiring to gain control of Spears's affairs. The restraining order forbids Lutfi and Ghalib from contacting Spears or coming within 250 yards of her, her property or family members.[126] Spears embarked on The Circus Starring Britney Spears in March 2009. With a gross of U.S. $131.8 million, it became the fifth highest grossing tour of the year.[127]
She released her second greatest hits album, The Singles Collection in November 2009. "3" became her third number one single in the US, and was the first song to debut at the top of the charts in three years.[128] Later that month, she released an application for iPhone and iPod Touch titled "It's Britney!".[129] In May 2010, Spears's representatives confirmed she was dating her agent Jason Trawick, and that they had decided to end their professional relationship to focus on their personal relationship.[130] Spears designed a limited edition clothing line for Candie's, which was released in stores in July 2010.[131] On September 28, 2010, she made a cameo appearance on a Spears-themed tribute episode of American TV show Glee, titled "Britney/Brittany". Spears approved of the episode, although her appearances received mixed reviews from critics.[132][133] The episode drew Glee's second largest audience, as well as the show's highest ratings ever.[134][135]
[edit] 2011–present: Femme Fatale and The X Factor
In March 2011, Spears released her seventh studio album Femme Fatale.[136] Max Martin and Dr. Luke executive produced the album and the album's first single "Hold It Against Me". The single debuted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100. This gave Spears her fourth number-one single on the chart, and made her only the second artist in history to have two consecutive singles debut at number-one, after Mariah Carey.[137] The album peaked at number one in the United States (selling 276,000 copies in its first week), Canada, and Australia, and peaked inside the top ten on nearly every other chart. The album's peak in the United States ties Britney with Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson for the third-most number ones among women.[138] As of March 9, 2012, Femme Fatale has sold 883,000 copies in the United States and 2.2 million worldwide and has been certified platinum by the RIAA.[139][140] The album received positive critical reviews after its release, receiving a score of 67 on Metacritic, her highest critical score since Oops!... I Did It Again, with many critics naming the album one of Spears's best.[141] In April 2011, Spears appeared in a remix to the song "S&M" by Rihanna after Rihanna asked her fans via Twitter who they wanted her to collaborate with.[142] The song reached number one in the US in mid-April 2011, giving Spears her fifth number one on the chart.[143] In early May, Spears' second single from Femme Fatale, "Till The World Ends", reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and had ninety-eight million audience impressions on the Billboard chart, granting Spears the highest weekly audience of her 13-year chart career.[144]
Femme Fatale's third single "I Wanna Go" reached the top forty on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 2011. Among females in the last thirteen years, Spears now has the third-most top forty hits, with twenty-one.[145] In August, the single managed to reach the top-ten on the Billboard Hot 100, which is the first time for Spears to have three songs from one album in the top-ten.[146] On the week ending September 24, 2011, "I Wanna Go" moved 2–1 on the mainstream top 40, becoming her sixth number-one on that chart (making her tied for third all-time) and her first number-one and third top-ten pop song for Femme Fatale.[147] Spears now has the longest span of number ones on the mainstream top 40, with a length of twelve years, seven months, and four days.[147] In October 2011, the music video for Femme Fatale's fourth single "Criminal" caused controversy when British politicians criticized Spears for using replica guns while filming the video in an area of London that had been badly affected by the 2011 England riots. Members of the Hackney London Borough Council felt Spears "promoted gun violence" and suggested that Spears apologize and make a donation to a Hackney charity.[148] Spears's management briefly responded, stating, "The video is a fantasy story featuring Britney's boyfriend, Jason Trawick, which literally plays out the lyrics of a song written three years before the riots ever happened."[149] Later that month, due to her continued popularity, Spears became the seventh artist to gain one billion cumulative views on her Vevo account.[150] On Billboard's 2011 Year-End list, Spears was fourteen on the Artists of the Year,[151] due to being 32 on Billboard 200 artists and 10 on Billboard Hot 100 artists.[152][153] Additionally, many critics, including those at Rolling Stone, named "Till the World Ends" one of the best songs of 2011.[154][155][156]
On March 2011, Spears announced that she would tour throughout the United States during summer 2011.[157] The Femme Fatale Tour opened June 16 at the Power Balance Pavilion in Sacramento, California[158] to positive reviews.[159] Many critics noted that Spears sang more of the concert live in response to lip-synching accusations during The Circus Starring Britney Spears, and that the dancing is some of her best in years.[159] The first ten US dates of the tour grossed $6.2 million, landing the fifty-fifth spot on Pollstar's Top 100 North American Tours list for the half-way point of the year.[160] The tour ended on December 10, 2011 in Puerto Rico after 79 performances.[161] A concert special of the tour was filmed in 2D and 3D in Canada on August 13 and 14. It premiered on November 12 on Epix, receiving mixed reviews.[162][163][164][165] It was released to DVD on November 21[166][167] and sold 19,000 copies, debuting at no. 2 on the US Billboard DVD Chart behind Lady Gaga's The Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden.[168] Since its release, the DVD has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA),[169] and Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[170]
On June 15, 2011, it was announced by Billboard that the RCA/Jive Label Group would be splitting, with Jive Records being fully moved under RCA Records staying intact. In August it was announced that Spears had officially joined the RCA's roster.[171][172] During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards on August 28, 2011, MTV played tribute to Spears with a group of young female dancers that memorialised Britney's music videos, performances, and style. Following which, Spears accepted the MTV Video Vanguard Award from Lady Gaga, who said that "industry wouldn't be the same without [her]".[173][174] On September 9, 2011, Spears announced her second remix album, B in the Mix: The Remixes Vol. 2, which was released on October 7, along with the tracklist.[175] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding Jive Records along with Arista Records and J Records. With the shutdown, Spears (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release her future material on the RCA Records brand.[176][177]
On December 16, Spears confirmed her engagement to her long-time boyfriend Jason Trawick, her former agent.[178] Spears revealed her three-carat diamond ring at a party in Las Vegas on December 17.[179] According to Joe Riccitelli, the executive vice president of promotion for RCA Records, Spears would be taking time off during 2012.[180] However, on January 30, 2012, will.i.am confirmed that he recorded a track with Spears, set to be included on his upcoming fourth studio album, #willpower (2012).[181] It was also reported that Simon Cowell was in talks with Spears for her to join the new season of the The X-Factor.[182] According to Billboard and The Hollywood Reporter, Trawick negotiated Spears' contract with the show,[183] which was later approved by conservatorship judge Reva Goetz.[184] Cowell and the producers of the show agreed to pay the singer $15 million for season two, and also added Trawick as a one of the producers for the season.[185] The rumor was later confirmed to be true.[14][186][187] Spears also teamed up with Hasbro to release an exclusive version of Twister Dance, which will include a remix of "Till the World Ends".[188] The singer also participated on a commercial, which was directed by Ray Kay, to promote the game.[188]
Artistry[link]
Musical style, and performance[link]
Following her debut, Spears was credited with leading the revival of teen pop in the late 1990s. The Daily Yomiuri reported that "[m]usic critics have hailed her as the most gifted teenage pop idol for many years, but Spears has set her sights a little higher-she is aiming for the level of superstardom that has been achieved by Madonna and Janet Jackson."[189] Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone wrote: "Britney Spears carries on the classic archetype of the rock & roll teen queen, the dungaree doll, the angel baby who just has to make a scene."[190] Rami Yacoub who co-produced Spears's debut album with lyricist Max Martin, commented, "I know from Denniz Pop and Max's previous productions, when we do songs, there's kind of a nasal thing. With N' Sync and the Backstreet Boys, we had to push for that mid-nasal voice. When Britney did that, she got this kind of raspy, sexy voice."[191] Following the release of her debut album, Chuck Taylor of Billboard observed, "Spears has become a consummate performer, with snappy dance moves, a clearly real-albeit young-and funkdified voice ... "(You Drive Me) Crazy", her third single ... demonstrates Spears's own development, proving that the 17-year-old is finding her own vocal personality after so many months of steadfast practice."[192] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic referred to her music as a "blend of infectious, rap-inflected dance-pop and smooth balladry."[193] Spears later commented, "With ...Baby One More Time, I didn't get to show my voice off. The songs were great, but they weren't very challenging".[194]
Oops!...I Did It Again and subsequent albums saw Spears working with several contemporary R&B producers, leading to "a combination of bubblegum, urban soul, and raga."[195] Her third studio album, Britney derived from the teen pop niche, "[r]hythmically and melodically ... sharper, tougher than what came before. What used to be unabashedly frothy has some disco grit, underpinned by Spears' spunky self-determination that helps sell hooks that are already catchier, by and large, than those that populated her previous two albums."[196] Guy Blackman of The Age wrote that while few would care to listen to an entire Spears album, "[t]he thing about Spears, though, is that her biggest songs, no matter how committee-created or impossibly polished, have always been convincing because of her delivery, her commitment and her presence. For her mostly teenage fans, Spears expresses perfectly the conflicting urges of adolescence, the tension between chastity and sexual experience, between hedonism and responsibility, between confidence and vulnerability."[197]
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Spears possesses a soprano[203] vocal range; her vocal ability however has been criticized, often drawing unfavorable comparison to her pop rival, Christina Aguilera.[204] Critic Allan Raible derides her overdependence in Circus on digital effects and the robotic effect it creates. "She’s never been a strong vocalist..." writes Raible, "Could she handle these songs with stripped down arrangements and no vocal effects? More importantly, would anyone want to hear her attempt such a performance? Does it matter? No. The focus is still image over substance."[205] Her image and persona are also often contrasted to Christina Aguilera. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly observed "Christina Aguilera may flash skin and belly button, but in her music and manner, she's too eager not to offend — she's a good girl pretending to be bad. Spears, however, comes across as a bad girl acting good ... Spears' artificial-sweetener voice is much less interesting than the settings, yet that blandness is actually a relief compared with Aguilera's numbing vocal gymnastics.[206] In contrast, Allmusic comments: "Like her peer Christina Aguilera, Britney equates maturity with transparent sexuality and the pounding sounds of nightclubs ... Where Christina comes across like a natural-born skank, Britney is the girl next door cutting loose at college, drinking and smoking and dancing and sexing just a little too recklessly, since this is the first time she can indulge herself.[207] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine notes, "The disparity between Aguilera and Spears can't be measured solely by the timbre and octave range of their voices ... [Aguilera's] popularity has never reached the fever pitch of Britney's."[208]
It has been widely reported that Spears lip-syncs in concert. Author Gary Giddins wrote in his book Natural selection: Gary Giddins on comedy, film, music, and books (2006) that "among many other performers accused of moving their lips while a machine does the labor are Britney Spears, Luciano Pavarotti, Shania Twain, Beyoncé, and Madonna."[209] Rashod D. Ollison of The Baltimore Sun observes: "Many pop stars ... feel they have no choice but to seek vocal enhancement. Since the advent of MTV and other video music channels, pop audiences have been fed elaborate videos thick with jaw-dropping effects, awesome choreography, fabulous clothes, marvelous bodies. And the same level of perfection is expected to extend beyond the video set to the concert stage. So if Britney Spears, Janet Jackson or Madonna sounds shrill and flat without a backing track, fans won't pay up to $300 for a concert ticket."[210] Giddins adds, "it was reported Britney Spears fans prefer her to lip-sync—despite her denials of doing so (contradicted by her own director)—because they expect flawless digitalization when they pay serious money for a concert."[209]
In Australia, NSW Fair Trading Minister Virginia Judge has advised disclaimers be printed on any ticket for concerts which contain any prerecorded vocals. She commented: "There could have been some instances where people actually go and purchase a ticket thinking that they're going to have a live performance ... for some people that means that everything is live, it's fresh, it happens instantaneously, it's not something that's been pre-recorded. You want to make sure that they're actually paying for what they think they're getting."[211] Noting on the prevalence of lip-syncing, Los Angeles Daily News reported "in the context of a Britney Spears concert, does it really matter? Like a Vegas revue show, you don't go to hear the music, you go for the somewhat-ridiculous spectacle of it all".[212] Similarly, Aline Mendelsohn of the Orlando Sentinel remarked: "Let's get one thing straight: A Britney Spears concert is not about the music ... you have to remember that it's about the sight, not the sound."[213] Critic Glenn Gamboa comments her concert tours are "like her life—a massive money-making venture designed to play up her talents and distract from her shortcomings with a mix of techno-tinged sex appeal and disco-flavored flash. And, like her life, it is, more or less, a success.[214]
Influences[link]
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Madonna (left) and Janet Jackson (right) are Spears's two biggest influences.
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Throughout her career, Spears has drawn frequent comparisons to Madonna and Janet Jackson, in terms of vocals, choreography and stage presence, citing both as influences in her work. She has also named Michael Jackson as a source of inspiration.[215] According to Spears: "I know when I was younger, I looked up to people... like, you know, Janet Jackson and Madonna. And they were major inspirations for me. But I also had my own identity and I knew who I was, you know."[216] In the 2002 book Madonnastyle by Carol Clerk, she is quoted saying: "I have been a huge fan of Madonna since I was a little girl. She's the person that I've really looked up to. I would really, really like to be a legend like Madonna."[217]
Many critics have argued that Spears should not be considered in the same league of talent as Jackson or Madonna. Journalists Erika Montalvo and Jackie Sheppard of the Rocky Mountain Collegian observed "[s]ome may argue that Spears is not only a good recording artist but also an important cultural icon."[218] However, in examining her level of skill as an artist, it is questioned that "[a]lthough she has been classified among female elites such as Janet Jackson and Madonna, what does Ms. Spears really have in common with these divas of rock?"[218] Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe remarked that "[t]hirteen costume changes in 90 minutes won't bless her with Madonna's intelligence or cultural barometer. An army of cutting-edge R&B producers won't supply her with Janet Jackson's sense of humor or sincere smile ... Britney's heroes aren't great singers. But they're real singers. Spears sounds robotic, nearly inhuman, on her records, so processed is her voice by digital pitch-shifters and synthesizers."[219]
Reporter Ed Bumgardner commented her transition from teen pop start to adult sex symbol with her third studio album Britney "takes its cues from two other successful performers—Madonna and Janet Jackson—both of whom she brazenly rips off and both of whom, like Spears, are passable singers, at best."[220] Critic Shane Harrison wrote: "From the minimalist thump and "Nasty" feel of "I'm a Slave 4 U" to the scattered quotes in "Boys", [Britney] feels like [Spears's] attempt at 'Control'."[215]
Citing Jackson's resolve to incorporate personal and social issues into her work and Madonna's ability to constantly redefine the boundaries of socially acceptable material in the industry, Spears's catalog ultimately pales in comparison, because "[w]hile Jackson and Madonna wrote their own music about subjects of importance, [Spears's] music sounds like an upbeat version of either, 'I want to grow up but the media won't let me,' or 'Here kitty, kitty, I'm wearing my underwear outside of my leather pants'-type ballads."[218] In contrast, Guy Blackman argues that although "no one would argue that Spears is some kind of pioneering pop auteur, there’s still a lot to like about her back catalogue. During her world-conquering peak, she was just about as cutting edge as you could get in the world of global pop superstardom. Spears didn’t just work with big names, she gave big names their names, and maintained her high currency in the world’s most fickle industry for years, when most aspiring starlets are lucky to manage months."[197]
After meeting Spears face to face, Janet Jackson stated: "she said to me, 'I'm such a big fan; I really admire you.' That's so flattering. Everyone gets inspiration from some place. And it's awesome to see someone else coming up who's dancing and singing, and seeing how all these kids relate to her. A lot of people put it down, but what she does is a positive thing."[221] Madonna's respect for Spears has also been a subject of observation. Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003 (2004) note that the most well known cross-generational relationship exists between Spears and Madonna in which "the entertainment newsmedia almost became obsessed with their relationship of mutual admiration."[222] The biographers also report "[s]ome observers of popular culture, however, feel that the comparisons between the two artist are meaningless and fail to recognize Madonna's unique contribution: Madonna was never 'just another pop star' whereas Britney can more easily be seen as a standard manufactured pop act."[222]
Legacy[link]
Spears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career. Rolling Stone magazine wrote: "One of the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century," she "spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop ... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank".[223] She is listed by the Guinness World Records as having the "Best-selling album by a teenage solo artist" for her debut album ...Baby One More Time which sold over thirteen million copies in the United States.[224] Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times-Dispatch reported, "She's also marked for being the best-selling teenage artist. Before she turned 20 in 2001, Spears sold more than 37 million albums worldwide".[225] As of 2011, she has sold over 100 million albums worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[10] She was also ranked as the fourth VH1's "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era" show list, ahead of most of her contemporaries and only behind veterans like Madonna, Janet Jackson, and Whitney Houston.[226] Spears is also recognized as the best-selling female artist of the first decade of the 21st century, as well as the fifth overall.[7] In December 2009, Billboard magazine ranked Spears the 8th Artist of the 2000s decade in the United States.[6]
Spears is also known for her iconic performances and music videos.[227] The music video for her debut single, "...Baby One More Time", was ranked number one on TRL's Final Countdown of the most iconic music videos.[228] On the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, before performing "Oops!... I Did It Again", the singer appeared behind a backlit screen, and descended a spiral staircase and started performing "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction", while wearing a tuxedo.[229] After performing a shortened version of the track, she tore the tuxedo off, revealing a skin-tight flesh-coloured outfit.[230] The following year, Spears performed her single "I'm a Slave 4 U". Jocelyn Vena of MTV summarized the performance, saying, "draping herself in a white python and slithering around a steamy garden setting – surrounded by dancers in zebra and tiger outfits – Spears created one of the most striking visuals in the 27-year history of the show."[231] She also duetted "The Way You Make Me Feel" with pop singer Michael Jackson on his 30th anniversary concert a few days earlier.[232] During the opening of the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27, 2003, Spears joined Madonna, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott.[233] Halfway through the performance, Madonna kissed Spears and Aguilera on the lips.[234] The kiss between Spears and Madonna generated strong reaction from the media.[235] This performance was listed by Blender magazine as one of the twenty-five sexiest music moments on television history.[236] MTV listed the performance as the number-one opening moments in the history of MTV Video Music Awards.[237] In 2011, Spears was honored with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, for having made a profound effect on the MTV culture.[238]
Barbara Ellen of The Observer has reported: "Spears is famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena — a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall. Whereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry".[239] In 2011, Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly commented on the cultural significance of Spears' voice and music. "We don't ask a whole lot from Britney Spears as an entertainer...we'll still send her straight up the charts simply because she's Britney. She's an American institution, as deeply sacred and messed up as pro wrestling or the filibuster. Musically, though, Spears will always have to measure up to her own gold standards of pop euphony: the operatic slither of 2004's 'Toxic' and the candied funk of 2000's 'Oops!...I Did It Again.' Spears is no technical singer, that's for sure. But backed by Martin and Dr. Luke's wall of pound, her vocals melt into a mix of babytalk coo and coital panting that is, in its own overprocessed way, just as iconic and propulsive as Michael Jackson's yips or Eminem's snarls."[240] 'Britney Spears' was Yahoo!'s most popular search term between 2005 and 2008, and has been in a total of seven different years.[241] Spears was named as Most Searched Person in the Guinness World Records book edition 2007 and 2009.[242] She was later named as the most searched person of the decade 2000 - 2009.[243] Spears is the most followed person on Google's social network, Google+. Reaching 100,000 in under two months of the sites launch, quadrupling the amount within 10 days. By November she had over 760,000 followers,[244] and by the end of December 2011, Spears became the first person to reach over 1 million followers.[245]
Spears has been cited as a musical inspiration by contemporary artists. Gwyneth Paltrow's character on 2010 drama film Country Strong was inspired on the singer's public meltdown. According to film director Shana Fest, "that's where this movie came from. I mean, I was seeing what was happening in the media to Britney Spears. I think it's tragic how we treat people who give us so much, and we love to see them knocked down to build them back up again, to knock them down again."[246] Nicki Minaj has cited Spears as a major influence on her career, and commented, "the fact that she came back out with just so much fire inspires me, and it inspires young women and people all over the world. It just inspires you. A lot of my fans feel like they are the underdog and feel like they are the people who aren’t ever accepted for themselves, or who are laughed at or poked fun at forever. It just goes to show that once you keep at whatever it is you’re doing, people may not like you, people may not love you, but they will have to respect you at the end of the day. And that respect is all that matters."[247] Lana Del Rey revealed that she is compelled by Spears in an interview with MTV, saying, "I'm not really interested in a ton of female musicians but there is something about Britney that compelled me – the way she sings and just the way she looks."[248] Del Rey also said that the "Toxic" music video is a main inspiration of her work.[249] During the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, Lady Gaga said that Spears "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[238] Miley Cyrus credits Spears as her biggest inspiration, and has referenced the singer in her hit song "Party in the U.S.A." (2009).[250][251] Spears' personal breakdown was also cited as an inspiration for Barry Manilow's album "15 Minutes".[252]
Spears has also become a major influence among many new artists, including Demi Lovato,[253] Katy Perry,[253] Kristinia DeBarge,[254] Little Boots,[255] Marina and the Diamonds,[256] Pixie Lott,[257] and Selena Gomez & the Scene.[258] In 2007, Beyoncé Knowles also expressed her love for Spears in an interview with TRL Italy, saying, "I love Britney, I'm a fan of hers. I like her new album ['Blackout']."[259] Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas revealed to The Hollywood Reporter that she was happy with Spears' return to the music industry, and continued, "It's amazing. For this many years being in the business, and everything she's been through, it's wonderful to see her make this huge of a comeback. Really, it's a beautiful thing."[260] Simon Cowell explained that he is "fascinated by [Britney]. The fact that she’s one of the most talked about – not just pop stars – but people in the world today, means that you’ve got this star power. [...] She’s still hot, she’s still having hit records and she’s still controversial, there’s a reason for that."[182] Bebo Norman wrote a song about Spears, called "Britney", which was released as a single. Boy band Busted also wrote a song about Spears called "Britney", which was on their debut album. South Korean KPop singer, BoA has also spoken of love and Spears' influence on her. First meeting in 2003 while Spears was promoting "In The Zone" - Britney would later provide a writing credit to the song, Look Who's Talking, on BoA's eponymous debut English album. Spears' version of the song leaked in 2012.[261][262] Richard Cheese called Britney Spears "a remarkable recording artist" and also went on to say that she was "versatile" and what the industry calls an "artist". People magazine and MTV reported that October 1, 2008, the Bronx's John Philip Sousa Middle School, named their music studio in honor of Britney Spears.[263] Spears herself was present during the ceremony and donated $10,000 to the school's music program.[264]
Personal life[link]
In 1998, Spears entered a relationship with fellow pop singer Justin Timberlake, with whom she had worked on the New Mickey Mouse Club in 1993 and 1994. The relationship ended abruptly in March 2002 after reports of infidelity, however, both parties stated that the split was due to "conflicting schedules".[265] The breakup influenced the lyrics and themes of their songs, "Everytime" and "Cry Me a River." In June 2011, Timberlake stated that he had not spoken with Spears in 9 years, and that their relationship had no chance of surviving the long term.[266] On January 3, 2004, Spears married childhood friend Jason Alexander at The Little White Wedding Chapel in Las Vegas. The marriage was annulled 55 hours later, Spears stating she "lacked understanding of her actions to the extent that she was incapable of agreeing to the marriage".[72]
In July 2004, she announced her engagement to American dancer, Kevin Federline, whom she had met three months before. The initial stages of their relationship were chronicled in Spears's first reality show Britney & Kevin: Chaotic, and received intense media attention. They held a wedding ceremony on September 18, 2004, but were not legally married until three weeks later on October 6, 2004 due to a delay finalizing the couple's prenuptial agreement.[76] With Federline, Spears had two children, sons, Sean Preston Federline, on September 14, 2005, and Jayden James Federline, on September 12, 2006.[85][89] She filed for divorce from Federline on November 7, 2006, citing irreconcilable differences.[90] Their divorce was finalized in July 2007, when the couple reached a settlement and agreed to share joint custody of their children.[91] However, due to Spears' erratic behavior (including her shaving her head bald).[267]in the following year, she lost physical custody of her children to Federline on October 1, 2007. The reasons of the court ruling were not revealed to the public.[95] After a visit with her children on the night of January 3, 2008, Spears refused to give up her sons to Federline's representatives and locked herself in a bathroom. She was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, after police that arrived at her house noted she appeared to be under the influence of an illicit substance. The following day, Spears's visitation rights were suspended at an emergency court hearing, and Federline was given sole physical and legal custody of the children. On January 31, 2008, Spears was, again, committed to the psychiatric ward of Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center and put on 5150 involuntary psychiatric hold. The court placed her under temporary conservatorship of her father, James Spears, giving him complete control of her assets.[21] In July 2008, Spears regained some visitation rights after coming to an agreement with Federline and his counsel.[113] And in September 2009, Spears and Federline agreed on sharing 50/50 of the children[268]
On September 2011 Spears' former bodygaurd Fernando Flores persued a $10 million sexual harassment suit, also, citing alleged child abuse against her two sons.[269]
On December 16, 2011, Spears confirmed her engagement to her boyfriend, Jason Trawick.[270] Spears revealed her three-carat diamond ring at a party in Las Vegas on December 17.[179]
Other ventures[link]
In 2000, the singer released a limited edition of glasses titled Shades of Britney.[271] In 2001, Spears signed a deal with shoe company Skechers,[272] and a $7–8 million promotional deal with Pepsi, their biggest entertainment deal at the time.[273] Aside from numerous commercials with the latter during that year, she also appeared in a 2004 Pepsi television commercial in the theme of "Gladiators" with singers Beyoncé Knowles, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias.[274] On June 19, 2002, she released her first multi-platform video game, Britney's Dance Beat, which received positive reviews.[275] In March 2009, Spears was announced as the new face of clothing brand Candie's.[276] Dari Marder, chief marketing officer for the brand, explained why they choose the singer, saying, "everybody loves a comeback and nobody's doing it better than Britney. She's just poised for even greater success."[276] In 2010, Spears designed a limited edition line for the brand, which was released in stores in July 2010.[131] In 2011, she teamed up with Sony, Make Up For Ever and PlentyofFish to release her music video for "Hold It Against Me", earning her $500,000 for the product placement.[277]
Spears range of commercial deals and products also includes beauty care products and perfumes. She released her first fragrance with Elizabeth Arden, Curious in 2004, which broke the company's first-week gross for a perfume.[21] By 2009, she had released seven more fragrances, which earned her the recognition of the best-selling celebrity fragrance line on the market. The singer's Elizabeth Arden scents make up 34% of celebrity fragrance sales.[278] In 2010, Spears released her eighth fragrance, Radiance. In March 2011, company Brand Sense filed a lawsuit against Spears and Elizabeth Arden seeking $10 million in damages, claiming that the singer and her father, Jamie, allegedly stopped paying their thity-five percent commission that was agreed as part of the contract terms.[279] In July 2011, a Los Angeles judge denied the request by the company lawyers, claiming the fact that Spears is still under conservatorship.[280] Brand Sense, however, stated that they would appeal the decision.[280] In 2011, Radiance was re-issued in a new fragrance titled Cosmic Radiance.[281] Worldwide, Spears has sold over one billion bottles in only five years, which earned her an estimated $1.5 billion.[282] By the time of Mother's Day in 2012, Fantasy, her second fragrance released back in 2006, was among the top three best selling fragrances of the year's first quarter.[283]
Philanthropy[link]
The singer founded The Britney Spears Foundation, a charitable entity set up to help children in need. The philosophy behind the Foundation was that music and entertainment has a healing quality that can truly benefit these kid.[284] The Foundation also supported the annual Britney Spears Camp for the Performing Arts, where campers had the opportunity to explore and develop their talents.[285] In April 2002, through the efforts of Spears and The Britney Spears Foundation, a grant of $1 million was made to the Twin Towers Fund to support the children of uniformed service heroes affected by the disaster of September 11, 2001, including New York City Fire Department and its Emergency Medical Services Command, the New York City Police Department, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the New York State Office of court Administration and other government offices.[286] However, it was reported in 2008 that the Foundation had a deficit of $200,000.[287] After the singer went through conservatorship, her father and lawyer Andrew Wallet zeroed out the effort, leading to its closure in 2011.[288]
On October 30, 2001, Spears, alongside Bono and other popular recording artists under the name "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide", released a single titled "What's Going On", with the intention to benefit AIDS programs in Africa and other impoverished regions.[289] In the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2006, Spears donated $350,000 to Music Rising.[290] Later in 2011, the singer raised $200,000 during An Evening of Southern Style at a private residence in Beverly Hills to benefit the St. Bernard Project, with the help of several celebrities, including Hilary Duff, Selena Gomez, Kelly Osbourne, Kellan Lutz and Kim Kardashian.[291] Spears has also helped several charities during her career, including Madonna's Kabbalah-based Spirituality for Kids,[292] cancer charity Gilda's Club Worldwide,[293] Promises Foundation, and United Way[disambiguation needed 
], with the latter two focused on giving families from various disadvantaged situations new hope and stable foundations for the future.[290]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Britney Spears discography and Britney Spears videography
- ...Baby One More Time (1999)
- Oops!... I Did It Again (2000)
- Britney (2001)
- In the Zone (2003)
- Blackout (2007)
- Circus (2008)
- Femme Fatale (2011)
Filmography[link]
Main article: Britney Spears filmography
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Longshot | Flight attendant | Cameo appearance |
| 2002 | Austin Powers in Goldmember | Herself | Cameo appearance |
| 2002 | Crossroads | Lucy Wagner | Teen Choice Award for Best Actress Drama/Action Adventure Teen Choice Award for Best Chemistry (with Anson Mount) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress Nominated—Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Couple Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Dressed |
| 2004 | Fahrenheit 9/11 | Herself | Cameo appearance Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress |
| Year | Title | Character |
|---|---|---|
| 1993–1994 | The Mickey Mouse Club | Various Roles (Series regular) |
| 1999 | The Famous Jett Jackson | Herself |
| 1999 | Sabrina the Teenage Witch | Herself |
| 1999 | The Famous Jett Jackson | Herself |
| 1999 | Kenan & Kel | Herself |
| 1999 | Médico de familia | Herself |
| 1999 | Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree | Herself |
| 2000 | The Simpsons | Herself |
| 2000 | Saturday Night Live | Herself |
| 2002 | Stages: Three Days in Mexico | Herself |
| 2002 | Robbie the Reindeer in Legend of the Lost Tribe | Donner (voice) |
| 2002 | Saturday Night Live | Herself (host) |
| 2003 | Punk'd | Herself |
| 2004 | Britney & Kevin: Chaotic | Herself |
| 2006 | Will & Grace | Amber-Louise (1 episode) |
| 2008 | How I Met Your Mother | Abby (2 episodes) |
| 2008 | Britney: For the Record | Herself |
| 2010 | Glee | Herself |
| 2012 | The X Factor | Judge |
| 2012 | The Pauly D Project | Herself (1 episode) |
Tours[link]
Main article: List of Britney Spears concert tours
- ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999–2000)
- Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour (2000–01)
- Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001–02)
- The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004)
- The M+M's Tour (2007)
- The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009)
- Femme Fatale Tour (2011)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Britney Spears |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Britney Spears products
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best-selling music artists in the United States
Notes[link]
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- ^ Folkard, Claire (2003). Guinness World Records 2003. Bantam Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-553-58636-7.
- ^ Ruggieri, Melissa (2000-12-19). "Music Notes". Richmond Times-Dispatch: pp. D.13
- ^ Often referred to in interviews, cover stories and promotional material as the new 'princess of pop' Susan Hopkins (2002), Girl Heroes: The New Force In Popular Culture, University of Michigan Press, p. 60
- ^ Esmailian, Ani (2010-05-21). "15 Most Profitable Female Tours Ever". Hollyscoop. DNA Group. http://www.hollyscoop.com/music/madonna/15-most-profitable-female-tours-ever_2133.aspx. Retrieved 2010-07-27.
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- ^ "RIAA — Gold & Platinum — May 3, 2010". Recording Industry Association of America. Mitch Bainwol. 2010. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=tblTopArt. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
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- ^ a b Moodie, Clemmie (2011-11-03). "Britney Spears pictured backstage at Rock Of Ages with Shane Ward". Daily Mirror (UK: Trinity Mirror). http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/britney-spears-pictured-backstage-at-rock-89309. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
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- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 4
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 211
- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 56
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- ^ Spears & Craker 2008, p. 75
- ^ Laufenberg 2005, p. 616
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- ^ Hughes 2005, p. 145
- ^ Taylor, Chuck (1998-10-24). "Air Waves: Jive's Britney Spears Sets Top 40 Abuzz With Rhythm-Leaning 'Baby One More Time'". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.) 110 (43). ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.co.kr/books?id=JQoEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA1&lr&hl=en&rview=1&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-03-11.
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- ^ Skanse, Richard (2000-05-25). "Oops!...She Sold 1.3 Million Albums: Britney Spears". Rolling Stone (Jann Wenner). ISSN 0035-791X.
- ^ Staff, Michael (2010-05-20). "Oops! Week: 10 Fun Facts". BritneySpears.com Brandcasting Unlimited. Archived from the original on 2010-06-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20100606172346/http://www.britneyspears.com/2010/05/oops-week-10-fun-facts.php. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
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- ^ "Britney sold over 12 million copies worldwide". Live Nation. 2010. http://www.store.livenation.com/Product.aspx?cp=13281_16771_16305_16306&pc=MUDD413. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
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- ^ Masley, Ed (2001-11-02). "The State of Britneydom: Teen-pop Queen declares 'I'm on the verge of being a woman'". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: p. W.22. ISSN 1068624X
- ^ Clerk, Carol (2002). Madonnastyle. Omnibus Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7119-8874-3.
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- ^ Elysa Gardner (2000-07-28), "Luscious Jackson", USA Today: 1.E, ISSN 07347456
- ^ a b Hernández, Santiago; Freya Jarman-Ivens (2004). Madonna's drowned worlds: new approaches to her cultural transformations, 1983-2003. Ashgate Publishing. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7546-3372-3
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- ^ Ellen, Barbara (2000-12-10). "Comment: Britney Spears: Growing up is hard to do: America's apple- pie cheerleader is feeling the pressure as she tries to break free from her clean teen image. So is it all proving too much for Britney Inc, as she pulls out of tonight's Smash Hits Poll Winners' party and takes to her bed: The Observer Profile: Britney Spears". The Observer: p. 27. ISSN 00297712
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- ^ "Kristinia DeBarge — Rhapsody Music". Rhapsody.com. http://www.rhapsody.com/kristinia-debarge. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
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- ^ Crowley, Gary (2009-06-09). "Marina and The Diamonds in the BBC Introducing hotseat". BBC Music. http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/london/hi/people_and_places/music/newsid_8083000/8083745.stm. Retrieved 2012-03-12.
- ^ Pixie Lott (2009-08-27). "Pixie Lott's diary: 'After the single hit No 1, it went crazy'". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2009/aug/27/pixie-lott-diary. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ "Selena Gomez". oceanUP.com. http://oceanup.com/selena_gomez. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
- ^ "[[1]]". Total Request Live Italy. 2007-12-17. 19 minutes in. MTV. "I love Britney, I'm a fan of hers. I like her new album."
- ^ Halperin, Shirley (2011-05-22). "Billboard Music Awards: Fergie Expresses Support for Britney Spears". The Hollywood Reporter. Lynne Segall. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/billboard-music-awards-fergie-expresses-191034. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
- ^ (Japanese) "BoA's profile". Avex Marketing Inc.. http://www.avexnet.or.jp/boa/profile/index.html. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
- ^ "STORY BEHIND THE SONG: Bebo Norman’s "Britney"". Ccmmagazine.com. http://www.ccmmagazine.com/just_for_you/story_behind_the_song/11581817. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears Gets Bronx Middle School Music Studio Named In Her Honor". Newsroom.mtv.com. 2008-10-02. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2008/10/02/britney-spears-gets-bronx-middle-school-music-studio-named-in-her-honor/. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ Bartolomeo, Joey (2008-10-01). "Britney Spears Goes Back to School – for a Cause". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20230241,00.html. Retrieved 2010-08-14.
- ^ STEPHEN M. SILVERMAN (June 19, 2002). "Britney, Justin: Speaking of Love". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,624123,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake on Jessica Biel, Britney Spears, and Filming Friends With Benefits". Vanity Fair. 2011-06-01. http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2011/06/justin-timberlake-on-jessica-biel-britney-spears-and-filming-friends-with-benefits. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ Sheila Marikar, "Bald and Broken: Inside Britney's Shaved Head", http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Health/story?id=2885048&page=1, Febuary 19, 2007
- ^ "Britney Spears Negotiates Child Custody Deal With Kevin Federline". starpulse.com. 2009-09-25. http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/09/25/britney_spears_negotiates_child_custody_. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
- ^ Huffpost Celebrity, "Britney Spears' Former Bodyguard Files More Allegations Of Child Abuse: Report", huffingtonpost.com, September 21, 2011
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-12-19). "Britney Spears' Engagement Ring: How Does It Stack Up?". MTV News. MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1676248/britney-spears-engagement-ring.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
- ^ "Britney Brands, Inc.". Everything2 Media, LLC. 2012-06-18. http://everything2.com/title/Britney+Brands%252C+Inc.. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears to Promote Pepsi". American Broadcasting Company. 2011-02-07. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=109838&page=1#.T7EV9utYsi0. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney joins the Pepsi generation". BBC. 2001-02-07. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1157766.stm. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
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- ^ a b Miller, Korin (2009-03-03). "Britney Spears, Candie's Girl?! Jr. brand banks on pop star's future - not her past". Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-03-03/entertainment/17918560_1_bright-future-marder-britney-spears. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ Roberts, Soraya (2011-01-22). "Britney Spears 'Hold It Against Me' video earns her $500,000; Katy Perry slams product placement". Daily News (Mortimer Zuckerman). http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/2011/02/22/2011-02-22_britney_spears_hold_it_against_me_video_earns_her_500000_katy_perry_slams_produc.html. Retrieved 2011-01-28.
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- ^ "Britney Spears Facing $10 Million Lawsuit In Connection With Fragrance Deal". x17 Online. 2011-03-30. http://www.x17online.com/celebrities/britney_spears/britney_spears_fragrance_perfume_radiance_elizabeth_arden_brand_sense_033011.php. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
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- ^ Critchell, Samantha (2012-05-10). "A-list status isn't enough to drive perfume sales". AP Newswire. http://ap.stripes.com/dynamic/stories/U/US_FASHION_CELEB_FRAGRANCES?SITE=DCSAS&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-05-10-16-27-24. Retrieved 2012-04-14.
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- ^ Friedman, Roger (2011-07-21). "Britney Spears Zeroes Out Her Charitable Foundation: It’s Over". Showbiz 411. http://www.showbiz411.com/2011/07/21/britney-spears-zeroes-out-her-charitable-foundation-its-over. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide's New Superstar Version of Marvin Gaye's 'What's Going On' in Stores Tuesday, October 30". Hope for African Children. 2001-10-29. http://www.hopeforafricanchildren.org/New/Press/pr_103001.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
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- ^ Friedman, Roger (2008-06-19). "Britney Spears' Charity in the Red". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,368961,00.html. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ "Britney Spears Donates $50,000 To Cancer Charity". Softpedia. 2005-07-14. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Britney-Spears-Donates-50-000-To-Cancer-Charity-4759.shtml. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
References[link]
- Blandford, James R. (2002). Britney. Music Sales Group. ISBN 978-0-7119-9419-5.
- Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard book of number 1 hits. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7677-2.
- Hughes, Mark (2005). Buzzmarketing: get people to talk about your stuff. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-1-59184-092-3.
- Laufenberg, Norbert B. (2005). Entertainment Celebrities. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8.
- Spears, Lynne; Craker, Lorilee (2008). Through the Storm: A Real Story of Fame and Family in a Tabloid World. Thomas Nelson Inc. ISBN 978-1-59555-156-6.
Further reading[link]
- Dennis, Steve (2009). Britney: Inside the Dream. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-731751-6.
- Peters, Beth (1999). True Brit: The Story of Singing Sensation Britney Spears. Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-43687-0.
- Scott, Kieran (2001). I was a Mouseketeer!. Disney Press. ISBN 978-0-7868-4470-8.
- Smith, Sean (2006). Britney The Unauthorized Biography of Britney Spears. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-44077-6.
- Spears, Britney (2000). Britney Spears's Heart to Heart. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-609-80701-9.
- Stevens, Amanda (2001). Britney Spears: the illustrated story. Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7867-7.
External links[link]
| Find more about Britney Spear on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
- Official website
- Britney Spears at the Internet Movie Database
- Britney Spears at AllRovi
- Britney Spears at Allmusic
- Works by or about Britney Spears in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Britney Spears on Facebook
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Spears, Britney |
| Alternative names | Spears, Britney Jean |
| Short description | American musician, singer, songwriter, actress, author |
| Date of birth | December 2, 1981 |
| Place of birth | McComb, Mississippi, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Britney_Spears
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the singer and actress. For her album, see Christina Aguilera (album). For the Thai singer, see Christina Aguilar.
| Christina Aguilera | |
|---|---|
 Aguilera attending the launch of the Montblanc John Lennon edition in September 2010. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Christina María Aguilera |
| Born | (1980-12-18) December 18, 1980 (age 31) Staten Island, New York, U.S. |
| Origin | Wexford, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, R&B, soul, dance-pop[1] |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter,[2][3][4] record producer, dancer, television personality,[5] actress |
| Instruments | Vocals |
| Years active | 1993–present |
| Labels | RCA |
| Website | christinaaguilera.com |
Christina María Aguilera (born December 18, 1980) is an American recording artist and actress. Aguilera first appeared on national television in 1990 as a contestant on the Star Search program, and went on to star in Disney Channel's television series The Mickey Mouse Club from 1993 to 1994. Aguilera signed to RCA Records after recording "Reflection",[6] the theme song for the animated film Mulan (1998).
In 1999, Aguilera came to prominence following her debut album Christina Aguilera, which was a commercial success spawning three number one singles on the Billboard Hot 100—"Genie in a Bottle", "What a Girl Wants", and "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)."[7] Her sophomore and her debut Latin-pop album, Mi Reflejo (2000), a Christmas third studio album, My Kind of Christmas (2000), and several collaborations followed which garnered Aguilera worldwide success, though she was displeased with her lack of input in her music and image.[8] After parting from her management, Aguilera took creative control over her fourth studio album, Stripped (2002).[9] The album's second single, "Beautiful", was a commercial success and helped the album's commercial performance amidst controversy over Aguilera's image.[10][11][12] Aguilera followed up Stripped with the soul, jazz and blues inspired, Back to Basics (2006), released to positive critical acclaim.[13] The album produced three singles "Ain't No Other Man", "Hurt" and "Candyman". Four years later Aguilera released her sixth studio album, Bionic (2010), which incorporated aspects of R&B, electropop, and synthpop and was met with mixed reviews and low sales.[14][15][16][17] Aguilera's seventh studio album is set to be released in 2012.
Aside from being known for her vocal ability, music videos and image, musically, she includes themes of dealing with public scrutiny, her childhood, and female empowerment in her music.[18] Apart from her work in music, she has also dedicated much of her time as a philanthropist for charities, human rights and world issues which include her work as a UN ambassador for the World Food Programme.[19][20] She made her feature film debut in the musical Burlesque (2010), earning Aguilera a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song. Aguilera's work has earned her numerous awards and accolades, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, four Grammy Awards and one Latin Grammy Award, amongst seventeen and three nominations respectively. Rolling Stone ranked her number fifty-eight on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, ranking as the youngest and only artist on the list under the age of thirty.[21] She was ranked the 20th Artist of the 2000–09 decade by Billboard[22] and is the second top selling single artist of the 2000s behind Madonna.[23] Aguilera's albums sales are estimated at over 50 million units worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time.[24][25] Aguilera is currently a coach and judge on The Voice.
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Life and career[link]
1980–98: Early life and career beginnings[link]
Aguilera was born in Staten Island, New York, to Fausto Wagner Xavier Aguilera, a sergeant in the US Army at the time, and Shelly Loraine (née Fidler), a Spanish teacher. Aguilera's father was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador[26] and her mother, who is American, is of German, Irish, Welsh, and Dutch ancestry.[27] Her father was stationed at Earnest Harmon Air Force Base in Stephenville, Newfoundland and Labrador and Japan. Aguilera lived with both her father and mother, up until their divorce when she was seven years old. Aguilera then lived with her mother, and her younger sister Rachel, at her grandmother's home in Rochester, Pennsylvania, a town outside Pittsburgh. According to both Aguilera and her mother, her father was very controlling, as well as physically and emotionally abusive. In an interview with Rolling Stone Aguilera revealed, "there was so much domestic violence going on when I grew up with my dad travelling in the military. I think the reason that my drive was so strong and I was so passionate about music was because I grew up in an environment of domestic violence."[28] She later sang about her difficult childhood in the songs "I'm OK" on Stripped, and "Oh Mother" on Back to Basics. Even though he has made several attempts to reconnect with her, Aguilera ruled out any chance of a reunion.[29] Since then, her mother has married a paramedic named Jim Kearns, and has changed her name.[30]
As a child, Aguilera aspired to be a singer. She was known locally as "the little girl with the big voice",[29] singing in local talent shows and competitions. She attended Rochester Area School District, Marshall Middle School near Wexford and North Allegheny Intermediate High School. On March 15, 1990, she appeared on Star Search singing "A Sunday Kind of Love", but lost the competition at number 2. Soon after losing on Star Search, she returned home and appeared on Pittsburgh's KDKA-TV's Wake Up With Larry Richert to perform the same song. Throughout her youth in Pittsburgh, Aguilera sang "The Star-Spangled Banner" before Pittsburgh Penguins hockey, Pittsburgh Steelers football and Pittsburgh Pirates baseball games, including during the 1992 Stanley Cup Finals.[31] Her talent was kept a secret to avoid bullying of other children. Following her television appearances Aguilera experienced resentment and bullying including an incident in which her peers slashed the tires on her family's car.[32] Following several incidents Aguilera was later home schooled.[29] Aguilera recalls, "doing what I did and maybe being a little smaller, I was definitely picked on and bullied for the attention that I got. It was definitely unwanted attention and there was a lot of unfairness about it."[33]
In 1991, Aguilera auditioned for a role on The Mickey Mouse Club; however, she did not meet the age requirements. Two years later, she joined the cast, performing musical numbers and sketch comedy, until the show's cancellation in 1994.[34] Her co-stars included Justin Timberlake, Britney Spears, Ryan Gosling and Keri Russell where they nicknamed her "the Diva"[35] for her performance style and voice. At the age of fourteen, Aguilera recorded her first song, "All I Wanna Do", a hit duet with Japanese singer Keizo Nakanishi.[36] In 1997, she represented the United States at the international Golden Stag Festival with a two-song set.[37] Aguilera entered talent contests on "teen night" at the Pegasus Lounge, a gay and lesbian nightclub in Pittsburgh,[38] and later at Lilith Fair.[39] In 1998, Aguilera sent in a demo of her singing Whitney Houston's "Run to You" to Disney who were looking for a singer to record the song "Reflection" for their animated feature film Mulan (1998).[40] The demo caught the attention of producer and label executive Ron Fair who would later mentor her throughout her career and led to Aguilera earning a contract with RCA Records the same week.[9] "Reflection" peaked within the top twenty on the Adult Contemporary Singles Chart, and it was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
[edit] 1999–01: Christina Aguilera, Mi Reflejo and new management
Under the exclusive representation of Steve Kurtz, Aguilera's self-titled debut album Christina Aguilera was released on August 24, 1999. It reached the top of the Billboard 200 and Canadian album charts, shipping eight million copies in the US[41] and over seventeen million copies worldwide.[42] The album is also included in the Top 100 Albums of All Time list of The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) based on US sales.[43] Released during the teen pop era of 1999 the album was well received by several critics, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes that Aguilera's debut "remains firmly within the teen-oriented dance-pop genre, but done right." Concluding that the album is "lightweight in the best possible sense – breezy, fun, engaging, and enjoyable on each repeated listen. Out of the deluge of teen-pop albums in 1999, this feels like the best of the lot."[44] Her debut single, "Genie in a Bottle" was an instant hit reaching No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and in several countries worldwide. Her follow-up singles "What a Girl Wants" and "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)" topped the Hot 100 as well during 1999 and 2000 while "I Turn to You" reached number three. She is one of the few artists to have multiple No.1 singles from a debut album in Billboard's history.[45] She made a cameo appearance on an episode of Beverly Hills, 90210, performed on MTV's New Year's Special as MTV's first artist of the millennium, and the Super Bowl XXXIV halftime show. Aguilera wanted to display the range and audacity in her voice during the promotion of the album, and performed acoustic sets and appeared on television shows accompanied only by a piano. At the 42nd Grammy Awards Aguilera received a Best Female Pop Vocal Performance Grammy nomination for "Genie in a Bottle" and despite earlier predictions, she won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.[46]
In 2000, Aguilera began recording her first Spanish-language album with producer Rudy Pérez in Miami.[47][48] Later in 2000, Aguilera, first emphasized her Latin heritage by releasing her first Spanish album, Mi Reflejo on September 12, 2000. This album contained Spanish versions of songs from her English debut as well as new Spanish tracks. Though some criticized Aguilera for trying to cash in on the Latin music boom at the time. According to Pérez, Aguilera was only semi-fluent, while recording. She understood the language, because she has grown up with her father, who is a native of Ecuador. He added "Her Latin roots are undeniable".[47] The album peaked at number twenty-seven on the Billboard 200 and went No.1 on the Billboard Latin charts for a record 20 weeks. In 2001, it won Aguilera a Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album. The album was later certified 6× Platinum (Latin field) in the US Aguilera won the World Music Award and Billboard award as the best selling Latin artist that year. Aguilera also released a Christmas album, My Kind of Christmas, on October 24, 2000 and performed "The Christmas Song" at the White House that year.[41] The album's only single, "The Christmas Song" made Aguilera one of three artists to take the song into the top twenty on the Billboard Hot 100.[49] The single and My Kind of Christmas were both certified Platinum in the US[50][51] Aguilera was Billboard's top female artist for 2000.[52]
Aguilera's first concert tour, Christina Aguilera: In Concert (also known as "Sears & Levis Tour ") began in the summer of 2000 in the US and ended early 2001 where she toured South America and Asia. A concert special aired on ABC titled My Reflection which was released to DVD and certified Gold in the US.[53] Aguilera was rumored to have dated MTV VJ Carson Daly.[54] Rumors of their relationship were fueled after the release of Eminem's song, "The Real Slim Shady" in which he also insinuated a romance between her and rocker Fred Durst. Aguilera responded saying the lyrics were "disgusting, offensive and, above all, not true."[55] Their feud ended two years later backstage at the Video Music Awards after Aguilera presented the rapper an award onstage.[56] She dated Puerto Rican dancer Jorge Santos. Santos appeared on her tour and music videos throughout 2000. They dated for nearly two years until the relationship ended on September 11, 2001.[57] He remained her dancer well into 2002.[58]
Ricky Martin asked Aguilera to duet with him on the track "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" from his album Sound Loaded; released in 2001 as the album's second single. The single reached No.1 on the World Chart and top ten in several countries. In 2001, Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa, and Pink were chosen to remake Labelle's 1975 single "Lady Marmalade" for the film Moulin Rouge! and its soundtrack. The song peaked at No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks and was the most successful airplay-only single in history.[59] It also reached number one in eleven other countries and earned all four performers a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. Aguilera's appearance in the music video was compared to that of Twisted Sister frontman Dee Snider.[60] The video won two MTV Video Music Awards including Video of the Year in 2001, where Aguilera accepted the award saying, "I guess the big hair paid off."[61]
That same year, the single "Just Be Free" emerged into record stores which was one of the demos Aguilera recorded when she was around fifteen years old. When RCA Records discovered the single, they advised fans not to purchase it.[62] Months later, Warlock Records was set to release Just Be Free, an album which contains the demo tracks. Aguilera filed a breach of contract and unfair competition suit against Warlock and the album's producers to block the release.[63] Instead, the two parties came to a settlement to release the album. Aguilera lent out her name, likeness and image for an unspecified amount of damages. Many of the details of the lawsuit remain confidential. When the album was released in August 2001, it had a photograph of Aguilera when she was fifteen years old.[64]
Although Aguilera's debut album was commercially successful, she was dissatisfied with the music and image her management had created for her. Aguilera was marketed as a bubblegum pop singer because of the genre's upward financial trend.[65] She mentioned plans of her next album to have much more depth, both musically and lyrically.[66] Aguilera's views of Steve Kurtz's influence in matters of the singer's creative direction, the role of being her exclusive personal manager and overscheduling had in part caused her to seek legal means of terminating their management contract. In October 2000, Aguilera filed a breach of fiduciary duty lawsuit against her manager Kurtz for improper, undue and inappropriate influence over her professional activities, as well as fraud. According to legal documents, Kurtz did not protect her rights and interests. Instead, he took action that was for his own interest, at the cost of hers. She petitioned the California State Labor Commission to nullify the contract. Aguilera revealed while recording her then upcoming album, "I was being overworked. You find out that someone you thought was a friend is stealing money behind your back, and it's heartbreaking. I put faith in the people around me, and unfortunately, it bit me in the butt."[67] After terminating Kurtz's services, Irving Azoff was hired as her new manager.
[edit] 2002–05: New image, Stripped and marriage
On October 26, 2002, Aguilera's fourth studio album, Stripped, was released. The album sold more than 330,000 copies in the first week and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200. Unlike her previous work, the album showcased Aguilera's raunchier side.[68] The majority of Stripped was co-written by Aguilera (who had recently signed a global music publishing contract with BMG Music Publishing), and was influenced by many different subjects and music styles, including contemporary R&B, gospel, soul, balladry, pop rock, and hip hop.[69] The majority of the album was produced by Scott Storch and singer-songwriter Linda Perry who produced her more personal records. Rockwilder and singer Alicia Keys also contributed a track each. Upon initial release, the album was very well received by critics, although Aguilera's vocals were overlooked as she began to cultivate a more sexually provocative image.[70] After the release of the album, she took part in photoshoots for magazines, many of these photographs featured her nude or semi-nude. Her cover for Rolling Stone,[71] featured the singer only wearing boots and a well-placed electric guitar. It was during this time Aguilera referred to herself as "Xtina", even getting a tattoo of her nickname on the back of her neck and several piercings.[72]
Initially, the raunchy image had a negative effect on Aguilera in the US, especially after the release of her controversial "Dirrty" music video.[11] She denied that this change was a matter of publicity, claiming that the image better reflected her true personality than did the image she cultivated back in 1999. Aguilera defended the video stating it was about power and control adding, "I'm also at the forefront. I'm in the power position, in complete command of everything around me."[41] While the video for "Dirrty" became very popular on MTV, it disappointed on the US singles chart. However, the single was a hit worldwide, reaching No.1 in the UK and Ireland. The second single, "Beautiful" received critical praise. The classically influenced ballad reached number one in several countries and peaked at No.2 in the US. "Beautiful" earned Aguilera the Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Three more singles ("Fighter", "Can't Hold Us Down" featuring Lil' Kim, "The Voice Within") were released in the following two years and were hits that helped the album stay on the charts for the next two years. Stripped stayed on the U.S. and UK album charts well into 2004, and went on to be certified four-times platinum in the US with over thirteen million copies sold worldwide.[73] It appeared at number ten on Billboard's year-end album chart and Aguilera was the top female artist for 2003.[74] Kelly Clarkson's second single "Miss Independent" was co-written by Aguilera, having been half-finished for Stripped.
Aguilera joined Justin Timberlake that June on the final leg of his international Justified tour, held in the US. This portion of the tour became a co-headliner called the Justified/Stripped Tour. In August, an overhead lighting grid collapsed from the ceiling of the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey, causing major damage to the sound and video equipment below. Because the collapse occurred hours before the show, only a few stagehands were injured, but a few shows were cancelled or postponed. In the fourth quarter of that year, Aguilera continued to tour internationally without Timberlake, and changed the name of the tour to the Stripped World Tour. She also dyed her hair black. It was one of the top-grossing tours of that year, and sold out most of its venues. Rolling Stone readers named it the best tour of the year.[75] That same year she hosted the 2003 MTV Europe Music Awards and was a special guest performer with the Pussycat Dolls' dance troupe performing at the Roxy Theatre and Viper Room in Los Angeles. She also appeared on a Maxim spread alongside them, her second Maxim cover that year set record sales for the issue making it the top selling issue to date. By the end of the year she topped the annual Hot 100 list saying, "we had fun working with certain clothes, or the lack thereof."[76][77][78]
Aguilera's first DVD live-recording from a concert tour, Stripped Live in the U.K., was released in November 2004. In light of the tour's success, another U.S. tour was scheduled to begin in mid-2004 with a new theme. The tour however was scrapped because of the vocal cord injuries Aguilera suffered shortly before the tour's opening date. In a tribute to Madonna's performance at the inaugural MTV Video Music Awards, Aguilera performed a kiss with the singer-actress at the 2003 edition of the ceremony in August. The incident occurred during the opening performance of Madonna's songs "Like a Virgin" and "Hollywood" with fellow popstar Britney Spears.[41] Also in 2004, she hosted a Saturday Night Live episode which included a Sex & The City skit where she portrayed Samantha Jones revealing to everyone she was a man the entire time.[79]
Aguilera later decided to embrace a more mature image; this move was met with more praise than criticism, with articles using punch lines such as "From Crass to Class."[80] She eventually dyed her hair cherry blonde and recorded a jingle, "Hello", for a Mercedes-Benz ad. Shortly after, she dyed her hair flaxen blonde and cut it short, and took on a Marilyn Monroe look; she is one of the main proponents (along with Dita Von Teese, Gwen Stefani, and Ashley Judd) in bringing back the 1920s–1940s Hollywood glamour look.[81][82] In late summer 2004, Aguilera released two singles. The first, "Car Wash", was a remake of the Rose Royce disco song recorded as a collaboration with rapper Missy Elliott for the soundtrack to the film Shark Tale. She voiced a small singing part in the film playing a Rastafarian jellyfish in the film's closing musical number. The second song was also a collaboration, but this time as a second single from one of Nelly's double-release albums, Sweat, titled "Tilt Ya Head Back". Both singles failed commercially in the US, but did considerably better in other parts of the world. Aguilera collaborated with jazz artist Herbie Hancock on a cover of Leon Russell's "A Song for You" recorded for Hancock's album Possibilities, released in August 2005. Aguilera and Hancock were later nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. She helped open the 50th Anniversary for Disneyland performing "When You Wish upon a Star", and she also collaborated with Andrea Bocelli on the song "Somos Novios" for his album Amore. Aguilera began dating music marketing executive Jordan Bratman in 2002. Their engagement was announced in February 2005,[83] and they married on November 19, 2005, in a Napa Valley estate.[84]
[edit] 2006–09: Back to Basics, motherhood and greatest hits album
Aguilera's fifth studio album, Back to Basics was released August 15, 2006. The album debuted at No.1 in the US, the UK and eleven other countries. Aguilera described the double CD as "a throwback to the 20s, 30s, and 40s-style jazz, blues, and feel-good soul music, but with a modern twist."[85] The album received generally positive reviews, although many critics commented on the album's length saying, "At one disc, this would have been nothing short of masterful."[86] A review in AllMusic adds, "Back to Basics also makes clear that Stripped was a necessary artistic move for Christina: she needed to get that out of her system in order to create her own style, one that is self-consciously stylized, stylish, and sexy."[87] The critically acclaimed lead single "Ain't No Other Man" was a substantial success, reaching No. 2 on the World Chart, No.6 in the US, and No.2 in the UK. Producers on the album included DJ Premier, Kwamé, Linda Perry, and Mark Ronson. The follow-up singles did very well in different regions, "Hurt" in Europe and "Candyman" in the Pacific. She co-directed both music videos, the former with Floria Sigismondi who directed her "Fighter" video, and the latter, "Candyman", with director/photographer Matthew Rolston which was inspired by The Andrews Sisters.[88] Back to Basics has sold 4.5 million units worldwide,[89] with over 1.7 million sold in the US.[90]
In late 2006, Aguilera collaborated with Sean "Diddy" Combs on a track, titled "Tell Me", from his album Press Play. She also began the Back to Basics Tour in Europe[91] followed by a 41-date North American tour in early 2007.[92] After this, she toured Asia and Australia, where it was supposed to end on August 3, however she canceled her dates in Melbourne and her final two in Auckland due to an illness.[93] Her extravagant arena tour included cabaret, three-ring circus and juke joint sets and 10 piece costumes designed by Roberto Cavalli.[94] She released her concert DVD Back to Basics: Live and Down Under the following year. The tour grossed nearly 50 million by the end of the year in North America and an additional 40 million worldwide in her Europe and Australia dates, grossing almost 90 million by the end of the tour.[95][96] It was the most successful US tour by a female in 2007.[97]
At the 49th Grammy Awards, Aguilera again won the Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for "Ain't No Other Man". She made a noteworthy performance at the ceremony paying tribute to James Brown with her rendition of his song "It's a Man's Man's Man's World".[98] In January 2007, she was named the 19th richest woman in entertainment by Forbes, with a net worth of US$60 million.[99] Aguilera performed "Steppin' Out With My Baby" with Tony Bennett on his NBC special Tony Bennett: An American Classic and on Saturday Night Live. They performed at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards where both specials received Emmys. "Steppin' Out" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards.
Aguilera confirmed she was pregnant on November 4, 2007,[100] though Paris Hilton accidentally revealed her pregnancy several weeks prior during a party Aguilera hosted.[101] She gave birth to her son, Max Liron Bratman, in Los Angeles on January 12, 2008 and held a bris for him with Bratman, who is of Jewish descent, where the baby was circumcised in accordance with Jewish practice.[102] Aguilera was reportedly paid $1.5 million by People for her son's baby pictures—the sixth most expensive celebrity baby photos ever taken.[103]
In 2008, Aguilera appeared in the Martin Scorsese documentary Shine a Light which chronicles a two day Rolling Stones concert in New York City's Beacon Theatre. The film features Aguilera performing "Live With Me" alongside Mick Jagger. Shine a Light premiered at the Berlin Film Festival and was released worldwide on April 4, 2008. She also had brief cameo in the comedy film Get Him to the Greek,[104] and appeared as a guest judge on the sixth season of Project Runway on Lifetime Television. She and designer Bob Mackie were the inspiration for the challenge in which they had to design a stage outfit for Aguilera. To commemorate Aguilera's ten years in the music industry, RCA Records released, Keeps Gettin' Better: A Decade of Hits on November 11, 2008, exclusively at Target stores in the US. The greatest hits included her first three number one singles, and other songs released from her previous three albums. "Lady Marmalade" and several Spanish singles from Mi Reflejo were included in the worldwide releases. The album's only single, "Keeps Gettin' Better", was premiered at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, which debuted and peaked at No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100, her highest debut on the chart. Following the greatest hits, Aguilera took over a year hiatus in 2009 working on her then upcoming album and film. She was one of Billboard's Top 20 Artists of the Decade in their year-end charts.[105]
[edit] 2010–11: Bionic, Burlesque and The Voice
Aguilera's sixth studio album Bionic was released on June 8, 2010. The album's producers included Tricky Stewart, Samuel Dixon, Polow da Don, Le Tigre, Switch, Ester Dean, songwriters Sam Endicott, Sia Furler, Claude Kelly, Linda Perry and collaborations with M.I.A., Santigold, Nicki Minaj, and Peaches. Bionic's material consisted of many mainstream and pop records along with electronic and dance music. Two of the album's three singles, "Not Myself Tonight" and "You Lost Me" peaked at No.1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Charts[106] but were unsuccessful elsewhere. "Woohoo", featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, was also released as the album's second single. The album was released to mixed reviews from music critics,[107][15] with Jon Pareles of The New York Times writing that the singer's new music direction "makes her sound as peer-pressured as a pop singer can be."[108] Allison Stewart of The Washington Post described the album as being "noisy, robotic and overstuffed" adding that the disc's "greatest disappointments" is its "virtual abandonment" of Aguilera's voice.[109] She concluded that Aguilera attempts "to do it all," which was to try to "revel in her newfound domesticity, to wrest her crown from Gaga and to reestablish her sex kitten bona fides."[109] Sales of Bionic were underwhelming in the US compared to her previous releases selling 110,000 copies in its first week landing at No.3.[110][111] It has since sold 295,000 copies in the US.[112] Shortly after the album's release, further promotion ended and a scheduled summer tour for the album was cancelled due to "inadequate rehearsal time".[113] "You Lost Me" was her first single to not chart the Hot 100 while Bionic was her first English studio album not to receive a Grammy nomination. Aguilera later responded in an interview saying, "I was really proud of that record. I think there was a lot of promotion issues, coming from a standpoint of how everything resulted. Nothing is ever a setback. If anything, it just motivates you for what’s next."[114]
Aguilera announced that she and Bratman had separated, saying in a statement, "Although Jordan and I are separated, our commitment to our son Max remains as strong as ever."[115][116] Aguilera filed for divorce from Bratman on October 14, 2010, seeking joint legal and physical custody of their son, and specifying September 11, 2010, as the date of separation.[117][118] They later reached a settlement agreement and custody deal, details of their agreement were private.[119] Their divorce was finalized on April 15, 2011.[120] The following month, Aguilera appeared as herself on the Entourage season seven finale as a client/friend of Ari Gold.[121] On November 15, 2010, Aguilera received a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[122]
In November 2010, Aguilera appeared in her first feature film, the musical Burlesque. She portrayed a small town girl, Ali Rose, who finds love and success in a Los Angeles neo-burlesque club.[123] Aguilera performed eight of the musical numbers on the film's soundtrack released on November 22, 2010, and co-wrote a number of the tracks working with producers and writers including Tricky Stewart, Sia Furler, Samuel Dixon, Linda Perry, Claude Kelly, Danja, and Ron Fair. The remaining two tracks were sung by Cher, who co-starred alongside Aguilera. The soundtrack debuted in the top 20 in the US and was certified Gold.[124][125] The film was written and directed by Steve Antin who wrote the part of Ali specifically with Aguilera in mind.[126] Aguilera's co-stars also included Cam Gigandet, Eric Dane, Kristen Bell and Stanley Tucci. Several critics praised Aguilera's performance. A review in TIME states, "Aguilera might not be to your taste, or mine, but in terms of sheer power, she's impressive. If Ali were real, she'd have already been discovered on American Idol."[127] While Variety wrote, "Aguilera, while undeniably entertaining when her character is onstage, cannot spin the slight backstory into anything resembling a full-blooded person."[128] Though Burlesque was released to mixed reviews from critics,[129][130] the film received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Picture – Musical or Comedy and earned Aguilera, writer/producer Sia Furler and Samuel Dixon, a nomination for Best Original Song for the track "Bound to You". The soundtrack also earned Aguilera a Grammy nomination for Best Compilation Soundtrack. Burlesque has grossed over $90 million worldwide.[131]
Following the release of Burlesque, Aguilera collaborated with rapper T.I. on the track, "Castle Walls" from his album No Mercy. Aguilera performed the U.S. national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner", during the Super Bowl XLV on February 6, 2011, and created embarrassment when she omitted a line of the anthem and messed up the song's lyrics.[132] She later apologized, telling CNN that "I got so caught up in the moment of the song that I lost my place. I can only hope that everyone could feel my love for this country and that the true spirit of its anthem still came through."[133] The following week, Aguilera, alongside Jennifer Hudson, Martina McBride, Yolanda Adams, and Florence Welch opened the 53rd Grammy Awards paying tribute to Aretha Franklin.
Aguilera began dating musician and production assistant, Matt Rutler whom she met during the filming of Burlesque. Her personal life was the subject of scrutiny;[19] and reports over out of control behavior, excessive drinking,[134][135] and a reported confrontation with her co-star Julianne Hough.[136][137] On March 1, 2011, Aguilera was arrested for public intoxication in West Hollywood as her boyfriend was arrested for DWI.[138] She was later released on bail and no charges were filed.[139][140] Although the L.A. Sheriff's office stated Aguilera's mug shot would not be released to the public, E! News obtained the mug shot which circulated social networks and the media shortly after her release.[141] Rutler's DWI charge was dismissed due to insufficient evidence, after his BAC was determined as below the legal limit.[142]
Aguilera signed to be a judge on The Voice, which debuted on NBC in April 2011. Aguilera, alongside other musicians Adam Levine, Blake Shelton and Cee Lo Green serve as judges and coaches, with Carson Daly as the show's host. The show's first episode was well-received, and delivered the strongest ratings for a series premiere on a major network since Undercover Boss debuted after the Super Bowl in February 2010.[143][144] The show's first season was a ratings success for NBC following its debut.[145][146] Aguilera performed "Moves Like Jagger" on The Voice – the single with Maroon 5 on which she is featured, from their album Hands All Over. The song was an instant hit reaching No.2 in the UK, No.1 on the World Chart and earned Aguilera her fifth No.1 single on the Billboard Hot 100, a decade after her last No.1, "Lady Marmalade".[147] The single became the first 4 million-seller for both artists and marks the first time two former Best New Artist Grammy Award winners have collaborated on a Hot 100 hit.[49] "Moves Like Jagger" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the Grammy Awards and has since sold over 7 million copies worldwide, establishing itself among the best-selling singles of all time.[148].
2012–present: Seventh studio album and current projects[link]
The second season of The Voice premiered following Super Bowl XLVI. Aguilera performed a cover of "At Last" by Etta James at James' funeral on January 28, 2012.[149][150] Aguilera recorded her first Spanish-language track in over a decade titled "Casa de Mi Padre" which was released as the title song for the soundtrack and film of the same name.[151] In regards to her upcoming album, Aguilera stated that she is recording a new studio album in an interview with Live with Regis and Kelly.[152] No official date has been announced but the album is expected to be released in 2012.[153]
Artistry[link]
Vocal ability[link]
Aguilera possesses a soprano[154][155] vocal range and has been referred to as the "voice of her generation" and a blue eyed soul singer.[156][157] Aguilera also topped COVE's list of the 100 Best Pop Vocalists with a score of 50/50[158][159] and came fifth in MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music.[160] Her rendition of "It's A Man's Man's Man's World" at the 49th Grammy Awards ranked third in the Grammy's Greatest Moments List behind Celine Dion's performance of "My Heart Will Go On" and Green Day's performance of "American Idiot". In an interview, Dion described Aguilera as "probably the best vocalist in the world."[161] Rolling Stone ranked Aguilera at 58 on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, the youngest singer on the list.[21]
Describing Aguilera's voice, singing teachers Phyllis Fulford and Michael Mailler said, "The low register is light and tired, the belting register is ample and full, but very scratchy because she screams; and head voice as well as whistle register are light, pure and bright. Her vocal range extends from G below middle C to C♯ one octave above soprano high C (G3 – C♯7). She can belt to F one octave and a third above middle C (F5). She possesses a good-sized technical arsenal. Her trill is solid, she has a big mastery of melismas, and can sustain very long notes."[162] Los Angeles Times writer Margaret Wappler adds Aguilera can deliver "a well-executed legato."[163]
Since her debut in 1999, Aguilera has been compared to the likes of Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston.[164] David Browne of The New York Times writes, "Aguilera has been one of the foremost practitioners of the overpowering, Category 5 vocal style known as melisma. Ms. Carey, Ms. Houston and Ms. Aguilera, to name its three main champions, are most associated with the period from the late ’80s through the late ’90s."[165] A review in the Los Angeles Times compared Aguilera's vocal stylings to Barbra Streisand, Gladys Knight, and Aretha Franklin adding, "Aguilera's Streisand-esque tendencies are a good thing; they're helping her figure out how to become the "great singer" she's been dubbed since she released her first single, the wise-beyond-its-years "Genie in a Bottle", at 18."[166] Although praised for her vocals, Aguilera has been labeled for oversinging in her songs and concerts.[167] Longtime producer and writer, Linda Perry, commented on working on the track "Beautiful", saying, "I tried to keep it straight. I told her to get rid of the finger waves. Every time she'd start going into "hoo-ha", I'd stop the tape. I'm like, 'You're doing it again.'" Perry ended up using the first take saying, "She had a hard time accepting that as the final track. It's not a perfect vocal – it's very raw. She knows her voice really well, and she knows what's going on. She can hear things that nobody else would catch."[168]
Themes and musical style[link]
The constant theme in Aguilera's music and lyrics is love, although she has written on other subjects including spirituality, female empowerment, and grief. Aguilera has also written about her childhood in two of her records which dealt with domestic abuse. In an interview Aguilera admitted she feels responsible to reveal her most vulnerable feelings and to share the darker sides of her life adding "People that can relate might not feel as alone in the circumstance."[169] She has been noted to constantly changing her sound in her music and lyrical content. Originally marketed as a bubblegum pop singer during the late 90s pop scene, she quickly departed into a broad range of musical genres for her follow-up album Stripped. A review states, "Clearly afflicted with Premature Serious Artist Syndrome, Aguilera wants to demonstrate the range of her interests – vampy soul, quasi-metal, piano-bar intimacy, quiet-storm R&B, bounce-bounce hip-hop, and semi-exotic rock, all of it dutifully accomplished."[69]
The majority of the songs are characterized by Aguilera's loud vocals, though she has used breathy and soft vocals.[170] Her 2006 release, Back to Basics included producer DJ Premier. The New York Times exclaims, "Her decision to work with the low-key DJ Premier was also a decision to snub some of the big-name producers on whom pop stars often rely."[171] Aguilera has often cited that she prefers working with producers that are not in popular demand, saying "I don't necessarily go to the main people that are the No.1 chart-toppers in music."[172] The album included live instrumentation and samples of past jazz and soul records. Some tracks on the album included non-traditional forms of pop music such as swing jazz and big band, drawing comparisons to Madonna's I'm Breathless and the musical film Cabaret.[173] Her first feature film, Burlesque, influenced by Cabaret, featured mainstream producers Tricky Stewart and Danja on the soundtrack where several established songs were updated and worked into dance numbers, a style similar to 2001's Moulin Rouge! "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" was performed by Aguilera in the film, a musical number also performed by Nicole Kidman in Moulin Rouge!
Influences[link]
One of Aguilera's major influences and idol is blues singer Etta James, whose classic song "At Last" has been covered by Aguilera throughout her career. Aguilera says, "Etta is my all-time favorite singer. I've said it for the last seven years – since I had my first debut record out – in every interview. I mean, all of Etta's old songs, countless songs I could name, I grew up listening to."[174] Following James' death in 2012, Aguilera was asked to perform "At Last" at her funeral.[149] Prior to performing Aguilera stated, "There's a line in this song that says 'I found a dream that I could speak to.' And for me that dream, all my life, has been Etta James."[175] The majority of her album, Back to Basics, pays tribute to James and other pop standard singers who many originated from the 1950s. In her early years she listened to vintage jazz, blues, and soul music.[176] The album included an unreleased song, "Slow Down Baby", which sampled a Gladys Knight & the Pips song. A review in The Guardian declared, "Practically everything recorded before Aguilera was born blurs into one amorphous genre, which she categorises, somewhat inadequately, as "fun music".[177] Aguilera has also named Madonna and Janet Jackson as two of her biggest influences "for being re-inventive and being brave as strong females, to explore whatever, even if they do get bad press. It's just like they were fearless."[178] Her other musical influences include Aretha Franklin,[179] Whitney Houston,[180] and Nina Simone.[181]
Aguilera cites the musical The Sound of Music and its lead actress, Julie Andrews as an early inspiration for singing and performing.[182] She mentioned the "Golden age of Hollywood" as another inspiration in which she says, "I'm referencing Marlene Dietrich, Marilyn Monroe, Carole Lombard, Greta Garbo, Veronica Lake".[183] Ironically, her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame is located near Julie Andrews and is next to Greta Garbo.[184] In her music video for "Ain't No Other Man" she plays her alter ego, "Baby Jane" in reference to the film Whatever Happened to Baby Jane?.[185] The film's stars included actresses Bette Davis and Joan Crawford. The third single off Back to Basics, "Candyman" was inspired by the 1941 song, "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy" by The Andrews Sisters which was played during World War II. She was also inspired by pin-up girls and several paintings by Alberto Vargas. Aguilera has expressed interest in cultural icons Nico, Blondie and artists Roy Lichtenstein and Andy Warhol.[186] She has often worked with photographer and close friend, David LaChapelle who once worked with Warhol. Chapelle has shot many of Aguilera's music videos, magazine shoots and advertisements. She is also a fan of graffiti artist Banksy. In 2006, she purchased three of Banksy's works during a private art exhibition; one of them included a pornographic picture of Queen Victoria in a lesbian pose with a prostitute.[187] She has mentioned in several interviews that she is a fan of actress Angelina Jolie,[188] and her Burlesque co-star, Cher.[114] Fashion has also been a part of Aguilera's music career and image which she has used as a form of expression during performances and music videos. In 2003, she became the muse and inspiration for Donatella Versace's 2003 fall line. Versace also designed pieces her tour the following year. Aguilera is also a fan of Roberto Cavalli, John Galliano, Marc Jacobs, and Alexander McQueen whose designs she has worn throughout her career.[189][190]
Other ventures[link]
In 2000, Aguilera was the face for make-up line Fetish where she worked in choosing colors and packaging for the line. She ended her contract the following year.[191] Throughout her career Aguilera has endorsed several brands, including Skechers, Mercedes-Benz, Verizon Wireless, and soft drink giants Coca-Cola in 2001, and Pepsi in 2006.[192] She became the muse and model for fashion house Versace appearing in a campaign for the 2003 fall line.[193] In 2004, Aguilera earned £200,000GBP (about $300,000USD)[194] for opening the summer sale at London's Harrods store which took in record breaking profits during the four week period.[195] In 2005, she was reportedly paid $3.6 million[196] to sing a three song set for Russian billionaire Andrey Melnichenko's wedding. Aguilera signed a contract with European cell phone operator Orange to promote the new Sony Ericsson Walkman phone during the 2006 World Cup. In 2010, Aguilera was paid $1 million by investor Charles Brandes to perform at a private party.[197]
In 2008, jewelry designer Stephen Webster and close friend of Aguilera released "Shattered", a collection of sterling silver pieces, through Neiman Marcus and Bergdorf Goodman. Aguilera, who inspired the collection, was featured as a Hitchcock heroine saying, "Working together on this campaign and collection has been an incredible experience. I am honored to be a part of it all."[198][199] They reprised their work together for Webster's 2009 spring line.[200] In 2011, Aguilera attended São Paulo Fashion Week to premiere her new line of clothing for Brazilian department store C&A which launched in April.[201]
Aguilera released two fragrances throughout Europe, the first one Xpose, was released in late 2004 and sold relatively well.[202][203] Through Procter and Gamble Aguilera released her signature fragrance, Simply Christina in 2007.[204] In Christmas 2007, the fragrance became the number one perfume in the UK,[205] and later in 2009 it became the 4th best selling perfume in the UK,[206] and Germany where it topped sales for the year.[207] The perfume won as the people's choice for favorite celebrity fragrance at the annual UK Fifi Awards 2008.[208] She released her third fragrance, Inspire, accompanied with a body care collection, on September 1, 2008.[209][210] The perfume hit shelves in the US, Canada, Latin America, Asia and Northern and Eastern Europe. It was Aguilera's first fragrance released outside of Europe.[211] Her worldwide ad campaign included a television ad shot by David LaChapelle and was released in the US through Macy's department stores. The release coincided with Macy's 150th anniversary which featured Aguilera in commemorative photos.[212] She released her fourth fragrance By Night in October,[213] which became the third best selling fragrance in the UK in 2009.[206] Both “By Day“ and “By Night“ were nominated for Best Perfume of the Year at the FIFI Awards 2011.[214] The range was further augmented by Royal Desire in 2010,[215] and Secret Potion the following year.[216]
Philanthropy[link]
Throughout her career, Aguilera has been involved with several charities. She signed a letter from PETA to the South Korean government asking that the country stop its alleged killing of dogs for food.[217] During her 2007 tour she unknowingly wore a fur stole during the beginning of her tour, which designer Roberto Cavalli provided without informing Aguilera. After receiving a video from PETA Vice President Dan Mathews on the treatment of foxes, she replaced the stole with faux fur for the remainder of her tour. Aguilera was reportedly upset adding, "I only ever wear fake fur".[218] In 2010 Aguilera auctioned off tickets for her upcoming tour for Christie's A Bid to Save the Earth. Proceeds benefit nonprofit environmental groups Conservation International, Oceana, Natural Resources Defense Council, and The Central Park Conservancy.[219] Aguilera also supports Defenders of Wildlife, Missing Kids, National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations,[220] Women's Cancer Research Fund,[221] and Cedars-Sinai Women's Cancer Research Institute.[222] She has also worked alongside nonprofit organization Do Something saying, "Every individual has the power to inspire young people across the country."[223]
In 2010, Aguilera was nominated for a VH1 Do Something Award for her work with the organization and her efforts in the response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake. She was featured in the campaign for photographer, Brie Childers with the goal of helping women of all ages, races and lifestyles feel beautiful and confident about themselves and the body and skin they were born with. Proceeds from benefit several women's charities nationwide.[224] Aguilera is still a major contributor in her hometown of Pittsburgh contributing regularly to the Women's Center & Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh. According to her official website, she toured the center and donated $200,000 to the shelter. She also has auctioned off front row seats and back stage passes for the Pittsburgh-based charity.[225] She has continued her donations and visits to the shelter, and plans to open an additional one.[226] She also supports the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Refuge UK.[220] Since then she has worked with Lifetime Television's 'End violence against women' campaign. Her work there included a public service announcement which aired on the network and during her 2007 tour.[227]
Aguilera is a supporter of the LGBT community and is considered a gay icon by many[who?]. She was honored at the GLAAD Awards for using gay and transgender images in her music video for "Beautiful". When accepting the award Aguilera said, "My video captures the reality that gay and transgender people are beautiful, even though prejudice and discrimination against them still exists."[228] In 2005, she appeared on a compilation album titled, Love Rocks, proceeds benefit the Human Rights Campaign, an organization dedicated to fighting for equal rights for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered people. In 2008, she publicly spoke out against California's Proposition 8 which eliminates same-sex marriage in California saying, "Why you would put so much money behind something [aimed at] stopping people from loving each other and bonding together? I just don't understand it. It's hard for me to grasp. But I would've been out there with my rally sign as well."[229] In 2011 Aguilera was honored at The Abbey, a gay club in West Hollywood, for her contributions to the gay community as the first honoree on their Gay Walk of Fame joining Dame Elizabeth Taylor in being immortalized forever.[230]
Aguilera contributes in the fight against AIDS, by participating in AIDS Project Los Angeles' Artists Against AIDS "What's Going On?" cover project. In 2004, Aguilera became the new face for cosmetic company M·A·C and spokesperson for M·A·C AIDS Fund. Aguilera appeared in advertisements of the M·A·C's Viva Glam V lipstick and lipgloss, and was featured on Vanity Fair in recognition of her campaign work. In addition, Aguilera contributed to YouthAIDS by posing for a joint YouthAIDS and Aldo Shoes campaign for "Empowerment Tags" in Canada, the U.S. and the UK. She was featured with one of three ubiquitous slogans, "Speak No Evil?" and stated, "HIV is something that people don’t want to talk about, hear about, or face."[231][232] Singer Elton John featured Aguilera in his charity book titled "Four Inches" benefiting the Elton John AIDS Foundation.[233] Elton also hand-picked Aguilera, for his annual "Fashion Rocks" charity concert which accompanies music and fashion to benefit the fight against AIDS/HIV.[234]
In the run-up to the 2004 United States presidential election, Aguilera was featured on billboards for the "Only You Can Silence Yourself" online voter registration drive run by the nonpartisan, non-profit campaign "Declare Yourself". In these political advertisements, shot by David LaChapelle, Aguilera was shown with her mouth sewn shut, to symbolize the effects of not voting. She appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the importance of voting. In late 2007 Aguilera became the spokesperson for "Rock the Vote" where she urged young people to vote in the 2008 presidential election.[235] In partnership with "Rock the Vote", she appeared in a public service announcement which aired in summer 2008. The advert showed Aguilera with her son, Max Bratman, wrapped in an American flag, while singing "America the Beautiful".
In November 2005, all of her wedding gifts were submitted to various charities around the nation in support of Hurricane Katrina victims.[236] That year she also performed at "Unite of the Stars" concert in aid of Unite Against Hunger in Johannesburg, South Africa and at the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund at the Coca-Cola Dome.[237] In March 2007 Aguilera took part in a charity album (remaking Lennon's "Mother"), proceeds benefit Amnesty International's efforts to end genocide in Darfur. The album titled, Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur, was released June 12, 2007, and featured various artists.[238] In 2008, she headlined London's Africa Rising charity concert at Royal Albert Hall which raises awareness for finding substantial issues facing the continent.[239] Later that year she appeared on the Turkish version of Deal or No Deal "Var mısın? Yok musun?", where proceeds were donated to a charity program for orphans.[240]
In 2009, Aguilera became the global spokesperson for World Hunger Relief appearing in advertisements, online campaigns and a public service announcement.[241] Aguilera and her then-husband traveled to Guatemala with the World Food Programme to bring awareness to issues such as the high malnutrition rate in that country. She met with families of the villages and some of the beneficiaries of WFP's nutrition programs. Aguilera adds, "The people of WFP do such a great job helping hungry children and mothers. I'm thankful for the opportunity to be part of such a wonderful project."[242] Since becoming a global spokeswoman Aguilera has helped raise over $22 million which helped provide over 90 million meals.[243] She was honored at Variety's annual "Power of Women" luncheon in late 2009 alongside other women in entertainment for her contribution to philanthropic and charitable causes.[244] In response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Aguilera donated a signed Chrysler 300 which was auctioned for relief efforts.[245] She was one of the many artists who appeared on the Hope for Haiti telethon on January 22, 2010, donations directly benefited Oxfam America, Partners In Health, Red Cross and UNICEF. She later appeared on a second public service announcement alongside sports icon Muhammad Ali to raise funds for the World Food Programme's efforts to bring food to survivors of the earthquake.[246] Later that year Aguilera made her first visit to Haiti as an ambassador against hunger where she visited two schools in the town of Léogâne. During her time there she assisted in the ongoing efforts to help the badly damaged town where she served meals and highlighted reconstruction efforts in the country.[247] That year, Aguilera was appointed UN ambassador for the WFP.[19]
Discography[link]
Main article: Christina Aguilera discography
- Christina Aguilera (1999)
- Mi Reflejo (2000)
- My Kind of Christmas (2000)
- Stripped (2002)
- Back to Basics (2006)
- Bionic (2010)
- Untitled 10th Album (2012)
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993—1995 | The Mickey Mouse Club | Herself/Various Roles | Season 6–7 |
| 1999 | Beverly Hills, 90210 | Herself | "Let's Eat Cake" (Season 10, Episode 2) |
| 2000 | Al salir de clase | Herself | "El día que no existe" (Season 5, Episode 42) "Augurios" (Season 8, Episode 72) |
| 2000—2006 | Saturday Night Live | Herself/Various Roles/Host/Musical Guest | "Christopher Walken/Christina Aguilera" (Season 25, Episode 16) "Salma Hayek/Christina Aguilera" (Season 28, Episode 15) "Christina Aguilera/Maroon 5" (Season 29, Episode 13) "Alec Baldwin/Christina Aguilera" (Season 32, Episode 5) |
| 2003 | Player$ | Herself | "Hulk" (Season 2, Episode 10) |
| 2003 | Punk'd | Herself | "Ryan Pinkston – VH1 Big in 2002 Awards" (Season 1, Episode 1) |
| 2004 | Shark Tale | Herself/Christina (voice) | Uncredited |
| 2008 | Shine a Light | Herself | Documentary |
| 2009 | Project Runway | Herself / Guest Judge | "Sequins, Feathers and Fur, Oh My!" (Season 6, Episode 9) |
| 2010 | Entourage | Herself | "A Prayer for Dick Butkus" (Season 1, Episode 9) |
| 2010 | Entourage | Herself | "Lose Yourself" (Season 7, Episode 10) |
| 2010 | Get Him to the Greek | Herself | Cameo appearance |
| 2010 | Burlesque | Alice Marilyn "Ali" Rose | Nominated - Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song |
| 2011—present | The Voice | Herself (Coach and judge) | Season 1—present |
Tours[link]
- Headlining
- Christina Aguilera in Concert (2000–01)
- Stripped Live... on Tour (2003)
- Back to Basics Tour (2006–07)
- Co-headlining
- Justified/Stripped Tour (2003) (with Justin Timberlake)
See also[link]
|
Book: Christina Aguilera |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of Christina Aguilera tours
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of artists who reached number one in the United States
- List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart
- List of awards and nominations received by Christina Aguilera
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
References[link]
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- ^ "Bionic by Christina Aguilera Songfacts". http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=19834. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera". http://www.wfp.org/content/christina-aguilera-ambassador. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera to Sing the National Anthem at Super Bowl". http://www.theblogismine.com/2011/01/25/christina-aguilera-to-sing-the-national-anthem-at-super-bowl/. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ "The Voice Judges: Christina Aguilera, Cee Lo Green, Blake Shelton and Adam Levine". http://www.starsofreality.com/Voice-Judges-Christina-Aguilera-Cee-Lo-Green-Blake-Shelton-Adam-Levine-16052675. Retrieved June 29, 2011.
- ^ Biography Christina Aguilera Biography RCA Records artist page. Retrieved on August 22, 2008.
- ^ Stripped for all the world to hear. SMH. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Pak, SuChin MTV Online Christina Aguilera: Not Your Puppet MTV.com February 2002 Retrieved on January 29, 2009.
- ^ a b Smith, Andy (August 15, 1998). "One talented teen". Providence Journal. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Oguinnaike, Lola July 30, 2006 Christina Aguilera, That Dirrty Girl, Cleans Up Real Nice New York Times Retrieved on July 18, 2008.
- ^ a b Moss, Corey MTV News Online (November 2, 2008) Christina Aguilera Follows Controversial 'Dirrty' With Inspirational 'Beautiful' MTV News Retrieved on July 5, 2008.
- ^ Scaggs, Austin August 10, 2006 Dirty Girl Cleans Up RollingStone online Retrieved on February 16, 2010.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera – Back To Basics – Music Charts". Acharts.us. http://acharts.us/album/14535. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ "Turn It Up: Album review: Christina Aguilera, 'Bionic'". Leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com. June 7, 2010. http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/turn_it_up/2010/06/album-review-christina-aguilera-bionic.html. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ a b "Christina Aguilera – 'Bionic' (RCA) – Album Reviews". NME. UK. http://www.nme.com/reviews/christina-aguilera/11355. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
- ^ Montgomery, James June 16, 2010 MTV News What Should Her Next Move Be? After soft first-week sales for Bionic, experts weigh in Retrieved on June 16, 2006.
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- ^ Glamour Online; Sandell, Laurie (November 2007). Christina: intimate talk about a past that still hurts Retrieved on December 14, 2007.
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- ^ "Guatemala: Pop star Christina Aguilera calls for funding to help UN feed thousands", UN News Centre press release, September 24, 2009. Retrieved, January 25, 2009
- ^ a b "100 Greatest Singers of All Time". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/6027/32782/33774. Retrieved November 11, 2008.
- ^ Staff, Billboard (2010). "Artists of the Decade". Billboard. Nielsen Company. http://www.billboard.com/#/features/artist-of-the-decade-1004053060.story. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Billboard.biz 2009 Single Sales Artist Retrieved on December 6, 2010.
- ^ Levine, Stuart (April 9, 2011). "Can 'The Voice' be heard?". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035166.
- ^ Cole, Patrick (August 10, 2011). "Christina Aguilera Records Lullaby for YUM Brands Hunger Drive". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-10/christina-aguilera-records-lullaby-for-yum-brands-hunger-relief-campaign.html.
- ^ Elaine Rivera (September 15, 2001). "What A Woman Wants". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000774,00.html. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
- ^ Dominguez, Pier (December 2002). Christina Aguilera: A Star is Made: The Unauthorized Biography. Amber Communications Group, Inc.. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-9702224-5-9.
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- ^ a b c "Christina Aguilera Biography". Yahoo!. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800409839/bio. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
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- ^ Grupp, John (May 6, 2009). "Anthem singer fires up Mellon crowd". Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/sports/penguins/s_623827.html. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
- ^ USMagazine.com Stars who were bullied Retrieved on December 9, 2010.
- ^ Goldeberg, Lesley AfterEllen.com November 17, 2010 "Beautiful," Bullied and "Burlesque" – our interview with Christina Aguilera Retrieved on December 9, 2010.
- ^ Goldstein, Rob (May 15, 2008) Dreaming Of Genie Yahoo! Music Christina Aguilera – interviews Retrieved on (March 2, 2008).
- ^ People online Christina Aguilera Biography Retrieved on December 8, 2010.
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- ^ Dinca, Alma Boghitoiu. "An Interview with Christina Aguilera". Brasov travel guide. http://www.brasovtravelguide.ro/en/brasov/events/golden-stag-festival/1997.php. Retrieved May 25, 2007.
- ^ "Pegasus Lounge to close for good". Tribune-Review. October 30, 2009. http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/breaking/s_650758.html. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Mervis, Scott (December 27, 2009). "Pop Music: Radiohead tops a fractious music scene". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09361/1023477-388.stm. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
- ^ Willman, Chris Entertainment Weekly October 11, 2010 Club Kid Retrieved on December 20, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Julia Wang (2003). "Christina Aguilera timeline". People Magazine. http://www.people.com/people/christina_aguilera/biography/0,,20004434_10,00.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ The Coca-Cola Dome(August 29, 2005). Press Release: Christina Aguilera live in concert. The Coca-Cola Dome. Retrieved on November 12, 2007.
- ^ "Gold and Platinum: Top 100 Albums." Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved on October 9, 2007.
- ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas All Music Guide Christina Aguilera album review Retrieved on November 18, 2010.
- ^ Billboard chart beat Fergie Scores Third Solo No. 1 On Hot 100 Retrieved on February 16, 2010.
- ^ Rosen, Craig Yahoo! Music (February 2, 2000)Christina Aguilera Wins Best New Artist Yahoo.com Retrieved on (May 7, 2008).
- ^ a b Teri vanHorn (August 16, 2000). "Christina Aguilera Delves Into Latin Roots On Spanish LP". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1424794/20000816/aguilera_christina.jhtml. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ Roger Colleti (April 18, 2000). "Christina Aguilera To Record With Her Idol". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1424808/20000418/aguilera_christina.jhtml. Retrieved August 1, 2008.
- ^ a b "Week Ending Oct. 30, 2011. Songs: Eleven For Rihanna", Yahoo! Music News, October 30, 2011 Retrieved, November 6, 2011
- ^ BigNoiseNow(January 4, 2002). 'Mi Reflejo' goes gold. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ RIAA "My Kind of Christmas" Retrieved November 14, 2011.
- ^ BigNoiseNow Christina Aguilera Awards Retrieved on February 17, 2011.
- ^ Search My Reflection RIAA RIAA Gold and Platinum certifications Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ Merin, Jennifer (February 11, 2000).Fleshing out the vital details. USA Today. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Helling, Steve May 12, 2009 People Magazine Eminem and His Many Feuds Retrieved on November 9, 2010.
- ^ Moss, Corey August 30, 2002 MTV.com Eminem Hugs Christina: Backstage At The VMAs Retrieved on November 9, 2010.
- ^ USA Today October 24, 2002 Aguilera's image is 'Stripped' USA Today Music Retrieved on July 3, 2009.
- ^ US magazine. Christina Aguilera. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ ""Lady Marmalade" from Moulin Rouge Makes History". Movies.about.com. 2009-12-17. http://movies.about.com/library/weekly/aa061801a.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
- ^ Barker, Olivia (February 20, 2007). Stars don't scrimp on the crimp. USA Today. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ MTV (September 6, 2001). 'Lady Marmalade' wins two MTV Video Music Awards. MTV. Retrieved on November 27, 2007.
- ^ "Statement from Aguilera's official site about "Just Be Free" single". Archived from the original on December 12, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021212142430/http://www.christinaaguilera.com/rumormill/rumor_0060.html. (From The Internet Archive). Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Reid, Shaheem (May 21, 2001). Christina Aguilera Sues to stop release of early recordings. MTV. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
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- ^ Gelman, Jason (March 7, 2003) Christina Aguilera Video Recognized By Gay & Lesbian Alliance Yahoo! Music Retrieved on (March 20, 2008).
- ^ Harris, Chris MTV.com November 7, 2008 Christina Aguilera Speaks Out Against Proposition 8 MTV online Retrieved on November 7, 2008.
- ^ "Christina Aguilera honored at debut of The Abbey's Gay Walk of Fame". ChicagoPride.com. April 21, 2011. http://chicago.gopride.com/news/article.cfm/articleid/18110025/christina-aguilera-honored-at-debut-of-the-abbeys-gay-walk-of-fame-photos. Retrieved April 21, 2011.
- ^ Hear No Evil?. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Christina Multimedia. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ The Book Standard (July 7, 2005). Christina Aguilera's Four Inches . Retrieved on December 10, 2007. Archived 16 January 2010 at WebCite
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (July 6, 2006). Elton Curating Fashion Rocks, Busy With New CD. Billboard. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Channel 4 News(November 14, 2007). Aguilera back voting campaign with Rock the Vote. Retrieved on November 14, 2007.
- ^ Watson, Donna (October 21, 2005). Chrissie Presents. Daily Record. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ MTV News staff (October 26, 2005). For The Record: Quick News On Christina Aguilera. MTV. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ USA Today (March 11, 2007). Aguilera takes part in All-Star charity project.. Retrieved on May 25, 2007.
- ^ Virgin Media August 22, 2008 Christina's mother of a performance Virgin music Retrieved on August 22, 2008.
- ^ Altinsas, E. Baris (October 26, 2008). "A loving family for children in need of protection". Today's Zaman. http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=156957&bolum=101. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
- ^ Business Wire Christina Aguilera Lends Powerful Voice in Fight to End Hunger as Global Spokesperson Aguilera Raises Awareness of Hunger Issue by Appearing in PSA, Advertising, Posters July 15, 2009 Retrieved on July 15, 2009.
- ^ Relief Web September 23, 2009 Christina Aguilera sees hunger first hand in Guatemala Relief Web press release Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
- ^ World Food Programme official site and the World Food Programme Retrieved on May 13, 2010.
- ^ McNiece, Mia Variety online September 1, 2009 Variety to celebrate Power of Women Retrieved on September 10, 2009.
- ^ PRNewswire January 17, 2010 The Chrysler Brand Joins Forces With 'The 67th Annual Golden Globe Awards' to Contribute Relief Efforts to Haiti Retrieved on January 18, 2010.
- ^ WFO Retrieved on January 31, 2010
- ^ World Food Programme May 12, 2010 Haiti Is First Stop For New WFP Ambassador Christina Aguilera Retrieved on May 12, 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Christina Aguilera |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Christina Aguilera |
- ChristinaAguilera.com – Christina Aguilera official website
- Twitter – Official Twitter account
- Christina Aguilera on Myspace
- Christina Aguilera at the Internet Movie Database
- Christina Aguilera on Facebook
| Awards and achievements | ||
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| Preceded by Lauryn Hill |
Grammy Award for Best New Artist 2000 |
Succeeded by Shelby Lynne |
| Preceded by none |
Latin Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album, Female 2001 for Mi Reflejo |
Succeeded by Rosario Flores for Muchas Flores |
| Preceded by B. B. King & Dr. John for "Is You Is, or Is You Ain't (My Baby)" |
Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals 2002 for "Lady Marmalade" |
Succeeded by Santana & Michelle Branch for "The Game of Love" |
| Preceded by Norah Jones for "Don't Know Why" |
Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 2004 for "Beautiful" |
Succeeded by Norah Jones for "Sunrise" |
| Preceded by Kelly Clarkson for "Since U Been Gone" |
Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance 2007 for "Ain't No Other Man" |
Succeeded by Amy Winehouse for "Rehab" |
| Preceded by Sean "Diddy" Combs |
MTV Europe Music Awards host 2003 |
Succeeded by Xzibit |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Aguilera, Christina |
| Alternative names | Aguilera, Christina Maria |
| Short description | American singer and songwriter |
| Date of birth | December 18, 1980 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Christina_Aguilera
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the Tasmanian politician, see Lance Armstrong (politician).
 Armstrong at the Tour de France 2010 |
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| Personal information | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Full name | Lance Edward Armstrong | ||||||||||||||||||
| Nickname | The Boss, Juan Pelota, Big Tex, The Texan,[1] Mellow Johnny (from maillot jaune, French for yellow jersey)[2] |
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| Born | (1971-09-18) September 18, 1971 (age 40) Plano, Texas, United States |
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| Height | 1.77 m (5 ft 9 1⁄2 in)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Weight | 71 kg (157 lb)[3] | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Current team | Livestrong | ||||||||||||||||||
| Discipline | Road | ||||||||||||||||||
| Role | Rider | ||||||||||||||||||
| Rider type | All-Rounder | ||||||||||||||||||
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| 1990–1991 1991 |
Subaru-Montgomery US National Team |
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| Professional team(s) | |||||||||||||||||||
| 1992–1996 1997 1998–2004 2005 2006–2008 2009 2010–2011 2012– |
Motorola Cofidis US Postal Discovery Channel Livestrong Astana Team RadioShack Livestrong |
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Lance Edward Armstrong (born Lance Edward Gunderson on September 18, 1971) is an American former professional road racing cyclist who won the Tour de France a record seven consecutive times after having survived testicular cancer. He is also the founder and chairman of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for cancer research and support. He last rode for UCI ProTeam Team RadioShack, a team he helped found.
In October 1996 he was diagnosed as having testicular cancer with a tumor that had metastasized to his brain and lungs. His cancer treatments included brain and testicular surgery and extensive chemotherapy, and his prognosis was originally poor. He went on to win the Tour de France each year from 1999 to 2005, and is the only person to win seven times having broken the previous record of five wins shared by Miguel Indurain, Bernard Hinault, Eddy Merckx, and Jacques Anquetil.
In 1999, he was named the ABC Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year. In 2000 he won the Prince of Asturias Award in Sports.[4] In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine named him Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year for the years 2002–2005. He received ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006, and won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003. Armstrong announced his retirement from racing on July 24, 2005, at the end of the 2005 Tour de France but returned to competitive cycling in January 2009 and finished third in the 2009 Tour de France. He confirmed he had retired from competitive cycling for good on February 16, 2011.[5]
Contents |
Career[link]
Early career[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (July 2011) |
Armstrong was born on September 18, 1971, at Methodist Hospital in Plano, Texas in the southern sector of Dallas.[6] At the age of 12, he began his sporting career as a swimmer at the City of Plano Swim Club and finished fourth in Texas state 1,500-meter freestyle. He abandoned swimming-only competition after seeing a poster for a junior triathlon called the Iron Kids Triathlon, which he entered and won at age 13.[7]
In the 1987–1988 Tri-Fed/Texas ("Tri-Fed" was the former name of USA Triathlon), Armstrong was the number one ranked triathlete in the 19-and-under group; second place was Chann McRae, who became a US Postal Service cycling teammate and the 2002 USPRO national champion. Armstrong's points total for 1987 as an amateur was better than the five professionals ranked that year. At 16, Armstrong became a professional triathlete and became national sprint-course triathlon champion in 1989 and 1990 at 18 and 19, respectively.[8]
It became clear that his greatest talent was for bicycle racing after he won the U.S. Amateur Championship in 1991. Representing the U.S., he finished 14th in the 1992 Summer Olympics. This performance earned him his first professional contract with Motorola. He won his first race with Motorola, the Trophee Laigueglia in Italy, beating the favourite Moreno Argentin.
In 1993, Armstrong won 10 one-day events and stage races. He stunned the cycling world when at age 21 he became one of the youngest riders to ever win the UCI Road World Championship, held in pouring rain in Norway that year. Prior to his World's win, he took his first stage win at the Tour de France, in the stage from Châlons-sur-Marne to Verdun. He was in 97th place overall when he abandoned the 1993 race in the Alps after the 12th stage.
He also collected the Thrift Drug Triple Crown of Cycling: the Thrift Drug Classic in Pittsburgh, the K-Mart West Virginia Classic, and the CoreStates USPRO national championship in Philadelphia. Thrift Drug said it would award $1 million to a rider winning all three races, a feat previously unachieved. At the USPRO championship, Armstrong sat up on his bicycle on the final lap, took out a comb, combed his hair and smiled for the cameras.
In 1994, he again won the Thrift Drug Classic and came second in the Tour DuPont in the United States. His successes in Europe were second placings in Liège–Bastogne–Liège and the Clásica de San Sebastián, where just two years before, he finished in last place as his first all-pro event in Europe.
He won the Clásica de San Sebastián in 1995, and this time won the Tour DuPont and took a handful of stage victories in Europe, including the stage to Limoges in the Tour De France. He dedicated the win to teammate Fabio Casartelli who died in a crash on the descent of the Col de Portet d'Aspet on the 15th stage, two days before.
Armstrong's successes were much the same in 1996. He became the first American to win the La Flèche Wallonne and again won the Tour DuPont. However, his performances began to suffer and he was only able to compete for five days in the Tour De France. At Atlanta he was only able to finish 6th in the time trial and 12th in the road race in the 1996 Olympic Games.
Cancer[link]
On October 2, 1996, then aged 25, Armstrong was diagnosed as having developed stage three testicular cancer (Embryonal carcinoma).[9] The cancer spread to his lungs, abdomen and brain. On that first visit to a urologist in Austin, Texas, for his cancer symptoms he was coughing up blood and had a large, painful testicular tumor. Immediate surgery and chemotherapy were required to save his life. Armstrong had an orchiectomy to remove his diseased testicle. After his surgery, his doctor stated that he had less than a 40% survival chance.[10]
The standard chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of this type of cancer is a cocktail of the drugs bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (or Platinol) (BEP). Armstrong, however, chose an alternative, etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP), to avoid the lung toxicity associated with the drug bleomycin.[10] This decision may have saved his cycling career. His primary treatment was received at the Indiana University (IU), Indianapolis, Medical Center, where Dr. Lawrence Einhorn had pioneered the use of cisplatinum to treat testicular cancer. His primary oncologist there was Dr. Craig Nichols.[10] His brain tumors were surgically removed by Scott A. Shapiro, MD, Professor of Neurosurgery at Indiana University and Resident Director, and were found to contain extensive necrosis.[11] According to Armstrong's first book, Dr. Shapiro convinced him that he was the right neurosurgeon for him by saying: "You'll have to convince me you know what you're doing," said Armstrong. "Look, I've done a large number of these," Shapiro said, "I've never had anyone die, and I've never made anyone worse." "Yeah, but why should you be the person who operates on my head?" Armstrong responded. "Because as good as you are at cycling"-he paused-"I'm a lot better at brain surgery".[10] His last chemotherapy treatment was received on December 13, 1996.
His cancer went into complete remission, and by January 1998 he was already engaged in serious training for racing, moving to Europe to race for the U.S. Postal team. A pivotal week (April 1998) in his comeback was one he spent training in the very challenging Appalachian terrain around Boone, North Carolina, with his racing friend Bob Roll.[10]
Tour de France success[link]
Before his cancer treatment, Armstrong had won two Tour de France stages. In 1993, he won the 8th stage and in 1995 he took stage 18 in honor of teammate Fabio Casartelli who crashed and died on stage 15. Armstrong dropped out of the 1996 Tour on the 7th stage after becoming ill, a few months before his diagnosis.
Armstrong's cycling comeback began in 1998 when he finished fourth in the Vuelta a España. In 1999 he won the Tour de France, including four stages. He beat the second rider, Alex Zülle, by 7 minutes 37 seconds. However, the absence of Jan Ullrich (injury) and Marco Pantani (drug allegations) meant Armstrong had not yet proven himself against the biggest names. Stage wins included the prologue, stage eight, an individual time trial in Metz, an Alpine stage on stage nine, and the second individual time trial on stage 19.
In 2000, Ullrich and Pantani returned to challenge Armstrong. The race that began a six-year rivalry between Ullrich and Armstrong ended in victory for Armstrong by 6 minutes 2 seconds over Ullrich. Armstrong took one stage in the 2000 Tour, the second individual time trial on stage 19. In 2001, Armstrong again took top honors, beating Ullrich by 6 minutes 44 seconds. In 2002, Ullrich did not participate due to suspension, and Armstrong won by seven minutes over Joseba Beloki.
The pattern returned in 2003, Armstrong taking first place and Ullrich second. Only 1 minute 1 second separated the two at the end of the final day in Paris. U.S. Postal won the team time trial on stage four, while Armstrong took stage 15, despite being knocked off on the ascent to Luz Ardiden, the final climb, when a spectator's bag caught his right handlebar. Ullrich waited for him, which brought Ullrich fair-play honors.[12]
In 2004, Armstrong finished first, 6 minutes 19 seconds ahead of German Andreas Klöden. Ullrich was fourth, a further 2 minutes 31 seconds behind. Armstrong won a personal best five individual stages, plus the team time trial. He became the first since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages; 15, 16, and 17. The individual time trial on stage 16 up Alpe d'Huez was won in style by Armstrong as he passed Ivan Basso on the way despite setting out two minutes after the Italian. He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a significant gap in the last 250 m to nip Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial, stage 19, to complete his personal record of stage wins.
In 2005, Armstrong was beaten by David Zabriskie in the Stage 1 time trial by 2 seconds, despite passing Ullrich on the road. His Discovery Channel team won the team time trial, while Armstrong won the final individual time trial. In the mountain stages, Armstrong was attacked multiple times mostly by Ivan Basso, but also by T-mobile leaders Jan Ullrich, Andreas Kloden and Alexandre Vinokourov and former teammate Levi Leipheimer. But still, the American champion handled them well, maintained his lead and, on some occasions, increased it. To complete his record-breaking feat, Armstrong crossed the line on the Champs-Élysées on July 24 to win his 7th consecutive Tour, finishing 4m 40s ahead of Basso, with Ullrich third. Another record achieved that year, was that Armstrong completed the tour at the highest pace in the race's history: his average speed over the whole tour being 41.7 km/h(26 mph).[13][14]
On July 24, 2005, Armstrong officially announced his retirement from professional cycling after his 7th consecutive Tour de France win.[15]
Comeback[link]
Astana: 2009[link]
See also: 2009 Astana season
Armstrong announced on September 9, 2008 that he would return to pro cycling with the express goal of participating in the 2009 Tour de France.[16] "After talking with my children, my family and my closest friends, I have decided to return to professional cycling in order to raise awareness of the global cancer burden", Armstrong said on his livestrong.org website.[17] VeloNews reported that Armstrong would race for no salary or bonuses and would post his internally tested blood results online.[18]
The announcement ended speculation that he would return with Astana in the Tour of California, Paris–Nice, the Tour de Georgia and the Dauphiné-Libéré. Astana missed the 2008 Tour de France after Alexandre Vinokourov was ejected from the 2007 Tour for blood doping.
Australian ABC radio reported on September 24, 2008 that Armstrong would compete in the UCI Tour Down Under through Adelaide and surrounding areas in January 2009. UCI rules say a cyclist has to be in an anti-doping program for six months before an event, but UCI allowed Armstrong to compete.[19] The Premier of South Australia, Mike Rann, declared that Armstrong's participation would make the tour "the biggest sporting event in South Australian history."[20]
In October 2008, Armstrong confirmed he would compete in the 2009 Giro d'Italia, his first participation.[21]
On January 17, Armstrong said at a press conference for the Tour Down Under that his comeback was motivated by spending most of his days spreading the Livestrong message and raising national awareness of cancer.[22][23] Though his fitness levels had supposedly returned to peak condition,[24] Armstrong placed 29th in the race.[25] Armstrong said he considered this a successful result, as the thousands of fans who flocked to Adelaide to see him compete – booking every hotel room in the city[24] – added A$17 million to the South Australian economy, and the government rewarded his effort by pledging A$4.1 million towards the construction of a centre for cancer research.[26]
Armstrong's Trek bicycle was stolen while he was in Sacramento, California, for the Amgen Tour of California. This time-trial bike was returned to the Sacramento police by an anonymous citizen on February 18, 2009, four days after it disappeared from the Astana team truck. A police statement read, "The facts surrounding how the person came into possession of the bicycle are not being released at this time due to an ongoing investigation."[27]
In February 2009, Armstrong was confirmed to compete in the Tour of Ireland from August 19–23, 2009, before then participating in the Livestrong Global Cancer Summit from August 24–26th in Dublin.[28] The Astana Cycling team confirmed in early March that Armstrong would return to Europe to continue his comeback season with races at Milan – San Remo and the Vuelta a Castilla y León.[29] He had to retire from the 2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León during the first stage after crashing in a rider pileup in Baltanás, Spain and breaking his collarbone.[30]
Armstrong flew back to Austin, Texas, for corrective surgery, which was successful, and was back training on a bicycle within four days of his operation.[31] On April 10, 2009, a controversy emerged between the French anti-doping agency AFLD and Armstrong and his team manager, Johan Bruyneel, stemming from a March 17, 2009 encounter with an AFLD anti-doping official who visited Armstrong after a training ride in Beaulieu-sur-Mer. When the official arrived, Armstrong claims he asked—and was granted—permission to take a shower while Bruyneel checked the official's credentials. In late April, the AFLD cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[32] Armstrong returned to racing after his collarbone injury at the Tour of the Gila in New Mexico on April 29.[33]
On July 7, in the fourth stage of the 2009 Tour de France, Armstrong narrowly failed to win the yellow jersey after his Astana team won the team time trial. His Astana team won the 39 km lap of Montpellier but Armstrong ended up just over two tenths of a second (0.22) outside of Fabian Cancellara's overall lead.[34] Armstrong finished the 2009 Tour de France in third place overall, 5:24 behind the overall winner, his Astana teammate Alberto Contador.
Team RadioShack: 2010–11[link]
On July 21, 2009, Armstrong announced that he would return to the Tour de France in 2010.[35] RadioShack was named as the main sponsor for Armstrong's 2010 team, named Team RadioShack.[36][37] Armstrong made his 2010 season debut at the 2010 Tour Down Under where he finished 25th out of the 127 riders that completed the race. He made his European season debut at the 2010 Vuelta a Murcia finishing in 7th place overall. Armstrong was also set to compete in several classics such as the Milan – San Remo, Amstel Gold Race, Liège–Bastogne–Liège, and the Tour of Flanders, but bouts with gastroenteritis forced his withdrawal from three of the four races.[38] Armstrong returned to the United States in mid-April to compete in the Tour of Gila and May's Amgen Tour of California, both as preparation for the Tour de France. However, he crashed outside Visalia early in stage 5 of the Tour of California and had to withdraw from the race.[39] He showed fine shape after recovering from the Tour of California crash, placing second in the Tour of Switzerland and third in the Tour of Luxembourg.
On June 28, Armstrong announced via Twitter that the 2010 edition would be his final Tour de France.[40] Armstrong put in an impressive performance in the Tour de France prologue TT, finishing third, but was plagued by crashes in later stages that put him out of GC contention, especially a serious crash in stage 8. He rallied for the brutal Pyreneean stage 16, working as a key player in a successful break that included teammate Chris Horner. He finished his last tour in 23rd place, 39 minutes 20 seconds behind former winner Alberto Contador.[41] He was also a key rider in helping Team RadioShack win the team competition, beating Caisse D’Epargne by 9 minutes, 15 seconds.
In October, he announced the end of international career after the Tour Down Under of January 2011. He stated that after January 2011 he will only race in the U.S. with the Radioshack domestic team.[42]
Armstrong announced his retirement from competitive cycling 'for good' on February 16, 2011, while still facing a US federal investigation into doping allegations.[5][43]
Physical attributes[link]
Armstrong has recorded an aerobic capacity of 83.8 mL/kg/min (VO2 max),[44][45] much higher than the average person (40–50), but lower than some other Tour De France winners, such as Miguel Indurain (88.0, although reports exist that Indurain tested at 92–94) and Greg LeMond (92.5).[46] At his peak, he had a resting heart rate of 32–34 beats per minute (bpm) with a maximum heart rate of 201 bpm.[47]
Collaboration of sponsors[link]
Armstrong revolutionized the support behind his well-funded teams, asking sponsors and suppliers to contribute and act as part of the team.[48] For example, rather than having the frame, handlebars, and tires designed and developed by separate companies with little interaction, his teams adopted a Formula One relationship with sponsors and suppliers named "F-One",[49] taking full advantage of the combined resources of several organizations working in close communication. The team, Trek, Nike, AMD, Bontrager (a Trek company), Shimano, Sram, Giro and Oakley, collaborated for an array of products.
Family and personal life[link]
Armstrong was born to Linda Mooneyham, a secretary, and Eddie Charles Gunderson, a route manager for The Dallas Morning News. His great-grandfather was the son of Norwegian immigrants.[50] He was named after Lance Rentzel, a Dallas Cowboys wide receiver. His father left his mother when Lance was two and has two other children from another relationship. His mother later married Terry Keith Armstrong, a wholesale salesman, who adopted Lance in 1974. Armstrong refuses to meet his birth father.[51]
Armstrong met Kristin Richard in June 1997. They married on May 1, 1998 and had three children: Luke David, born October 1999, and twins Isabelle Rose and Grace Elisabeth, born November 2001. The pregnancy was possible through sperm Armstrong banked three years earlier, prior to chemotherapy and surgery.[52] The couple filed for divorce in September 2003. At Armstrong's request, his children flew in for the Tour de France podium ceremony in 2005, where Luke helped his father hoist the trophy, while his daughters (in yellow dresses) held the stuffed lion mascot and bouquet of yellow flowers.
Armstrong began dating singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow in the autumn of 2003 and revealed their relationship in January 2004. The couple announced their engagement in September 2005 and their split in February 2006.
In December 2008, Armstrong announced that his girlfriend, Anna Hansen, was pregnant with his child. The couple started dating in July 2008 after meeting through Armstrong's charity work. Although it was believed that Armstrong could no longer father children, after having undergone chemotherapy for testicular cancer, this child was conceived naturally.[53] The baby boy, Maxwell Edward Armstrong, was born on June 4, 2009 in Aspen, Colorado. Armstrong announced the birth via Twitter.[54] Armstrong has become a popular Twitter user, with precisely 3,385,486 followers on April 10, 2012. [55]
In April 2010, Armstrong, using Twitter, announced that Anna Hansen was having his fifth child. Olivia Marie Armstrong was born October 18, 2010.[56]
Armstrong owns homes in Austin, Texas, and Aspen, Colorado, as well as a ranch in the Texas Hill Country.[57] Armstrong is a fan of the University of Texas Longhorns college football program and is often seen on the sidelines supporting the team.
With regard to religion, he is agnostic, quoted as saying, "at the end of the day, if there was indeed some body or presence standing there to judge me, I hoped I would be judged on whether I had lived a true life, not on whether I believed in a certain book, or whether I'd been baptized. If there was indeed a god at the end of my days, I hoped he didn't say, 'But you were never a Christian, so you're going the other way from heaven.' If so, I was going to reply, 'You know what? You're right. Fine.' "[58]
Allegations of doping[link]
For much of the second phase of his career, Armstrong has faced persistent allegations of doping. A number of high-profile cyclists and assorted journalists have alleged that he cheated. However, no allegations have ever been substantiated, and Armstrong retains respect and prestige in many circles.[59]
In addition, Armstrong has been criticised for his disagreements with outspoken opponents of doping such as Paul Kimmage[60][61] and Christophe Bassons.[62][63] Bassons wrote a number of articles for a French newspaper during the 1999 Tour de France which made references to doping in the peloton. Subsequently, Armstrong had an altercation with Bassons during the 1999 Tour De France where Bassons said Armstrong rode up alongside on the Alpe d'Huez stage to tell him "it was a mistake to speak out the way I [Bassons] do and he [Armstrong] asked why I was doing it. I told him that I'm thinking of the next generation of riders. Then he said 'Why don't you leave, then?'"[64] Armstrong confirmed the story. On the main evening news on TF1, a national television station, Armstrong said: "His accusations aren't good for cycling, for his team, for me, for anybody. If he thinks cycling works like that, he's wrong and he would be better off going home".[65] Kimmage, a professional cyclist in the 1980s who later became a sports journalist, referred to Armstrong as a "cancer in cycling".[63] He also asked Armstrong questions in relation to his "admiration for dopers" at a press conference at the Tour of California in 2009, provoking a scathing reaction from Armstrong.[63] This spat continued and is exemplified by Kimmage's articles in The Sunday Times.[66]
Armstrong has continually denied using illegal performance-enhancing drugs and has described himself as the most tested athlete in the world.[67] A 1999 urine sample showed traces of corticosteroid in an amount that was not in the positive range. A medical certificate showed he used an approved cream for saddle sores which contained the substance.[68]
From his return to cycling in the fall of 2008 through March 2009, Armstrong submitted to 24 unannounced drug tests by various anti-doping authorities. All of the tests were negative for performance-enhancing drugs.[69][70]
U.S. federal prosecutors pursued allegations of doping by Armstrong from 2010–2012. The effort convened a grand jury to investigate doping charges, including taking statements under oath from Armstrong's former team members and other associates; met with officials from France, Belgium, Spain, and Italy; and requested samples from the French anti-doping agency. The investigation was led by federal agent Jeff Novitzky, who also investigated suspicions of steroid use by baseball players Barry Bonds and Roger Clemens. The probe was terminated on Feb 3, 2012 with no charges filed.[71]
Specific allegations[link]
Armstrong has been criticized for working with controversial trainer Michele Ferrari. Greg LeMond described himself as "devastated" on hearing of them working together, while Tour de France organizer Jean-Marie Leblanc said, "I am not happy the two names are mixed."[72] Following Ferrari's later-overturned conviction for "sporting fraud" and "abuse of the medical profession", Armstrong suspended his professional relationship with him, saying that he had "zero tolerance for anyone convicted of using or facilitating the use of performance-enhancing drugs" and denying that Ferrari had ever "suggested, prescribed or provided me with any performance-enhancing drugs."[73] Ferrari was later absolved of all charges by an Italian appeals court of the sporting fraud charges as well as charges of abusing his medical license to write prescriptions. The court stated that it overturned his conviction "because the facts do not exist" to support the charges.[74] Ferrari, however, is still banned from practicing medicine with cyclists by the Italian Cycling Federation. According to Italian law enforcement authorities, Armstrong met with Ferrari as recently as 2010 in a country outside of Italy.[75]
In 2004, reporters Pierre Ballester and David Walsh published a book alleging Armstrong had used performance-enhancing drugs (L. A. Confidentiel – Les secrets de Lance Armstrong). It contains allegations by Armstrong's former masseuse, Emma O'Reilly, who claimed Armstrong once asked her to dispose of used syringes and to give him makeup to conceal needle marks on his arms.[76] Another figure in the book, Steve Swart, claims he and other riders, including Armstrong, began using drugs in 1995 while members of the Motorola team, a claim denied by other team members.[77][78] Allegations in the book were reprinted in the UK newspaper The Sunday Times in a story by deputy sports editor Alan English in June 2004. Armstrong sued for libel, and the paper settled out of court after a High Court judge in a pre-trial ruling stated that the article "meant accusation of guilt and not simply reasonable grounds to suspect."[79] The newspaper's lawyers issued the statement: "The Sunday Times has confirmed to Mr. Armstrong that it never intended to accuse him of being guilty of taking any performance-enhancing drugs and sincerely apologized for any such impression." (See also[80] in The Guardian). The same authors (Pierre Ballester and David Walsh) subsequently published "L.A. Official" and "Le Sale Tour" (The Dirty Trick), further cementing their claims that Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs throughout his career.
On March 31, 2005, Mike Anderson filed a brief[81] in Travis County District Court in Texas, as part of a legal battle following his termination in November 2004 as an employee of Armstrong. Anderson worked for Armstrong for two years as a personal assistant. In the brief, Anderson claimed that he discovered a box of androstenone while cleaning a bathroom in Armstrong's apartment in Girona, Spain.[82] Androstenone is not on the list of banned drugs. Anderson stated in a subsequent deposition that he had no direct knowledge of Armstrong using a banned substance. Armstrong denied the claim and issued a counter-suit.[83] The two men reached an out-of-court settlement in November 2005; the terms of the agreement were not disclosed.[84]
On August 23, 2005, L'Équipe, a major French daily sports newspaper, reported on its front page under the headline "le mensonge Armstrong" ("The Armstrong Lie") that 6 urine samples taken from the cyclist during the prologue and five stages of the 1999 Tour de France, frozen and stored since at "Laboratoire national de dépistage du dopage de Châtenay-Malabry" (LNDD), had tested positive for erythropoietin (EPO) in recent retesting conducted as part of a research project into EPO testing methods.[85][86] Armstrong immediately replied on his website, saying, "Unfortunately, the witch hunt continues and tomorrow's article is nothing short of tabloid journalism. The paper even admits in its own article that the science in question here is faulty and that I have no way to defend myself. They state: 'There will therefore be no counter-exam nor regulatory prosecutions, in a strict sense, since defendant's rights cannot be respected.' I will simply restate what I have said many times: I have never taken performance enhancing drugs."[87] In October 2008, the AFLD gave Armstrong the opportunity to have samples taken during the 1998 and 1999 Tours de France retested.[88] Armstrong immediately refused, saying, "the samples have not been maintained properly." Head of AFLD Pierre Bordry stated: "Scientifically there is no problem to analyze these samples – everything is correct" and "If the analysis is clean it would have been very good for him. But he doesn't want to do it and that's his problem."[89] However, according to the results of an investigative report by Emile Vrijman (a Dutch lawyer and the former head of the Dutch anti-doping agency, which he headed for ten years), who was appointed by the UCI to head an independent investigations into the LNDD lab’s findings, it was determined that the analysis of the urine samples were conducted improperly and that they “did not satisfy any standard for doping control testing.”[90][91] Vrijman’s report went on to state that handling and testing of the samples fell so far short of scientific standards, and that “the process that generated those results and the subsequent reports was so deficient” that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest that the results could "constitute evidence of anything,” and cleared Armstrong of any wrongdoing.[91][92][93][94] But WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".[95]
In June 2006, French newspaper Le Monde reported claims by Betsy and Frankie Andreu during a deposition that Armstrong had admitted using performance-enhancing drugs to his physician just after brain surgery in 1996. The Andreus' testimony was related to litigation between Armstrong and SCA Promotions, a Texas company attempting to withhold a $5-million bonus; this was settled out of court with SCA paying Armstrong and Tailwind Sports $7.5 million, to cover the $5-million bonus plus interest and lawyers' fees. The testimony stated "And so the doctor asked him a few questions, not many, and then one of the questions he asked was... have you ever used any performance-enhancing drugs? And Lance said yes. And the doctor asked, what were they? And Lance said, growth hormone, cortisone, EPO, steroids and testosterone."[96] Armstrong suggested Betsy Andreu may have been confused by possible mention of his post-operative treatment which included steroids and EPO that are taken to counteract wasting and red-blood-cell-destroying effects of intensive chemotherapy.[97] The Andreus' allegation was not supported by any of the eight other people present, including Armstrong's doctor Craig Nichols,[98] or his medical history. According to Greg LeMond (who has been embroiled with his own disputes with Armstrong), he (LeMond) had a recorded conversation,[99] the transcript of which was reviewed by National Public Radio, with Stephanie McIlvain (Armstrong's contact at Oakley Inc.) in which she said of Armstrong's alleged admission 'You know, I was in that room. I heard it.' However, McIlvain has contradicted LeMond allegations on the issue and denied under oath that the incident in question ever occurred in her sworn testimony.[96]
In July 2006, the Los Angeles Times published a story on the allegations raised in the SCA case.[100] The report cited evidence at the trial including the results of the LNDD test and an analysis of these results by an expert witness.[101] From the LA Times article: "The results, Australian researcher Michael Ashenden testified in Dallas, show Armstrong's levels rising and falling, consistent with a series of injections during the Tour. Ashenden, a paid expert retained by SCA Promotions, told arbitrators the results painted a "compelling picture" that the world's most famous cyclist "used EPO in the '99 Tour."[102] Ashenden's finding were disputed by the Vrijman report, which pointed to procedural and privacy issues in dismissing the LNDD test results. The LA Times article also provided information on testimony given by Armstrong's former teammate, Swart, Andreu and his wife Betsy and instant messaging conversation between Andreu and Jonathan Vaughters regarding blood-doping in the peloton. Vaughters signed a statement disavowing the comments and stating he had: "no personal knowledge that any team in the Tour de France, including Armstrong's Discovery team in 2005, engaged in any prohibited conduct whatsoever." Andreu signed a statement affirming the conversation took place as indicated on the instant messaging logs submitted to the court. The SCA trial was settled out of court, and the LA Times reported: "Though no verdict or finding of facts was rendered, Armstrong called the outcome proof that the doping allegations were baseless." The L.A. Times' article provides a review of the disputed positive EPO test, allegations and sworn testimony against Armstrong, but notes that: "They are filled with conflicting testimony, hearsay and circumstantial evidence admissible in arbitration hearings but questionable in more formal legal proceedings."[103]
On May 20, 2010, former U.S. Postal teammate Floyd Landis accused Armstrong of doping in 2002 and 2003, and claimed that U.S. Postal team director Johan Bruyneel had bribed former UCI president Hein Verbruggen to keep quiet about a positive Armstrong test in 2002.[104][105] Landis admitted there was no documentation that supports these claims.[106] However, in July 2010 the president of the UCI, Pat McQuaid, revealed that Armstrong made two donations to the UCI: $25,000 in 2002, used by the juniors anti-doping program, and $100,000 in 2005, to buy a blood testing machine, and documentation of those payments does exist.[107] Landis also maintains that he witnessed Armstrong receiving multiple blood transfusions, and dispensing testosterone patches to his teammates on the United States Postal Service Team.[108] On May 25, 2010, The International Cycling Union disputed comments from Floyd Landis, "Due to the controversy following the statements made by Floyd Landis, the International Cycling Union wishes to stress that none of the tests revealed the presence of EPO in the samples taken from riders at the 2001 Tour of Switzerland," the UCI said in a statement. "The UCI has all the documentation to prove this fact." According to ESPN, "Landis claimed that Armstrong tested positive while winning in 2002, a timeline Armstrong himself said left him 'confused,' because he did not compete in the event in 2002."[109]
On May 19, 2011, former Armstrong teammate Tyler Hamilton told CBS News that he and Armstrong had together taken EPO before and during the 1999, 2000, and 2001 Tours de France. Armstrong's attorney, Mark Fabiani, responded that Hamilton was lying.[110] The accompanying 60 Minutes investigation alleges that two other former Armstrong teammates, Frankie Andreu and George Hincapie, have told federal investigators that they witnessed Armstrong taking banned substances, including EPO, or supplied Armstrong with such substances.[111] Fabiani stated in response that, "We have no way of knowing what happened in the grand jury and so can't comment on these anonymously sourced reports."[112] Hamilton further claimed that Armstrong tested positive for EPO during the 2001 Tour de Suisse; 60 Minutes reported that the Union Cycliste Internationale intervened to conceal those test results, and that donations from Armstrong totaling US$125,000 may have played into said actions.[113] Martial Saugy, chief of the Swiss anti-doping agency, later confirmed that they found four urine samples suspicious of EPO use at the 2001 race, but said there was no "positive test" and claimed not to know whether the suspicious results belonged to Armstrong. As a result, Armstrong's lawyers demanded an apology from 60 Minutes.[114] Instead of apologizing, CBS News chairman Jeff Fager said CBS News stands by its report as "truthful, accurate and fair", and added that the suspicious tests which Saugy confirmed to exist have been linked to Armstrong "by a number of international officials".[115]
On February 2, 2012, U.S. federal prosecutors officially dropped their investigation with no charges.[116]
Handling of urine tests[link]
In October 2005, in response to calls from the International Olympic Committee and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for an independent investigation, the UCI appointed Dutch lawyer Emile Vrijman to investigate the handling of urine tests by the French national anti-doping laboratory, LNDD. Vrijman was head of the Dutch anti-doping agency for ten years; since then he has worked as a defense attorney defending high-profile athletes against doping charges.[90] Vrijman's report cleared Armstrong because of improper handling and testing.[92][93] The report said tests on urine samples were conducted improperly and fell so short of scientific standards that it was "completely irresponsible" to suggest they "constitute evidence of anything."[94] The recommendation of the commission's report was no disciplinary action against any rider on the basis of LNDD research. It also called upon the WADA and LNDD to submit themselves to an investigation by an outside independent authority.[91] The WADA rejected these conclusions stating "The Vrijman report is so lacking in professionalism and objectivity that it borders on farcical.".[95] The IOC Ethics Commission subsequently censured Dick Pound, the President of WADA and a member of the IOC, for his statements in the media that suggested wrongdoing by Armstrong.
In April 2009, Dr. Michael Ashenden said that "the LNDD absolutely had no way of knowing athlete identity from the sample they're given. They have a number on them, but that's never linked to an athlete's name. The only group that had both the number and the athlete's name is the federation, in this case it was the UCI." He added "There was only two conceivable ways that synthetic EPO could've gotten into those samples. One, is that Lance Armstrong used EPO during the '99 Tour. The other way it could've got in the urine was if, as Lance Armstrong seems to believe, the laboratory spiked those samples. Now, that's an extraordinary claim, and there's never ever been any evidence the laboratory has ever spiked an athlete's sample, even during the Cold War, where you would've thought there was a real political motive to frame an athlete from a different country. There's never been any suggestion that it happened."[117]
Dr. Michael Ashenden's statements are at odds with the findings of the Vrijman report "According to Mr. Ressiot, the manner in which the LNDD had structured the results table of its report – i.e. listing the sequence of each of the batches, as well as the exact number of urine samples per batch, in the same (chronological) order as the stages of the 1999 Tour de France they were collected at – was already sufficient to allow him to determine the exact stage these urine samples referred to and subsequently the identity of the riders who were tested at that stage." The Vrijman report also says "Le Monde of July 21 and 23, 1999 reveal that the press knew the contents of original doping forms of the 1999 Tour de France".[91]
Armstrong's work outside of cycling[link]
In 1997, Armstrong founded the Lance Armstrong Foundation, which supports people affected by cancer. The foundation has become one of the top 10 groups funding cancer research in the U.S., raising more than $325 million from the sale of yellow Livestrong bracelets[118] During his original retirement beginning after the 2005 season, he also maintained other interests. He was the pace car driver of the Chevrolet Corvette Z06 for the 2006 Indianapolis 500.
In 2007, Armstrong with Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Tony Hawk, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning, and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded Athletes for Hope, a charity which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and inspires non-athletes to volunteer and support the community.[119] In 2008 and 2009 he appeared on the PBS Kids show Arthur as himself. In these two appearances he taught biking skills and helped spread cancer awareness, respectively.
In August 2009, Armstrong headlined the inaugural charity ride "Pelotonia" in Columbus, Ohio, riding over 100 miles on Saturday with the large group of cyclists. He personally addressed the riders the Friday evening before the two-day ride and helped the ride raise millions for cancer research.[120]
Marathon[link]
Armstrong ran the 2006 New York City Marathon with friends Robert McElligott and Lewis Miles. With Nike, he assembled a pace team of Alberto Salazar, Joan Benoit Samuelson, and Hicham El Guerrouj to help him reach 3 hours. He struggled with shin splints and was on pace for a little above 3 hours but pushed through the last 5 miles (8.0 km) to 2h 59m 36s, finishing 856th. He said the race was extremely difficult compared to the Tour de France. "For the level of condition that I have now, that was without a doubt the hardest physical thing I have ever done. I never felt a point where I hit the wall. It was really a gradual progression of fatigue and soreness."[121] The NYC Marathon had a dedicated camera on Armstrong throughout the event.[122] This camera, according to Armstrong, pushed him to continue through points in which he would have normally "stopped and stretched". He also helped raise $600,000 for his LiveStrong campaign during the run.
Armstrong ran the 2007 NYC Marathon in 2h 46m 43s finishing 232nd.[123] On April 21, 2008, he ran the Boston Marathon in 2h 50m 58s, finishing in the top 500.[124]
Triathlon[link]
Armstrong made his return to triathlon in the inaugural Ironman 70.3 Panama race, on February 12, 2012. He raced in the Professional category, finishing with a time of 3:50:55, 2nd overall to Bevan Docherty.[125] Armstrong's splits were 19:22 for the 1.2 mile swim, 2:10:18 for the 56 mile bike, and 1:17:01 for the run.[126] He also entered half-Ironman distance races in Texas (7th[127]) and St. Croix (3rd[128]) before breaking through with a victory at Ironman 70.3 Florida in an overall time of 3:45:38[129]. Armstrong also plans to race in Ironman France in an attempt to qualify for the 2012 World Ironman Championship in Kona, Hawaii.[130]
Politics[link]
In the New York Times, teammate George Hincapie hinted that Armstrong would run for Governor of Texas after cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside, Armstrong hinted at running for governor, although "not in '06".[131] Armstrong and former president George W. Bush, a Republican and fellow Texan, call themselves friends. Bush called Armstrong in France to congratulate him after his 2005 victory, and in August 2005, The Times reported the President had invited Armstrong to his Prairie Chapel Ranch to go mountain biking.[132] In a 2003 interview with The Observer, Armstrong said: "He's a personal friend, but we've all got the right not to agree with our friends."[133]
In August 2005, Armstrong hinted he had changed his mind about politics. In an interview with Charlie Rose on PBS on August 1, 2005, Armstrong pointed out that running for governor would require the commitment that led him to retire from cycling. Again, on August 16, 2005, Armstrong told a local Austin CBS affiliate[134] that he was no longer considering politics:
"The biggest problem with politics or running for the governor—the governor's race here in Austin or in Texas—is that it would mimic exactly what I've done: a ton of stress and a ton of time away from my kids. Why would I want to go from pro cycling, which is stressful and a lot of time away, straight into politics?"[citation needed]
He does intend to be involved in politics as an activist for change in cancer policies, however. In a May 2006 interview with Sports Illustrated, Armstrong is quoted: "I need to run for one office, the presidency of the Cancer Fighters' Union of the World."[citation needed] Sports Illustrated quoted Armstrong that he fears halving his influence with legislators if he chose one side in politics. His foundation lobbies on behalf of cancer patients before United States Congress.
Armstrong is currently co-chair of a California campaign committee to pass the California Cancer Research Act, a ballot measure to be decided by California voters on June 5, 2012.[135] If passed, the measure is projected to generate over $500 million dollars annually for cancer research by levying a new $1-per-pack tax on tobacco products in California. Revenues will also be spent on smoking-cessation programs, and tobacco law-enforcement.[136]
Teams and victories[link]
Main article: List of career achievements by Lance Armstrong
Filmography[link]
- The Road to Paris (himself, 2000 documentary)
- Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (himself, cameo)
Accolades[link]
- United States Olympic Committee (USOC) SportsMan of the Year (1999, 2001, 2002, 2003)
- Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year (2002, 2003, 2004, 2005)
- World's Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy (2000)
- Reuters Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Prince of Asturias Award in Sports (2000)
- Sports Ethics Fellows by the Institute for International Sport (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year (2003)
- Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year (2000)
- Trophee de L'Academie des Sport [France] (2004)
- Vélo d'Or Award by Velo Magazine in France (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- Mendrisio d'Or Award in Switzerland (1999)
- Premio Coppi-Bici d'Oro Trophy by the Fausto Coppi foundation in conjunction with La Gazzetta dello Sport (1999, 2000)
- Marca Legend Award by Marca, a Spanish sports daily in Madrid (2004)
- BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award (2003)
- ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006)
- ESPY Award for GMC Professional Grade Play Award (2005)
- ESPY Award for Best Comeback Athlete (2000)
- ESPN/Intersport's ARETE Award for Courage in Sport (Professional Division) (1999)
- ABC's Wide World of Sports Athlete of the Year (1999)
- Favorite Athlete award at Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (2006)
- Presidential Delegation to the XIX Olympic Winter Games (2002)[137]
- Sports Illustrated magazine's Sportsman of the Year (2002)
- VeloNews magazine's International Cyclist of the Year (2000, 2001, 2003, 2004)
- VeloNews magazine's North American Male Cyclist of the Year (1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2005)
- William Hill Sports Book of the Year: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (2000)[138]
- Union Cycliste Internationale: World Number 1 Ranked Elite Men's Cyclist (1996)
- Triathlon magazine's Rookie of the Year (1988)
- Pace car driver for the Indianapolis 500 (2006)
- An asteroid, 1994 JE9 was named 12373 Lancearmstrong in honor of him.
- Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, Tufts University (2006)
- Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias Courage Award presented by the United States Sports Academy (1999)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Gayle King Radio Show, Fed Ex http://www.oprah.com/media/20080601_oaf_20080619_oaf_gk
- ^ Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts, Chapter 1, (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003.
- ^ a b TDF (2009). Astana – Lance Armstrong. Retrieved on 2009-07-04 from http://www.letour.fr/2009/TDF/RIDERS/us/coureurs/22.html.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong". http://www.fundacionprincipedeasturias.org/ing/04/premiados/trayectorias/trayectoria657.html. Retrieved September 15, 2008.
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- ^ "Bike Friendly Oak Cliff: BFOC interviews Lance Armstrong’s mom, Linda Armstrong Kelly". bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com. July 20, 2009. http://bikefriendlyoc.wordpress.com/2009/07/20/bfoc-interviews-lance-armstrongs-mom-linda-armstrong-kelly/. Retrieved January 8, 2011.
- ^ "LanceArmstrong.com". LanceArmstrong.com (located under "Bio" section). http://www.lancearmstrong.com/.
- ^ "Breaking Away: Lance Armstrong of the U.S. is the world cycling champ. Now he's eyeing a bigger prize". Sports Illustrated. July 4, 1994. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1005369/2/index.htm.
- ^ Samuel Abt (October 9, 1996). "Armstrong Acknowledges Cancer Battle". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/09/sports/armstrong-acknowledges-cancer-battle.html. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000.
- ^ "Scott A. Shapiro, MD Society of Neurosurgery Bio">http://www.societyns.org/society/bio.aspx?MemberID=12648
- ^ In his book "Every Second Counts" Armstrong casts doubt that Ullrich did, in fact, wait for him. He states that Ullrich only slowed when told to do so by other riders."Jan Ullrich wird zum "Ritter des Fair Play" (German for: Ullrich becomes "Knight of fairplay)". Fair play in Sports. http://www.sportunterricht.de/fairplay/janullrich03.html. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ http://www.dartford.gov.uk/tourdefrance/glossary.htm
- ^ http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/186088_186088
- ^ "Armstrong retires... – Event news". RoadCyclingUK. http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/event-news/armstrong-retires/576.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press via The Arizona Republic, "Lance Armstrong to return for 2009 Tour de France".
- ^ USATODAY, "Armstrong coming out of retirement for another Tour".
- ^ "Armstrong coming out of retirement for Tour". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/09/08/sports/s124636D30.DTL. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Lance Armstrong given the all clear from UCI for Tour Down Under comeback". London: The Telegraph. October 8, 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/3160482/UCI-grant-Lance-Armstrong-the-all-clear-for-Tour-Down-Under-comeback-Cycling.html.
- ^ Migliaccio, Val; Kelton, Greg (September 25, 2008). "The 'king' rides Down Under". The Advertiser: p. 3. Archived from the original on November 14, 2009. http://www.webcitation.org/5lHTYvHjB. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Rome News – Tribune". News.mywebpal.com. http://news.mywebpal.com/partners/680/public/news930123.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "An audience with Lance Armstrong, one of the greats » The Roar – Your Sports Opinion". The Roar. January 18, 2009. http://www.theroar.com.au/2009/01/18/an-audience-with-lance-armstrong-one-of-the-greats/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Sharwood, Anthony (February 2009). "Mad about Lance Armstrong". Alpha (43): pp. 38–41. http://www.alphamagazine.com.au/features/article/lance-armstrong/. Retrieved September 17, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b Walker, Jamie (January 17, 2009). "Conscience clear, cycling's god Lance Armstrong is ready for his second coming". The Weekend Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/cyclings-god-ready-for-second-coming/story-e6frg7mo-1111118584865. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ "www.cyclingnews.com presents the 11th Tour Down Under". Autobus.cyclingnews.com. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/TDU09/?id=results/TDU096. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Kogoy, Peter (January 26, 2009). "What's in a name? For Lance, a lot". The Australian: p. 32. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/whats-in-a-name-for-lance-a-lot/story-e6frg6nf-1111118664694. Retrieved November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Police Recover Lance Armstrong's Stolen Bike – Local News | News Articles | National News | US News". Fox News. February 19, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,496264,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Armstrong's visit prompts mixed feelings – The Irish Times – Tue, Feb 24, 2009". The Irish Times. February 2, 2009. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/sport/2009/0224/1224241710775.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong Skipping Critérium International And Flanders". BikeRadar. http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/lance-armstrong-skipping-critrium-international-and-flanders-20649. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Armstrong breaks his collarbone". BBC Sport. March 23, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7959765.stm. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ [2][dead link]
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- ^ "Armstrong just misses Tour lead". BBC Sport. July 7, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8138996.stm. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Macur, Juliet (July 21, 2009). "Armstrong Says He Will Return for 2010". NY Times Sport. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/22/sports/cycling/22tour.html?em. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Bonnie (July 23, 2009). "Source: Lance's team lands sponsor". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "Team RadioShack 2010". July 23, 2009. http://teamradioshack.com/getready/. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ Hood, Andrew (January 29, 2010). "VeloNews.com – Bruyneel confirms Armstrong will race classics". Velonews.competitor.com. http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/01/news/bruyneel-confirms-armstrong-will-race-classics_103190. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong heading to local hospital after crash outside of Visalia". May 20, 2010. http://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/article/20100520/NEWS01/100520013/Lance-Armstrong-heading-to-local-hospital-after-crash-outside-of-Visalia. Retrieved May 20, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "VeloNews.com – Lance Armstrong: "This will be my final Tour de France"". Velonews.competitor.com. June 28, 2010. http://velonews.competitor.com/2010/06/news/armstrong-this-will-be-my-final-tour_123714. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Contador wins Tour; Lance walks away". ESPN. July 25, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2010/news/story?id=5408382. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong au Tour Down Under" – cyclismactu du October 24, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010
- ^ Macur, Juliet (February 16, 2011). "Armstrong Retires From Cycling". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/sports/17armstrong.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
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- ^ "FAQ: VO2 Max". Running for Fitness. http://www.runningforfitness.org/faq/vo2.php. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
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- ^ The Lance Armstrong Performance Program ISBN 1-57954-270-0
- ^ Markoff, John (April 19, 2004). "New York Times: CYCLING; Overhauling Lance Armstrong". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E3DA113BF93AA25757C0A9629C8B63. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
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- ^ Ancestry of Lance Armstrong
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- ^ Lance Armstrong, Girlfriend, Expecting Baby in June CNN.com, December 23, 2008
- ^ Armstrong, Lance (June 4, 2009). "Wassup, world? My name is...". Twitter. http://twitter.com/lancearmstrong/status/2038590710. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
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- ^ "Armstrong attempts to quell dispute over Hill Country swimming hole". Associated Press. October 25, 2006. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930211635/http://www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2006/10/25/StateLocal/Armstrong.Attempts.To.Quell.Dispute.Over.Hill.Country.Swimming.Hole-2400001.shtml?norewrite200610251211&sourcedomain=www.dailytexanonline.com. Retrieved October 25, 2006.
- ^ Lance Armstrong's book: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life, published by G.P Putnam's Sons 2000. pp. 116–118
- ^ Roberts, Selena, and David Epstein, "The Case Against Lance Armstrong", Sports Illustrated, January 24, 2011, pp. 56–66.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul (June 29, 2008). "Countdown to the Tour de France Jonathan Vaughters and his drugsfree team". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/cycling/article4232249.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
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- ^ a b c Slot, Owen (February 17, 2009). "World in motion cycling divided by Paul Kimmage and Lance Armstrongs cancer row". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article5750574.ece. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ^ "Le coup de blues de Christophe Bassons – l'Humanite". Humanite.fr. July 17, 1999. http://www.humanite.fr/1999-07-17_Sports_Le-coup-de-blues-de-Christophe-Bassons. Retrieved July 17, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Cited, L'Équipe, July 17, 1999.
- ^ Kimmage, Paul. "Tour gears up for return of Lance Armstrong", The Sunday Times, July 5, 2009.
- ^ BBC News (March 5, 2004). "Pound Stunned By Attack". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm. Retrieved August 12, 2006.
- ^ VeloNews Interactive, with wire services (2005). "L'Equipe alleges Armstrong samples show EPO use in 99 Tour". News & Features. Inside Communications. http://velonews.competitor.com/2005/08/tour-de-france/lequipe-alleges-armstrong-samples-show-epo-use-in-99-tour_8740. Retrieved July 26, 2006. - "Throughout his career only one test showed indications of the presence of doping products. In the 1999 Tour, a urine sample showed small traces of cortico-steroids. Armstrong was cleared, however, when his U.S. Postal team, produced a medical certificate showing that he used a cream to ease the pain of a saddle sore. Even that sample, however, was below the levels that would have triggered a positive result at the time."
- ^ Albergotti, Reed (April 8, 2009). "Lance to Drug Tester: Your Papers, Please". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123915747307299985.html
- ^ "Armstrong outraged by French misbehaviour claims". Agence French Presse. April 7, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gpWQTJmkqpByIaAMzL_-ZAO8qiKg. Retrieved September 28, 2009
- ^ "Prosecutors close Armstrong inquiry, no charges". http://customwire.ap.org/dynamic/stories/C/CYC_DOPING_ARMSTRONG. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ "Drugs issue refuses to go away due to winner's Ferrari links" The Guardian
- ^ "Disappointed Armstrong cuts ties with Ferrari after conviction" The Times
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- ^ Associated Press, "Lance has suspicious ties: source", Japan Times, April 17, 2011, p. 17.
- ^ BBC News (March 5, 2004). "Pound Stunned By Attack". http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/3535573.stm. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ Stop strong-arm tactics[dead link], The Scotsman, June 20, 2004
- ^ Juliet Macur (September 12, 2006). "2 Ex-Teammates of Cycling Star Admit Drug Use". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/sports/othersports/12cycling.html. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
- ^ "''The Guardian''". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. July 1, 2006. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2006/story/0,,1810152,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ William Fotheringham (July 26, 2005). "Armstrong faces legal marathon". London: Sport.guardian.co.uk. http://sport.guardian.co.uk/tourdefrance2005/story/0,,1536208,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Court brief, by Mike Anderson, March 31, 2005 – (warning: PDF-file, 2.8 MB)
- ^ Papers: Lance had steroid in home[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, April 1, 2005
- ^ Armstrong asks Austin court to sanction his former assistant[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, April 2, 2005
- ^ Lance Armstrong settles lawsuit with former assistant[dead link], The Austin American-Statesman, November 5, 2005
- ^ "L'EQUIPE.FR Cyclisme – CYCLISME – Affaire Armstrong". L'Équipe. France. http://www.lequipe.fr/Cyclisme/DOPAGE_ARMSTRONG.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Aug 23, 2005 (August 23, 2005). "AFP: No comment on Armstrong from US cycling, anti-doping groups". MyWire. http://www.mywire.com/pubs/AFP/2005/08/23/977278?&pbl=27. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Litke: Suspicion Remains Lance's Opponent"[dead link]
- ^ "Agency challenges Armstrong to have urine samples retested". ESPN. October 2, 2008. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3620228. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Slater, Matt (October 2, 2008). "Doping boss rues Armstrong stance". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7648910.stm. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "California Western Alumni Professional News". California Western School of Law. http://www.cwsl.edu/main/default.asp?nav=alumni.asp&body=alumni/AlumProfessionalNews.asp. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Independent Investigation — Analysis Samples from the 1999 Tour de France" (PDF). VeloNews. Scholten c.s. Advocaten. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071201220747/http://www.velonews.com/media/report1999.pdf. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "Armstrong cleared in drug inquiry". BBC. May 31, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5033672.stm. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b "UCI report clears Armstrong". VeloNews. Associated Press. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071230103550/http://www.velonews.com/news/fea/9932.0.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Max, Arthur (May 31, 2006). "Report Exonorates Armstrong of Doping". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071228170310/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/05/31/sports/s045357D78.DTL&type=health. Retrieved January 9, 2008.
- ^ a b BBC "Wada boss slams Armstrong 'farce'". BBC. June 2, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/5043260.stm BBC. Retrieved January 5, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Ex-Friends Say Armstrong Admitted Drug Use". Npr.org. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5508863. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Armstrong issues statement[dead link]
- ^ Papers charge Armstrong admitted doping[dead link]
- ^ recorded conversation, mp3 file
- ^ Abrahamson, Abrahamson (July 9, 2006). "Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/sports/cycling/la-sp-armstrong9jul09,0,5275381.story. Retrieved July 10, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ Evidence of a banned substance?[dead link]
- ^ Abrahamson, Alan (July 9, 2006). "Allegations Trail Armstrong Into Another Stage". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jul/09/sports/sp-armstrong9?pg=4. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
- ^ Andy Shen (February 4, 2009). "Interviews – Michael Ashenden". Velocity Nation. http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
- ^ Hart, Simon (May 20, 2010). "Floyd Landis puts Lance Armstrong at the centre of new drug allegations". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/lancearmstrong/7746819/Floyd-Landis-puts-Lance-Armstrong-at-the-centre-of-new-drug-allegations.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Peter Cossins (May 21, 2010). "Kimmage: Landis allegations will decide the sport’s future". Cyclingnews.com. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kimmage-landis-allegations-will-decide-the-sports-future.
- ^ Bonnie D. Ford (May 20, 2010). "Landis admits doping, accuses Lance". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5203604. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
- ^ Stephen Farrand (July 10, 2010). "McQuaid reveals Armstrong made two donations to the UCI". Cyclingnews. http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/mcquaid-reveals-armstrong-made-two-donations-to-the-uci. Retrieved July 12, 2010.
- ^ "Floyd Landis Nightline Interview – ABC News". USA: ABC. http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/floyd-landis-nightline-interview/story?id=11226456&page=2. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ "International Cycling Union refutes Floyd Landis' claims about 2001 Tour de Suisse – ESPN". ESPN. May 25, 2010. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=5218887. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
- ^ Associated Press, "Ex-teammate says Lance Armstrong injected EPO", Yahoo! News, May 20, 2011.
- ^ CBS Evening News, May 20, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, "Report says Hincapie told feds Armstrong used PEDs", Japan Times, May 22, 2011, p. 16.
- ^ Ex-teammate: I saw Lance Armstrong inject EPO – Page 6, CBS News, May 20, 2011
- ^ Risling, Greg, "Armstrong's lawyers want apology from '60 Minutes'", Yahoo! News, June 1, 2011.
- ^ Tim Maloy, "[3]", The Wrap, June 1, 2011.
- ^ Frieden, Terry, "Prosecutors drop Lance Armstrong doping investigation", CNN, February 3, 2012.
- ^ "The possibility of tampering". Velocitynation.com. http://velocitynation.com/content/interviews/2009/michael-ashenden. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Frederix, Emily and Liedtke, Michael (Aug. 8, 2010) "Scandal could impact Lance Armstrong's foundation". stltoday.com http://www.stltoday.com/sports/other/article_a1309459-b5e2-5bf4-b307-977e9da3506f.html
- ^ "Athletes for Hope". Athletes for Hope. http://www.athletesforhope.org/. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Binkley, Collin. "Cyclists hit the streets for second Pelotonia Tour". The Columbus Dispatch. http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2010/08/21/pelotonia-2010.html. Retrieved December 17, 2011.
- ^ "Lance Armstrong: A Classic Case of Too Much, Too Soon?". TheFinalSprint.com. January 7, 2007. http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2007/01/a-classic-case-of-too-much-too-soon/. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ^ "Watch the NYC Marathon ONLINE — Live or OnDemand!". TheFinalSprint.com. November 2, 2006. http://www.thefinalsprint.com/2006/11/watch-the-nyc-marathon-online-live-or-ondemand/. Retrieved September 28, 2009.
- ^ Jud Santos (October 10, 2007). "Results – The ING New York City Marathon". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071010035518/http://www.nycmarathon.org/results/index.php. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Search – ContraCostaTimes.com[dead link]
- ^ "Docherty steals victory from Lance Armstrong". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10785234. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
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- ^ "Lance Armstrong surrenders lead, finishes seventh in Memorial Hermann Ironman 70.3 Texas triathlon". The Houston Chronicle. http://www.chron.com/sports/cycling/article/Lance-Armstrong-surrenders-lead-finishes-seventh-3451071.php. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
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- ^ Peter Beaumont and Paul Webster in Paris (July 6, 2003). "Serena got the message, now it's Lance's turn as French cheers become jeers for US stars". The Observer (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,6903,992329,00.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ [4][dead link]
- ^ [5]
- ^ [6]
- ^ "President Announces Delegation to Winter Olympics" (Press release). The White House. February 8, 2002. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/02/20020208.html. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
- ^ "Previous William Hill Sportsbook of the Year Winners". William Hill Press Office. http://www.williamhillmedia.com/sportsbook_history.asp#2000. Retrieved March 3, 2007. "2000 Winner: It's Not About The Bike — Lance Armstrong"
Further reading[link]
- Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: It's Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life (ISBN 0-425-17961-3), Putnam 2000. Armstrong's own account of his battle with cancer and subsequent triumphant return to bike racing.
- Lance Armstrong, Sally Jenkins: Every Second Counts (ISBN 0-385-50871-9), Broadway Books 2003. Armstrong's account of his life after his first four Tour triumphs.
- Linda Armstrong Kelly, Joni Rodgers: No Mountain High Enough: Raising Lance, Raising Me (ISBN 0-7679-1855-X), Broadway Books 2002. Armstrong's mother's account of raising a world class athlete and overcoming adversity.
- Daniel Coyle: Lance Armstrong's War: One Man's Battle Against Fate, Fame, Love, Death, Scandal, and a Few Other Rivals on the Road to the Tour De France (ISBN 0-06-073497-3), Harper Collins 2005. Former writer for Outside magazine documents Armstrong's road to the Tour in 2004, teaching us about both Armstrong and the Tour.
- Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L. A. Confidentiel: Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (ISBN 2-84675-130-7), La Martinière (French). Various circumstantial evidence pointing to Armstrong doping.
- Pierre Ballester, David Walsh: L.A. Officiel (ISBN 2-84675-204-4), La Martinière (French). Why Armstrong gave up trial against the authors after publication of L.A. Confidentiel.
- Sharon Cook, Graciela Sholander: Dream It Do It: Inspiring Stories of Dreams Come True (ISBN 1-884587-30-5), Planning/Communications 2004. Chapter 4 details Armstrong's efforts to return to championship form following his cancer treatment.
- John Wilcockson: 23 Days in July (ISBN 0-7195-6717-3), John Murray 2004. An account of how Armstrong won his 6th Tour title in 2004.
- John Wilcockson: The 2005 Tour De France: The Last Chapter of the Armstrong Era (ISBN 1-931382-68-9), Velo Press 2005. The story behind Armstrong's final Tour de France before his first retirement and his 7th consecutive victory.
- John Wilcokson: LANCE: The Making of the World's Greatest Champion (ISBN 9780306815874), Da Capo Press 2009. The story of what drives the 7-time Tour de France champion through the words of Armstrong's family, friends, rivals, and Armstrong himself. [7]
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lance Armstrong |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lance Armstrong |
- Official website
- The Lance Armstrong Foundation
- Lance Armstrong profile at Cycling Archives
- Lance Armstrong at the Internet Movie Database
- Lance Armstrong on Twitter
- Team RadioShack
- Lance Armstrong Profile on Versus
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
Preceded by Marco Pantani |
Vélo d'Or 1999–2001 |
Succeeded by Mario Cipollini |
Preceded by Derek Birley |
William Hill Sports Book of the Year winner 2000 |
Succeeded by Laura Hillenbrand |
| Preceded by Mario Cipollini |
Vélo d'Or 2003, 2004 |
Succeeded by Tom Boonen |
| Preceded by Jonny Mosely Rulon Gardner |
USOC Sportsman of the Year 1999 2001–2003 |
Succeeded by Rulon Gardner Michael Phelps |
Preceded by Steffi Graf |
Prince of Asturias Award for Sports 2000 |
Succeeded by Manuel Estiarte |
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UCI Road World Champions –
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Armstrong, Lance Edward |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American professional road racing cyclist |
| Date of birth | September 18, 1971 |
| Place of birth | Dallas, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Lance_Armstrong
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
